DOCSLIB.ORG

Wood Apple, Limonia Acidissima: a New Host for the Huanglongbing (Greening)Vector, Diaphorina Citri Meisaku Koizumi, Maitree Prommintara, and Yoshihiro Ohtsu

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Wood Apple, Limonia Acidissima: a New Host for the Huanglongbing (Greening)Vector, Diaphorina Citri Meisaku Koizumi, Maitree Prommintara, and Yoshihiro Ohtsu Wood Apple, Limonia acidissima: A New Host For the Huanglongbing (Greening)Vector, Diaphorina citri Meisaku Koizumi, Maitree Prommintara, and Yoshihiro Ohtsu ABSTRACT. A study was conducted in Thailand to determine the host range of psyllid, Dia- phorina citri, and the huanglongbing (HLB) (greening) pathogen it transmits. Approximately six- month-old seedlings of 15 Rutaceae plants including three citrus cultivars were exposed to D. citri that had fed on HLB-infected citrus plants collected from Thailand. Long-term survival of the psylla of more than 7 wk was observed on the following plants: Balsamocitrus dawei, Murraya paniculata, M. koenigii, Limonia acidissima (wood apple), Atalantia sp., Severinia buxifolia, Pon- cirus trifoliata and Som-pan and Som-keo-wan mandarins. Among them, marked multiplication of psylla was noted on M. paniculata, Atalantia sp. and L. acidissima. The former two did not develop any symptoms, but the L. acidissima developed leaf mottling and yellowing. An electron microscope study failed to show conclusive evidence of HLB organisms in sieve cells of infected L. acidissima. These results indicate that wood apple is a new host for D. citri and warrants further investigation as a possible host of the HLB agent. Index words. Citrus huanglongbing disease, host range, Limonia acidissima, vector. Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) tural Science (JIRCAS) and the (greening) disease is a major factor Thailand Department of Agriculture limiting citrus production in tropical (DOA). We found the build up of and subtropical Asia. An integrated large population of D. citri on the management program which wood apple, Limonia acidissima L. includes the propagation of disease- (= Feronia limonia). free plants, eradication of infected plants, and the effective control of MATERIALS AND METHODS the vector is recommended (1, 2). Identification of host plants for HLB Inoculum source. The following and its vector is important to four potted HLB-infected plants achieve this goal. were used: Special Mandarin from Until now, the pathogen has only Ratchaburi district, rough lemon been shown to infect certain Ruta- and Avon Ever Bearing (Calamon- ceae, namely Citrus species, Ponci- din) from Nan Horticultural Experi- rus trifoliata, and its hybrids. Other ment Station, and Madam Vinous genera among the Rutaceae have not sweet orange inoculated with a pum- been confirmed as hosts (5). On the melo source from ChaiNat. These other hand, the psyllid vector of plants showed typical HLB symp- HLB, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, toms, namely, leaf mottling in all naturally lives on citrus cultivars plants and severe yellowing, stunt- and Murraya paniculata, although ing, and vein corking of Madam some other plants support its multi- Vinous. HLB organisms were con- plication (1). These experiments firmed in Special Mandarin and employed only a few rutaceous spe- Madam Vinous sweet orange by elec- cies. In addition, possible presence of tron microscopy. They were kept in ecotypes or races of D. citri is sug- an incubator at 26-28°C (night and gested (1). This study was carried day) with artificial illumination at out in Thailand to determine the 10,000 lux for 16 hr per day. host range of D. citri and the HLB Vector. About three hundred pathogen, under a cooperative adults of D. citri were collected from project between the Japan Interna- Murraya paniculata trees planted in tional Research Center for Agricul- the yard of Department of Agricul- 272 Thirteenth IOCV