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Palynological Properties of the Genus Haplophyllum (Rutaceae) in Jordan

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(9): 281-287 ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 9 (2015) pp. 281-287 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Palynological Properties of the Genus Haplophyllum (Rutaceae) in Jordan Dawud Al-Eisawi* and Mariam Al-Khatib Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, the University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan *Corresponding author A B S T R A C T Pollen morphological characteristics of four Haplophyllum species occurring in Jordan; H. blanchei, H. buxbaumii, H. poorei and H. K e y w o r d s tuberculatum, have been investigated by both light and scanning electron Haplophyllum, microscopy (SEM). Data about symmetry, polarity, shape, size, apertures Rutaceae, and surface sculpturing are recorded. H. blanchei and H. tuberculatum Pollen-grains, pollen grains subprolate shape, while H. buxbaumii have prolate to Jordan spheroidal shape and H. poorei have spheroidal shape. Pollen grains of all species have radial symmetry, with tricolpate aperatures, isopolar, with striate perforated sculpture. Introduction The genus Haplophyllum has 68 species Khader, 1997), the genus Allium (Omar, (Townsend, 1986), with a maximum species 2006) and the genus Tulipa (Al-Hodali, diversity in Turkey, Iran and Central Asia 2011) and others. (Salvo et al., 2011). The Haplophyllum genus is represented by five taxa in Jordan; Palynological characters were adopted by H. blanchei, H. buxbaumii, H. poorei, H. many scientists including pollen tuberculatum and H. fruticulosum (Al- morphology for the family Rutaceae. The Eisawi, 1982, 2013), but recent revision of pollen morphology of the subfamily this genus in Jordan (Al-Khatib, 2013) Aurantioideae (Rutaceae) was studied. showed that only four Haplophyllum species Pollen grains of Clauseneae were 3- are occurring in Jordan; H. blanchei, H. colporate, microstriate or microstriate to buxbaumii, H. poorei and H. tuberculatum. reticulate; whereas pollen grains of Citreae were almost always 4/5 colporate with Palynological characters were adopted as exines varying from microperforate to taxonomic tool in the revision of many coarsely reticulate (Grant et al., 2000). families and genera, such as, the family Pollen morphology of the genus Skimmia Umbelliferae (Al- Eisawi, 1977), the genus (Rutaceae) was studied and the pollen grains Crocus (Kiswani, 1994), the genus had striate to striate-reticulate sculpture and Colchicum (Omar, 1994), the genus Iris (Al- variable aperture number (3 7) (Fukuda et 281 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(9): 281-287 al., 2008). Pollen morphology of the genus information about the species of the genus Hortia (Rutaceae) was studied the pollen Haplophyllum (Rutaceae) in Jordan and to grains were monads, subprolate to prolate, be sure about the identity of the species 3-colporate, with very thick exine and a occurring within the boundaries of the psilate-perforate pattern of ornamentation country since contradicting species (Groppo et al., 2010). recording was given by various authors. Some scientists studied the pollen grain Materials and Methods morphology of the genus Haplophyllum. Townsend (1986) made a comparative study Pollen samples were obtained from on the pollen morphology comparing preserved herbarium specimens at the between the genera Haplophyllum, Ruta and University of Jordan Herbarium, Amman Thamnosma, which was carried out on 14 (AMM) or from specimens freshly collected species of the genus Haplophyllum from the field during the course of study for including H. tuberculatum, has P/E ratio = the revision of Haplophyum in Jordan. 1.19 and with straight tectum. In addition El Nagger and Abdel Hafez (2003), examined The pollen grains were prepared for light the pollen morphology for some wild plants (LM) and scanning microscopy (SEM) by in Sinai (Egypt), including H. tuberculatum, the standard methods described by Erdtman the study shows that H. tuberculatum pollen (1952). For light microscopy, the pollen grains are isopolar, radially symmetrical, grains were mounted in glycerin jelly and tricolporate, tectum striate or striate to observations were made using compound reticulate, circular perforation. Perveen and light microscope at different magnification Qaiser (2005), examined the pollen (100 X, 400 X, 1000 X). The diameter for morphology for 7 species of the family 50 pollen grains of each species was Rutaceae from Pakistan, and gave three type measured at (400 X) and the mean value for of pollen based on the type of tectum, and each was calculated. put H. tuberculatum under Haplophyllum dubium type which has P/E ratio = 101- For SEM studies, The pollen grains obtained 138µm, tricolporate prolate- spheroidal from anthers were scattered on a clean stub shape, striate- reticulate tectum. Akyol et al. using double sided sticky carbon band, and (2012), examined the pollen morphology for the stubs were then coated