sign in sign up
<<
Home , Maurice Allais

EUGENE GARFIELD INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC information@ 3501 MAR KETST, PHILADELPHIA PA 191M The 1988 Nobel Priie in Economics Honors Maurice Allais of ; Literature Prize Goes to Egyptian Novelist Naguib Ikfahfouz

Number 40 October 2, 1989

The 1988 Alfred Nobel Memoriaf Prize in economic sciences was awarded to French professor Mau- rice AIIais, who in the 1940s and 1950s contributed significantly to the study of market equilibrium. He also revolutionized ideas about how individuals evafuate risks when making economic decisions. Until late in his career, Allais wrote exclusively in French. For this and other reasons, Allais’s in- fluence outside France has been less than in his own country, and that is reflected in the rather modest number of citations that have been tabulated for him in the Science Cifation fna’ex”, 1945-1988, and in the Social Sciences Cifation Index@, 1966-1988. The in literature for 1988 went to of Egypt, Mahfouz, the first repre- sentative of the Arab world to receive the literature prize, is famous in his country for his depictions of urban life in Cairo. He has also helped to infuse the standard literary idiom, written in classical Arabic, with elements of colloquial speech. Until the Nobel committee’s announcement, his writings were not very well known outside Egypt and the Arab world. The Arfs & Humanities Citation Indexm, 1976-1988, contains relatively few citations to his work from Western scholars.

Economics goes as far back as Adarn Smith’s 1776 clas- sic The WeuMr of Nations. 2 Allais built on Maurice Allais, director of economic re- Smith’s ideas of how market prices are the search, National School of Mines, , “invisible hand” that organically creates France, an engineer turned who equilibrium in an economic system and on enjoys studying physics in his spare , the mathematical extension of Smith’s ver- became France’s first Nobel laureate in eco- baf description by the rtinetcenth-century nomic sciences last October. The Royal 1.,60n Walras and Vilfredo Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Pareto. In the mathematical rigor of his honored Allais, 78, “for his pioneering con- model of market equilibrium, Allais sur- tributions to the theory of markets and effi- passes both Walras and Pareto. cient utilization of resources, ” so reads the Alfais has afso contributed sigtilcarttly to citation of the Nobel committee. t other fields, such as the role of the volume During the 1940s Aflais wrote two land- of in an economic system, and in this mark books that had a profound influence he was an intellectual precursor by many in post-World War II France and that con- years to the monetarist school that has come tributed materially to government decision to be associated, principally, with the writ- making on how national monopolies, such ings of , the 1976 Nobel as electricity and railroad services, could be laureate in economics, who is currently at run for greatest sociaf efficiency. While his the Hoover Institution, Startford, California. writings are largely theoretical and highly Allais, however, is a proponent of neither technicsd, packed with mathematical formu- the Keynesian nor the monetarist view; he las, Allais has not failed to point out the has said, “On certain points I agree with practical significance of his ideas. each. ”s Over the years Aflais has offered his pro- The influence of Allais’s work has been found and highly original insights in many greatest in France itselfi his teachings and realms of economic inquiry, but especially writings influenced a whole generation of in modeling market equilibrium-a topic that students, not a few of whom went on to high