Conference, 1996-Procaryotes and Blight ture, Bangkok and reared for propa- symptoms and was severely stunted. gation on one-year-old seedlings of The rootstock developed suckers M. paniculata in the incubator. The that showed leaf mottling and yel- psylla laid eggs and increased abun- lowing, and partial die-back; and the dantly. The seedlings were replaced budunion was swollen. Midveins of every 2 to 3 mo with vigorous ones. the young leaves of the L. acidissima Young psylla adults were trans- that showed HLB-like symptoms ferred to the HLB-source plants and were collected in March 1995. They maintained for at least 1 wk in a were fixed in glutaraldehyde, post- plastic cage to acquire the HLB fixed with osmium and then embed- organism. The minimum acquisition ded into epoxy resin. Ultrathin sec- period of psylla being 1to 2 days (9). tions were made with a Sorvall MT2- Seedlings used for the experi- B ultramicrotome using a diamond ment. Seeds of the rutaceous plants knife and observed with an Hitachi were obtained from USDA-National H-300 electron microscope after dou- Clonal Germplasm Repository, Riv- ble staining with uranyl acetate and erside, California in December lead nitrate. 1992, except for Poncirus trifoliata, M. paniculata and L. acidissima. RESULTS Trifoliate orange was from Japan and the others were from Thailand. Population trends of D. citri Of the 20 species of the Rutaceae on Rutaceae plants. The popula- acquired, seeds of 12 species germi- tion trends of psylla on Clausena nated. Each plant was individually lansium, M. paniculata, local man- potted and grown in an insect-proof darin Som-keo-wan and L. acidis- screenhouse. Insecticide application sima varied markedly in the three was stopped 1 mo before vector repetitions. Some instances of transmission. decrease were caused by fungal Vector transmission and pop- infection because of high humidity. ulation trends of psylla. Fifteen Large numbers of psylla were alive psylla were transferred from the for the first week after transfer. donors to each receptor plant which Marked increase was noted 4 wk was covered with a net cage in an after transfer on the following incubator. The number of adults on plants: M. paniculata, Atalantia sp., the plants were counted at weekly and L. acidissima (Table 1). On intervals for 5 to 7 wk. After killing those plants, the psylla laid eggs the psylla by insecticide spray, the which gave rise to abundant devel- plants were transferred to a screen- opment of nymphs and adults. house for further observation of Small increases in the number of symptoms. The experiments were adults were observed on Murraya done from August to October 1993 koenigii and Som-keo-wan. No with three repetitions. As a control, increase, but a long term survival of two healthy seedlings were used. more than 7 wk, was noted on C. The plants were cut back in Decem- lansium (one out of three), Severinia ber and subsequent growth and buxifolia, Poncirus trifoliata, Bal- symptom development were samocitrus dawei and Som-pan observed until March 1994. mandarin. The survival of more than Electron microscopy. Electron 5 wk was noted on Triphasia trifolia, microscopy was conducted on L. Microcitrus australasica, Aeglopsis acidissima used as a rootstock in the chevalieri and Ladu mandarin. In field of Pichit Horticultural Research contrast, a rapid death of psylla was Center. Approximately 5-yr-old observed on C. lansium (two out of sweet orange, Som-tra, on the L. three) and Eremocitrus glauca acidissima showed typical HLB (Table 1). m TABLE 1 SURVIVAL AND MULTIPLICATION OF DIAPHORINA CITRI ON RUTACEAE PLANTS MAINTAINED IN A CAGE AND DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASE $. SYMPTOMS 8 No. adult psylla 2 s Exp. 1(wk) Exp. 2 (wk) Exp. 3 (wk) Symptoms B 2 Plant used for rearing psylla 1345 134567 134567 Leaf-mottle Stunting 83 k Clausena Iansium 8100 1100000 11118853 Questionable CD V, Murraya