DOCSLIB.ORG

Background Material for a Study of Rootstocks

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

.168. Background Material For A Study of Rootstocks A. H. Krezdorn The basicelement in any attempt to advanceknowledge is the ability to communicate. Eacharea of study requiresa speciallanguage of definitions and facts that enablethose involved to discussa subjectintelligently. The purposeof the following materialis to presenta readyreference of facts and terminology for usein this course. The materialis presented in brief form to servethe immediateinterests of the participants. Classification and Nomenclatureof Plants Classification. - Scientistshave classified plants, (placedthem into groupsbased on their relationshipto eachother) and then affixed names to these groups according to accepted rules of nomenclature. Classification is inexact becausethere is no way to determine the precise relationship of plants. Thus, plants may be grouped differently by equally able scien- tists who interpret available information differently. Perhapsfortunately, not many scientists are inclined to undertake the tremendous task of classifying large groups of plants. Walter T. Swingle, a U.S. Department of Agricultu re scientist wf10worked in Florida, is the universallyaccepted authority for the largefamily of plants that includesthe genusCitrus. All life is divided into that which is animaland that which is plant and then into groupsdecreasing in sizeand increas- ing in closenessof relationship. The position of citrus in the Plant Kingdomis: Division . Embryophyta Siphonogama Subdivision. Angiospermae Class . Dicotyledoneae Subclass . Archichlamydeae Order. Geraniales Suborder. Geraniineae Family. Rutaceae Subfamily. Aurantioideae The subfamily Aurantioideae is a ramer large category but wormy of mention becauseit contains not only the various kinds of commercial citrus but wild relatives, some which hybridize with citrus and some which have potential as rootstocks. Swingle has divided the subfamily Aurantioideae into tribes, subtribes, subtribal groups and genera as follows: Subfamily - Aurantioideae TribeI - Clauseneae Subtribe 1 . Micromelinae GenusI - Micromelum Subtribe2 - Clauseninae GenusI - Glycosmis GenusII . Clausena GenusIII - Murraya Subtribe3 - Merrillinae GenusI . Merrillia TribeII . Citreae Subtribe1 - Triphasiinae GenusI - Wenzelia GenusII . Monanthocitrus GenusIII . Oxanthera GenusIV . Merope GenusV - Triphasia GenusVI . Pamburus GenusVII - Luvunga .169- GenusVIII. Paramignya Subtribe2 . Citrinae GenusI . Severinia GenusII . Pleiospermum GenusIII . Burkillanthus GenusIV . limnocitrus GenusV - Hesperethusa GenusVI . Citropsis GenusVII. Atalantia GenusVIII - Fortunella GenusIX . Eremocitrus GenusX . Poncirus GenusXI . Microcitrus GenusXII. Citrus Subtribe3 - Balsamocitrinae GenusI - Swinglea GenusII - Aegle GenusIII . Afraegle GenusIV - Aeglopsis GenusV . Balsamocitrus GenusVI - Feronia GenusVII. Feroniella Nomenclature. - The ordinary laymandefines citrus asthe sweetoranges, tangerines, grapefruit, lemonsand lime fruit, commonly found on the grocery shelf under the citrus label. Growers, more knowledgeable of citrus technology, include unpalatable speciesand close relatives such as sour orange, trifoliate oranges, kumquats, and others in their definition of citrus. Scientists use the term citrus in several ways as follows: A. The subtribe C;tr;neaehas been divided into 3 citrus groups. Subtribe - Citrineae 1. Primitive Citrus Fruit Trees GenusI - Severinia GenusII . P/eiospermum GenusIII. Burki//anthus GenusIV. Limnocitros GenusV. Hesperethusa 2. Near-CitrusFruit Trees GenusI. Citropsis GenusII - Ata/antia 3. True Citrus Fruit Trees GenusI - Fortune//a (kumquats) GenusII. Eremocitrus GenusIII. Ponciros(trifoliate orange) GenusIV. C/ymenia GenusV. Microcitrus GenusVI - Citros (includescommon commercialcitrus types) Thus,the scientistmay usethe tenn citrus in a broad senseto meanthe commercialtypes of the genusCitrus, the inedibletypes of Citrusand certain Citrus relatives. B. The term Citrus; ie, citrus spelledwith a capital C and underlinedor italicized indicatesthe genericname of that group. All of the fruit marketedcommercially as citrus is includedin this genus.The kumquat, in the genusFortunella, is a minor exception. .170. Scientists and well-informed growers often use scientific botanical names. such as Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck. The .:ientific name can be divided into 3 parts the genus, Citrus, the speciesepithet sinensis and the author citation, (L.) Osbeck. The common name of this species is sweet orange or orange. The advantageof the scientific nameis that eachspecies, the basictaxonomic unit, can haveonly one nameand that nameis formed accordingto specificrules. The unfortunate fact, however,is that thosewho classifyplants may differ asto which plants should belongto a