Department of Botany & the U.S. National Herbarium The Plant Press
New Series - Vol. 20 - No. 2 April-June 2017 Botany Profile Putting Plants on Display By Gary A. Krupnick s the Smithsonian Institution the butterflies as they flutter around the to educate the public about the conserva- strives to meet its mission of “the pavilion. tion of irreplaceable ecosystems, and the increase and diffusion of knowl- biodiversity, pollination mechanisms, A ast exhibitions that have featured edge,” how does botany stack up against botanical research and other current this objective? The three cornerstones of botany have primarily been del- scientific efforts in the Amazon. any natural history museum are research, Pegated to temporary showings. Most In 2003, “A Passion for Plants: Con- collections, and exhibits. In terms of prominent has been the annual orchid temporary Art from the Shirley Sher- research, the Department of Botany show. Alternating years between the U.S. wood Collection,” displayed 100 works has an excellent track record. In 2016, Botanic Garden and the Smithsonian by 67 artists from the collection of Shir- department staff published approximately Institution, the orchid display has been ley Sherwood, an independent scholar 110 peer-reviewed scientific papers and hosted at the Natural History Museum and and collector of botanical watercolors described 99 new species of plants, fungi, co-hosted by Smithsonian Gardens for and paintings. The exhibition addressed and lichen. Regarding the collections, over a decade. In 2017, the show moved the history of botanical art. Also on view the U.S. National Herbarium has grown to the Hirshhorn Museum. Previously, the were botanical specimens from the U.S. to over 5 million plant specimens and Natural History Museum hosted “Orchids: National Herbarium to highlight aspects new specimens are added daily. Recent Interlocking Science and Beauty” in 2015, of scientific observation. digitization efforts have yielded over a “Orchids of Latin America” in 2013, In 2010, the traveling exhibition, million imaged specimens that have been “Orchids – A View from the East” in 2011, “Losing Paradise? Endangered Plants databased and shared online. “Orchids through Darwin’s Eyes” in 2009, Here and Around the World,” showcased Botany’s role in exhibitions, how- “Orchids: Take a Walk on the Wild Side” 44 botanical illustrations from renowned ever, has a varied history at the National in 2007, and “The Orchid Express” in artists, along with live plants and speci- Museum of Natural History. The largest 2005. mens from the Museum’s collection. exhibit halls are currently devoted to In the past 20 years, botanical art- Focusing on global conservation, stories dinosaur fossils (currently under reno- work was featured in three exhibitions, of endangered, threatened and extinct vation), mammal skins, animals of the each emphasizing the unique intersection plants were featured. A companion web- deep blue ocean, human evolution, and between art and science. In 1999, the trav- site to the exhibition included a study the Hope Diamond and other gemstones. eling exhibition, “Margaret Mee: Return of the illustrations paired with digitized While the Museum does not currently to the Amazon,” documented the life herbarium specimens and a discussion of have a hall devoted entirely to botany, and work of Margaret Mee (1909-1988), how conservation assessments are made. plants are displayed alongside pollina- a British botanical artist. The exhibit Other past exhibitions featuring tors in the “Butterflies + Plants: Partners bridged the worlds of art and natural sci- botanical specimens were those that in Evolution” exhibition. The exhibition, ence while confronting the global issues combined objects and specimens from which opened in 2008, gives visitors of rainforest destruction and preservation. several research departments. For the opportunity to not only observe the Mee’s botanically accurate watercolors example, in the 2010 exhibition, “Since ways in which butterflies, plants, and were featured alongside her field sketches, Darwin: The Evolution of Evolution,” other animals have evolved, adapted, and diaries, and a large model of a bromeliad specimens including fossils, insects, diversified over tens of millions of years, with many of the organisms dependent on plants, dog skulls, goat horns, mice but to also walk through an enclosed, it for their existence. The exhibit sought and birds, along with documentation climate-controlled, tropical garden and not only to present to the visitor the beauty of ongoing research at the museum, and scientific accuracy of her art, but also interact with both the foraging plants and Continued on page 11 Travel Vicki Funk traveled to Athens, Ohio Tropical Studies. Warren Wagner traveled to St. (3/16 – 3/18) to give a lecture at Ohio Marcelo Pace traveled to São Paulo, Louis, Missouri (3/14 – 3/22) to finalize a University; and to Oahu and Kauai, Brazil (1/9 – 1/17) to collect specimens manuscript on Onagraceae for the Flora of Hawaii (2/9 – 3/9) to conduct research and of plants and lichens in São Sebastião, North America. collaborate with staff at the University of Bertioga, Assis, and Botucatu, during a Hawaii and the National Tropical Botani- trip sponsored by the Global Genome cal Garden. Initiative (GGI). Joe Kirkbride traveled to Bronx, New Eric Schuettpelz traveled to Gaines- York (3/3) to attend a symposium at the ville, Florida (3/20 – 3/22) to present an New York Botanical Garden celebrating invited talk at the University of Florida. the 125th anniversary of the Garden. Laurence Skog traveled to Sarasota W. John Kress traveled to San Jose, and Gainesville, Florida (2/11 – 2/19) to Costa Rica (3/9 – 3/13) to participate as a study the Gesneriaceae collections at the member of the Assembly of Delegates and Marie Selby Botanical Garden and at the Board of Directors of the Organization for University of Florida. Visitors