by Platinum H. megalanthum the pollen grains were using Emitech K550X sputter-coater. radial symmetrical, isopolar, tricolporate and Observations were made using SEM the shape differ from subprolate to (Inspect F50) at different magnifications at spheroidal. Nevertheless, studies on pollen the electron microscopy laboratory unit, morphology for H. blanchei, H. buxbaumii, Hamdi Mango Center, The University of H. poorei have not been conducted before Jordan. and no literature was located in this regards. Accordingly, the present investigation is Results and Discussion introducing the pollen morphology of 4 species of the genus Haplophyllum found in H. blanchei Boiss. Jordan for the first time, recording pollen Figures 1, 5 (A) characteristics using light and scanning Pollen grains are radially symmetrical, electron microscopy. isopolar, tricolporate, looking rhomboidal shape in equatorial view and triangular The aim of this study was to provide new 282 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(9): 281-287 shape in polar view. Pollen grains are Figures 4, 5 (D) medium size under light microscope; polar axis (P) is 39.98 µm, and the equatorial axis Pollen grains are radially symmetrical, (E) is 32.89 µm. According to the ratio isopolar, tricolporate, looking rhomboidal between the length of polar axis and the shape in equatorial view, and triangular equatorial axis of pollen (P/E) is 1.21 µm; shape in polar view. Pollen grains are thus pollen grains are subprolate shape. The medium in size; polar axis (P) is 44.92 µm, colpus is extending to the poles at each end, and the equatorial axis (E) is 37.0 µm. and they have three convex faces. Sculpture According to the ratio between the polar is striate perforated. axis and the equatorial axis of a pollen (P/E) is 1.21 µm; thus pollen grains have H. buxbaumii (Poir.) G. Don. fil. subprolate shape. The colpus extending to Figures 2, 5 (B) the pole ends and have three convex faces. The pollen grains are radial symmetrical, Sculpturing is striate perforated to foveolate. isopolar, tricolporate. Pollen grains are The aperture is narrower and deeper than the rhomboidal shape in equatorial view, and other three species. triangular shape in polar view. Pollen grains size is medium in under light microscope; The study of the pollen grains morphology polar axis (P) is 39.7 µm, and the equatorial of the four species of Haplophyllum in axis (E) is 35.4 µm. According to the ratio Jordan has proved to give a valuable between the polar axis and the equatorial biosystematic evidence in distinguishing axis of pollen (P/E) is 1.12 µm; thus pollen between the species. The pollen grains were grains are prolate to spheroidal shape. The radially symmetrical, isopolar, tricolporate, colpus extending to the poles. Sculpturing is and the same findings were mentioned by El striate perforated. Nagger and Abdel Hafez (2003), Perveen and Qaiser (2005) and Akyol et al. (2012). H. poorei C.C. Townsend The Shape of H. blanchei and H. Figures 3, 5 (C) tuberculatum was subprolate while the Pollen grains are radially symmetrical, shape of H. buxbaumii was prolate to isopolar, tricolporate looking rhomboidal spheroidal and H. poorei was spheroidal shape in equatorial view, and triangular (Fig. 1, 2, 3 & 4). The aperatures of H. shape in polar view. Pollen grains are tuberculatum were narrower and deeper than medium in size, under light microscope; H. blanchei, H. buxibaumii and H. poorei. polar axis (P) is 38.85 µm, and the H. blanchei and H. tuberculatum have three equatorial axisr (E) is 36.5 µm. According to convex faces while H. buxbaumii and H. the ratio between the polar axis and the poorei have straight faces. The surface equatorial axis of pollen (P/E) is 1.06 µm; sculpturing pattern was nearly the same in thus pollen grains shape is spheroidal. The the four species; striate- perforated surface, colpus is extending to the poles at each end. however; H. poorei pollen has less Sculpturing is striate with little perforation, perforation than H. blanchei, H. buxbaumii the perforation less than they are in other and H. tuberculatum. H. tuberculatum show three species. a more foveolate to striate surface rather than perforate striate. H. tuberculatum (Forssk.) Ad. Juss. 283 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(9): 281-287 Fig.1 Scanning electron micrographs of H. blanchei pollen grains A. Equatorial view (8000 x). B. Polar view (7515 x). C. Surface sculpturing (20000 x) Fig.2 Scanning electron micrographs of H. buxbaumii pollen grains A. Polar view (5000 x). B. Equatorial view (5000 x). C. Surface sculpturing (20000 x) A B C 284 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(9): 281-287 Fig.3 Scanning electron micrographs of H. poorei pollen grains A. Equatorial view (5000 x). B. Polar view (5000 x). C. Surface sculpturing (20000 x) Fig.4 Scanning electron micrographs of H. tuberculatum pollen grains A. Equatorial view (6000 x). B. Polar view (5000 x). C. Surface sculpturing (20000 x) 285 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(9): 281-287 Fig.5 Pollen grains of A.