givengroup. This situation borderson the ridiculous in the genusCitrus which Swingledivided into only 16 species.Tyosaburo Tanaka from Japan,on the other hand,divided the samegenus or group of plants (Citrus) into over 145 species!Tanaka's classification is too unwieldy to be functional. Swingle'sis more usable than Tanaka'sbecause it is simple,but it is obviouslyin error in somecases. Scientists and professionalhorticulturists gen- erally useSwingle's system modified at times to include someof Tanaka'ssystem when modificationsappear appropriate. A briefsummary of Swingle'ssystem with occasionalcomparisons with Tanaka'ssystem is presentedbelow: Genus- Citrus 1. SubgenusCitrus, includesthose species with edible fruit and pulp not containingdrops of acrid or bitter oil. This subgenuscontains the following species: a. C. medica(citrons), a speciesvalued primarily for the useof its peel. The 'Etrog' variety or cultivar is used in certain religiousceremonies by Hebrewsand someselections of the 'Etrog', such asArizona 861 and USDA 60-31, arecommonly usedas indicator plantsto detect the exocortisvirus. b. C.limon (lemons),a speciesused by Swingleto include 811lemons, both acid and acidless. His classification is probably too inclusiveand certain exceptionsare commonly made,with C. limon primarily including the acid lemonsof commerce.Tanaka's classification includes the following types commonly usedas rootstocks: (1) C.jambhiri - rough lemon (2) C. limonia . Rangpurlime (3) c. volkameriana - Volkameriana lemon The 'Meyer' and 'Ponderosa'lemons are considered hybrids by Swinglebut separatespecies by Tanaka. c. C. aurantifolia (acid limes), a speciesincluding all acid limesaccording to Swingle. Somecommonly used exceptionsby Tanakaare: (1) C. aurantifolia. the 'Key', 'West Indian', 'Mexican' or 'Gallego'lime. The 'Key' lime is usedas an indicator plant for the tristezavirus. (2) C. latifolia - the 'Tahiti', 'Persian'or 'Bearss'lime. (3) C. macrophylla - the Alemow. Tanakadescribed this speciesas a lime-like fruit. Somefeel it is lemon. like and othersthat it is a hybrid of C. celebica. This specieshas become an important lemon rootstock in recentyears. (4) C. limetta - the limmetas,a group of lemon-likefruit with both acid and acidlessforms. (5) C. limmetoides - the Indian or Palestinesweet lime that is widely usedas a rootstock in someparts of the world. The Columbiansweet lime is indistinguishablefrom the standardPalestine sweet lime. d. C. aurantium (sour orange),a speciesused widely asa rootstock wherethe tristezavirus doesn'tprevent its use. There are numerousforms of sour orangeincluding a low acid type called bittersweet. (1) C. taiwanica. is a sour orange-likefruit with resistanceto certain forms of tristeza. (2) Australian sour orange - is a hybrid of unknown origin that is reputedly tolerant of tristeza;however, this selectionhas few if any characteristicsthat resemblesour orange. Callingthis fruit a sour orangeis misleading. e. C. reticulata (mandarins),a specieswith loose-peeledfruit that includesthe commontangerines and satsumas (Unshiu,Mikan) oranges.Tanaka divides this speciesinto severalas indicatedin the table below. CommonName Swingle ;1.f1;';',,~ Tanaka , c-..' C. unsh;u C. reticulata C. reticulata C. tanger;na C. reticulata C. ret;culata C. reticulata C. reshn; C. reticulata C. clement;na -171- co~t. " , Tanaka CommonName Swingle - C. deliciosa 'Willowleaf C. reticulata 'King' tangor? C. nobilis b , -' tangor? C. temple 'Temple''.-- (;" :' """'c " C. reticulata Vir. 'Calamodin' C. madurensis Busters x C. ichangensis YOlO ~~' Vi' (tangerinex C.ichangensis C.junos ~_..~ ~ (1) The Cleopatramandarin is important asa rootstock throughout the world and the Yuzu is usedto someextent asa rootstock in Japan. (2) Most of the mandarinsare usedfor their fine quality asfresh fruit. (3) The tangerineshave been hybridized with grapefruit to form tangelossuch as 'Orlando', 'Minneola' and 'Nova'. (4) The 'Clementine'and 'Temple' are usedwidely in breedingprograms because they are monembryonic and of high quality. f. C.grandis (pummeloor shaddock),is little usedin the United Statesbut important for its fruit in the Far East. The fruit and tree are similar to grapefruit in many respectsbut the flesh of pummelois sweeterand lessjuicy than that of grapefruit and the peel of pummelois generallythicker. The cultivars in this species are monoembryonicand therefore the pummelois usedin grapefruit breedingprograms. The Cubanshaddock is sometimesmentioned as a rootstock. g. C.paradisi (grapefruit),a speciesvalued more for its fruit in the Westernthan the Easternworld, is usedpri- marily asa fresh fruit Grapefruit hasbeen used occasionally as a rootstock in Florida but without any apparentadvantages. h. C. sinensis(sweet oranges), is the most widely grown speciesof
Recommended publications
  • Reaction of Tangerines Genotypes to Elsinoe Fawcettiiunder