paniculata 12 9 48~51 14 9 lly 10 9 @ None o, I M. koenigii 14 12 12 147 14 14 13 13 10 3 9 9 8 10y 5 3. None 'u Triphasia trifolia 10522 1441100 None ++ 8 Severinina buxifolia 12 12 7 6 12 9 9 6 1 0 11 13 13 13 12 8 None + Atalantia sp. 12 13 48~52 37 37 None 2W Eremocitrus glauca 8100 Death Microcitrus australasica 12988 None + R Poncirus trifoliata 15 12 12 12 14 13 13 8 6 5 15 15 15 14 14 10 Questionable R Citrus reticulata !3 "Ladu" 148 54 1322100 1574400 Positive $ "Som-pan" 1476531 14133110 Death "Som-keo-wan" 14 6 5 18~ 13 14 5 4 3 3' 13 13 15~6 3 3 Questionable Balsamocitrus dawei 14 12 9 3 14 14 13 10 10 10 10 10 7 3 2 0 Questionable Aeglopsis chevalieri 14 10 10 9 _W Limonia acidisimma (= Ferronia limonia) 12 8 4 77 14 12 39y 42 53 46 15 16 30~39 43 41 Positive Fifteen adult psyllids were transferred to each plant. The cage was kept at 28126°C (daylnight) with 16 hr illumination in an incubator. .Killed by fungal infection increase in psylla .Yellowing of leaf followed by defoliation -No data because of no leaves '++ = severe stunting; + = moderate stunting; - = no stunting. 274 Thirteenth ZOCV Conference, 1996-Procaryotes and Blight Symptom development after paniculata, L. acidissima and Atal- vector transmission. Typical antia sp. In terms of feeding, egg lay- symptoms such as leaf mottle were ing, and nymph and adult observed in seedlings of Ladu man- development, there was no differ- darin and L. acidissima (Table 1).C. ence between L. acidissima and M. lansium, P. trifoliata, Som-keo-wan paniculata. Because L. acidissima and B. dawei showed mild mottling is a popular local fruit in Thailand, but still questionable as HLB symp- further observation in the fields is toms. Trifoliate orange and Som-pan needed to assess its role in HLB epi- mandarin died, but it was not deter- demiology. mined whether this was caused by Some population increase of D. HLB. Stunting was noted on T trifo- citri was observed on M. koenigii. In lia, S. buxifolia and M. australasica. West Malaysia, this was found to be This data were obtained in mid a common alternate host of D. citri March, after which high tempera- (6). We did not observe psylla multi- tures caused plant injury.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Cross-Compatibility, Graft-Compatibility, and Phylogenetic Relationships in the Aurantioi
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Cross-Compatibility, Graft-Compatibility, and Phylogenetic Relationships in the Aurantioideae: New Data From the Balsamocitrinae A Thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Plant Biology by Toni J Siebert Wooldridge December 2016 Thesis committee: Dr. Norman C. Ellstrand, Chairperson Dr. Timothy J. Close Dr. Robert R. Krueger The Thesis of Toni J Siebert Wooldridge is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to many people who have been an integral part of my research and supportive throughout my graduate studies: A huge thank you to Dr. Norman Ellstrand as my major professor and graduate advisor, and to my supervisor, Dr. Tracy Kahn, who helped influence my decision to go back to graduate school while allowing me to continue my full-time employment with the UC Riverside Citrus Variety Collection. Norm and Tracy, my UCR parents, provided such amazing enthusiasm, guidance and friendship while I was working, going to school and caring for my growing family. Their support was critical and I could not have done this without them. My committee members, Dr. Timothy Close and Dr. Robert Krueger for their valuable advice, feedback and suggestions. Robert Krueger for mentoring me over the past twelve years. He was the first person I met at UCR and his willingness to help expand my knowledge base on Citrus varieties has been a generous gift. He is also an amazing friend. Tim Williams for teaching me everything I know about breeding Citrus and without whom I'd have never discovered my love for the art.
