Turk's Head at the Union Bridge from Licenced Hotel to Regional Museum

Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge From Licenced Hotel to Regional Museum

Dirk HR Spennemann

Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge — From Licenced Hotel to Regional Museum — Dirk HR Spennemann

Albury February 2018

Dirk HR Spennemann

© 2018. All rights reserved by the author. The contents of this publication are copyright in all countries subscribing to the Berne Convention. No parts of this report may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, in existence or to be invented, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of the authors, except where permitted by law.

Cover image: ‘A Fragmented History’ © Dirk HR Spennemann 2017

Preferred citation of this Report Spennemann, Dirk HR (2018) Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge. From Licenced Hotel to Re- gional Museum. Institute for Land, Water and Society Report nº 110. Albury, NSW: Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University. ISBN 978-1-86-467309-8

Disclaimer The views expressed in this report are solely the author’s and do not necessarily reflect the views of Charles Sturt University. The author does not agree with or condone the appellations used in some historic sources (as reproduced in the verbatim quotes), which may be offensive to some Indigenous peoples.

Contact Associate Professor Dirk HR Spennemann, MA, PhD, MICOMOS, APF Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, PO Box 789, Albury NSW 2640, Australia. email: [email protected]

.— ii — Table of Contents

Table of Contents ...... iii 1 | Introduction ...... 1

Broader Context ...... 1

Notes to the Introduction ...... 3

2 | The River Crossing at Albury ...... 3

Indigenous Land Use ...... 3 Relationship between Indigenous Australians and white settlers ...... 3 Bungambrawatha Ford ...... 6 Early developments on the Flood Plain ...... 7 Flooding ...... 8 Early European land use ...... 9 Initial alienation—the Mungabareena Run ...... 11 Robert Brown and his Hut ...... 12 Surveying the Crossing Place ...... 13 The first hotel and the punt ...... 15 The punt ...... 15 Ongoing use of the ford ...... 19 The new punt ...... 20 Shifting locus and focus of settlement ...... 22 The Emergence of a Colonial Border ...... 24 Further developments on the South Albury flood plain ...... 26 The Union Bridge (1861) ...... 29 Further developments ...... 35 Telegraph ...... 35 The Wharf (1872–1896) ...... 35 The Railway (1873–1881) ...... 36 Developments in the vicinity of the Bridge ...... 37 Brewery ...... 37 Floating Baths ...... 39 Chinese Market Gardens ...... 40 The new Union Bridge (1898–1899) ...... 42 Notes to Chapter 2 ...... 44

3 | The Turk’s Head Hotel ...... 56

Land alienation ...... 56 Consolidation by Albury City ...... 58 Prior establishments and Competition ...... 60 The Traveller’s Rest Hotel (1868–1875) ...... 61

Dirk HR Spennemann

Owners and lessees ...... 61 The original Building ...... 64 The Turk’s Head Hotel (1875–1900) ...... 66 Owners and lessees ...... 66 James Oddie ...... 70 William Green again ...... 70 Alexander McDonald ...... 71 Joseph Henry and Elizabeth Frauenfelder ...... 71 Thomas Parker and Joseph Hogan ...... 72 Guests ...... 73 Accommodation Paddock ...... 73 Developments adjacent to the Turk’s Head Hotel ...... 74 The Union Bridge Hotel (1900–1922) ...... 75 Owners and lessees ...... 76 James Robinson ...... 76 Maurice Flynn ...... 79 The Building ...... 80 Ancillary business and activities ...... 82 Subletting the cellar ...... 82 Stables ...... 82 Delicensing in 1921 ...... 83 A delicensed accommodation (1923–ca. 1955) ...... 85 Murray Store (1947–1961) ...... 93 Acquisition by Albury City ...... 93 The building during the store period ...... 94 Museum (1967–2006) ...... 97 The co-located museums (1967–1983) ...... 98 Albury Historical Society Folk Museum ...... 101 Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences (Albury Branch) ...... 102 The building ...... 103 Albury Regional Museum (1983–2006) ...... 104 Notes to Chapter 3 ...... 115

4 | End Matter ...... 131

Appendix I.—The former Bridge Inn ...... 131

Appendix II.—Furniture Listing of 1895/7 ...... 145 Appendix III.—The Turk’s Head building today ...... 151 Appendix IV.—Types of Bricks encountered ...... 157 Appendix V—Grave Markers of Turk’s Head Publicans ...... 175 Acknowledgements ...... 178 References ...... 178

.— iv — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Fig. 17. The development of the crossing List of Figures place at Albury. Situation in 1849 superimposed on a 2014 aerial image...... 25 Fig. 1. The development of the crossing place at Albury. Indigenous land-use Fig. 18. The development of the crossing superimposed on a 2014 aerial image...... 4 place at Albury. Situation in 1861 superimposed on a 2014 aerial image. Fig. 2. Aerial view of the Albury area with 1–Hume Inn; 2–Police Station; 3– the known crossing places. 1.— Bridge Inn...... 27 Bungumbrawatha, 2.—Yarrawudda; 3.—Mungabareena, 4.—Thurgoona; Fig. 19. Bungambrawatha Ford and the ford 5.—Hawksview; 6.—Crossing used by and the Albury floodplain...... 28 Hume and Hovell; 7.—Return crossing Fig. 20. Bird’s eye view of Albury in 1881...... 28 used by Hume and Hovell ...... 7 Fig. 21. Bird’s eye view of the Union Bridge Fig. 3. South Albury during the 1917 flood and the Turk’s Head area in 1881 (detail as seen from what is today Monument of Fig. 20)...... 29 Hill...... 8 Fig. 22. The development of the crossing Fig. 4. Flooding of the lower section of place at Albury. Situation in 1875 Wodonga Place in 1931. Inset: camera superimposed on a 2014 aerial image. location and angle ...... 9 1–Traveller’s Rest Hotel; 2–Police Fig. 5. View of the rear yard of the Turk’s Station; 3–Bridge Inn ...... 30 Head hotel in flood in 1924...... 10 Fig. 23. Misaligned property boundaries in Fig. 6. The Hume monument at its original sections 40 and 41...... 31 location near the wharf and next to the Fig. 24. The Union Bridge in 1883...... 33 burnt stump of the original tree (as Fig. 25. The Albury approach to the Union shown in 1873)...... 10 Bridge in 1862...... 33 Fig. 7. Hume & Hovell Monument in 1862...... 11 Fig. 26. The Union Bridge in 1883...... 34 Fig. 8. Approximate location of Fig. 27. The Union Bridge looking Mungabareena run, based on the downstream as seen from the Victorian boundary description provided by side...... 34 Thomson in 1848. Also marked are the Fig. 28. The approach to the Union Bridge alignment of Sydney Road as well as the in 1884. The brewery is at the left, the neighbouring pastoral runs...... 12 old bridge toll house at the right...... 38 Fig. 9. The first advertisement for an Albury Fig. 29. Albury Brewing & Malting business...... 12 Companyat the second Union Bridge Fig. 10. The development of the crossing (ca 1896–1910)...... 38 place at Albury. Situation in 1839 Fig. 30. Advertisement for the Albury superimposed on a 2014 aerial image. Brewing & Malting Company ...... 39 Note the fencd that encloses the Fig. 31. The ‘beach’ at Norieul Park in the peninsula at Noreuil Park...... 13 1940s...... 39 Fig. 11. Townsend’s map of June 1839...... 14 Fig. 32. Bark hut with pug-and-pine Fig. 12. The Crossing Place on Townsend’s chimney in the Chinese Market Gardens map of 1839 (detail of Fig. 11)...... 14 ca 1900...... 41 Fig. 13. Bungumbrawatha Ford and the Fig. 33. The Murray River flooding part of Reserve for the punt as shown on the the Chinese Market Gardens in 1931. 1849 map of Albury. Note that north is Inset: camera location and angle ...... 41 on the right...... 16 Fig. 34. Appearance of the Chinese Market Fig. 14. The development of the crossing Gardens in May 1949. The Turk’s Head place at Albury. Situation in 1844 building complex is at the top right and superimposed on a 2014 aerial image. the Union Bridge with the public works The initial five town sections as mapped hut at the bottom...... 42 by Townsend in 1839 are shown in Fig. 35. The second Union Bridge (1896) outline...... 18 looking upstream...... 43 Fig. 15. The travelling stock routes on the Fig, 36. Advertisement for the 1860 sale of Wodonga Flats ...... 21 lots 1 and 2 of section 40 and lot 1 of Fig. 16. The development of the crossing section 41...... 57 place at Albury. Situation in 1848 superimposed on a 2014 aerial image...... 23

