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TAXON:Murraya Koenigii (L.) Spreng. SCORE:9.0 RATING:High Risk

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TAXON:Murraya Koenigii (L.) Spreng. SCORE:9.0 RATING:High Risk TAXON: Murraya koenigii (L.) SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk Spreng. Taxon: Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. Family: Rutaceae Common Name(s): currybush Synonym(s): Bergera koenigii L. curryleaf Chalcas koenigii (L.) Kurz Indian bay Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 4 May 2016 WRA Score: 9.0 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Tropical Tree, Naturalized, Weedy, Suckers, Bird-Dispersed Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y Creation Date: 4 May 2016 (Murraya koenigii (L.) Page 1 of 17 Spreng.) TAXON: Murraya koenigii (L.) SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk Spreng. Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 y 607 Minimum generative time (years) Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 n growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 y=1, n=-1 n yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 4 May 2016 (Murraya koenigii (L.) Page 2 of 17 Spreng.) TAXON: Murraya koenigii (L.) SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk Spreng. Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes [No evidence of domestication] "M. koenigii is an aromatic shrub or small tree up to 6 m in height, native to India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Indo-China, southern China and Hainan. Mainly occurring in home gardens, it is commonly propagated by cuttings, air layering, or by direct sowing. It tolerates shade and drought, and is sometimes planted as an ornamental or in hedges. Its main importance is for CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. CAB flavoring curries and for chutneys, for which the leaves of this plant International, Wallingford, UK are used throughout southern India and in many other countries. The wood is used as fuel and occasionally for agricultural implements or for light construction. The leaf oil is used as a fixative. The leaves and roots have medicinal properties and the fruits are edible. It is suitable as an ornamental tree for homes, gardens and avenues." [No evidence] "Curry leaf (Murraya koenigii, Rutaceae) is an important leafy vegetable and the leaves are widely used in Indian cookery for flavouring foodstuffs. The leaves have a slightly pungent, bitter and feebly acidic taste, and they retain their flavour and other qualities even after drying. Curry leaf is also used in many of the Joseph, S., & Peter, K. V. (1985). Curry leaf (Murraya Indian ayurvedic and unani prescriptions. The plant originated in the koenigii), perennial, nutritious, leafy vegetable. Economic Tarai region of Uttar Pradesh, India, and at present it is cultivated in Botany, 39(1), 68-73 Burma, Ceylon, China, Australia and the Pacific Islands. The crop is usually propagated by seeds. A volatile oil, curry leaf oil, produced from the plant has uses in the soap industry. There is need to conserve the variability in the plant to prevent extinction of desirable types" 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2016. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2016. Personal Communication NA Creation Date: 4 May 2016 (Murraya koenigii (L.) Page 3 of 17 Spreng.) TAXON: Murraya koenigii (L.) SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk Spreng. Qsn # Question Answer Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes Wu, Z.Y., Raven,P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.). 2008. Flora of China. Vol. 11 (Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae). Science "Guangdong, S Hainan, S Yunnan (Xishuangbanna) [Bhutan, India, Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Laos, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam]." Louis "M. koenigii is an aromatic shrub or small tree up to 6 m in height, CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. CAB native to India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Indo-China, southern China and International, Wallingford, UK Hainan." 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. CAB International, Wallingford, UK 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y Source(s) Notes GardenDrum. 2015. How to grow curry leaf tree. "Curry leaf tree grows well in tropical right through to http://gardendrum.com/2014/06/04/how-to-grow-curry- Mediterranean and temperate climates..." leaf-tree/. [Accessed 4 May 2016] Missouri Botanical Garden. 2016. Murraya koenigii. "Zone: 10 to 12" ... "Winter hardy to USDA Zones 10-12 where it may http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/Pla be grown in rich, moist, well drained loams in full sun to part shade. ntFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=d441. [Accessed 4 May Best sited in locations sheltered from strong winds." 2016] [Elevation range exceeds 1000 m, demonstrating environmental versatility] "- Altitude range: 300 - 1500 m - Mean annual rainfall: 1000 - 3000 mm CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. CAB - Rainfall regime: summer; uniform International, Wallingford, UK - Dry season duration: 1 - 3 months - Mean annual temperature: 20 - 29ºC - Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 37 - 42ºC - Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: 10 - 15ºC - Absolute minimum temperature: > 5ºC" Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes Creation Date: 4 May 2016 (Murraya koenigii (L.) Page 4 of 17 Spreng.) TAXON: Murraya koenigii (L.) SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk Spreng. Qsn # Question Answer "Native: Asia-Temperate China: China - Guangdong, - Yunnan, - Hainan Asia-Tropical USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network, Indian Subcontinent: Bangladesh; Bhutan; India - Andhra Pradesh, 2016. National Plant Germplasm System [Online - Assam, - Bihar, - Himachal Pradesh, - Jammu and Kashmir, - Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. Karnataka, - Kerala, - Meghalaya, - Orissa, - Sikkim, - Tamil Nadu, - [Accessed 3 May 2016] Uttar Pradesh, - West Bengal; Nepal; Pakistan; Sri Lanka Indo-China: Laos; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam North Indian Ocean: India - Andaman and Nicobar" Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes Matu, E.N., 2011. Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. [Internet] Record from PROTA4U. Schmelzer, G.H. & Gurib-Fakim, A. "It has been widely cultivated in South-East Asia and some parts of (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa, the United States and Australia. In tropical Africa it is planted in Wageningen, Netherlands. many countries, including Nigeria, Kenya, Tanzania and most of the http://www.prota4u.org/search.asp. [Accessed 3 May Indian Ocean Islands, where Indian immigrants settled." 2016] 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Source(s) Notes Smith, A.C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova: A New Flora of Fiji "As it is seen in Fiji, Murraya koenigii is a shrub or small tree 2-5 m. (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 3. National Tropical high, cultivated near sea level and also naturalized along roadsides Botanical Garden, Lawai, HI and in open fields and canefields." Atlas of Living Australia.
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