    Reaction of Tangerines Genotypes to Elsinoe Fawcettiiunder

    Reaction of tangerines genotypes to Elsinoe fawcettii under natural infection conditions Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 11: 77-81, 2011 Brazilian Society of Plant Breeding. Printed in Brazil Reaction of tangerines genotypes to Elsinoe fawcettii under natural infection conditions Marcelo Claro de Souza1*, Eduardo Sanches Stuchi2 and Antonio de Goes3 Received 11 February 2010 Accepted 30 September 2010 ABSTRACT - A citrus scab disease, caused by Elsinoe fawcettii, is currently found in all citrus areas throughout Brazil. That being, given the importance of this casual agent, the behavior of tangerines and hybrids influenced by this pathogen was evaluated under natural infection conditions. This study was performed with plants around 15 years old without irrigation; 100 fruits of three plants were collected during harvest season, using a grade scale varying from 0 (absence of symptoms) to 6 (severe symptoms) the level of disease severity was determined. Among the cultivars, citrus scab resistance was observed in Citrus deliciosa, C. tangerina, C. nobilis; a mandarin hybrid (C. nobilis x C. deliciosa) and a satsuma hybrid (C. unshiu x C. sinensis). Among the other genotypes, symptoms were observed with levels of severity ranging from 1 to 3, indicating moderate resistance. Key words: Citrus scab, citrus crop, resistant varieties. INTRODUCTION In Brazil, E. fawcettii is responsible for citrus scab. The disease is widespread in many humid, citrus-cultivating In many citrus production areas around the world, areas around the world and decreases fruit values on the Elsinoe fawcettii is one of the main fungi diseases found. fresh-fruit market (Feichtenberger et al. 1986). In young It attacks a wide variety of citrus species and cultivars, plants or under severe infection, it may cause significant resulting in scab disease on leaves, twigs, and fruits (Timmer fruit drop.
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Cross-Compatibility, Graft-Compatibility, and Phylogenetic Relationships in the Aurantioi

    UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Cross-Compatibility, Graft-Compatibility, and Phylogenetic Relationships in the Aurantioi