.— v — Dirk HR Spennemann

Fig. 37. Wodonga Place and the approach Fig. 60. One-column advertisement by to Union Bridge as shown on the 1906 Maurice Flynn in 1912...... 80 Parish Map...... 58 Fig. 61. Union Bridge Hotel in ca 1907– Fig. 38. Development of the parcellisation 1910. Note the southern extension and of land over time...... 59 the corrugated iron roof...... 80 Fig. 39. The Turk’s Head building as seen Fig. 62. Ground plan of the Turk’s Head from the south. Note the proximity of building during the 1890s to 1920s...... 81 Oddies Creek to the west (left) as well Fig. 63. The Turk’s Head building complex as the levee bank...... 60 seen from the northwest (detail of Fig. Fig. 40. The first known advertisement for 3)...... 83 the Travellers’ Rest Hotel, 10 January Fig. 64. One-column advertisement for the 1874...... 62 clearing sale of the hotel in 1923...... 84 Fig. 41. Advertisement by John Carpenter at Fig. 65. One-column advertisement for the the commencement of his lease...... 62 clearing sale of the hotel in 1923...... 84 Fig. 42. John Green’s Traveller’s Rest Hotel Fig. 66. Ground plan of the Turk’s Head between 1868 and 1874...... 64 building during the guest house period...... 86 Fig. 43. Ground plan of the Turk’s Head Fig. 67. View of the Turk’s Head building building during the 1860s...... 65 looking south in ca 1924...... 87 Fig. 44. Reconstructed circulation pattern Fig. 68. View of the rear yard of the Turk’s during the 1870s. Rooms with external Head building in flood in 1924...... 87 access only are shaded grey...... 65 Fig. 69. Caroline Maud Bennett in ca 1947, Fig. 45. Advertisement by Luke Gulson in photographed in front of the ‘fernery’ at December 1876 ...... 67 the north-western corner of the Fig. 46. Advertisement by Luke Gulson in building...... 88 December 1877 ...... 67 Fig. 70. The southwestern corner of the Fig. 47. Luke Gulson’s 1877 advertisement Turk’s Head building (left) and the for a skittle alley at the Turk’s Head weatherboard extension of the former Hotel...... 68 billiard hall (right) in the 1930s. George Fig. 48. Luke Gulson’s 1879 advertisement Bennett at left ...... 88 for a services at the Turk’s Head Hotel...... 68 Fig. 71. The the weatherboard extension of Fig. 49. View the billiard room to the south the former billiard hall (right) in the of the Turk’s Head building as it 1930s...... 89 appeared in 1924...... 69 Fig. 72. Aerial view of the Turk’s Head Fig. 50. Advertisement by James Oddie in building in May 1949...... 89 1886...... 70 Fig. 73. Robert George Bennett on northern Fig. 51. Advertisement by Thomas Parker in verandah...... 91 1897...... 70 Fig. 74. Caroline Bennett’s granddaughter Fig. 52. Portrait of William Green in the Wendy on southern verandah in 1947...... 91 1890s...... 71 Fig. 75. The rear of Turk’s Head in 194...... 91 Fig. 53. Portrait of William Green in the Fig. 76. Room plan and lay-out Bennett’s 1890s...... 71 guesthouse...... 92 Fig. 54. The accommodation paddock of Fig. 77. The building in the 1950s...... 94 the Turk’s Head Hotel in 1895 ...... 74 Fig. 78. A metal sign advertising Bex Fig. 55. Advertisement by Archibald Powders identical with the one visible McCook upon commencing business in on Fig. 77...... 95 1901...... 77 Fig. 79. Reconstructed circulation pattern Fig. 56. Advertisement by James T during 1950s and 1960s. Rooms with Robinson in 1901...... 77 external access only are shaded grey...... 95 Fig. 57. The post 1861 travelling stock Fig. 80. The building in June 1960...... 96 routes at the crossing place Fig. 81. The building in the 1960s...... 96 superimposed on a 2014 aerial image...... 78 Fig. 82. Remnants of 1950s children’s toys Fig. 58. Two-column advertisement by (puzzle, beads, doll’s shoe and small Maurice Flynn upon commencing cloth-peg) encountered in the roof business in 1910...... 79 cavity of the kitchen building during the Fig. 59. One-column advertisement by structural inspection...... 97 Maurice Flynn in 1911...... 80 Fig. 83. The Museum property in ca. 1975...... 98