Monica Carlsen, Missouri Botanical Gar- Lyra Morina, University of Maryland, Zachary Rogers, Missouri Botanical den; Araceae and Zingiberales (2/17/15- College Park; Valuing botanical collec- Garden, Missouri, United States; Thyme- 2/16/17). tions (9/14/16-3/10/17). laeaceae (1/30-2/4). Morgan Gostel, George Mason Uni- Yash Kalburgi, Northern Virginia Jacob Suissa, Harvard University; Isoëtes versity; Compositae and GGI-Gardens Community College; Vitaceae (9/19/16- and Asteraceae internship (2/2-8/1). Program (9/1/15-8/31/17). 3/15/17). Lionel Gagnevin, Centre de Coopération Vikram Shivakumar, Alexandria, Sarah Brown, Tarleton State Univer- Internationale de Recherche en Agronomie Virginia; Clauseneae (Rutaceae) (9/12/16- sity; Collection management internship pour le Développement, France; Patho- 3/10/17). (12/5/16-1/27/17). gens on Rutaceae, Poaceae, and Euphorbi- aceae (2/6-2/13). Afzal Shah, Quaid-i-Azam University, The Plant Press Pakistan; Tylophorinae (Apocynaceae) Ivone Vásquez Briones, Universidad New Series - Vol. 20 - No. 2 (12/29/16-6/1/17). Peruana Unión Tarapoto, Peru; Malpighi- aceae (2/8-2/17). Chair of Botany Yousheng Chen, Chinese Academy of Laurence J. Dorr Sciences, China; Pan-Himalayan Cardueae Wesley Knapp, North Carolina Natural ([email protected]) and Gnaphalieae (Asteraceae) (12/31/16- Heritage Program; Research (2/13-2/15). 12/30/17). EDITORIAL STAFF Slawomir Nowak, Univeristy of Gdansk, Xu Su, Qinghai University, China; Trit- Poland; Orchidaceae (2/13-2/22). Editor iceae (Poaceae) (12/31/16-3/1/18). Gary Krupnick Boris Szurek, Institut de Recherche pour ([email protected]) Elena Meyer, Northern Virginia Com- le Développement, France; Pathogens on Copy Editors munity College; Collections management Rutaceae, Poaceae, and Euphorbiaceae Robin Everly, Bernadette Gibbons, and internship (1/9-2/3). (2/13). Rose Gulledge Ricardo de Oliveira Perdiz, Instituto Marion Leménager, University of The Plant Press is a quarterly publication pro- Nacional de Pesquisas Amazonia, Brazil; Montpellier, France; Fog-collecting plants vided free of charge. To receive notification of Protium aracouchini species complex (2/14-2/17). when new pdf issues are posted to the web, please subscribe to the listserve by sending a message (Burseraceae) (1/9-2/9). to [email protected] containing only the Dwayne Estes, Austin Peay State Univer- following in the body of the text: SUBSCRIBE Joy Winbourne, Brown University; DNA sity; Research (2/15-2/17). PLANTPRESS-NEWS Firstname Lastname. barcoding (1/9-1/13). Replace “Firstname Lastname” with your name. Adam Williams, Hawaii Department of If you would like to be added to the hard-copy Dave Gammon and 6 students, Elon Uni- Land and Natural Resources; Flora of mailing list, please contact Dr. Gary Krupnick at: Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, versity; Plant conservation and herbarium Hawaii (2/17). PO Box 37012, NMNH MRC-166, Washington, tour (1/12). DC 20013-7012, or by E-mail: krupnickg@ Theo Witsell, Arkansas Natural Heritage si.edu. Amanda Williams, Eastern Mennonite Botanist; Flora of Arkansas (2/17-2/23). Web site: http://botany.si.edu/ University; Collections management internship (1/17-4/28). Continued on page 4 Page 2 April is the Cruelest Month f the poet T.S. Eliot wrote The Waste Land today he It was not only English gentlemen who recorded Chair would have to modify the first verse. What are we their observations of flowering times. Botanists Ito make of this unusual winter? Spring arrived in became engaged early, too. I cannot claim to have Washington three weeks earlier than expected, in Feb- done a thorough search but I do know that the With ruary rather than March or April. We saw the warning French botanist Jean Emmanuel Gilibert, who holds signs of climate change long before this and certainly the unfortunate distinction of having many of his an article published over 15 years ago by our staff and botanical works officially suppressed by theInter - collaborators (Abu-Asab et al., Biodiversity and Con- national Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, A servation 10: 597-612. 2001) presented the first hard and Plants (2012), recorded flowering dates when evidence of earlier spring flowering times in the Wash- he was in Lithuania to teach natural history and ington area as a response to global warming. But the medicine and he combined them with similar notes View signal they detected was 4.6 not 21 days. Record high from Lyon, France compiled by Mme. Clémence temperatures are wonderful for those of us who dislike Lortet (Le calendrier de flore, pour l’année 1778, cold and snow, but while 30º Fahrenheit above normal autour de Grodno, et pour l’ année 1808, autour de in the heart of winter seems kind, 30º above normal in Lyon, 1809). If Gilibert had not delayed publication summer will be very cruel. he would have anticipated Marsham. In any case, a L.J. Our data set is static now; 31 years of observa- systematic search of the botanical literature likely tion made its point. Its assembly was a nice example would yield more records that could be analyzed, Dorr of community or citizen science; over 125 persons but I do not think it would change the story. Simi- contributed first-flowering dates throughout the years. larly, now that we are assembling large herbarium Nonetheless, it does not take a community to record datasets I am certain that we can begin to abstract phenological data. Subsequent to the publication of phenological data that will inform us about climate the Washington-area data, researchers plumbed the change in the near term and on very local scales. unpublished records of the “Hermit of Walden” who Surprisingly (to me at least), a generation passes made observations of first flowering dates for over 500 quickly. I have my own 25 years of phenological species of wildflower in Concord, Massachusetts from records for Washington. Nothing is written down 1851 to 1858 (Primack & Miller-Rushing, BioScience but my casual observations represent my own 62: 170-180. 