    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Cross-Compatibility, Graft-Compatibility, and Phylogenetic Relationships in the Aurantioideae: New Data From the Balsamocitrinae A Thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Plant Biology by Toni J Siebert Wooldridge December 2016 Thesis committee: Dr. Norman C. Ellstrand, Chairperson Dr. Timothy J. Close Dr. Robert R. Krueger The Thesis of Toni J Siebert Wooldridge is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to many people who have been an integral part of my research and supportive throughout my graduate studies: A huge thank you to Dr. Norman Ellstrand as my major professor and graduate advisor, and to my supervisor, Dr. Tracy Kahn, who helped influence my decision to go back to graduate school while allowing me to continue my full-time employment with the UC Riverside Citrus Variety Collection. Norm and Tracy, my UCR parents, provided such amazing enthusiasm, guidance and friendship while I was working, going to school and caring for my growing family. Their support was critical and I could not have done this without them. My committee members, Dr. Timothy Close and Dr. Robert Krueger for their valuable advice, feedback and suggestions. Robert Krueger for mentoring me over the past twelve years. He was the first person I met at UCR and his willingness to help expand my knowledge base on Citrus varieties has been a generous gift. He is also an amazing friend. Tim Williams for teaching me everything I know about breeding Citrus and without whom I'd have never discovered my love for the art.
  • Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 32 1

    Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 32 1

    Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 32 Lecture 32 Citrus Citrus: Citrus spp., Rutaceae Citrus are subtropical, evergreen plants originating in southeast Asia and the Malay archipelago but the precise origins are obscure. There are about 1600 species in the subfamily Aurantioideae. The tribe Citreae has 13 genera, most of which are graft and cross compatible with the genus Citrus. There are some tropical species (pomelo). All Citrus combined are the most important fruit crop next to grape. 1 Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 32 The common features are a superior ovary on a raised disc, transparent (pellucid) dots on leaves, and the presence of aromatic oils in leaves and fruits. Citrus has increased in importance in the United States with the development of frozen concentrate which is much superior to canned citrus juice. Per-capita consumption in the US is extremely high. Citrus mitis (calamondin), a miniature orange, is widely grown as an ornamental house pot plant. History Citrus is first mentioned in Chinese literature in 2200 BCE. First citrus in Europe seems to have been the citron, a fruit which has religious significance in Jewish festivals. Mentioned in 310 BCE by Theophrastus. Lemons and limes and sour orange may have been mutations of the citron. The Romans grew sour orange and lemons in 50–100 CE; the first mention of sweet orange in Europe was made in 1400. Columbus brought citrus on his second voyage in 1493 and the first plantation started in Haiti. In 1565 the first citrus was brought to the US in Saint Augustine. 2 Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 32 Taxonomy Citrus classification based on morphology of mature fruit (e.g.
  • Classification and Cultivars