.— vi — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Fig. 84. Proposed schedule of works for the Fig. 104. The western wall of room nº 14, conversion of the Murray Store to a showing paint-out with Indigenous Museum. Source: (1965a) ...... 99 motifs ...... 110 Fig. 85. Proposed schedule of works for the Fig. 105. The northern wall of room nº 14, conversion of the Murray Store to a showing paint-out with Indigenous Museum...... 99 motifs ...... 110 Fig. 86. Proposed schedule of works for the Fig. 106. The Albury Regional Museum at conversion of the Murray Store to a the time of closure in 2006. Room nº Museum...... 99 14...... 111 Fig. 87. Preparing for the opening of the Fig. 107. Artwork signed “Desi Smith, Folk Museum in December 1967...... 100 Wiradjuri ‘98” as mounted in the Albury Fig. 88. Opening of the Folk Museum in Regional Museum in November 2006...... 111 December 1967...... 100 Fig. 108. Advertisement by Michael Tiernan Fig. 89. Opening of the Folk Museum in in April 1868 ...... 132 December 1967...... 100 Fig. 109. Advertisement by Michael Tiernan Fig. 90. Signage for the Albury Folk in December 1868 ...... 132 Museum...... 102 Fig. 110. Advertisement by Charles Schmidt Fig. 91. Ground plan of the Turk’s Head in January 1873 ...... 134 building during the co-located museum Fig. 111. Advertisement by Charles Schmidt period in the 1970s...... 103 in January 1873 ...... 134 Fig. 92. The building in the 1970s when it Fig. 112. Advertisement by John Lamb in served as the Albury Historical Society October 1873 to January 1874 ...... 135 and Folk Museum and the Museum of Fig. 113. The former Bridge Inn in relation Applied Arts and Sciences (Albury to the brewery, ca. 1911–1914...... 136 Branch)...... 104 Fig. 114. The former Bridge Inn after the Fig. 93. Reconstructed circulation pattern at demolition of the brewery, ca. 1924...... 137 the beginning of the co-located Fig. 115. Appearance of the building in ca museum period in December 1967 ...... 105 1970...... 138 Fig. 94. Reconstructed circulation pattern Fig. 116. Speculative reconstruction of the during the co-located museum period in initial ground plan of the building...... 139 the 1970s ...... 105 Fig. 117. Room plan of the building...... 139 Fig. 95. Variations in branding of the museum at Turk’s Head...... 106 Fig. 118. Appearance of the building in 2017...... 140 Fig. 96. Invitation to the official opening of Fig. 119. Aerial view of the building in 1949 the Albury Regional Museum 7 December 1983...... 107 to 2015...... 140 Fig. 97. Ground plan of the Turk’s Head Fig. 120. Roof structure in 2017. Looking south ...... 141 building during later period of the Albury Regional Museum to the present ... 107 Fig. 121. Roof structure in 2017. Northern Fig. 98. Documented circulation pattern end ...... 141 during the early period of the Albury Fig. 122. Main room in 2017. Looking Regional Museum...... 107 south...... 141 Fig. 99. Documented circulation pattern Fig. 123. Main room in 2017. Looking during the middle period of the Albury northeast...... 141 Regional Museum...... 108 Fig. 124. Backroom with arched door to Fig. 100. Observed circulation pattern main room (2017)...... 141 during the later period of the Albury Fig. 125. Floor structure and cellar in 2017...... 141 Regional Museum...... 108 Fig. 126. Redcliffe Crown stamp on flat Fig. 101. The Albury Regional Museum at galvanised iron sheet...... 142 the time of closure in 2006...... 109 Fig. 127. Galvanised iron sheet with a Fig. 102. The Albury Regional Museum at Redcliffe Crown Type IB stamp and the the time of closure in 2006. Room nº 2 promotional text: ‘AWARDED looking north...... 109 MENTION HONOURABLE Fig. 103. The Albury Regional Museum at EXPOSITION UNIVERSELLE DE the time of closure in 2006. Room nº 3 1878 A PARIS’ ...... 142 looking south to room 4...... 110 Fig. 128. Reconstructed room numbering derived from the inventory of the

.— vii — Dirk HR Spennemann

contents of the Turk’s Head Hotel at List of Tables the time of Joseph H Frauenfelder’s Table 1. Operators and Licensees of the death...... 146 Albury Punt 1841–1860 ...... 22 Fig. 129. Sample pages of the inventory Table 2. Schedule of the bridge toll for 1863 ..... 32 listing...... 146 Table 3. Licensees of the Albury Bridge Toll Fig. 130. The front (eastern) façade of the 1861–1874 ...... 33 Turk’s Head building...... 151 Table 4. The owners of the land as well as Fig. 131. Cellar space 1, looking east...... 152 Traveller’s Rest, Turk’s Head and Fig. 132. Cellar space 1, looking west...... 152 Union Bridge Hotels ...... 63 Fig. 133. Cellar space 2, looking west...... 152 Table 5. Publican’s Licensees of the Fig. 134. The main roof space looking Traveller’s Rest, Turks' Head and Union southeast from the access hole Bridge Hotels ...... 63 (composite image)...... 153 Table 6. Billiard Licensees of the Turk’s Fig. 135. The ridge beam rafters and battens Head and Union Bridge Hotels ...... 69 of the northern wing of the main roof...... 153 Table 7. Enumeration of household at the Fig. 136. The space between two battens, lower Wodonga Place area in the 1891 showing the alignment of the shakes census of New South Wales ...... 75 (main roof)...... 153 Table 8. Occupants / Lessees of the Turk’s Fig. 137. Types of external vents observed Head building after the withdrawal of at the Turk’s Head building and the publican’s license in 1922 ...... 86 associated structures...... 154 Table 9. Directors of the two incarnations Fig. 138. Types of internal vents observed at of the Albury Museum based at Turks the Turk’s Head building and associated Head until the closure of the facility on structures...... 154 12 November 2006 ...... 105 Fig. 139. Three Stringybark shakes Table 10. Chronological synopsis of encountered loose in the roof cavity significant events relating to the Turks’ (scale 10cm)...... 155 Head building (for separate list of Fig. 140. Hand forged nail encountered in owners see Table 4 and for list of one of the shakes (scale 4cm in 1mm publicans see Table 5) ...... 112 increments)...... 156 Table 11. The licensees of the Bridge Inn / Fig. 141. John Green 1872 ...... 175 Bridge Hotel ...... 136 Fig. 142. Anne Green 1874 ...... 175 Table 12. Contents of the Turk’s Head Fig. 143. Daniel Driscoll 1910 ...... 176 Hotel at the time of Joseph H Frauenfelder’s death...... 147 Fig. 144. JH & EB Frauenfelder ...... 176 Table 13. Graves of Publicans of the Turk’s Fig. 145. Luke Gulson ...... 176 Head Hotel in the Albury Pioneer Fig. 146. James Oddie ...... 176 Cemetery ...... 175 Fig. 147. William Cunningham ...... 177 Fig. 148. James Robinson ...... 177

.— viii — 1 | Introduction

This document compiles the history and historic context of a public house and accommodation provider located in Albury (NSW), close to the bridge across the Murray Riv- er. The Turk’s Head hotel must be interpreted in the same tradition as other hotels that were located at a main road on either side of a river crossing. In order to understand the importance of the Turk’s Head hotel one needs to understand the changing nature and significance of its setting at the crossing place. This document falls into two parts, a discussion of development and use of the crossing place at Albury over time; and a a discussion of the history specific to the Turk’s Head hotel. The study is augmented by a number of appendices that set out the description of the modern appearance of the building as a documentation on public record,1 information on building materials, as well as a brief history of the Bridge Inn, a hotel that is both spatially and historically associated with the Turk’s Head hotel. This study found its genesis in the development of a conservation management plan for the Turk’s Head building at 317 Wodonga Place, Albury (NSW).2 It is not the aim of this study to prove a thesis or to examine a theoretical point, but to compile the background and history of a specific place in its context. Consequently, the study consists primarily of thick description. At the start of the project the state of knowledge about the structure was very limited3 and what was published in various pamphlets and newsletter items is riddled with inaccuracies.4 The sources drawn on for this study are primarily items in historic newspapers,5 archival sources,6 Albury City’s administrative files, cadastral and parish maps,7 historic etchings,8 and photographs.9 Some eye witness history of the later period augments the discussion.10