2012). Their conclusions were more or private daybook, my mental notes on what flow- less the same. They were able to establish that the ers when and what to expect from my garden in plants Thoreau observed in Concord more than 150 each season. Growing up much further north (and years ago are now flowering, on average, ten days ear- not too terribly far from Walden Pond) it took me lier than they were when Thoreau “went to the woods”. a long time to accept that my concept of when The science of phenology may well “date” from spring occurred had to change. Here lilacs flower the English naturalist Robert Marsham who published “with the perfume strong I love” well before May Indications of Spring (1789) based on notes that he (and only now do I understand why Walt Whitman started in 1736 and continued for more than 60 years. spoke of lilacs blooming in mid-April) and roses do not wait until June. I do not remember when we planted our garden when I was younger or if there was a fixed signal other than perhaps a prediction about the last frost in the Old Farmer’s Almanac. Here I have always struggled with timing. Some years I get it right and others not. If I judge correctly I enjoy the sunflowers, zinnias, and cosmos at the end of the summer. If I get it wrong what have I lost? The price of a few packets of seed. I should be more concerned when data and reason tell me something is wrong about the way I perceive the world. Getting it wrong on a global scale is more costly than a few packets of seed. But what can I (or you) do? We can agitate and speak loudly with our research, or like Candide “il faut cultiver notre jardin”. Published research by Department of Botany staff and collaborators in 2001 shows a statistically significant advance of spring blooming of Yoshino cherry trees in Washington, DC by 7 days, over a 30-year period from 1970 to 1999. (photo by Gary Krupnick)
Page 3 with Parmotrema perlatum, Parmotrema Staff on the Move Staff stuppeum, and a Leucanora species). The Research & exhibit runs from January 27 through May Nancy Khan, museum specialist, has 14, 2017. accepted a supervisory detail which Activities At the invitation of Smithsonian includes serving as Acting Collections Associates, Tangerini presented a joint Manager for the U.S. National Herbarium. lecture with Grace Costantino of Smith- She began this detail on March 6. Khan On February 13, Gary Krupnick gave sonian Libraries’ Biodiversity Heritage joined the Department of Botany in 2010, two behind-the-scenes tours of the U.S. Library for the program, “Science as Art: working with Warren Wagner on the Flora National Herbarium to participants of the The Beauty of Botanical Illustration,” on of the Pacific Islands and the Onagraceae 2017 National Native Seed Conference. February 12. Tangerini discussed a short family. Department Chair Laurence Dorr The conference was held February 13-16 history of botanical art as it pertained to says that he “looks forward to working at the Omni Shoreham Hotel in Washing- how plants were illustrated with different with her to facilitate continued improve- ton, D.C., and attracted attendees from printing methods and gave a synopsis of ments, innovations, and development of 41 states and 11 countries. The mission her steps used in producing a botanical the U.S. National Herbarium, an impor- of the meeting was to connect research, illustration today, showing a progression tant botanical resource that underpins our industry, land management, and restora- of styles used for print publication and scientific work and those of many other tion professionals to share information for on-line digital publication. Costantino researchers throughout the country and the about the collection, research and devel- discussed the technical evolution of the art world.” opment, production, and use of native of printing with woodcuts, copper-plate plant materials. A series of task forces was engraving, lithography, and chromatog- launched at the conference to coordinate raphy as it is showcased in the library’s efforts to implement the actions of the collection of natural history art. National Seed Strategy for Rehabilitation Tangerini is exhibiting a graphite and Restoration. with watercolor illustration of a flower of Paeonia suffruticosa in a show by Sy Sohmer gave an invited talk, “A year members of the Botanical Art Society of in the Jungles of Papua New Guinea,” to the National Capitol Region (BASNCR), the Discovery Club of Honolulu on Janu- “Natural Attraction: Virginia Plants and ary 19. The talk described how Sohmer Pollinators,” at the Athenaeum in Alex- spent a year on leave from the University andria, Virginia. Running concurrently of Wisconsin-La Crosse working for the is a photography show of Virginia Bees government of Papua New Guinea as a by Deana Marion. The exhibit runs from Forest Officer. He was charged with train- April 6 through May 14, 2017. ing young Papua New Guineans in the arts In another exhibit by BASNCR mem- of botany and how to collect plants and bers, Tangerini has two artworks, a graph- document them through preparing botani- ite of Yucca filamentosa and a pen and ink Visitors cal specimens in the herbarium of the For- of a peony, on display at the Washington Continued from page 2 est Research Institute. He had the privilege National Cathedral. The exhibit runs from of organizing expeditions throughout the April 4 through May 17, 2017. Tomas Fer, Charles University, Czech country, mostly in the lowland and mon- Republic; Zingiberales (2/20-3/3). tane rainforests. On March 22, Liz Zimmer attended a mentorship fair at Thomas Jefferson Fred Barrie, Missouri Botanical Garden; Alice Tangerini and U.S. Department High School for Science and Technology Gesneriaceae (2/21-3/10). of Agriculture’s entomology illustrator in Alexandria, Virginia, where former Taina Litwak are displaying their scientific Maria Alves, Universidade Federal intern Vikram Shivakumar presented a illustrations in a special temporary exhibit, de Feira de Santana, Brazil; Brazilian poster with co-authors Zimmer and Gabe “Scientific Illustration: Artistry in the Heliantheae (Asteraceae) (2/27-4/15). Johnson on “The transcriptome analysis Age of Science,” at the Ward Museum in of the curry tree [Bergera koenigii (L.), George Schatz, Missouri Botanical Salisbury, Maryland. The Ward Museum Rutaceae] during leaf development.” A Garden; Ebenaceae and Annonaceae (3/8- is known for its wildfowl art and collec- manuscript from the project was submitted 