274 positions in the French government and who lengthy treatises. During the press confer- implemented, to varying degrees, some of ence in Stockholm announcing the award, Allais’s findings on efficient management of Assar Lindbeck, who heads the Nobel com- national resources (including service monop- mittee for economics, told reporters that olies) through pricing. One such student was Allais has “been under consideration for a Marcel Boiteux, who directed France’s na- long time. It took a long time to investigate tionalized electric service and set utility him because of the great volume and com- prices according to AUais’s models. Another plexity of his works. ” 13 AUais has pub- student was the distinguished French econ- lished more than 1,000 articles (not all on omist Edmond Malivaud, who is frequent- economics) and some three dozen books. ly mentioned as a potential Nobel Prize wimer. Biographical Sketch Yet another student of Allais has won the prize—and ahead of his teacher: Gerard Maurice Allais was born in Paris in 1911, Debreu. Debreu, of the University of Crdi- the son of a dairy-store proprietor. He grad- fornia, Berkeley, emigrated to the US from uated at the top of his class at the Polytech- France, became a US citizen in 1976, and niC School, Prdaiseau, France, in 1933, after received the Nobel Prize in economics in which he studied at the National School of 1983. Although by birth French, Debreu Mines, finishing his early studies in 1936. was at the time of the award an American, For the next few years, Allais held positions which explains why Allais is France’s first in France’s state-directed mine administra- laureate in economics. tion. In 1944 he became a professor of eco- Abroad, however, both outside academic nomic analysis at his alma mater, the Na- circles and even within some, A&is’s name tional School of Mines, from which he re- was not generally well known until the No- tired some 10 years ago. In 1954 he also be- bel committee’s lightning bolt struck. One came a director of research at the National US economist familiar with the contributions Scientific Research Center (CNRS), Paris. of Allais is the 1970 Nobel laureate Paul A. CNRS honored Allais in 1976 with its Gold Sarnuelson, Massachusetts Institute of Tech- Medal. A year later he was made an oftlcer nology (MIT), Cambridge. At the time of of the Legion of Honor and in 1981 a com- the award, Samuelson was quoted as call- mander of the National Order of Merit. ing AUais’ ‘a fountain of original and inde- Allais has received many other prizes and pendent discovery:’ Samuelson added, honorary degrees. “Had his earliest writings been in English, Although originally trained in mining and a generation of economic theory would have engineering (he earned a doctoral degree in taken a different course.”4 engineering in 1949 from the University of Samuelson put his finger on one impor- Paris), in the 1930s Al@ was already tur- tant reason that Allais has not been better ninghis attention toward economic studies. known or his work more widely read out- His interest in economics was ignited by a side France. This ‘‘undemse” of his ideas trip to the US, where he saw fusthand the is reflected in a relatively low rate of cita- devastation of the Great Depression. He saw tions to his works, as compared with that what he later referred to as “a graveyard of other Nobel Prize winners in economics of factories” and recollected that”1 needed who have been featured in these pages. s-l I to know why. ” He continued: ‘4My moti- Simply put, not writing in English is an im- vation was an idea of being able to improve pediment to the widest circulation and hence the conditions of life, to try to find a remedy a fuller appreciation of any scholar’s work. to many of the problems facing the world .... That is not an expression of cultural imper- That’s what led me into economics. I saw ialism; it is merely the way the world works it as a way of helping people. ” 14 At the at present. Over the years I have written re- time of the award last October, he said that peatedly on this theme, most recently in he knew his name had been considered in THE SCIENTISP iz the past by the Nobel committee but that he Besides being written in French—at least had given up thinking he might actually win. the early writings-his works are dense and He took special pleasure in using his new-