    [Show full text]
  • Known Host Plants of Huanglongbing (HLB) and Asian Citrus Psyllid
    Known Host Plants of Huanglongbing (HLB) and Asian Citrus Psyllid Diaphorina Liberibacter citri Plant Name asiaticus Citrus Huanglongbing Psyllid Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Serr.: bael, Bengal quince, golden apple, bela, milva X Aeglopsis chevalieri Swingle: Chevalier’s aeglopsis X X Afraegle gabonensis (Swingle) Engl.: Gabon powder-flask X Afraegle paniculata (Schum.) Engl.: Nigerian powder- flask X Atalantia missionis (Wall. ex Wight) Oliv.: see Pamburus missionis X X Atalantia monophylla (L.) Corr.: Indian atalantia X Balsamocitrus dawei Stapf: Uganda powder- flask X X Burkillanthus malaccensis (Ridl.) Swingle: Malay ghost-lime X Calodendrum capense Thunb.: Cape chestnut X × Citroncirus webberi J. Ingram & H. E. Moore: citrange X Citropsis gilletiana Swingle & M. Kellerman: Gillet’s cherry-orange X Citropsis schweinfurthii (Engl.) Swingle & Kellerm.: African cherry- orange X Citrus amblycarpa (Hassk.) Ochse: djerook leemo, djeruk-limau X Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle: lime, Key lime, Persian lime, lima, limón agrio, limón ceutí, lima mejicana, limero X X Citrus aurantium L.: sour orange, Seville orange, bigarde, marmalade orange, naranja agria, naranja amarga X Citrus depressa Hayata: shiikuwasha, shekwasha, sequasse X Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck: see Citrus maxima X Citrus hassaku hort. ex Tanaka: hassaku orange X Citrus hystrix DC.: Mauritius papeda, Kaffir lime X X Citrus ichangensis Swingle: Ichang papeda X Citrus jambhiri Lushington: rough lemon, jambhiri-orange, limón rugoso, rugoso X X Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka: xiang
    [Show full text]
  • Medicinal Practices of Sacred Natural Sites: a Socio-Religious Approach for Successful Implementation of Primary
    Medicinal practices of sacred natural sites: a socio-religious approach for successful implementation of primary healthcare services Rajasri Ray and Avik Ray Review Correspondence Abstract Rajasri Ray*, Avik Ray Centre for studies in Ethnobiology, Biodiversity and Background: Sacred groves are model systems that Sustainability (CEiBa), Malda - 732103, West have the potential to contribute to rural healthcare Bengal, India owing to their medicinal floral diversity and strong social acceptance. *Corresponding Author: Rajasri Ray; [email protected] Methods: We examined this idea employing ethnomedicinal plants and their application Ethnobotany Research & Applications documented from sacred groves across India. A total 20:34 (2020) of 65 published documents were shortlisted for the Key words: AYUSH; Ethnomedicine; Medicinal plant; preparation of database and statistical analysis. Sacred grove; Spatial fidelity; Tropical diseases Standard ethnobotanical indices and mapping were used to capture the current trend. Background Results: A total of 1247 species from 152 families Human-nature interaction has been long entwined in has been documented for use against eighteen the history of humanity. Apart from deriving natural categories of diseases common in tropical and sub- resources, humans have a deep rooted tradition of tropical landscapes. Though the reported species venerating nature which is extensively observed are clustered around a few widely distributed across continents (Verschuuren 2010). The tradition families, 71% of them are uniquely represented from has attracted attention of researchers and policy- any single biogeographic region. The use of multiple makers for its impact on local ecological and socio- species in treating an ailment, high use value of the economic dynamics. Ethnomedicine that emanated popular plants, and cross-community similarity in from this tradition, deals health issues with nature- disease treatment reflects rich community wisdom to derived resources.