3/10). tion of decorative and antique decoys. for review to Scientific Reports at the end Tangerini has a selection of prints of her Patrice Sonnelitter, Flamingo Gardens, of March. artwork depicting various media including Florida; Herbarium tour (3/10). color digital (Globba sherwoodiana, Ful- Andrea Weeks, George Mason Univer- caldea steussyi, and Eriolaena rulkensii), sity; Research (3/16). pen and ink (Melicope stonei, Cepha- locarpus glabra, and C. rigidus), and Meaghan Parker-Forney, World graphite (Erato costaricensis, Gymnan- Resources Institute; National Wood Col- themum koekemoerae, and a lichen plate lection (3/17). Page 4 The 2017 Smithsonian eager audiences. Every garden, museum, The deadline for abstract submission is and herbarium collection has grown and April 14th. Botanical Symposium, continues to grow through a delightful and There will be no registration fee this maddening combination of purpose and year, but attendees must register online at May 19, to Explore accident. botany.si.edu/sbs/ to attend the event. Visit Exploration The 15th Smithsonian Botanical the website, call 202-633-0920, or email Symposium will highlight the history of [email protected] for more information. The Department of Botany and exploration undertaken by individuals and the United States Botanic Garden will groups with an emphasis on exploration of convene the 2017 Smithsonian Botani- the Americas. Several of our presentations Awards & cal Symposium, “Exploring the Natural are based on recently-published books or World: Plants, People and Places,” to books in prepa- Grants be held at the ration. National Museum A full lineup Four fellowships have been awarded to of Natural History of speakers will students who will be based in the Botany in Washington, present their Department during 2017-2018. D.C., on May 19, talks during • A 10-week “Grad” fellowship is being 2017. the day at the awarded to Jun Ying Lim of the Univer- History hides behind our garden and National Museum of Natural History’s sity of California at Berkeley for a project museum displays. Plants and artifacts Baird Auditorium. The event will be fol- entitled, “Evolution, ecology and historical can be themselves objects of wonder, lowed by a reception and poster session at biogeography of Hawaiian Peperomia.” but scratch the surface and every item on the U.S. Botanic Garden that evening. He will be working with Warren Wagner display or curated for scientific study has a th In addition, the 15 José Cuatrecasas and Liz Zimmer during the summer of deeper story as to how it was collected and Medal in Tropical Botany will be awarded 2017. came to be included in our mostly urban at the Symposium. This prestigious award cultural institutions. Large sponsored is presented annually to an international • A 15-week “Predoc” fellowship is expeditions or even just curious individu- scholar who has contributed significantly being awarded to Joyce Chery of the Uni- als set off to explore remote corners of the to advancing the field of tropical botany. versity of California Berkeley for a project world and brought back plants, animals, The award is named in honor of Dr. José entitled, “Systematics of Paullinia and the and other natural history treasures. Often Cuatrecasas, a pioneering botanist who evolution of vascular cambial variants.” the focus was on a particular route or spent many years working in the Depart- She will be working with Pedro Acevedo region. Sometimes circumstance caused ment of Botany at the Smithsonian and and Marcello Pace on wood anatomy and an individual to take up residence in an devoted his career to plant exploration in also in the Laboratories of Analytical Biol- unfamiliar part of the world and day-to- tropical South America. ogy (LAB) setting up libraries for Next day observations of the new environment Abstracts for poster presentations may Generation Sequencing. Chery will arrive lead to discoveries that were sent home to be submitted online at botany.si.edu/sbs/. during June 2017. • A 6-month “Predoc” fellowship is being awarded to Peter Schafran of Old Dominion University for a project entitled, “Unraveling the evolutionary relation- ships of allotetraploid species of Isoetes in the eastern United States and adjacent Canada.” He will be working with Liz Zimmer and W. Carl Taylor starting in October 2017 after doing extensive field work this summer. Schafran previously was a 10-week “Grad” fellow during the summer of 2015 when he started work on plastomes of Isoetes diploids. • A 2-year Buck Postdoctoral Fellowship is being awarded to Marcos Caraballo- Ortiz, currently finishing up his doctoral work at Pennsylvania State University. His proposal is entitled, “Phylogeography and plastome evolution of Neotropical mistletoes.” He will be working with Jun Wen and Pedro Acevedo starting in the Pacific coastal forest from US Exploring Expedition journal 1838-1842. fall of 2017. Page 5 Botany Digitizes Its 1,000,000th Herbarium Specimen For the past 17 months, the U.S. National Herbarium has been digitizing a significant portion of the collection’s 5 million specimens using conveyor belt technology. On March 29, 2017, the team digitized its one millionth plant specimen. What specimen was chosen to mark this occasion? The digitization team is currently processing specimens in the Rubiaceae. To mark this milestone, we selected an economically important member of this cosmopolitan plant family, Cinchona micrantha Ruiz & Pav. The herbarium specimen we chose consists of a portion of a branch with a leaf and an inflorescence (cluster of flowers) along with a separate infructescence (cluster of fruits or cap- sules) and a piece of bark. Relatively few of our herbarium specimens include bark samples but there is an important reason why this one does. An annotation indicates that the bark was sampled for cinchona alkaloids. The specimen label further hints at the importance of this chemical analy- sis. The plant was collected in Peru in January 1944 by Walter H. Hodge whose field work as stated on the label was on Malaria, war, and the story of specimen 02364440. Meet the one- behalf of the “U. S. Gov’t. Board