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    plants Article Phytochemical Analysis and Evaluation of Antioxidant and Biological Activities of Extracts from Three Clauseneae Plants in Northern Thailand Keerati Tanruean 1 , Pisit Poolprasert 1, Nakarin Suwannarach 2,3 , Jaturong Kumla 2,3 and Saisamorn Lumyong 2,3,4,* 1 Biology Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Pibulsongkram Rajabhat University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand; [email protected] (K.T.); [email protected] (P.P.) 2 Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; [email protected] (N.S.); [email protected] (J.K.) 3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand 4 Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10200, Thailand * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +668-1881-3658 Abstract: This study established the DNA barcoding sequences (matK and rbcL) of three plant species identified in the tribe Clauseneae, namely Clausena excavata, C. harmandiana and Murraya koenigii. The total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, together with the biological activities of the derived es- sential oils and methanol extracts, were also investigated. Herein, the success of obtaining sequences of these plant using two different barcode genes matK and rbcL were 62.5% and 100%, respectively. Both regions were discriminated by around 700 base pairs and these had resemblance with those of the Clausenae materials earlier deposited in Genbank at a 99–100% degree of identity. Additionally, the use of matK DNA sequences could positively confirm the identity as monophyletic. The highest total phenolic and total flavonoid content values (p < 0.05) were observed in the methanol extract Citation: Tanruean, K.; Poolprasert, of M.
  • Protoplast Fusion for Production of Hybrid Plants Between Citrus and Its Related Genera

    Protoplast Fusion for Production of Hybrid Plants Between Citrus and Its Related Genera

    J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci. 65(4) : 685-692. 1997. Protoplast Fusion for Production of Hybrid Plants between Citrus and Its Related Genera Toshiaki Motomura1*, Tetsushi Hidaka2* *, Tomoya Akihama1, Shinsaku Katagi3, Mark A. Berhow2* * *, Takaya Moriguchi2 and Mitsuo Omura2* * * * 'Faculty of Agriculture , Meiji University, Tama, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214 2Depertment of Citviculture, National Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Okitsu, Shimizu, Shizuoka 424-02 3Kanagawa Horticultural Experiment Station , Nebukawa Branch, Nebukawa, Odawara, Kanagawa 250 Summary Electrofusions between embryogenic callus protoplasts from Citrus species and mesophyII protoplasts from other Aurantioideae representatives, including Clauseneae, Triphasiinae, Balsamocitrinae, and Citrinae, were performed to estimate the range within which fusion could produce embryos. Production and regeneration of hybrids between Citrus and allied species depended on the taxonomical distance of the parents; the closer the mesophyII pa- rent were taxonomically to Citrus, the greater the potential of forming viable hybrid plants. The most successful fusions were obtained between Citrus and other Citrinae spe- cies. Most of these combinations produced embryos that generated normal plantlets with good rooting ability. Embryoids from fusions with Balasamocitrinae species initiated numerous adventitious buds, but they were incapable of rooting. When these shoots were grafted onto existing stocks, some produced deformed leaves. In fusions between Citrus and Clausenae species, most of the regenerated shoots were weak and abnormal, but a few normal plantlets were rescued. In fusions with Triphasiinae species, the embryos which survived failed to develop shoots. Thus, from fusions involving Triphasiinae spe- cies, which considered closer to Citrus than are Clausenae species, we were unable to re- generate any somatic hybrids. Raf.