    Classification and Cultivars

    1 Classification and Cultivars 2 Two Tribes • Clauseneae • Citreae has 3 Subtribes –Triphasiinae –Balsamocitrineae –Citrinae 3 Fortunella • Four species - Small trees and shrubs. • Flowers later than Citrus. • Freeze - hardy • Small fruit –‘Meiwa’ and ‘Marumi’ - round –‘Nagami’ ovate 4 Poncirus • Two trifoliate spp. –trifoliata ‘Flying Dragon’ –poyandra • Deciduous • Thorny, Cold hardy, long thorns • Makes great hedges , rootstocks 5 Microcitrus • Northeastern rainforest Australia • Moderate-sized trees. • Leaves are unifoliate dimorphic • Microcitrus australasica –Resistant to burrowing nematode and phytophthora • Micro leaves, flowers, and fruit 6 Clymenia • Unifoliate acuminate leaves tapering into very short petiole. • Branches are thornless. • Style shorter than other true Citrus and stigma is larger and flattened • Fruit - ovoid, thin peeled, many oil glands, many small seeds. 7 Eremocitrus • Xerophytic native of Australia • Spreading long drooping branches • Leaves unifoliate, greyish green, thick, leatherly, and lanceolate. • Sunken stomata, freeze hardy • Ideal xeroscape plant. 8 Citrus - Subgenus Eucitrus • Vesicles - no acrid or bitter oil • C. medica (Citrons) –Uses - candied peel, • Jewish ceremony • Exocortis indicator 9 Citrus limon (Lemons) • Commerce –‘Lisbon’ and ‘Eureka’ • Dooryard –Meyer (Lemon hybrid) • Rough Lemon –Rootstock 10 Lemon Hybrids • Lemonage (lemon x sweet orange) • Lemonime (lemon x lime) • Lemandrin (lemon x mandarin) • Eremolemon (Eremocitrus x lemon) - Australian Desert Lemon 11 Citrus aurantifolia (Limes) • ‘Key’ or ‘Mexican’ limes • ‘Tahiti’ or ‘Persian’ limes some are triploids and seedless • C. macrophylla (lime-like fruit) –Rootstock in California • Lemonimes (lime x lemon) • Limequats (lime x kumquat) 12 • Not grown either in Tahiti or Persian (Iran) • Seedless and marketed when still dark green 13 C. aurantium - Sour Orange • ‘Seville’ in Southern Europe –Orange marmalade • ‘Bouquet’ & ‘Bergamot’ • - Italy –Essential oil • Many forms like ‘Bittersweet’ –Rootstock - High quality fruit.
  • Palynological Properties of the Genus Haplophyllum (Rutaceae) in Jordan

    Palynological Properties of the Genus Haplophyllum (Rutaceae) in Jordan

    Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(9): 281-287 ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 9 (2015) pp. 281-287 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Palynological Properties of the Genus Haplophyllum (Rutaceae) in Jordan Dawud Al-Eisawi* and Mariam Al-Khatib Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, the University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan *Corresponding author A B S T R A C T Pollen morphological characteristics of four Haplophyllum species occurring in Jordan; H. blanchei, H. buxbaumii, H. poorei and H. K e y w o r d s tuberculatum, have been investigated by both light and scanning electron Haplophyllum, microscopy (SEM). Data about symmetry, polarity, shape, size, apertures Rutaceae, and surface sculpturing are recorded. H. blanchei and H. tuberculatum Pollen-grains, pollen grains subprolate shape, while H. buxbaumii have prolate to Jordan spheroidal shape and H. poorei have spheroidal shape. Pollen grains of all species have radial symmetry, with tricolpate aperatures, isopolar, with striate perforated sculpture. Introduction The genus Haplophyllum has 68 species Khader, 1997), the genus Allium (Omar, (Townsend, 1986), with a maximum species 2006) and the genus Tulipa (Al-Hodali, diversity in Turkey, Iran and Central Asia 2011) and others. (Salvo et al., 2011). The Haplophyllum genus is represented by five taxa in Jordan; Palynological characters were adopted by H. blanchei, H. buxbaumii, H. poorei, H. many scientists including pollen tuberculatum and H. fruticulosum (Al- morphology for the family Rutaceae. The Eisawi, 1982, 2013), but recent revision of pollen morphology of the subfamily this genus in Jordan (Al-Khatib, 2013) Aurantioideae (Rutaceae) was studied.
  • Citrus Trifoliata (Rutaceae): Review of Biology and Distribution in the USA