of Eco- millionth herbarium specimen we’ve digitized, Cinchona micrantha, nomic Warfare”. collected in Peru by W.H. Hodge in 1944 on behalf of the U.S. Government Board of Economic Warfare. Why is Cinchona economically impor- tant? introduced cinchona seed and plants into more intense, malaria threatened the well- Cinchona, a Neotropical genus of cultivation in British India and Ceylon. being and battle-readiness of American 23 species, is the source of quinine, an Subsequently large plantations were devel- and Allied soldiers. A synthetic substitute historically important antimalarial, and the oped in the Dutch East Indies and by the for quinine existed but its side effects bitter flavoring of tonic water. The medici- middle of the 19th century these were the prevented it from being widely adopted. nal properties of this plant were known principal global source of quinine and the New sources of quinine were needed and to the Quechua who inhabited the Andes basis of a new monopoly. by 1942 the Board of Economic Warfare of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. (There is What was the U.S. Board of Economic became responsible for finding them. some debate as to whether or not malaria Warfare? The Board, with the cooperation of the was indigenous to the New World). In World War II disrupted global trade U.S.D.A. and the U.S. National Arbore- early colonial times Jesuit missionaries and forced the United States and its allies tum, established the Cinchona Mission. observed the efficacy of “fever tree” bark to seek alternatives for many essential Missions were established in Colombia, in curing malaria and they introduced it to products. Java in the Dutch East Indies, Peru, and Ecuador and at peak activity Europe in the early 1600s. Several Andean which then had extensive cinchona planta- thirty American botanists were engaged in countries hoping to maintain a monopoly tions and the world’s largest quinine fac- the search for quinine-rich populations of on this important medicinal plant began to tory, fell to the Japanese in 1942. This was Cinchona. By the end of the war a useful impose restrictions on the export of seeds an enormous disaster for the United States synthetic quinine had been developed but and cuttings. The monopoly was broken in because it had failed to stockpile sufficient from 1942 until 1944 the American bota- 1860 when the British explorer Clements quantities of quinine before the war and nists taking part in the Cinchona Missions Markham, working for the India Office, as fighting in the Pacific Theater became had found and shipped over 10 million
Page 6 pounds of quinine bark back to the United importance. The U.S. National Herbarium Winter Interns States. specimen online-catalog can be found at Who was Walter Hodge?
Interns from the Department of Botany (clockwise from top left): Elena Meyer, Sarah Brown, Jacob Suissa, and Alison Taylor. Page 8 Increasing Research Impact by Cross- Linking NCBI & EMu Records By Tom Hollowell and Vicki Funk While modern systematics research usually involves genetic analyses, sequences such as those submitted by researchers to the National Center for Biotechnology Information’s (NCBI) pub- lic databases still rely on voucher speci- mens held in all biological collections (including herbaria) for identification and future reference. Genetic sequences are usually sub- mitted to NCBI in association with a researcher’s scientific publications. NCBI Figure 1. NMNH Collections Search record for Funk 12700. The arrow indicates accession numbers are generated, but four GenBank Numbers linking to nucleotide sequence records. they are not automatically associated with http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/3ad350607-c883-41b5-9eed-c3e1b270c52b data about voucher specimens, including Figure 2. GenBank National Museum of Natural History Bot- nucleotide record for any records. While this is sure to improve accession KF989600. going forward, there is a wealth of legacy The arrow indicates data that need to be identified and inte- the NCBI link back grated. We became aware of new possibili- to NMNH’s voucher ties once these data are united after the specimen record, University of Alaska Museum Herbarium Funk 12700! (ALA) brought their NCBI cross-linking https://www.ncbi. efforts to our attention. Here at NMNH, nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/ and really at collections everywhere, we KF989600 need to appeal through several channels to researchers holding these legacy data. So here we go! Museum researchers: Are your Gen- Bank or other NCBI sequence numbers in EMu, NMNH’s Research and Collections Information System? If so, you are already part of a Museum-wide project making our voucher and sample records accessible from NCBI. Although EMu records have included links from GenBank numbers c3e1b270c52b directly to the EMu web they can probably be loaded to EMu. to NCBI for a while, now it is a two-way record (Fig. 1). The GenBank numbers NCBI links can point back to both EMu street. NMNH now participates in NCBI’s at the bottom of the page link directly to Voucher and Sample records. Researchers LinkOut service so NCBI GenBank and NCBI records. There you will see that the from outside institutions who have submit- BioSample records can also link back to NCBI records include, in the column to ted NMNH specimen based sequences our online EMu records, which increas- the right, a return link to the EMu record to NCBI could also have their numbers ingly includes Smithsonian Institution (Fig. 2, see arrows). added to EMu. biorepository information, Global Genome All NMNH systematic biology depart- This is a wonderful opportunity to Biodiversity Network (GGBN) links, and ments have NCBI numbers in EMu, but increase exposure of your research. In images of voucher specimens. many more numbers remain in research- addition to sequence and publication Would you like to see an example? ers’ files waiting to be added. If you have information, each linked NCBI record will Visit