Broader Context Albury developed as a rural service centre because of its location on the early colonial Port Jackson to Port Phillip (i.e. Sydney to Melbourne) communications corridor, which was pioneered for European eyes and minds by Hamilton Hume and William Hovell in 182411 and its position at several fords across the Murray River. These fords, as well as numerous communications routes, had long been used by the Indigenous communities (see below). Soon after commencement as a gazetted township in 1839, Albury flourished, servicing rural grazing runs established by the squatters along the Upper and Central Murray, and soon after providing the goldfields in North-Eastern Dirk HR Spennemann

Victoria (Beechworth, Yackandandah, Chiltern) with dairy products and meat.12 Albury benefitted from the passage of the News South Wales land reform with the Robertson Land Acts of 1861, with a leading Albury-based regional newspaper, the Albury Banner, actively promoting the selection by small-scale land holders.13 The fertile lands of the southern Riverina were soon taken up by selectors,14 often of German origin,15 leading to agricultural intensification. Albury prospered as a result of this, but also due to the mining boom and agricultural expansion in the Upper Murray.16 The arrival of the railway in Wodonga in 1873 and especially at Albury in 1881 cemented Albury’s significance as a rural service centre.17 The expansion of the railway network allowed further intensification of agricultural production in the Southern Riverina.18 The recession of 1890-95 affected the Albury area, with farm bankruptcies both in the fertile Riverina19 and in the Upper Murray,20 as well a termination of public building projects. The underlying viability of Albury remained, however, despite the decline in Albury’s wine industry, as a result of Phylloxera, as well as a decline in share farming in the wheat industry, slowing down the recovery. By the turn of the nineteenth to twentieth century, the population of Albury comprised of 5,823 residents living in 1,080 dwellings.21 Albury continued to grow as a service centre in the 1920s and 1930s, fuelled by the construction of the Hume Dam,22 and the development of major wool stores. The change in the railway gauges of New South Wales and Victoria continued to give Albu- ry-Wodonga a special role as a transhipment node, which was augmented when it became, inter alia, the hub of a Murray Valley bus system that connected the other spokes of the rail network.23 By World War II, Albury flourished as a major munitions and materials storage24 and transhipment location.25

.— 2 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge Notes to the Introduction

1. An in-depth description is included in the automated optical character recog- the conservation management plan (see nition software can adequately perform note 2), but this document is, at least at the task. On occasion the print quality the present time, ‘client eyes only. of the original newspaper paper is weak, 2. For the conservation management plan, thus providing insufficient contrast, or which had been commissioned by Al- the type used was dirty; a common issue buryCity, see Spennemann (2018). of the pre-Linotype era, for example, is that the counters of the letters were of- 3. For example, the existing statement of significance is minimalistic: “Interesting ten filled in with paper residue and ink early Hotel related to "The Crossing grime. Consequently, the optical character recognition does either not work at Place". Occupies one of the most important locations in Albury” (NSW all, thereby returning gibberish, or it re- Office of Environment and Heritage, turns erroneous, misinterpreted results (e.g. returning ‘cl’ for ‘d’). While much 2010).— (Gear, 2008, entry nº 31). of this can be, and has been, manually 4. For example, a 1984 brochure commin- corrected by the community of Trove gles the naming of the hotel as ‘Turk’s users (Holley, 2009), by and large this Head Hotel’ and ‘Bridge Inn” and then tends to hold true only for metropolitan further asserts that, “[l]ater in 1895 the papers (for which there is a higher de- publican Frauenfelder re-introduced the mand). name of Turk’s Head Inn’, which is the name still used today” (Albury Regional 6. Searched via Records NSW as well as Museum, n.d. [ca 1984]). With the ex- uncatalogued material in the vertical ception of a reference in a contractors’ history files of the Albury Library- Museum. notice of 1882 (Duffy, 1882), the establishment was always referred to as a 7. Accessed via the Historical Land Rec- ‘hotel and never as an ‘inn.’ Further, the ords Viewer maintained by the NSW appellation ‘Turk’s Head Hotel’ was in Land Registry Services. continuous use from 1875 to 1900 (see 8. E.g. Anonymous (1881b) and Border p. 41 ff.). Post (Albury) (1888).—Some town A 1984 pamphlet, for example, errone- views of Albury provide a general im- ously claimed that pression, but are not informative regarding the flood plain area at the “ The Turks Head Hotel was built in the late southern end of Wodonga Place (e.g. 1850s to accommodate the many travellers who Stephen, 1871). were crossing the river. The construction of the Union Bridge next door in 1861 and collection 9. Drawn from various sources including of customs duties boosted business considerably Flickr. for the early publicans. 10. (Donelly, 2017; Pithie, 2017). 5. Systematic searches were carried out in 11. Andrews [ed.] (1981); Bland (1831). the online newspaper database ‘Trove’ 12. A. Andrews (1912a); Bayley (1954). hosted by the National Library of 13. Spennemann (2014a). Australia (2016). Search terms used var- ied for each of the queries (e.g. ‘hotel 14. Buxton (1967). name + Albury,’ ‘hotel name + name of 15. (Spennemann, 2007, 2008, 2014b; licensee/owner,’ ‘Albury + name of li- Spennemann & Sutherland, 2008). censee/owner,’ ‘Wodonga Place’ etc.). 16. (Spennemann, 2016). It should be noted that the searchable 17. The development of the rail network data, however, are only as good as the allowed rapid and reliable heavy goods quality of the input. This has two limita- transport between Albury and the met- tions. On the one hand, the relevant ropolitan centres. The break in the rail- newspapers, and the years in question, way gauge meant that all goods had to have to be digitised and thus accessible be transhipped at Albury. for searching. Not all surviving papers 18. M. E. Robinson (1976). have been digitised, with gaps in particular among small, and low circulation 19. Gammage (1986); Spennemann local and subregional papers. Secondly, (2014b). the scan has to be of such a quality that 20. Spennemann (2016).

.— 3 — Dirk HR Spennemann

21. Coghlan (1904, p. 548). 24. At Bandiana and Bonegilla. 22. (Rutherford, 1962) 25. (Spennemann, 2002). 23. (Spennemann, 2006).