    Citrus Trifoliata (Rutaceae): Review of Biology and Distribution in the USA

    Nesom, G.L. 2014. Citrus trifoliata (Rutaceae): Review of biology and distribution in the USA. Phytoneuron 2014-46: 1–14. Published 1 May 2014. ISSN 2153 733X CITRUS TRIFOLIATA (RUTACEAE): REVIEW OF BIOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION IN THE USA GUY L. NESOM 2925 Hartwood Drive Fort Worth, Texas 76109 www.guynesom.com ABSTRACT Citrus trifoliata (aka Poncirus trifoliata , trifoliate orange) has become an aggressive colonizer in the southeastern USA, spreading from plantings as a horticultural novelty and use as a hedge. Its currently known naturalized distribution apparently has resulted from many independent introductions from widely dispersed plantings. Seed set is primarily apomictic and the plants are successful in a variety of habitats, in ruderal habits and disturbed communities as well as in intact natural communities from closed canopy bottomlands to open, upland woods. Trifoliate orange is native to southeastern China and Korea. It was introduced into the USA in the early 1800's but apparently was not widely planted until the late 1800's and early 1900's and was not documented as naturalizing until about 1910. Citrus trifoliata L. (trifoliate orange, hardy orange, Chinese bitter orange, mock orange, winter hardy bitter lemon, Japanese bitter lemon) is a deciduous shrub or small tree relatively common in the southeastern USA. The species is native to eastern Asia and has become naturalized in the USA in many habitats, including ruderal sites as well as intact natural commmunities. It has often been grown as a dense hedge and as a horticultural curiosity because of its green stems and stout green thorns (stipular spines), large, white, fragrant flowers, and often prolific production of persistent, golf-ball sized orange fruits that mature in September and October.
  • Citrus Aurantium Hybrid. Ponciros Trifoliata (Tri22 [1431 Australian Strain), Cirros Sinensis and (Cirrus Sinensis X P

    Citrus Aurantium Hybrid. Ponciros Trifoliata (Tri22 [1431 Australian Strain), Cirros Sinensis and (Cirrus Sinensis X P

    Citrus aurantium hybrid. Ponciros trifoliata (Tri22 [1431 Australian strain), Cirros sinensis and (Cirrus sinensis x P. Recent Advances in Aurantioideae Taxonomy tri/oUata) were used as Australian standard rootstocks for KruegerRR comparisoD purposes. The trial was established in October USDA-ARS National Clonai Gennplasm Repository for 1999 to evaluate the horticultural perfonnance of new Citrus & Dates, 1060 Martin Luther King Blvd, Riverside, rootstocks grafted from single-node cuttings to Navelina Califomia 92501 USA. [email protected] oranges. Five years of data (2002-2007) were collected on More than 60 years have passed since Swingle (1943) tree growth, fruit yie1d and quality to identify superior reviewed Aurantioideae taxonomy and more than 40 sinee rootstocks for the next phase of semi commercial plantings. the minor revision of Swingle and Reece (1967). In this Chinese Poncirus tri/olita types, Donghai and Houpi time period, various genera within the Aurantioideae have produced higher yield efficiencies of 2.8 and 2.9 kg.cm2 been revised or new species publisbed. Revised genera respectively at this site and both rootstocks had smaller include Clymenia, Poncirus, Luvugna, Wenzelia, truck circumference of 20 and 22 cm respectively. While Monanthocitrus, Oxanthera, Clausena, and Murraya. ln one of the erythrosa types, Anjiang HODgju also showed sorne cases, it has been proposed to split genera and.in promise in terms of yield, quality and fruit size. Data on others to consolidate genera. New species have been tree growth, fruit quality and fruit size distribution are described and published within specific genera. This paper presented for ail the otber rootstocks.
  • Chapter 1 Definitions and Classifications for Fruit and Vegetables

    Chapter 1 Definitions and Classifications for Fruit and Vegetables

    Chapter 1 Definitions and classifications for fruit and vegetables In the broadest sense, the botani- Botanical and culinary cal term vegetable refers to any plant, definitions edible or not, including trees, bushes, vines and vascular plants, and Botanical definitions distinguishes plant material from ani- Broadly, the botanical term fruit refers mal material and from inorganic to the mature ovary of a plant, matter. There are two slightly different including its seeds, covering and botanical definitions for the term any closely connected tissue, without vegetable as it relates to food. any consideration of whether these According to one, a vegetable is a are edible. As related to food, the plant cultivated for its edible part(s); IT botanical term fruit refers to the edible M according to the other, a vegetable is part of a plant that consists of the the edible part(s) of a plant, such as seeds and surrounding tissues. This the stems and stalk (celery), root includes fleshy fruits (such as blue- (carrot), tuber (potato), bulb (onion), berries, cantaloupe, poach, pumpkin, leaves (spinach, lettuce), flower (globe tomato) and dry fruits, where the artichoke), fruit (apple, cucumber, ripened ovary wall becomes papery, pumpkin, strawberries, tomato) or leathery, or woody as with cereal seeds (beans, peas). The latter grains, pulses (mature beans and definition includes fruits as a subset of peas) and nuts. vegetables. Definition of fruit and vegetables applicable in epidemiological studies, Fruit and vegetables Edible plant foods excluding
  • Citrus from Seed?