Mature plants of Athyrium haleakalae, Summary vascular plant phylogeny showing relationships among lycophyte a new species discovered by Warren and fern families recognized in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (PPG Wagner and Kenneth Wood. This fern I) classification. For each family, the total number of genera recognized shows a preference of growing along in PPG I and the sum of species estimates for these genera are provided. concave hollows of streams in Hana Where applicable, informal clade names are provided in parentheses. (From Forest Reserve, East Maui, Hawaii. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 2016) (photo by K.R. Wood)
Page 10 Profile Continued from page 1 illustrated the importance of evolution as a scientific foundation, and how knowledge of evolution has evolved. The exhibi- tion, celebrating the 200th anniversary of Charles Darwin’s birth and the 150th anniversary of the publication of his groundbreaking On the Origin of Species, displayed seven books and 80 specimens from the museum’s collections. The panels discussed how new discoveries influence evolutionary theory and how the research and inquiry processes that Darwin pro- moted continues today. One discovery on view was a new species of Heliconia that was named in honor of former Museum Director Cristián Samper. In our ongoing effort to bring plant sci- ence to the public, in 2016 the Department of Botany opened a public display outside the doors to the U.S. National Herbarium. Currently on view, “Botany in a New Era of Discovery” explains the variety of methods that new species are discovered, from traditional field work and laboratory work, to discoveries in the collection and discoveries in a busy marketplace. Speci- mens from the Herbarium are featured and are presented in four display cases and panels. ncouragingly, plants will be further A palm tree native to the Republic of Seychelles Islands, the Coco de showcased in two new exhibits this Mer (Lodoicea maldivica) produces what are considered to be the largest year. The first is the exhibition, seeds in the world. The specimen in the exhibition weighs 16 pounds, but E seeds weighing over 60 pounds have been recorded in nature. “Objects of Wonder: From the Collections of the National Museum of Natural His- tory.” Opened in March, this gallery shares weighing over 60 pounds. The species is In a creative combination of objects, the objects, science and stories behind native to the Seychelles Islands, histori- “What Makes Things Blue” is an exhibit the Museum’s 145.3 million specimens cally known from five islands but now case explaining how pigments, structural and artifacts—including on display more occurring naturally on only two islands. colors, and atomic elements give plants, than 1,000 unique, valuable, beautiful With a limited distribution, slow growth animals, and minerals their intense shades and strange specimens. As the welcome rate, and illegal harvesting in the wild, this of blue. Situated with Morpho butterflies, panel says, these items “reflect our amaz- species has been assessed as Endangered a tinamou bird egg, Australian opals, and ing world, inspire wonder, and form the in the IUCN Red List. a blue Roman glass vessel dating back to foundation for scientific discovery.” Some Another display describes the origin 200 BC – AD 100, is a botanical specimen specimens from the U.S. National Her- of unique collections in the Museum. In of Pollia condensata’s iridescent bright barium get top billing standing solo in 1961, the Museum received “The Archie blue fruit, the most vibrant, intense shade display cases where stories of their global F. Wilson Wood Collection,” a donation of blue in nature. significance are shared, while others are from an enthusiastic wood collector. The Another case uniquely combining paired with specimens from other depart- blocks of wood on view represent just a specimens tells the story of what hap- ments revealing shared themes. small percent of the 4,637 specimens of pens when a biologist, a conservator, and One specimen that stands alone on woody species from the Wilson Wood Col- an anthropologist each share their own display is the Coco de Mer, Lodoicea mal- lection. Each individually labeled speci- perspective on a single object, in this case divica, the plant species that produces the men displays the unique grain and color a Thai offering bowl from 1856. King world’s largest seed. The specimen in the of the species. The exhibit panel describes Mongkut Rama IV of Siam (now Thai- exhibit weighs 16 pounds, but the double how the specimens are used today, with land) gave an offering bowl to President coconut palm can produce fresh seeds purposes ranging from wood identification Franklin Pierce as a token of friendship to research on wood anatomy. Continued on page 12 Page 11 Profile Continued from page 11 toward all Americans. The bowl is made from wood, lacquer, and shell. The bowl’s lacquer coating is made from the sap of the Burmese lacquer tree, Melanorrhoea usitata, which grows in the seasonally dry forests of Myanmar and Thailand. Paired with the bowl and the botanical speci- men is the animal species which provides the bowl’s inlay—a Green Turban snail, Turbo marmoratus, a species now over- harvested. The intertwined fates of a butterfly and a plant are on display to tell the story of near-extinction and recovery due to human activities. Atala butterflies, Eumaeus atala, lay their eggs exclusively on the coontie plant, Zamia floridana, a species native to Florida. The caterpillars eat the coontie’s leaves, incorporating the plant’s toxins into their bodies as a defense against predators. Seminole tribes in Florida had harvested the plant for its thick starchy Wood has long been prized for its beauty and variety—beauty and variety stems so much that by the 1930s, indus- that extends to a microscopic level. This sampling of one of the world’s largest trial starch production had nearly wiped collections of wood shows the amazing cellular structure of wood. Clockwise from out the plant and the butterfly along with top left: Quiina negrensis, Cornus controversa, Colubrina arborescens, and Cornus it. Fortunately, the coontie became a favor- stolonifera. (Image by Stanley Yankowski) ite of landscapers and