.— 2 —

2 | The River Crossing at Albury

Even though the first Europeans, Hamilton Hume and William Hovell, crossed through the countryside at Albury as early as 1824,1 the area saw at first little disruption.2 The NSW government in Sydney was reluctant to over-extend its resources and thus actively discouraged any settlement south of Goulburn. Serious European land use in the Albury area and the concomitant disruption of the Indigenous communities started in 1835 with the establishment of the grazing run of Mungabareena by James Wyse (for Charles H. Ebden).3 The disruption increased exponentially between 1837 and 1840 when, during the period of squatting extension, more and more country on both sides of the Murray was taken up by large grazing runs.4 Albury had been built in the floodplain, on the northern bank of the Murray River, nested between two hills, Monument Hill as the southern end of the Black Range in the west, and Eastern Hill in the east.5 The Indigenous name for some of the area at the foot of Monument Hill was ‘Bungambrawatha,’ as indicated on the first map of Al- bury in 1839 (Fig. 11),6 while ‘Yarrawudda’ was the name for the area at the western foot of Eastern Hill.7 The initial European settlement occurred primarily on the flood plain, with Robert Browne's 1835 hut and store being located near the confluence of Bungambrawatha Creek and the Murray and directly at the location of the principal ford across the river (see below).8 This location is hardly surprising given the Aboriginal use of the same general location as a camp area (Fig. 1). Situated on the Sydney to Melbourne overland track, Albury emerged as the principal crossing place across the Murray both for people and especially for the overlanders driving livestock from New South Wales to Melbourne.9 At first called the Port Phillip Crossing Place,10 it became soon known as ‘Hume’s Crossing’11 In addition to the ford at Albury proper, there were two other fords close-by, one at Yarrawudda (Fig. 2 nº2) and another at Mungabareena (Fig. 2 nº3).12 The next reliable, major ford was at Howlong, some 30km downstream.13

Indigenous Land Use

Relationship between Indigenous Australians and white settlers14 The relationship between the local Indigenous Australian community15 and white settlers seems to have been solely dependent on the attitude of the individuals concerned. The early European settlers at Albury adopted much of the Indigenous bushcraft to secure their own survival. William Wyse, the first European to settle in the Albury area, Dirk HR Spennemann for example fixed his own camp close to the Indigenous camp at Mungabareena.16 Ex- change of goods for services between the Europeans and the Indigenous population commenced soon after, with the Indigenous population quite cognisant of the relative value of European objects.17

ford ‘bungambrawatha’

camp

burial grounds

‘yarra wudda’

Fig. 1. The development of the crossing place at Albury. Indigenous land-use superimposed on a 2014 aerial image. A drover passing through in December 1838 noted “The blacks are very tall men, and some of them are very powerful and well proportioned. Among the females, what few I saw, were rather pleasing in their appearance, but not so well featured as those Murrumbiddgee, where I saw upwards of three hundred men, women and children. The chiefs paint their bodies in various shapes with yellow and red kind of ochre, and grease themselves under the idea that it makes them more supple. Their principle weapons are spears and waddies, with which they are very expert” (Anonymous, 1839a). One of the early pastoralists, John FH Mitchell, compiled a word list of Wirad- juri terms that he had learnt while he was a boy playing with Indigenous boys and spending time at the camps of the Indigenous people.18 Later in life he, as did his

.— 4 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge brothers,19 adopted a very protective, paternalistic attitude to the Indigenous population,20 but even he could not escape the racist semantics of the time. Several Indigenous peoples attached themselves as servants to white settlers and officials performing menial tasks in return for food of low quality.21 Relationships between ‘master and servant’ were often strained, with at least one suicide of an Indige- nous person attributed to maltreatment.22 Indigenous men also worked on the land that the whites had alienated from them and were employed as farm hands, stockmen and drovers.23 At Albury, a steady demand existed for the boating skills and river knowledge of the local Indigenous population. In 1844, for example, bark canoes were made seemingly on demand as the need arose.24 The first formal punt across the Murray was operated by an Aboriginal man, reputedly called ‘Merriman.’25 Repeated references are made in peoples’ recollections of 1850s life in Albury that Indigenous men paddling bark canoes maintained the cross-river communications once the Murray was in flood and the punt was flooded.26 During the floods even the mail was entrusted to and carried across by Indigenous Australian men.27 Indigenous Australians also assisted the overlanders with the crossing of stock at Bungambrawatha Ford and it was considered that they put in more work than they were being rewarded for.28 The general shortage of European women in the region resulted in extended relationships between Indigenous women and Europeans, including, sadly, the transmis- sion of sexually transmitted infections.29 Such relationships also resulted in a number of offspring. By the 1850s such relationships were frowned upon by the white community, however, often with tragic consequences for the Indigenous women.30 Even though relations between settlers and the Indigenous community at first appeared to be amicable,31 this soon changed. Events that stand out in the wider region are the Faithfull ‘massacre’ of April 1838 when numerous Indigenous people were killed near Benalla in response to them killing some Europeans,32 and the Dora Dora massacre of 1838, when a number of Indigenous Australians were indiscriminately killed by settlers.33 Travelling from Albury to Howlong, Henry Bingham commented that ‘the natives appear to have a hostile feeling to the squatters from past experience.’34 Furthermore, clashes among the Indigenous population itself, which on occasion could be quite violent, made some European settlers nervous.35 Reminiscences written at the end of the nineteenth century, for example, mention a 1846 conflict between some 800 Indigenous Australians from the Murrumbidgee and the Murray, which was fought out near Bungumbrawatha.36 Some residents later claimed that “it was scarcely safe to wander the suburb now represented by Guinea-Street without firearms.”37 In response to a real, but in its mag- nitude more likely perceived, threat by the Indigenous people,38 the New South Wales government agreed in 1838 to establish a police camp at the crossing place, comprised

.— 5 — Dirk HR Spennemann of a police hut and a paddock (see Fig. 11).39 The police presence certainly also aided in apprehending run-away convicts and other errant whites.40 While the police presence may have had a somewhat calming effect on the white settlers,41 it was, of course, quite disconcerting for the local Indigenous population. For example, when the Crown Lands Commissioner, Henry Bingham visited Albury in August 1839, he came across a large party of natives ‘who appeared much alarmed at our first appearance.’42 Bingham estimated in December 1844 that some 100 Indigenous Australians were present in the Albury area.43 In late September 1844, when George Augustus Robinson travelled through the Albury area, he counted 50 huts with about 250 inhabitants.44 Ten years on, that situation had changed dramatically. Depopulation of the district had proceeded rapidly so that in 1854 Revd Henry Elliot could assert that “[f]rom Albury and its immediate neighbourhood, too, the blacks have for a considerable time past almost entirely disappeared.45 The causes were both deaths and dislocation. For the period 1851 to 1854 alone, Elliott was aware of the deaths of at least 30 adults in the Albury area, and believed that “many more [had] died or been killed besides infants.”46 With regard to dislocation, Elliott noted that while some had moved to Lake Urana, “they [had] chiefly gone over to the valleys of the Mitta Mitta, the Little Hume and the Yackandandah.”47 In the mid 1850s some camps existed in the floodplain towards Wodonga, with the residents frequently going to Albury itself.48 How long such camps persisted is unclear. Camping near the punt in April 1854 a Sydney traveller noted that Albury was “frequented by a great number of the Murray black fellows, and on the occasion alluded to, I saw about thirty or forty of them nearly all of whom were drunk, as were also I regret to say, not a few of the towns-people. After dark the camp fires of the blacks could be seen in all di- rections on both sides of the River. Many of them camped within a few yards of us, and kept up a corrobory all night, much to our annoyance and disgust.”49 As an emerging centre, Albury formally became the regional hub for the interac- tion between Indigenous Australians and European society. From 1814 onwards the government issued blankets to groups of Indigenous Australians, usually on occasion of the Queens’s birthday.50 It is not clear when this practice commenced in Albury, but observations by George Augustus Robinson in 1844 suggest that it did not occur at that time. On record are distribution events for the years 1857 (with reference to earlier distribution events) and 1858.51