275 found prominence to rail against France’s enced the course of economic decision mak- mandatory retirement age for university pro- ing in France after World War II. Accord- fessors, remarking that “politicians think it’s ing to data from ISI@’s Science Cifation normal that they should not retire, while they Index@, 1945-1988, and the Social Sciences think it’s normrd to push scholars into re- Citafion Index”, 1966-1988, thk is AUais’s tirement. ” 15 fifth most-cited work (see Table 1). But there was never any chance that His, second landmark book of the 1940s AUais’s retirement would be an idle one, He was Economic et Intt%?t (Econom”cs and In- is an energetic individual with many inter- terest) ,19 published in 1947. This work has ests. He frequently writes commentaries for been cited the same number of as the French newspapers and is an enthusiast for book just mentioned (see Table 1). In Eco- the physical sciences, especially the geosci- nomics and Interest, P&is showed that the ences. For example, in the late 1950s, Al& optimum interest rate for a no-growth econ- published a series of articles on experiments omy would be Opercent. Real income is ac- he performed with a pendulum of his own cumulated most efficiently when the interest construction, in which he demonstrated that rate is equal to the growth rate of the ~on- earth’s force is neither constant nor omy. His ideas on economic growth antici- regular in direction. The last of these papers pated the work in the 1950s of other econo- appeared in 1959.16 mists, such as Robert M. Solow, MIT, the He also enjoys physical activity, including 1987 Nobel recipient. skiing and swimming. The Nobel committee pointed out that these two books parallel work in the En- Major Contributions glish-speaking world by Samuelson (hk Foundations of Economic Analysis of “The foremost contribution of Maurice 194720) and by one of the 1972 Nobel lau- AUais was made in the 1940s, when he con- reates in economics, Sir John R. Hicks, All tinued to develop Walras’s and Pareto’s Souls College, Oxford, UK (his Value and work by providing increasingly rigorous Capital of 193921). Allais was working in- mathematical formulations of market equi- dependently, however, as he was largely librium and the efficiency props-ties of mar- self-taught in economics. kets, ” reads the press release of the Nobel The most-cited work of AUais, with 137 committee. “On the basis of mathematical citations, is a 1953 article that deals with models of households’ and firms’ planning how individuals evaluate risk and how, fac- and choice, he introduced a very generaJ for- ing risks in real situations, they make eco- mulation of the conditions for market equi- nomic decisionszz (see Table 1). Allais’s librium. ” 1AUais focused on the notion that views on this subject were contrary to the prices could be adjusted and resources al- interpretation of US and UK economists, lcwated to create an economy that is balanced who believed that individuals will always (with supply and demand in an equilibrium seek to maximke their return on investment. state) and socially efficient, meaning that no But Allais proved that things were not so one can become better off without someone simple. Sometimes, for the sake of an else becoming worse off. His conclusions assured return, an individurd will accept a were theoretical, but, as already mentioned, less-than-maximal return. More specitical- they had much practical import. Iy, Allais showed “a preference for securi- His first major book-a massive volume ty in the neighbourhood of certainty when of 1,000 pag,es-was A la Recherche d ‘une dealing with sums that are large in relation Discipline Economique (In Search of an to the subject’s capital.’ ’23 This has come Econom”c Discipline),17 published in 1943. [o be called the Allais Paradox. He intro- A second edition was pub!ished in 1952 duced this then contrarian view at an inter- under the title Trait& d ‘Economic Pure nationrd meeting of economists in Paris in (Treatise on Pure Economics). 18 It was 1952, where he had the conference partici- through this book that Allais’s ideas about pants answer a questiomaire. The survey re- equilibrium pricing first became widely vealed that the economists themselves, de- known and through which he greatly influ- spite their stated beliefs, preferred certain

276 Table 1: Works by Maursce AUais cited 10 times or more in the SCf@, 1945 to 19SS, and in the SSCP, 1966-1988. The prqms are arranged in ranked order according to total number of citations. A=total number of citations. B= bibliographic reference. SCI/SSCl research fronts to which the paper is core are listed in parcnrheses after tbe citation,