    Citrus from Seed?

    Which citrus fruits will come true to type Orogrande, Tomatera, Fina, Nour, Hernandina, Clementard.) from seed? Ellendale Tom McClendon writes in Hardy Citrus Encore for the South East: Fortune Fremont (50% monoembryonic) “Most common citrus such as oranges, Temple grapefruit, lemons and most mandarins Ugli Umatilla are polyembryonic and will come true to Wilking type. Because most citrus have this trait, Highly polyembryonic citrus types : will mostly hybridization can be very difficult to produce nucellar polyembryonic seeds that will grow true to type. achieve…. This unique characteristic Citrus × aurantiifolia Mexican lime (Key lime, West allows amateurs to grow citrus from seed, Indian lime) something you can’t do with, say, Citrus × insitorum (×Citroncirus webberii) Citranges, such as Rusk, Troyer etc. apples.” [12*] Citrus × jambhiri ‘Rough lemon’, ‘Rangpur’ lime, ‘Otaheite’ lime Monoembryonic (don’t come true) Citrus × limettioides Palestine lime (Indian sweet lime) Citrus × microcarpa ‘Calamondin’ Meyer Lemon Citrus × paradisi Grapefruit (Marsh, Star Ruby, Nagami Kumquat Redblush, Chironja, Smooth Flat Seville) Marumi Kumquat Citrus × sinensis Sweet oranges (Blonde, navel and Pummelos blood oranges) Temple Tangor Citrus amblycarpa 'Nasnaran' mandarin Clementine Mandarin Citrus depressa ‘Shekwasha’ mandarin Citrus karna ‘Karna’, ‘Khatta’ Poncirus Trifoliata Citrus kinokuni ‘Kishu mandarin’ Citrus lycopersicaeformis ‘Kokni’ or ‘Monkey mandarin’ Polyembryonic (come true) Citrus macrophylla ‘Alemow’ Most Oranges Citrus reshni ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin Changshou Kumquat Citrus sunki (Citrus reticulata var. austera) Sour mandarin Meiwa Kumquat (mostly polyembryonic) Citrus trifoliata (Poncirus trifoliata) Trifoliate orange Most Satsumas and Tangerines The following mandarin varieties are polyembryonic: Most Lemons Dancy Most Limes Emperor Grapefruits Empress Tangelos Fairchild Kinnow Highly monoembryonic citrus types: Mediterranean (Avana, Tardivo di Ciaculli) Will produce zygotic monoembryonic seeds that will not Naartje come true to type.
  • Somatic Hybrid Plantlets Regeneration Between Citrus and Its Wild Relative, Murraya Paniculata Via Protoplast Electrofusion

    Somatic Hybrid Plantlets Regeneration Between Citrus and Its Wild Relative, Murraya Paniculata Via Protoplast Electrofusion