Bungambrawatha Ford The Bungambrawatha Crossing or ford is located on the northern bank of the Murray at the confluence of Bungambrawatha Creek and the Murray River (Fig. 2 nº 1). At this point a gravel bed extends from the northern side of the bank to into the river, with a gravel island closer to the Victorian side (Fig. 12).

.— 6 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

The Indigenous name for some of the area at the foot of what is now called Monument Hill was ‘Bungambrawatha,’52 as indicated on the first map of Albury in 1839,53 and ‘Yarrawudda’54 for the area at the western foot of Eastern Hill.55 This is the location of the initial crossing place, where Brown’s Hut had been erected in 1835 (Fig. 12, Fig. 10).56 It remained the primary crossing until the construction of the punt in 1848 (Fig. 13, Fig. 14, Fig. 16), which shifted the location of the crossing some 350m upstream. The first bridge, opened 2 September 1861, is located a further 600m upstream (Fig. 18).57 In 1853 Bungumbrawatha Ford was described as: “There is a punt by which teams and travellers generally cross, but at the present season the ford lower down is practicable. The water just reaches the body of a cart, and a man can wade over. The bottom is shingly, and the banks are easily accessible”.58 Bungumbrawatha Ford continued to be used in the 1860s to drive cattle across the Murray59 and particularly in order to avoid having to pay the bridge toll.60 The ford is on record as occasionally being used, in summer, until as late as 1896.61 Excised from the leasehold Mungabareena Run, Albury was gazetted as a township in 1839.62 From then onwards it was included in the weekly mail route between Sydney and Melbourne in lieu of Howlong.63

Fig. 2. Aerial view of the Albury area with the known crossing places.64 1.—Bungumbrawatha, 2.—Yarrawudda; 3.—Mungabareena, 4.—Thurgoona; 5.—Hawksview; 6.—Crossing used by Hume and Hovell; 7.—Return crossing used by Hume and Hovell

Early developments on the Flood Plain The beginnings of European land use at Albury and the crossing place were focussed on the flood plain. The river provided water for stock and the alluvial flats had elsewhere shown to be as fertile. It must be understood that the early European settlers had no real understanding of the Australian climatic patterns nor of the nature or behav- iours of the major Australian river systems such as that of the Murray. As the settlers were unable, or unwilling, to properly communicate with the local Indigenous popula-

.— 7 — Dirk HR Spennemann tion, the latter’s deep knowledge of land use and environmental history and conditions remained untapped. Thus the early European settlers were entirely unprepared for the nature and extent of riverine flooding after the snow melt, both on the Murrumbidgee65 and the Murray. Flooding From above Albury downstream, the Murray has a very low gradient and thus exhibits a wide, meandering floodplain with an abundance of anabranches, billabongs and swales (see Fig. 2 for the appearance of the floodplain at Albury). South Albury forms part of that floodplain. The river regularly ran high as the bank during the spring snow melt, and even though slightly higher than the Wodonga Flats (now called ‘Gateway Island’), the northern side of the floodplain was also repeatedly subject to flooding. Being a low-lying area, South Albury was frequently flooded.66 This was the case in July 1847,67 October 1851,68 September 1856,69 October 1863,70 October 1867,71 November 1870,72 September 1875,73 October 1879,74 November 1887,75 September 1889,76 July 1905,77 October 1906,78 July 1909,79 July and October 1917,80 and again in September 192181 and September and October 1924.82 While completion of the construction of the Hume Dam in 1933 mitigated against minor flooding, flooding continued to occur during major events such as in 1939,83 and July 194684 as well as 1974 and 1975.85 Floods that covered all or part of Wodonga Flats, but did not inundate the in- habited spaces in South Albury, were even more frequent.

Fig. 3. South Albury during the 1917 flood as seen from what is today Monument Hill.86

The extent of the flooding was often quite considerable. In October 1867, the ‘old Hume Inn was flooded to a considerable depth’(see Fig. 14 for location) and the water was reputedly waist deep at Wodonga Place.87 Despite sandbagging, ‘all the cellars

.— 8 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge in the lower portion of the town [were] flooded by soakage,88 some of which collapsed.89 Much of the embankment connecting Albury and Wodonga across the floodplain was washed away.90 In September 1875 water ‘covered the main road between the Union Bridge and Hume Street with a foot or two of water and inundated the dwellings on the flats, causing several of the residents to leave their homes.’91 Four years later the water was at least 1½ feet above the road and numerous residences were flooded.92 In October 1906 Wodonga Place was again under water,93 an event which was repeated again in June 1909.94 While the last major flood, with an inundation of about two feet occurred in Oc- tober 1917, 95 the road at Wodonga Place was once more flooded in 1946,96 and, at least in part, again in 1975. Following the flood of 1917, the levee bank in South Albury was heightened. The top of the levee was reached, but not exceeded, in 1921.97 It is not fully clear at the time of writing, whether the limited levee bank that was erected following the flood in 1917 also protected the Turk’s Head building. We know that the Chinese market gardens just to south were at least partially flooded,98 and we can infer from flooding information for 1975, that the levee would not have been high enough.

Fig. 4. Flooding of the lower section of Wodonga Place in 1931.99 Inset: camera location and angle

Early European land use The first Europeans to cast their eyes on the Murray floodplain were Hamilton Hume and William Hovell, accompanied by six convicts.100 Tasked with finding and charting a route from Goulburn and Yass to Port Philip Bay (Melbourne), Hume and Hovell arrived in the Albury area on 16 January 1824.101

.— 9 — Dirk HR Spennemann

Fig. 5. View of the rear yard of the Turk’s Head hotel in flood in 1924.102

In true explorer style, Hume and Hovell cut their names into two river red gums near the Bungambrawatha Crossing Place on 16 or 17 November 1824.103 The two trees remained in situ until the 1840s when the tree marked by Hamilton Hume was burnt down accidentally by a camping drover. Hovell’s tree, marked on Townsend’s map (Fig. 12), remains until the present day, even though the original inscription has long decayed.104 In 1858 the Albury community erected a marble monument to commemorate Hume’s ‘discovery’ of the Murray River.105 Its original location was right next to the stump of the burnt Hume Tree (Fig. 6).106 As the monument was used as bollard for warp ropes by paddle steamers,107 and generally maltreated in the public reserve,108 it was relocated to its present location in the Albury Botanical Gardens in 1884.