gardeners in Florida because it tolerates drought and salty soil. Pollia condensata, As the plant made a comeback, so did the native to Africa, butterfly. uses structural Some collected specimens serve as coloration instead of biological indicators of environmental pigments to produce change. In one display case are specimens the most intense of coralline algae, Clathromorphum com- color of blue ever pactum, from Labrador, Canada. These studied in biological specimens tell us of the world’s rapidly tissue. (photo by changing climate. Coralline algae are James Di Loreto) long-lived and preserve a record of their environmental conditions (light and tem- perature) as tree-ring like growth bands. Recent research using these specimens shows that sea ice has been rapidly declin- ing in the past 150 years relative to any period since the 14th century. A display that will be rotated on a regular basis is “Eureka! New Discover- ies in the Museum.” The first story to be featured is that of a 2012 plant collect- ing expedition to Kamakusa Mountain, a remote tabletop mountain in Guyana (featured in The Plant Press 16: 8-10; 2013). Smithsonian botanist Kenneth Wurdack teamed up with American and Guyanese researchers to document this poorly-mapped region’s plant diversity. As the collections get identified, at least
Page 12 Publications
Angyalossy, V., M.R. Pace, R.F. Evert, C.R. Marcati, A.A. Oskolski, T. Terrazas, E. Kotina, F. Lens, S.C. Mazzoni-Viveiros, G. Angeles, S.R. Machado, A. Crivellaro, K.S. Rao, L. Junikka, N. Nikolaeva and P. Baas. 2016. IAWA list of microscopic bark features. IAWA J. 37(4): 517-615. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-20160151 Aymard, G. and C.L. Kelloff. 2016. Dil- leniaceae. In S. Mota de Oliveira and M.J. Jansen-Jacobs (eds). Flora of the Guianas, Series A, Fascicle 31. Royal Botanic Gar- den Kew, Richmond. 40 pps. Baker, T.R., R.T. Pennington, K.G. Dexter, P.V.A. Fine, H. Fortune-Hopkins, E.N. Honorio, I. Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, B.B. Klitgård, G.P. Lewis, H.C. de Lima, P. Ashton, C. Baraloto, S. Davies, M.J. Coralline algae of the genus Clathromorphum are specific to the Arctic and Donoghue, M. Kaye, W.J. Kress, C.E.R. Subarctic, and they have critically important stories to tell about their ocean and Lehmann, A. Monteagudo, O.L. Phil- how it has changed over the centuries. (photo by James Di Loreto,) lips and R. Vasquez. 2017. Maximising synergy among tropical plant systematists, five new species have come to light in our culture. Plant blindness is the inabil- ecologists, and evolutionary biologists. four families including a new Raveniopsis ity to see or notice plants in one’s own Trends Ecol. Evol. 32(4): 258-267. http:// (Rutaceae). An isotype specimen and the environment, leading to the inability to dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2017.01.007 scientific illustration of the species accom- recognize their importance, to underappre- panying its scientific publication (see back ciate their aesthetic and unique biological Blersch, D.M., P.C. Kangas and W.H. page, this issue) are currently shown in the features, and to rank plants as inferior to Adey. 2016. Freshwater marsh community exhibit. animals and as unworthy of consideration structure in a Florida Everglades meso- The second new exhibition to show- (Wandersee and Schussler 1999 Am. Biol. cosm. Trans. ASABE 59(5): 1305-1312. case botany in the Museum is “Plants Teacher 61: 82-86). Put simply, plants http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.59.11599 on the Move,” a cozy space designed to are often overlooked when paired with Cabi, E. and R.J. Soreng. 2016. Two new give wary tourists a chance to give their animals. records and one confirmation of the genus feet a rest and to recharge their mobile Plant blindness is most evident in Poa L. (Poaceae) for the Flora of Turkey. devices. Scheduled to open in November newspapers and magazines where a photo Turk. J. Bot. 40(4): 439-445. http://dx.doi. 2017, the tentative plans for the exhibition of a giraffe feeding on an Acacia tree will org/10.3906/bot-1509-27 include artistic visual representations of mention the animal but not the plant in the how plants disperse their seeds and spores, caption. So if a museum exhibit features a Chen, C.W., E. Schuettpelz, S. Lind- such as wind, water, force, and animal. photograph of a bat pollinating a banana say and D.J. Middleton. 2016. Proposal The space will feature two large, living flower or a frog sitting atop a lotus leaf, to conserve the name Haplopteris cycads in planters and a central display the opportunity exists to give both plant against Monogramma (Pteridaceae). of ferns crowned by a hanging staghorn and animal equal weight by naming both Taxon 65(4): 884-885. http://dx.doi. fern. The text panels will describe stories species in the title and caption. org/10.12705/654.19 about plant reproduction, informative The two new exhibits, “Objects of descriptions of seeds and spores, and case Wonder” and “Plants on the Move” offer Collins, E.S., M.R. Gostel and A. Weeks. studies about moss, fern, orchid, cycad, a fantastic foundation for advancing our 2016. An expanded nuclear phylog- and bromeliad reproduction and dispersal. understanding of the importance of plants enomic PCR toolkit for Sapindales. Appl. Information about the National Seed Strat- to life on earth. It is with hope moving Plant Sci. 4(12): 1600078. http://dx.doi. egy for Restoration and Rehabilitation will forward that plant blindness can be allevi- org/10.3732/apps.1600078 also be featured. ated by featuring botany prominently and Egan, A.N. and C. Puttock. 2016. We are excited that these two new with purpose in future exhibitions in the Toxicopueraria peduncularis (Fabaceae), exhibitions feature excellent examples of Museum. a new genus and species record for botany on display in the Museum. These Thailand. Thai Forest Bull. Bot. 44: exhibits can help mitigate “plant blind- ness,” a syndrome pervasive throughout Continued on page 14 Page 13 Publications Implications for generic delimitation and tionships between Sorghum bicolor Continued from page 13 classical biogeographic disjunctions in (Poaceae) and its close relatives based on the family. J. Syst. Evol. 55(2): 124-141. genomic in situ hybridization evidence. 