    [Show full text]
  • 119-123 (2008) ว. วิทย. กษ. 39 : 3 (พเศษิ ) : 119-123 (2551)
    Agricultural Sci. J. 39 : 3 (Suppl.) : 119-123 (2008) ว. วิทย. กษ. 39 : 3 (พเศษิ ) : 119-123 (2551) การยับยั้งเชื้อราสาเหตุโรคพืชดวยสารสกัดจากพืชในสกุล Rutaceae 16 ชนิด Antimicrobial activity of 16 plant extracts of the Rutaceae family against phytopathogenic fungi เนตรนภสิ เขียวขาํ 1, Harald Greger2 และ สมศิริ แสงโชต1ิ Netnapis Khewkhom1, Harald Greger2 and Somsiri Shangchote1 Abstract The lipophilic extract of 16 plant extracts of the Rutaceae family was selected for investigation of antifungal properties. Antifungal active compounds bioautography bioassays against Cladosporium herbarum have been detected. Comparative studies of Toddalia sp. (leaves), Limonia acidissima (leaves), Vepris bilocularis (leaves), Coleonema pulchellum (roots), Triphasia trifoliata (leaves), Pleiospermum alatum (leaves and stem), Acronychia pedunculata (leaves), and Atalantia sp. (leaves) extract showed clear inhibition zones on TLC plates against C. herbarum. In microdilution bioassay, the leaf extracts of Fortunella hindsii exhibited the strongest fungicidal activity with a MIC value at 312.5 μg/mL and showed an inhibition of spore germination at EC50 of 114 μg/mL for Botrytis cinerea. L. acidissima leaf extracts displayed a MIC of 1250 μg/mL and showed an inhibition of spore germination with EC50 0 values at 589 μg/mL for B. cinerea. The leaf extracts of two different collections of Glycosmis mauritiana (RUT 213/7) and (RUT 400) revealed clear differences for the antifungal activity: the EC50 value of the former was at 70 μg/mL, but 1249 μg/mL for the latter. G. mauritiana (RUT 213/7) revealed clear differences for the antifungal activity: the EC50 value at 70 μg/mL. Stem extracts of Pleiospermum alatum showed activities with values at EC50 262 μg/mL against B.
    [Show full text]
  • GROWTH RETARDATION of MOCKORANGE HEDGE, Murraya Paniculata (L.) Jack
    GROWTH RETARDATION OF MOCKORANGE HEDGE, Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack, BY DIKEGULAC-SODIUM A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MiASTER OF SCIENCE IN HORTICULTURE AUGUST 1981 By Osamu Kawabata Thesis Committee: Richard A. Criley, Chairman Roy K. Nishimoto Douglas J. Friend We certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is satisfactory in scope and quality as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science in Horticulture. THESIS COMMITTEE Chairman 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES......................................... iv LIST OF F I G U R E S .................................... v INTRODUCTION ........................................ 1 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................. 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS .............................. 20 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .............................. 33 SUMMARY ............................................... 67 APPENDICES............................................. 68 BIBLIOGRAPHY (Literature cited) .................... 87 111 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Some Properties of Dikegulac-sodium ....................... 9 2 Growth Retardation of Hedge Plants by Dikegulac-sodium . 15 3 Growth Retardation of Tree Species by Dikegulac-sodium . 16 K Species Which Showed a Growth Promotion Response to Dikegulac-sodium ........................................ 17 Appendix Table 1 ANOVA for Testing Uniformity of Growth .................. 68 2 ANOVA for Preliminary Experiment 1 69 3 ANOVA for Comparing Growth at Two Positions.............. 70 4. ANOVA for Preliminary Experiment 2 ...................... 71 5 ANOVA for Experiment I on the Longest S h o o t s ........ 72 6 ANOVA for Experiment I on the Randomly Sampled Shoots . 73 7 ANOVA for Experiment I I .................................. IL, 8 F Numbers for Concentrations ............................. 75 9 ANOVA for Experiment I I I ................................. 76 10 ANOVA for Experiment I V ..................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ornamental Garden Plants of the Guianas Pt. 2