Fig. 6. The Hume monument at its original location near the wharf and next to the burnt stump of the original tree (as shown in 1873).109

.— 10 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

An 1854 source noted that the tree “bore the following inscription, " Hovell and Hume, 17th November 1824." The letters are cut into the wood, and although age has done something towards defacing them, they are still quite legible, and likely to continue so for some years to come. The tree, however, is very much defaced, the butt being cut and chopped all over in a most unsightly manner. Many of the branches have been lopped off for the purpose, no doubt, of prolonging the existence of the tree ; but it is very clear from the faded and sickly aspect of the few green boughs which adorn it now, together with the signs of decay in various parts of the trunk, that the period of dissolu- tion cannot be many years distant. It therefore becomes a question whether the people of Albury ought not to mark the spot, by, erecting on it a more enduring monument, in com- memoration of that noble and chivalrous spirit of enterprise which opened up for them so valuable and so splendid a country.”110

Fig. 7. Hume & Hovell Monument in 1862.111

In October 1862 the German artist Eugene von Guerard travelled through Albu- ry, where he made a few sketches, inter alia one the Hume monument and the Hovell Tree (Fig. 7).

Initial alienation—the Mungabareena Run The initial alienation from Indigenous ownership occurred in 1835, when Charles Hot- son Ebden selected land on both sides of the river, establishing the Mungabareena and Bonegilla Runs.112 Known as Ebden’s run, Mungabareena run was placed under the management of James Wyse. Paul Huon, owner of the Wodonga run,113 purchased Mungabareena in 1836.114 Huon received a pasturage licence in February 1837.115 The run was then passed on to Huon’s sister Elizabeth and her husband William Mitchell.116 Mungabareena run continued to be known as ‘Ebden’s Station’ until at least the late 1830s.117 In 1848 it is referred to as ‘Mungabbaruna’ run.118

.— 11 — Dirk HR Spennemann

Fig. 8. Approximate location of Mungabareena run, based on the boundary description provided by Thomson in 1848. Also marked are the alignment of Sydney Road as well as the neighbouring pastoral runs.119

Robert Brown and his Hut In 1836 Robert Brown(e), who had come to Albury as part of the initial staff working on the grazing runs of Mungabareena and Bonegilla, erected a small slab hut near the ford (Fig. 12) that served as a formal stop-over for all travellers on the Sydney to Mel- bourne road. He also maintained the first gardens in the area,120 as well as a wheat field fenced by a three-rail fence, and a stock paddock. The latter was achieved by blocking off the peninsula at what is now Noreuil Park (see Fig. 10). By February 1838 Browne had enlarged his hut and had opened a public house (Fig. 9).121

Fig. 9. The first advertisement for an Albury business.122

.— 12 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Bungumbra- watha Creek

ford Brown’s Hut

paddock

Fig. 10. The development of the crossing place at Albury. Situation in 1839 superimposed on a 2014 aerial image. Note the fencd that encloses the peninsula at Noreuil Park.

Surveying the Crossing Place In 1838, the Governor of New South Wales approved the establishment of a proposed township at the point where the road to Port Phillip crossed the Murray River. Conse- quently, the Deputy Surveyor General, Captain Samuel A Perry, ordered that Thomas Townsend123 conduct a survey of this area as soon as possible.124 Townsend was to examine the area “three miles above the Mongarberrina (Mr. Edben’s Station), to three miles below the ‘crossing place’ on the river” [and was to note] “every possible detail relating to the river and its banks, together with a report specifying changes to which is subject at different seasons of the year, the general [lay] of the country, and the nature of the soil.”125 Townsend provided the survey plan in due course (Fig. 11), which was approved in April 1838.126 The first town lots, allotments of section 1 , were soon offered in Syd- ney on 24 April 1839 (for a sale on 10 October 1839).127

.— 13 — Dirk HR Spennemann

Fig. 11. Townsend’s map of June 1839.128

Fig. 12. The Crossing Place on Townsend’s map of 1839 (detail of Fig. 11).

.— 14 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge The first hotel and the punt Townsend’s instructions of July 1838, to lay out the town grid and to allocate “space for a post house, police station and a House of Public Entertainment” as well as a fer- ry129 had been pre-empted by Robert Brown, who in 1838 had established a hut and in February 1838 had opened a public house (Fig. 9), later to be called the Hume Inn. The formal gazettal of the town placed the location of Brown’s Hut within five chains from the river and thus on public land. While Brown’s hut, and presumably also the first incarnation of the Hume Inn, had been erected at a geographically suitable location in unsurveyed space, the new Hume Inn had to be erected on surveyed land (allotments 3 and 4 of section 1), yet as close as possible to the location of the ford (and punt) as possible. That investment proved initially to be well placed until the 1847 flood demonstrated the vulnerabilities of the flood plain (see p. 23 for discussion of the fate of the hotel).

The punt The river could only be forded when the water levels permitted.130 James Gullifer, who accompanied William Wyse in setting up Ebden’s Mungabareena Run in 1835,131 is credited as making a dug-out canoe, from a “solid gum log’, which was claimed to be “the first boat that ever crossed the Murray.”132 This blithely ignores the fact that In- digenous people had been crossing the Murray in bark canoes for centuries, if not mil- lennia.133 Gullifer sold the canoe to Robert Brown who reputedly used it to ferry people until he constructed a punt.134 Rawhide ropes had been strung across the river to aid in navigation ‘to guide the oarsman’ with ‘an Aboriginal being the ferryman.’135 Andrews asserts in 1911 that “[t]his canoe was worked by an Aboriginal, who went by the name of “Merriman.” And who was believed to have been concerned in the “Faithfull massacre. He was often the sole means of communication between the two sides of the river, when in flood.”136 To ensure a more reliable service a punt was established that could ferry a bullock team across. The survey of the river banks and currents, in order to find a suitable crossing place for a punt, were one of surveyor Townsend’s initial tasks.137 The first punt, replacing the dug-out (or bark?) canoe from 1841 onwards, was also owned by Robert Brown.138 That limited means of transport was replaced in 1844 by a larger wooden punt capable of carrying heavy-loaded drays.139 While the punt served the crossing place very well, it could not operate when the river was high.140 At these times the mail and, if need be, passengers would be ferried across on bark canoes. This could be a risky enterprise, and crossing the river in flood at night, however, was too dangerous altogether, as the following quote illustrates: “the black will only bring one mail bag at a time … the blacks will not return for another bag that night, having two miles of water to cross…”141

.— 15 — Dirk HR Spennemann

Fig. 13. Bungumbrawatha Ford and the Reserve for the punt as shown on the 1849 map of Albury. Note that north is on the right.142 By the end of 1848 Edward Crisp, the then proprietor of the Hume Inn, established a formal punt service departing from a special punt reserve at the end of Hovell Street.143 The punt, which cost between £300 and £400 to build, allowed to ferry a loaded dray drawn by an eight bullock team.144 The 1849 Parish Map shows the location of the punt (Fig. 13).