A B

137 Afbds M. L-e compmtement de l’homme ratiomel devant Ie risque: critique des postulats et axiomes de I’lkole Am&icaine (Rational behavior in the face of risk a critique of certain postulates and axioms of the American Schonl), ,!?corrornewica 21:503-5, 1953. (87-0556, 86-0233, 854538) 85 AfMs M & Ha&n O, eds. Erpected utility hypotheses arrd the AIlais Paradox: corrrernpomry discu.r- sions of decisions under uncertainty with Alkris’ rejoinder. Ekxton, MA: Reidel, 1979. 714 p. 22 Altrda M. Method of appraising economic prospects of mining exploration over large territories. Manage. Sri. 3:285-347, 1957. 2 I AUafs M. A restatement nf the quantity theory of money. Amer. Econ, Rev. 56: 1123-5S, 1966, 14 AUais M. A fa recherche d ‘urre discipline kconomique (In search of”an economic discipline). Paris, France: Imprimerie Nationale, 1943. 1,COCtp. 14 Aflaia M. .fconornie et inrt%?r (Econom”cs and interest), Paris, France: Imtmimerie Nationale, 1947. 800 p, short-term gains over the possibility of long- in 1968 by the Bank of Sweden to mark its term windfalls when faced with a real situ- 300th amiversary. To date, 26 economists ation. In the jargon of his fellow economists, have received the honor (joint awards were Allais had overturned the theory of maxi- given in 1%9, 1972, 1974, 1975, 1977, and mization of accepted utility, a theory held 1979). The US claims 15 laureates in eco- almost universally for over four decades. nomics; the UK, 5; Sweden, 2; and France, His 1953 article is a core document in 1S1 Norway, The Netherlands, and the USSR, research fronts, or speeialty areas, “Utility 1 each. Among institutions represented by theory and assessment” (#85-0538), the 15 US economics prizewimers at the “Decision making under ambiguity” time they received the prize, MIT; Harvard (#86-0233), and “Decision making under University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and risk” (#87-0556) (see Figure 1). the University of Chicago, Jlliiois, have had Finally, Allais has written about the vol- 3 laureates each. Yale University, New ume of money in an economy, both its de- Haven, Comeeticut, has had two laureates, terminants and its dynamic effects. He be- Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, came interested in the mid- 1950s in the psy- Pennsylvania; the University of California, chological aspects of hyperinfiation and of Berkeley; the University of Pennsylvania, how psychological time was a more impor- Philadelphia; and George Mason Universi- tant guide to revealing how people respond- ty, Fairfax, Virginia, have each had one fac- ed to intlation than was chronological time. ulty member so honored. One of his 1966 papers on the volume of money is his fourth most-cited work (see Ta- Literature ble 1).zd As mentioned earlier, some of this work anticipated the views of the monetar- The 1988 Nobel Prize for literature was ist (or money-supply) school of modem eco- awarded last year to Egyptian novelist nomic thought. Naguib Mahfouz for “works rich in nu- In his Nobel leeture, Allais himself stated ance—now clear-sightedly realistic, now that his contributions to economics were, evocatively ambiguous . . .an Arabian narra- principally, in five areas: the theory of the tive art that applies to all mankind.’ ’26 equilibrium state in an monomy and maxi- While continuing the recent trend of rec- mal efficiency, the theory of intertemporal ognizing writers outside the mainstream of processes maximizing capital, studies of Western literature, this was the first time a choice in light of risk, the theory of money representative of the Arab world won the and credit in their dynamics aspects, and the Nobel Prize in literature. analysis of economic time series and their Roger Allen, professor of Arabic litera- external determinants. 25 ture, University of Pennsylvania, and a Allais’s award was the 20th Nobel Prize translator of a number of novels by in economic sciences, which was established Mahfouz, has observed that Mahfouz “pi-

277 Figure 1: Historirrgraph of research on risk theories. Numbers of core/citing. papers are indicated at the imrtom of each hex. Asterisks (*) indicate research fronts in which Maurice Allais is a core author

83.6807 84-5741 Conjoint analysis- Choice strategy 85.0230 based applications - and conjoint ‘88-534$ Acceasment 4132 analysis models 8/109 ‘87-0558 with complex 6/62 Decision mak. uncertainties ing unda: 41120 83.3341 84-6340 “65-0536 ri Sk Behavioral decisions . Research in Utility theory Economic analysis 23/400 decision theory and ~$wsme”t of risk averaion 5173 coefficient in 11/182 tion in decision mathematical making optimization 16/266 2/60

=

oneered the development of the modem Ara- much symbolism, absurdism, and a stream- bic novel and @xmrne] its first genuine of-consciousness narrative. It is the style that master.’ ’27 Mahfouz has employed throughout the en- tire third phase of his career. An example, also one of his most popular works, is Awlad Biographical Sketch Haratina (Children of Gebefawt), which re- Born in Cairo, Egypt, in 1911, Mahfouz flects the writer’s deepening political disil- spent his working years as a cultural officer lusionment and growing concern with por- in the Egyptian civil service, from 1934 to traying the failure of Egyptian society to his retirement in 1971. During these years achieve the hopes of the 1952 revolution. and since, he has written nearly 40 novels, Children of Gebefawi was held in contempt 12 books of short stories, more than 30 by religious leaders and branded as ‘‘defam- screenplays, and a weekly column, “Point atory to Islamic prophets. ” of View, ” for the major Egyptian newspa- Other controversial writings followed: per AL4hram. (SW Table 2 for bibliograph- Miranrar (1967) attacked then President ical information on some of Mahfouz’s wri- Gamal Abdel Nasser’s revolution and Al tings that have been translated into English.) Kamak ( 1974)28 profded the abusive cruel He now lives with his wife, two daughters, acts of the secret police against students in and two dogs in an apartment in Cairo. the 1960s. Moreover, owing to his suppxt Mahfouz’s first three novels (published for Egyptian President Anwar Sadat’s peace between 1939 and 1944) were hktorical ro- initiative and treaty with Israel in the late mances set in ancient Egypt. 1970s, Mahfouz’s works were bamed in In 1945 his novel writing entered a new many Arab countries. phase, social realism, a style that he con- Major Contributions tinued through eight books until 1960. Zuqaq al-kfriiizqq (M&q Alley) is one of the According to many scholars and critics, most famous novels of this period. It exam- Mahfouz is today recognized as the chief ex- ined unrest in Egypt’s urban society. With ponent of the Arab novel. He has displayed Mahfouz’s A1-Thulathiyya (The Cairo in his writings an uncanny ability to convey Trilogy) of 1956-1957, the writer became nuances of the collective Egyptian psyche, famous among his countrymen. For I’he with its shadings of paradox and irony. He Cairo Trilogy Mahfouz was awarded in describes himself as ‘‘.. .a child of two civ- 1957 the State Prize for Literature. ilizations, which.. entered into a harmonious The Cairo Trilogy also foreshadowed a marriage with each other. The first of these, new, more impressionistic style that utilized 7,(KH3years old, is the civilization of ancient