15-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20531/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jse.12236 Turk. J. Bot. 41(1): 11. http://dx.doi. tfb.2016.44.1.04 org/10.3906/bot-1606-8 Haufler, C.H., K.M. Pryer, E. Schuettpelz, Egan, A.N. and C. Puttock. 2016. The E.B. Sessa, D.R. Farrar, R. Moran, J.J. Lu, L., C.J. Cox, S. Mathews, W. Wang, genus Haymondia A.N.Egan & B.Pan Schneller, J.E. Watkins and M.D. Wind- J. Wen and Z. Chen. 2017. Optimal data bis (Fabaceae) in Thailand. Thai For- ham. 2016. Sex and the single gameto- partitioning, multispecies coalescent and est Bull. Bot. 44(1): 26-31. http://dx.doi. phyte: revising the homosporous vascular Bayesian concordance analyses resolve org/10.20531/tfb.2016.44.1.06 plant life cycle in light of contemporary early divergences of the grape fam- Fortuna-Perez, A., M. Vatanparast, E.S. research. Bioscience 66(11): 928-937. ily (Vitaceae). Cladistics http://dx.doi. Cândido and W. de Vargas. 2016. Zor- http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biw108 org/10.1111/cla.12191 nia melanocarpa (Leguminosae, Papil- Ireland, R.R., G. Bellolio, J. Larrain and Moore, M.O. and J. Wen. 2016. Vitaceae, ionoideae, Dalbergieae), a new species R. Rodriguez. 2017. Studies on the moss pp. 3-23. In Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae from Serra do Espinhaço, Brazil, and flora of the Bio-Bio Region of Chile: to Garryaceae. Flora of North America its phylogenetic position in the genus. Part 3. PhytoKeys 77: 1-20. http://dx.doi. North of Mexico, Vol. 12. Oxford Univer- Syst. Bot. 41(2): 298-306. http://dx.doi. org/10.3897/phytokeys.77.10926 sity Press, Oxford, England. org/10.1600/036364416X691867 Jesionek, M.B., R.G. Bahia, J.J. Hernán- Moura, T.M., M. Wilmot-Dear, M. Fortuna-Perez, A.P., M.J. Silva, E.S. dez-Kantún, W.H. Adey, Y. Yoneshigue- Vatanparast, A.P. Fortuna-Perez, Cândido, W. Vargas, T.C.E. Monteiro and Valentin, L.L. Longo and G.M. Amado- A.M.G.A. Tozzi and G.P. Lewis. 2016. M. Vatanparast. 2017. Eriosema elegans Filho. 2016. A taxonomic account of A new infrageneric classification of (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae): A new non-geniculate coralline algae (Corallino- Mucuna (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae): species from the Highlands of Goiás State, phycidae, Rhodophyta) from shallow supported by morphology, molecu- Brazil. Phytotaxa 296(1): 81-87. http:// reefs of the Abrolhos Bank, Brazil. Algae lar phylogeny and biogeography. Syst. dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.296.1.6 31(4): 317-340. http://dx.doi.org/10.4490/ Bot. 41(3): 606-616. http://dx.doi. Ge, S. and J. Wen. 2016. Awards of JSE algae.2016.31.11.16 org/10.1600/036364416X692532 Outstanding Papers (2014 and 2015): Edi- Kramina, T.E., G.V. Degtjareva, T.H. Muscarella, R., M. Uriarte, T.M. Aide, torial. J. Syst. Evol. 54(3): 189-190. http:// Samigullin, C.M. Valiejo-Roman, J.H. D.L. Erickson, J. Forero-Montaña, W.J. dx.doi.org/10.1111/jse.12209 Kirkbride, S. Volis, T. Deng and D.D. Kress, N.G. Swenson and J.K. Zimmer- Gevú, K.V., H.R.P. Lima, W.J. Kress and Sokoloff. 2016. Phylogeny of Lotus man. 2016. Functional convergence and M. Da Cunha. 2017. Morphological analy- (Leguminosae: Loteae): Partial incongru- phylogenetic divergence during secondary sis of vessel elements for systematic study ence between nrITS, nrETS and plastid succession of subtropical wet forests in of three Zingiberaceae tribes. J. Plant Res. markers and biogeographic implications. Puerto Rico. J. Veg. 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Romaschenko and Y. Roques, S. Rorke, S. Rossinelli, H.E. Roy, Athyrium haleakalae (Athyriaceae), a Herrera Arrieta. 2016. A molecular phy- R. Scalera, S. Schindler, K. Štajerová, new rheophytic fern species from East logeny and classification of the Cynodon- B. Tokarska-Guzik, M. van Kleunen, K. Maui, Hawaiian Islands: with notes on its teae (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) with four Walker, P. Weigelt, T. Yamanaka and F. distribution, ecology, and conservation sta- new genera: Orthacanthus, Triplasiella, Essl. 2017. No saturation in the accu- tus. PhytoKeys 76: 115-124. http://dx.doi. Tripogonella, and Zaqiqah; three new mulation of alien species worldwide. org/10.3897/phytokeys.76.11637 subtribes: Dactylocteniinae, Orininae, and Nat. Comm. 8: 14435. http://dx.doi. Yang, M.Q., D.Z. Li, J. Wen and T.S. Zaqiqahinae; and a subgeneric classifica- org/10.1038/ncomms14435 tion of Distichlis. Taxon 65(6): 1263-1287. Yi. 2017. Phylogeny and biogeography http://dx.doi.org/10.12705/656.4 Shi, W., J. 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Phylo- and ferns. J. Syst. Evol. 54(6): 561-562. genet. Evol. 107: 551-563. http://dx.doi. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jse.12231 org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.011 Seebens, H., T.M. Blackburn, E.E. Dyer, Wen, J., Z.L. Nie and S.M. Ickert-Bond. P. Genovesi, P.E. Hulme, J.M. Jeschke, S. 2016. Intercontinental disjunctions Pagad, P. Pyšek, M. Winter, M. Arianout- between eastern Asia and western North sou, S. Bacher, B. Blasius, G. Brundu, C. America in vascular plants highlight the Page 15 Art by Alice Tangerini
Raveniopsis sp. nov. In the new exhibition, “Objects of Wonder” at the National Museum of Natural History, new discoveries by museum scientists will be given a spotlight. Rotating on a regular basis, the display case debuts with a new plant species described by botanist Kenneth Wurdack. During a 2012 plant collecting expedition to Kamakusa Mountain, Guyana, an unusual shrub was discovered and subsequently identified by Wurdack to the genus Raveniopsis (Rutaceae). Alice Tangerini drew a scientific illustration of this species, and both illustration and plant specimen are currently displayed in the exhibition.
Department of Botany PO Box 37012 NMNH, MRC-166 Washington DC 20013-7012
Official Business Penalty for Private Use $300
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