    Surinam (Pulle, 1906). 8. Gliricidia Kunth & Endlicher Unarmed, deciduous trees and shrubs. Leaves alternate, petiolate, odd-pinnate, 1- pinnate. Inflorescence an axillary, many-flowered raceme. Flowers papilionaceous; sepals united in a cupuliform, weakly 5-toothed tube; standard petal reflexed; keel incurved, the petals united. Stamens 10; 9 united by the filaments in a tube, 1 free. Fruit dehiscent, flat, narrow; seeds numerous. 1. Gliricidia sepium (Jacquin) Kunth ex Grisebach, Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Gottingen 7: 52 (1857). MADRE DE CACAO (Surinam); ACACIA DES ANTILLES (French Guiana). Tree to 9 m; branches hairy when young; poisonous. Leaves with 4-8 pairs of leaflets; leaflets elliptical, acuminate, often dark-spotted or -blotched beneath, to 7 x 3 (-4) cm. Inflorescence to 15 cm. Petals pale purplish-pink, c.1.2 cm; standard petal marked with yellow from middle to base. Fruit narrowly oblong, somewhat woody, to 15 x 1.2 cm; seeds up to 11 per fruit. Range: Mexico to South America. Grown as an ornamental in the Botanic Gardens, Georgetown, Guyana (Index Seminum, 1982) and in French Guiana (de Granville, 1985). Grown as a shade tree in Surinam (Ostendorf, 1962). In tropical America this species is often interplanted with coffee and cacao trees to shade them; it is recommended for intensified utilization as a fuelwood for the humid tropics (National Academy of Sciences, 1980; Little, 1983). 9. Pterocarpus Jacquin Unarmed, nearly evergreen trees, sometimes lianas. Leaves alternate, petiolate, odd- pinnate, 1-pinnate; leaflets alternate. Inflorescence an axillary or terminal panicle or raceme. Flowers papilionaceous; sepals united in an unequally 5-toothed tube; standard and wing petals crisped (wavy); keel petals free or nearly so.
    [Show full text]
  • The Asian Citrus Psyllid and the Citrus Disease Huanglongbing
    TheThe AsianAsian CitrusCitrus PsyllidPsyllid andand thethe CitrusCitrus DiseaseDisease HuanglongbingHuanglongbing Psyllid Huanglongbing The psyllid (pronounced síl - lid) is a small insect, about the size of an aphid The pest insect It has an egg stage, 5 wingless intermediate stages called nymphs, and winged adults Adult The pest insect Egg 5 Nymphs (insects molt to grow bigger) Adult psyllids usually feed on the underside of leaves and can feed on either young or mature leaves. This allows adults to survive year -round. The pest insect When feeding, the adult leans forward on its elbows and tips its rear end up in a very characteristic 45 o angle. The eggs are yellow -orange, tucked into the tips of tiny new leaves, and they are difficult to see because they are so small The pest insect The nymphs produce waxy tubules that direct the honeydew away from their bodies. These waxy tubules are unique and easy to recognize. Nymphs can only survive by living on young, tender The leaves and stems. pest insect Thus, nymphs are found only when the plant is producing new leaves. As Asian citrus psyllid feeds, it injects a salivary toxin that causes the tips of new leaves to easily break off. If the leaf survives, then it twists as it grows. Twisted leaves can be a sign that the psyllid has been there. The pest insect What plants can the psyllid attack? All types of citrus and closely related plants in the Rutaceae family • Citrus (limes, lemons, oranges, grapefruit, mandarins…) • Fortunella (kumquats) • Citropsis (cherry orange) • Murraya paniculata (orange jasmine) • Bergera koenigii (Indian curry leaf) • Severinia buxifolia (Chinese box orange) Plants • Triphasia trifolia (limeberry) • Clausena indica (wampei) affected • Microcitrus papuana (desert-lime) • Others….