    Plant Cell Reports (1998) 18: 297–300 © Springer-Verlag 1998 W. W. Guo · X. X. Deng Somatic hybrid plantlets regeneration between Citrus and its wild relative, Murraya paniculata via protoplast electrofusion Received: 17 January 1998 / Revision received: 12 June 1998 / Accepted: 14 July 1998 Abstract Protoplasts isolated from ‘Page’ tangelo (Min- identified as a Liberobacter (Jagoueix et al. 1994), and al- neola tangelo × clementine) cell suspension cultures were most all citrus cultivars are susceptible to it. Orange jes- electrically fused with mesophyll protoplasts of orange jes- samine [Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack], a remote relative samine [Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack]. Shoots were re- of citrus belonging to another tribe, Clauseneae, is an at- generated after 6 – 10 months of culture, but they were ex- tractive ornamental plant because of its fragrant white tremely recalcitrant to producing roots in root-induction flowers and small red fruits (Swingle and Reece 1967). medium. Complete plantlets were formed via micrograft- Orange jessamine is immune to citrus huanglongbin (Chen ing. Chromosome counting of shoot tips revealed they were and Liao 1982), and is resistant to citrus nematode (Sykes tetraploids (2n = 4x = 36). Glutamateoxaloacetate transam- 1987) and citrus tristeza virus (Yoshida 1996). It grows inase isozyme and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA well in alkaline conditions (Sykes 1987). Efforts to create analysis confirmed their hybridity. Orange jessamine is im- sexual progeny and grafted plants between orange jessa- mune to citrus huanglongbin, a severe disease of citrus, but mine and Citrus have failed due to sexual incompatibility sexual incompatibility and limited graft compatibility ex- and limited graft compatibility (Swingle and Reece 1967).
  • Known Host Plants of Huanglongbing (HLB) and Asian Citrus Psyllid

    Known Host Plants of Huanglongbing (HLB) and Asian Citrus Psyllid

    Known Host Plants of Huanglongbing (HLB) and Asian Citrus Psyllid Diaphorina Liberibacter citri Plant Name asiaticus Citrus Huanglongbing Psyllid Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Serr.: bael, Bengal quince, golden apple, bela, milva X Aeglopsis chevalieri Swingle: Chevalier’s aeglopsis X X Afraegle gabonensis (Swingle) Engl.: Gabon powder-flask X Afraegle paniculata (Schum.) Engl.: Nigerian powder- flask X Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.: jackfruit, jack, jaca, árbol del pan, jaqueiro X Atalantia missionis (Wall. ex Wight) Oliv.: see Pamburus missionis X X Atalantia monophylla (L.) Corr.: Indian atalantia X Balsamocitrus dawei Stapf: Uganda powder- flask X X Burkillanthus malaccensis (Ridl.) Swingle: Malay ghost-lime X Calodendrum capense Thunb.: Cape chestnut X × Citroncirus webberi J. Ingram & H. E. Moore: citrange X Citropsis gilletiana Swingle & M. Kellerman: Gillet’s cherry-orange X Citropsis schweinfurthii (Engl.) Swingle & Kellerm.: African cherry- orange X Citrus amblycarpa (Hassk.) Ochse: djerook leemo, djeruk-limau X Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle: lime, Key lime, Persian lime, lima, limón agrio, limón ceutí, lima mejicana, limero X X Citrus aurantium L.: sour orange, Seville orange, bigarde, marmalade orange, naranja agria, naranja amarga X Citrus depressa Hayata: shiikuwasha, shekwasha, sequasse X Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck: see Citrus maxima X Citrus hassaku hort. ex Tanaka: hassaku orange X Citrus hystrix DC.: Mauritius papeda, Kaffir lime X X Citrus ichangensis Swingle: Ichang papeda X Citrus jambhiri Lushington: rough lemon, jambhiri-orange, limón rugoso, rugoso X X Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka: xiang cheng, yuzu X Citrus kabuchi hort. ex Tanaka: this is not a published name; could they mean Citrus kinokuni hort. ex Tanaka, kishu mikan? X Citrus limon (L.) Burm.
  • 101R to Release Genetically Engineered Citrus Tristeza Virus

    101R to Release Genetically Engineered Citrus Tristeza Virus

    Southern Gardens Citrus Nursery, LLC Permit 17-044- 101r to Release Genetically Engineered Citrus tristeza virus Preliminary Pest Risk Assessment May 2018 Agency Contact Cindy Eck Biotechnology Regulatory Services 4700 River Road USDA, APHIS Riverdale, MD 20737 Fax: (301) 851-3892 The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’S TARGET Center at (202) 720–2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326–W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250–9410 or call (202) 720–5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Mention of companies or commercial products in this report does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over others not mentioned. USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of any product mentioned. Product names are mentioned solely to report factually on available data and to provide specific information. This publication reports research involving pesticides. All uses of pesticides must be registered by appropriate State and/or Federal agencies before they