278 Tabte 2: Selected worka by Nagrrib Mahfous translated into Engliatr.

Autumn quail (A1-sumrrran wa al-kharij), (Allen R, tr. and Rndenbeck J, cd.) Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press, 1985. 148 p, Children of Gebelawi (Awkrd haralina), (Stewart P, tr,) London: Heinemann, 1981, 355 p, Fmmmin & mrnb (Jfakqwt haretna). (KermesonJ, Fatouh E & Sobhy S, trs.) Washington, DC: Three Continents Press, 1988, 110 p. God’s warld: an anthology of shorr stories. (Abadk A & Allen R, trs, ) Minneapolis, MN: Bibliotheca Ishunica, 1973.240 p. Mi&zqAlley (Zuqaq &44idaqq). (Le Gassick T, tr.) Washington, DC: Three Continents Press, 1975, 246 p. Mirarnor. (Mahmoud F M, tr. and el Kommos M & RoderrbeckJ, eds, ) London: Heirremamr, 1978. 141 p. Mirrors. (Akaraya). (Alten R, tr.) Minneapolis, MN: Bibliotheca Isk+rrrica, 1977.277 p. Respected sir (Hadrar al-mrdrtararn), (E1-ErranyR, w,) Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press, 1987. 154 p, 77rebeggar (AMwMad/r). (Henry K W & al-Warraki N K N, trs. ) Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press, 1986. 124 p. lke beginning and rhe end (Bidaya w nihaya), (Awad R H, tr. and Smith M R, rd.) Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press, 1985.380 p, 77research (Akviq). (Islam M, tr. and Wahba M, cd.) Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press, 1987. 128 p, 37re rhief arrd the dogs (ALliss wa al-kikrb). (Le Gassick T & Badswi M M, trs. and Rodenbeck J, cd.) Cairo, EavDt-. . American University in Cairo Press. 1984. 1100. Wealiirrg song (AjWr al qubbah). (Kemy O E, tr. and El Din M’ S & Rodenbeck J, eds.) Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press, 1984. 1@3p.