    [Show full text]
  • Studies on Bio-Chemical Changes in Wood Apple (Limonia Acidissima L.) Fruits During Growth and Development
    Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(8): 2552-2560 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 8 (2017) pp. 2552-2560 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.608.302 Studies on Bio-Chemical Changes in Wood Apple (Limonia acidissima L.) Fruits during Growth and Development Awadhesh Kumar* and Bhagwan Deen Department of Horticulture, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology Kumarganj Faizabad (UP)-224 229, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT The experiment was conducted to changes in wood apple fruits during growth and development and determination of the maturity index were K e yw or ds studied at Department of Horticulture, Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology Kumarganj Faizabad during the year 2012- Wood apple, 2013. The observations were recorded from fruiting to maturity and Chemical ripening time of fruits at 30 days intervals. The mature fruits of wood apple changes, Growth and development, had 20.60% TSS, 4.10% titratable acidity and TSS: acid ratio 5.02 contents. Maturity index. These parameters can be used as maturity index for wood apple fruits. A fully ripe fruit contains 21.70% TSS, 3.80% titratable acidity, 6.82 Article Info mg/100g ascorbic acid and 19.83% total sugars. The TSS, TSS: acid ratio, Accepted: ascorbic acid, reducing, non-reducing and total sugars contents were 21 June 2017 increased, whereas, total phenol content continuously decreased during Available Online: 10 August 2017 growth and development of wood apple fruits.
    [Show full text]
  • In Vitro Regeneration of Under Exploited Ethno-Medicinal Plant Limonia Acidissima L
    © IJCIRAS | ISSN (O) - 2581-5334 November 2019 | Vol. 2 Issue. 6 IN VITRO REGENERATION OF UNDER EXPLOITED ETHNO-MEDICINAL PLANT LIMONIA ACIDISSIMA L. 1 2 Chitralekha Saini , Sapna Tyagi Department of Biotechnology and Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, M. N. College and Research Institute, Bikaner – 334022, Rajasthan, India pharmaceutical products, use as food, fodder, medicine, Abstract energy and industrial purposes. Taking to agro-climatic In the present study, a protocol was optimized for condition of Rajasthan there is tremendous scope of establishment of callus and in vitro regeneration of cultivation of this undervalued unexploited fruit crop. medicinally important fruit tree Limonia acidissima In spite of possessing high nutritive and medicinal value L family Rutaceae for production of useful [1] in the fruit, the crop has neither been given due pharmaceuticals & conservation of the plant. attention for commercial cultivation nor exploitation of Various explants viz. Epicotyl, hypocotyl, cotyledon the genotypes available in the state (Rajasthan). It is and intrenodal segment were obtained by in vitro therefore, necessary to develop genetically superior seed germination and established on MS medium planting material for assured uniformity and desired supplemented with various concentrations and quality. Conventional propagation of Limonia acidissima combinations of kinetin, BAP and 2,4-D. Best can be achieved from seed, which result in a high degree callusing response was observed on MS medium of genetic and phenotypic variation. Micropropagation supplemented with 2,4-D (1.0mg/L) in combination can provide an opportunity to obtain large number of with kinetin (0.5mg/L). Internodal segments showed homogenous plant [2].Many rare and endangered plant best shooting response on MS medium supplemented species are propagated in vitro because they do not with BAP (0.5mg/L) and Kinetin (0.5mg/L).
    [Show full text]
  • UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Cross-Compatibility, Graft-Compatibility, and Phylogenetic Relationships in the Aurantioideae: New Data From the Balsamocitrinae Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1904r6x3 Author Siebert Wooldridge, Toni Jean Publication Date 2016 Supplemental Material https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1904r6x3#supplemental Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Cross-Compatibility, Graft-Compatibility, and Phylogenetic Relationships in the Aurantioideae: New Data From the Balsamocitrinae A Thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Plant Biology by Toni J Siebert Wooldridge December 2016 Thesis committee: Dr. Norman C. Ellstrand, Chairperson Dr. Timothy J. Close Dr. Robert R. Krueger The Thesis of Toni J Siebert Wooldridge is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to many people who have been an integral part of my research and supportive throughout my graduate studies: A huge thank you to Dr. Norman Ellstrand as my major professor and graduate advisor, and to my supervisor, Dr. Tracy Kahn, who helped influence my decision to go back to graduate school while allowing me to continue my full-time employment with the UC Riverside Citrus Variety Collection. Norm and Tracy, my UCR parents, provided such amazing enthusiasm, guidance and friendship while I was working, going to school and caring for my growing family. Their support was critical and I could not have done this without them. My committee members, Dr. Timothy Close and Dr. Robert Krueger for their valuable advice, feedback and suggestions.
