Aboriginal History Volume ten 1986 ABORIGINAL HISTORY INCORPORATED THE EDITORIAL BOARD Committee o f Management: Stephen Foster (Chairman), Peter Grimshaw (Treasurer/Public Officer), May McKenzie (Secretary), Diane Bell, Tom Dutton, Niel Gunson, Isabel McBryde, Luise Hercus, Isobel White. Board Members'. John Barnes, Gordon Briscoe, David Horton, Hank Nelson, Judith Wilson, Elspeth Young. ABORIGINAL HISTORY 1986 Editors'. Diane Bell, Niel Gunson, Isabel McBryde. Review Editor '. Isobel White. CORRESPONDENTS Jeremy Beckett, Ann Curthoys, Eve Fesl, Fay Gale, Ronald Lampert, Andrew Markus, John Mulvaney, Peter Read, Robert Reece, Henry Reynolds, Shirley Andrew Rosser, Lyndall Ryan, Tom Stannage, Robert Tonkinson, James Urry. Aboriginal History aims to present articles and information in the field of Australian ethno- history, particularly in the post-contact history of the Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders. Historical studies based on anthropological, archaeological, linguistic and sociological re­ search, including comparative studies of other ethnic groups such as Pacific Islanders in Aus­ tralia, will be welcomed. Future issues will include recorded oral traditions and biographies, narratives in local languages with translations, previously unpublished manuscript accounts, resumes of current events, archival and bibliographical articles, and book reviews. Aboriginal History is administered by an Editorial Board which is responsible for all unsign­ ed material in the journal. Views and opinions expressed by the authors of signed articles and reviews are not necessarily shared by Board members. The editors invite contributions for consideration; reviews will be commissioned by the review editor. Contributions and correspondence should be sent to: The Editors, Aboriginal History, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University, GPO Box 4, Canberra, ACT 2601. Subscriptions and related inquiries should be sent to BIBLIOTECH, GPO Box 4, Canberra, ACT 2601. © Copyright Aboriginal History Inc., Canberra, Australia. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced by any process whatsoever without the written permission of the publisher. Typeset by Manukailopa Grcic Printed in Australia by ANU Printery, Canberra ISSN 0314-8769 Cover: Designed by R.E. Barwick. Portrait of an Aboriginal at Port Jackson after a drawing by Juan Ravenet in the Museo Naval, Madrid. ABORIGINAL HISTORY VOLUME TEN 1986 Part 1 ARTICLES Elspeth Young Charles Rowley - a fighter for justice and equality 3 John McCorquodale The legal classification o f race in Australia 1 William DeMaria ‘White welfare: black entitlement’: the social security 25 access controversy, 1939-59 Michael Roe A model Aboriginal state 40 TEXTS Robert J. King Eora and English at Port Jackson: a Spanish view 47 Brigitte Stehlik Herman Klaatsch and the Tiwi, 1906 59 Jack Butler and Peter Austin The earthquake and Halley’s Comet: two Jiwarli texts 79 VOLUME TEN 1986 Part 2 ARTICLES Jean Woolmington The civilisation/Christianisation debate and the 90 Australian Aborigines Lois Tilbrook A question o f access: women, marriage and land 99 ownership in south-western Australia Marie H. Fels A quasi-policing Aboriginal expedition in 117 Port Phillip in 1838 Bain Attwood O ff the mission stations: Aborigines in Gippsland 131 1860-1890 NOTES AND DOCUMENTS R.G. Kimber Walawurru, the giant eaglehawk: a note on the 151 identity ofKunki B.J. Dalton The nature o f the ‘Gin ’: a note on ‘Whirlwinds 152 in the plain ’ Ray Sumner Photographs o f Aborigines o f north-east Australia: 157 a collection o f early Queensland Aboriginal photo­ graphs, made by Amalie Dietrich for the Museum Godeffroy Christine Cane and Postcards: a source o f Aboriginal biography 171 Niel Gunson Peter Austin Diyari language postcards and Diyari literacy 175 BOOK REVIEWS 193 INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS Typescripts must be double-spaced and with ample margins to allow for editorial marking. Submit two copies and keep one. Footnotes should be as brief as possible, typed on a separate sheet and numbered consecutively throughout the paper. A short form of citation should be used for footnote references (e.g. Saunders 1976:27). The bibliography, on a separate page, should show the author’s name and full publication details as given on the title page of the work, listed alphabetically by author and chronologically for each author. Tables and maps should be submitted in final form (except for size), on separate sheets, numbered on the back, and accompanied by a list of captions and photographic credits. Authors should follow the usage of Style manual for authors, editors and printers o f Aus­ tralian government publications (current edition). Footnote style: 1 Rowley 1971:107; see also Barwick 1981. 