Egypt and the second, 1,400 years old, is The citation record for Mabfouz’s writ- that of Islam.’ ’29His works reflect the con- ings in 1S1’sArts & Humanities Citation In- stant tension between the ancient coexisting dexm, 1976-1988, is rather modest. His with the modern in Egyptian everyday life. most-cited work over this period and among They chronicle lives of ordinary citizens and the (mostly Western) journals indexed has convey the feel of the streets and back al- been Miaizq Alley, with 14 citations, and the leys of Cairo. second, Children of Geber’awi, which has Probably, however, Mrdtfouz’s most im- been cited 12 times. portant achievement is to have given the British writer John Fowles has referred novel a place of its own, its own identity and to the “linguistic Iron Curtain” that keeps character, in the Arab world. Summarizing much of Arabic writing and culture from the this impact, Allen has written that Mahfouz West,sl and in fact Mahfouz credits a French translation of Z7re Cuiro Trilogy (1957) with bringing his work to the atten- has contributed to modern Arabic fiction tion of the Nobel committee. This novel in a vsst outpouring of writing unmatched by any other writer. Uniquely placed to chronicles three generations of a Cairene seize the particular hiatorieal moment and family before, during, and after the military to reftect the aspirations and concerns of coup that overthrew King Farouk. newly emerging classes and societies as Three Continents Press, Washington, DC, the Arab world began ita postrevohrtionsry specializes in publishing books of Third phase, he has been able to provide a suc- World writers, including some by Mahfouz. eeasion of models in Arabic to place rdong- Within one day of the announcement of the side the great traditions of the Western literature prize, Three Continents and other novel aa both reflection and catafyat of of Mahfouz’s US distributors had their in- change snd as a mirror of mankind’s high- est hopes and bitterest moments of despair ventories drastically depleted by the sudden and alienation. ~ demand for his writings. 32 Doubleday has recently acquired US publishing rights to Mahfouz’s works and plans to publish three Mahfouz’s work is still largely unknown of his novels this fall.sq Worldwide rights in the US and Europe, although several nov- are held by the American University in els have been translated into English (see Ta- Cairo Press. ble 2), as well as Swedish, French, and Of his prize, Mahfouz has predicted, “I German. believe that from now on the international

279 doors have opened and in the future literate wimers. The other three dealt with the people will look for Arab literature, and prizes in chemistry ,35 physiology or medi- Arab literature deserves that recogni- cine,sb and physics. sT tion. “34 Mahfouz’s books will now likely be cited more frequently, thanks to the at- tention they have received since last Octo- ***** ber. That is a pattern we have observed with regard to the work of other Nobel laureates in literature whose writings had been largely My thanks to C.J. Fiscus and David unknown in the West. Pendlebury for their help in the preparation This is the fourth and final installment of of this essay. a series of essays on the 1988 Nobel Prize ...... ,m.