    [Show full text]
  • Murraya Paniculata
    Murraya paniculata (Orange Jasmine, Chalcas) Orange Jasmine is a medium-sized shrub, with an upright and spreading, compact habit and dense crown of glossy green leaves. The leaves are compound--made up of five to seven small, oval leaflets that are glossy dark green. At branch tips anytime of year, when warm enough, tight clusters of white, five-petalled flowers appear, attracting bees and butterflies. Red berries appear directly after blooming. and they are attractive to birds The shrub is well-suited to shearing into a formal hedge or screen and can tolerate very harsh pruning. It has a very rapid growth rate during young age but later on it will slow down with age. Orange Jasmine grows best in well-drained, nematode-free soil with acidic or neutral pH with moderate moisture and is well-suited for use as a tall informal screen in full sun or light shade. It has some tolerance of drought and light frost Orange Jasmine is also very attractive when pruned to a small, single or multi-trunked ornamental tree. Landscape Information French Name: Le buis de Chine ou bois jasmin Pronounciation: mer-RAY-yuh pan-nick-yoo- LAY-tuh Plant Type: Shrub Origin: Southern Asia, India, China Heat Zones: 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 Hardiness Zones: 9, 10, 11, 12 Uses: Screen, Hedge, Bonsai, Specimen, Container, Wildlife Size/Shape Growth Rate: Moderate Tree Shape: Round Canopy Symmetry: Symmetrical Plant Image Canopy Density: Medium Canopy Texture: Medium Height at Maturity: 1.5 to 3 m Spread at Maturity: 1.5 to 3 meters Time to Ultimate Height: 5 to
    [Show full text]
  • Bergamot Oil: Botany, Production, Pharmacology
    Entry Bergamot Oil: Botany, Production, Pharmacology Marco Valussi 1,* , Davide Donelli 2 , Fabio Firenzuoli 3 and Michele Antonelli 2 1 Herbal and Traditional Medicine Practitioners Association (EHTPA), Norwich NR3 1HG, UK 2 AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia RE, Italy; [email protected] (D.D.); [email protected] (M.A.) 3 CERFIT, Careggi University Hospital, 50139 Firenze FI, Italy; fabio.firenzuoli@unifi.it * Correspondence: [email protected] Definition: Bergamot essential oil (BEO) is the result of the mechanical manipulation (cold pressing) of the exocarp (flavedo) of the hesperidium of Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck Bergamot Group (synonym Citrus × bergamia Risso & Poit.), resulting in the bursting of the oil cavities embedded in the flavedo and the release of their contents. It is chemically dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons (i.e., limonene), but with significant percentages of oxygenated monoterpenes (i.e., linalyl acetate) and of non-volatile oxygen heterocyclic compounds (i.e., bergapten). Keywords: bergamot; citrus; essential oil; production; review 1. Introduction The taxonomy, and consequently the nomenclature, of the genus Citrus, is particularly complicated and has been rapidly changing in recent years (see Table1). For over 400 years, the centre of origin and biodiversity, along with the evolution and phylogeny of the Citrus species, have all been puzzling problems for botanists and the confusing and changing Citation: Valussi, M.; Donelli, D.; nomenclature of this taxon over the years can reflect intrinsic reproductive features of Firenzuoli, F.; Antonelli, M. Bergamot Oil: Botany, Production, the species included in this genus, the cultural and geographical issues, and the rapidly Pharmacology. Encyclopedia 2021, 1, evolving techniques used to clarify its phylogeny [1].
    [Show full text]