2 Fisher to Hassall, 20 July 1824. 3 Fison and Howitt 1880:96. 4 See Cox 1821. 5 Cf. Curr 1886-87, 11:126-7. 6 Berndt and Berndt 1965 :xiv. 7 Colonial Secretary — In Letters (CSIL), 30/1722. 8 L.E. Threlkeld to A. M’Leay, 15 July 1831, CSIL, re Land 120, 31/5527 (in 45/514). Bibliography entries: Details of authors’ names must be given as on title page; do not abbreviate. Journal titles and descriptions of documents and other archival material must be given in full. Barwick, Diane. ‘Equity for Aborigines? The Framlingham case’, in P.N. Troy ed., A just society? Essays on equity in Australia, pp.173-218. Sydney, 1981. Berndt, Ronald M. and Catherine H. Berndt eds. ‘Foreword’, in Aboriginal man in Australia: essays in honour o f Emeritus Professor A.P. Elkin, pp.xi-xviii. Sydney, 1965. Colonial Secretary — In Letters (CSIL), 1830, 1831. Archives Office of New South Wales, Sydney. Cox, G. Journal kept by Mr. George Cox on his late tour to the Northward and Eastward of Bathurst etc. 1821. MS. Mitchell Library, Sydney. Curr, E.M. The Australian race. 4 vols. Melbourne, 1886-87. Fisher, T. Letter dated 20 July 1824. Hassall Correspondence, vol.3. MS. Mitchell Library, Sydney. Fison, Lorimer and A.W. Howitt. Kamilaroi and Kurnai. Melbourne, 1880. Rowley, C.D. Outcasts in white Australia (Aboriginal policy and practice, vol.2) Canberra, 1971. Saunders, Reg. ‘Parabar the shark’, Aboriginal and Islander Identity 2(10), 1976:27-8. ABORIGINAL HISTORY VOLUME TEN 1986 PART I CONTENTS ARTICLES Elspeth Young Charles Rowley — a fighter for justice and 3 e q u a lity John McCorquodale The legal classification o f race in Australia 7 William DeMaria ‘White welfare: black entitlem ent’: the social 25 security access controversy, 1939-59 Michael Roe A model Aboriginal state 40 TEXTS Robert J. King Eora and English at Port Jackson: a Spanish 47 view Brigitte Stehlik Herman Klaatsch and the Tiwi, 1906 59 Jack Butler and The earthquake a n d Halley’s Comet: 79 Peter Austin two Jiwarli texts Charles Dunford Rowley CHARLES ROWLEY - A FIGHTER FOR JUSTICE AND EQUALITY Elspeth Young Charles Rowley’s death in September 1985 left all who had known him and worked with him with a deep sense of loss. Not only were social scientists, both researchers and students, deprived of the opportunity to discuss their work with Charles, knowing that they would receive wise advise and support, but also all concerned with the cause of justice for the dis­ advantaged were aware that one of the main protagonists had gone. But although the loss is great, Charles has left social science with an invaluable legacy: a lifetime of work which has laid the foundations for changes in policies and attitudes affecting the future of Aborigines in Australia, Papua New Guineans and other indigenous minorities and peoples of the Third World. This provides a sound basis for continuing endeavours in these fields. Charles Dunford Rowley, born in 1906 at Dunedoo, was the eldest son of a mounted policeman who worked for many years in country towns in central New South Wales. Through scholarships he was able to attend high school and, later, the University of Sydney, and eventually to qualify as a secondary school teacher, a profession which he followed for the next ten years. In 1942 he joined the AIF and for four years served with the military Directorate of Research, largely in Papua and New Guinea. That experience left him with a strong interest in and sympathy for the future of Papua New Guineans, particularly in terms of their progress to independence from colonial rule and their achievement of a way of life compatible with their own desires. In 1951 Charles Rowley was appointed Director of the Australian School of Pacific Administration (ASOPA), an institution established to provide young government officers with the education and experience appropriate to the successful implementation of Australian policies in Papua New Guinea. For the next fifteen years he and his colleagues were responsible for the training of these ‘kiaps’ and their solicitude for the future administration of Papua New Guinea made a clear impact on many of their students. Charles’s first book, The Australians in German New Guinea, 1914-1921 (1958), clearly demonstrates his concern over the impact of Australian policy in Papua New Guinea. His humanitarian and broadly based understanding and ideals were clearly presented in his next book The New Guinea Villager (1964), a thoughtful and evocative study which has provided inspiration and insight for many subsequent researchers and administrators. In 1964 Charles Rowley was appointed director of a research project, Aborigines in Aus­ tralian