REFERENCES

1. Royal Swedksh Academy of Sciences. Press release. 18 Omber 1988. 3 p. 2, .%nith A. An inquiry rn!o !hc ncmfre and causes of :he wolrh of IUXZOIU.lndmacds, IN f30bbs-Memll, (1776) 196i. 310 p 3 French economist Mmmce AOaM, 71, wins Nobel Prize. h. Angeles 3imes 19 October 1988. Sec. [V. p. 1-2. 4. Cfark L H. professor m France wins Nobel award in economic science Wall .$ freer Jowmd 19 October 1988 p B I I 5. G.arfk.ld E, Are the 1979 prIzewI””ers of Nobel claw? Essays of an infonnarion $cwm$f. Philadelphia 1S1 Press, 198 I V“l 4 p m-J7. 6. –-–—--, The 1982 Nobel Prize for econom,c sc!ence goes to George J. Stigler for his work on industrmt structure, markets, the effects of regulation, and the eco~mlcs of mformahon. Jbid., 1985 Vol. 7. p. 108-12 7. –--—---- The 1983 Nobel Prizes. ParI 3. Economics and literature awards go to Gerard Debreu and WiOIam Goldmg. [b,d. , 1986. Vol. 8. p. 68-76 8. ---–---—-. TJIe 1984 Nobel Prizes m economics and Iiteramre are awarded to Su JUchard Stone for pioneering systems of national accounting and m Jaroslav Se,fen, the mtionaf poei of Czechoslovakm. Jfdd. p. 469-79. 9. --–-–—-. Franco Modgliami of MIT wins the 1985 Nobel FWze in eanormcs; novehsl Claude Sinwn of France receives the prize for hteramre. J6uJ., 19W Vol. 9. p. 307-15. 10. ---–-–—. Pubhc-choice !heory brings James M. Buchanan tbe 1986 Nobel Prize in ecmmmics. Nigerian poet and playwright Wole SOYmka awarded the Inerature prize. J&d.. 1989. Vol. 10. p. 15247 11. -——–—. Theory of technology’s role m econonuc gmwih brings MIT’s Ro6erI M. Scdow the 1987 Nobel Prize m economic sciences. Current Contents ( 17):3-8, 25 April 1988. 12. --—---- The Enghsh language the hngua franca of mternafional sctence. THE SCIENTIST 3( 13): 12, 15 May 1989 13. Econom~cs. ~me 132( I tl):72, 31 October 1988. 14 Pool R. Market theorist gets Nobel d. Science 242:5 I I -2, 1988. 15 Gerber L. Fredman wms economics prize. Philadelphia Inquirer 18 October 198B, p, D1; LX. 16 Alfais M. Dctermmatio” expermwmate de 1,I”fluence de 1anisotrople du support sur le nmuvement du pendule paracomque (Expmmemd detennmmm of [he influence of suppm! an!sotropy on paracomcai pendulum motion) C R Acad. Set 24 L%7647, 1959. 17 ------A la rcchmche d ‘une dtscrplme econonuque (In search of an econonucduciplme), Pans, France: Jmpnmerie Nauonak, 1943, 1,@tKlp, 18 ------—, Trai!# d ‘Vconomic pure (Treatise on pure economics). Paris, France: Jmprimer!e NatmnaJe, 1952 5 vols 19, ------, Economw et infkr~t (Economjcs and mrewsr) Pares, France Imprimerie NauonaJc, 1947. MM p, 20. Sanmefson P A. Foundations of economic amtysis. Cmbridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1947.447 p. 21. Hicks J R. Value and capital. Oxford, UK. Clarendon Press, 1939.33 I p. 22 AIMs M. Le mmpmfemerd de 1‘homme rahonnel devant k ns.que. critique des pcJstulaL! et a.momes de I‘J!colc Am&came (Rauo.al bebavior m the face of risk: a crmque of certain postulates and axmms of the American School) Economewica 21 503-5. 1953. 23 ------The Allais Paradox (Ealwell J, Milgate N & Newman P. eds. ) n. new PafgraVe: a dicr,O~u of economics. London: Macmillan, 19E7 Vol. 1. p. 80-2. 24. ------A restatement of tie q.anmy theory of money. Amer. Econ. Rev. 56.1123-55, 1966 25 -----—. JXS Iignes dtrecmces de mon oeuvrc (The marn currenzs of my work). Stcxkholm, Sweden: Nobel Foundahon, 1988.35 p. (Nobel lecture. ) 26. Royal Swedkh Academy of scknces. 7he Nobel Prize m lirc-r.rure 1988: Nagtub MUAJIWZ 13 October 19g%, 4 p. (Press release. ) 27 Allen R, The 19g8 Nob4 Prize m Merature: NaJib M&h6iz. Dtc!iomry of hrerory btography yearfmok: 19S8. Detroit, Ml: Gale Research, 1989 p. 3-14. 28. Mahfouz N. Al Kamak Came, Egypt: Makfabat MM , 1974 29. -—--—. Nobel lecture. Stockholm, Sweden. Nobel Fo””daon, 19&3. 7 p. 30. Allen R. Nayb Mahfuz Nobel laureate in literature, 1988. WorJd hr. TixfIIv 63( 1):5-9, Winter 1989. 31. For Arab literature the first Nobel. Newsweek 112:45, 24 Ocfober [988. 32. Nobel Prke could prove boon for smafl publisher. Wall Srreer Journal 14 CJctoter 1988, p, B2. 33. McOowell E. Book notex Dc+ibieday acquires Naguib Mahfouz rights. New Yori Jimes 23 November 1988. p. C22. 34 SteiP W. Naguib Mabfc+z: fifteen minutes with Egypt’s Nobel laureate. Progressive 53(2):38-9, February 1989. 35 Garf3eld E. The 19B8 Nobel Prize in chenusmy gces to , ROJRII Huber, and Harnnut Michel for elucldaong photosyndwuc processes, Current Contents (22) 3-S, 29 May 1989. 36 ------The 1988 Nobel Prize i“ IIIKJICIIW: Sir James W, Black, Gertrude B. Elion, and George H, Hitchmgs emoble phannaceuucd research. Current Cqnren:s (30):3- 13, 24 July 19E9. 37, —------The 1988 Nobel Prize m physics Me}vi” Schwartz, Leo” Lederman, Jack S!einberger, and the story of two neutrinos. Curreru Ccmmms (32):3-9, 7 August 1989.

280