.— 16 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Concerns had been raised that the punt was an essential service for the travelers, but one that was in private hands—and that the owner could charge as much as he liked. For example, Crisp charged £1 for a laden dray pulled by eight bullocks.145 As the traffic volume along the Sydney to Melbourne road increased, the complaints about the punt fees rang louder and louder. Consequently the NSW government took over the running of the punt on 14 August 1849.146 The government simply claimed and announced the right of conveyance, but did not compensate Crisp for any loss of income. Immediately thereafter, the NSW government auctioned off the licence to operate the ferry for the year 1850. The licensee would be allowed to retain all income from the ferry service, but was “required to provide a sufficient Ferry Boat and Punt, to convey at all times, passengers, horses, carriages, carts, &c., across the river, and keep the same in suitable repair at his own expense.”147 Even though, in theory, anyone could apply for that licence, the stipulation of the provision of their own ferry limited the number of applications to one: Edward Crisp. In return for the licence, Crisp could charge all users a toll. From later complaints,148 it appears that the toll had not been fixed, as had been hoped. Presumably as Crisp provided his own punt and the actual investment by the NSW government was nil, he had the latitude to do as he wished.149 It appears that the maintenance of the punt, as stipulated by the contract of lease, also included the maintenance of the causeway approaches to the punt landing points.150 In 1850 a similar auction for the punt licence was held under the same conditions, but with the lessee now able to take out a lease up to five years duration.151 In the event, the Albury ferry was only leased on an annual basis and the government had to run the auction again in November 1851152 and March 1852.153 It seems that the re- quirement for the lessee to provide the punt was soon superseded by a formal government ownership of the vessel. In August 1852 the NSW government foreshadowed the construction of a ferry and set aside £700 for the purpose.154 Unexpended, that amount was carried over for the 1853 financial year.155 Now that the punt was to be government owned, the government could limit the toll fees per person, horse and cart.156 Government ownership, however, did little to stop the complaints about the high tolls.157 The punt was certainly a nice income-earner. Adam Kidd and William Brickell leased the punt reputedly at £40 p.a. with a total profit in excess of £10,000 over the duration of their tenure.158 In 1853 the government finally let the tender for the replacement of the ageing privately owned punt.159 Once replaced, the old punt was sold by the government in July 1855 to a Mr McRae of Mulwala who put it to use there.160 McRae described that punt as “commodious, capable of carrying a loaded dray and a team of bullocks, or 500 sheep across the river each trip.”161

.— 17 — Dirk HR Spennemann

It is unclear whether the government punt was met with mishap, but in June 1857 the punt contractors Kidd and Brickell were building a new and even larger punt.162 It is also unclear who held the licences for most years (see Table 1), but we know that in 1859 the punt, made from red gum logs and capable of transporting a coach and five horses,163 was reputedly operated by Dan Driscoll (p. 20). In 1857, the punt was leased by Kidd and Brickell, but operated by a H Mackenzie who was not obliged to work at night, but occasionally offered night service as well.164

Hume Inn punt

forcing yards

Fig. 14. The development of the crossing place at Albury. Situation in 1844 superimposed on a 2014 aerial image. The initial five town sections as mapped by Townsend in 1839 are shown in outline. High water levels frequently interrupted the punt service, either because the punt could not be operated, or because the floods had affected the broader area. For example, floods in late August and early September 1856 destroyed the causeway on the Vic- torian side of the punt, restricting traffic to empty carts and drays as well as all lighter

.— 18 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge vehicles. Loaded carts would have sunk into the mud.165 Even when unloaded drays could be punted, the bullocks had to jump off the punt into the water, as the ‘landing’ on the Victorian side was submerged by more than a metre (four feet).166 By October of the same year it was reported that the traffic of laden vehicles had stopped for the past six weeks.167 When the punt stopped running altogether, the traffic of bullock drays tended to back up on both sides. During the 1852 floods, which were not severe enough to be of any note (see p. 8f), traffic had backed up so much that one chronicler noted on 2 De- cember 1852: “there are hundreds of teams here, some of whom have been on the road for four or five months.”168 On occasion, incautious bullockies found themselves stranded on islands in the middle of the floodplain.169 Even though most bullockies travelled with family and were quite self-sufficient,170 such prolonged stays inevitably meant more business for those public houses closest to the punt. The roads across the Albury-Wodonga floodplains were largely unformed and treacherous during wet conditions as is exemplified by this quote of 1856: “Woe to the unlucky foot-passenger or horseman who, ignorant of the road, and unaware which of the tracks is the least dangerous, proceeds to the crossing alone and unguided. After leaving the punt, which is a wonderful specimen of unriverworthiness — we cannot call it un- seaworthy — he is in immediate danger with a quicksand on one side of him, and a deep hole, half mud half water, on the other. If he diverge from the right track which he cannot de- tect unless by intuition, he is a lost man.”171 To alleviate the situation, Yackandahdah Shire council signalled its in intention in late 1856 to build a plank road.172 This was improved after the erection of the bridge.173

Ongoing use of the ford Even though a punt operated from 1841 onwards, the ford continued to be used by those who wished to avoid paying the punt toll. On occasion, some of the drays got stuck on submerged logs, or draught animals fell into holes on the river bottom and drowned (as they were still in harness).174 Drownings of people were not uncommon either, and included drovers and stockmen, but also the Albury mailman.175 Moreover, as pastured cattle could not be punted due to their largely unruly nature, they had to be forded and swum across the Murray. Prior to crossing, the stock were initially placed in the punt paddock (see Fig. 13), leased by the punt operators Kidd & Brickell.176 There they could be agisted if a crossing was not feasible due to water levels. When fording was to commence the cattle were moved into in a small forcing yard. The fording mobs of cattle was a hazardous process:

.— 19 — Dirk HR Spennemann

“For this purpose the mobs are driven into a strongly-fenced paddock, covering about half an acre, which is called the ‘forcing yard,’ and all other means of exit are closed, except a narrow passage called the ‘tan,’ which slopes towards the river, and terminates at a perpendicular bank. The stock-drivers mount their steeds inside the forcing-yard, and they indulge in whip cracking and shouting until the mob, or a portion of them, are forced into the tan. The passage is then barred, and the frightened animals are lashed and driven until they push one another over the bank and fall into the river, like the ‘herd of swine’ in the Scriptures. From frequent use and from continued wet weather, it is impossible to keep the forcing yard in a dry condition, and the mud is generally far above the knees of the poor quadrupeds, and in some places up to their stomachs. This peculiar composition is so tenacious that animals losing their footing are unable to get up, and only sink the deeper in their efforts to extricate themselves. They are thus trampled to death by their fellows, or smothered by having their nostrils thrust under the mud. Several carcasses of unfortunate animals have been trodden into atoms, until they have formed a component part of the pestiferous mud of the forcing yard. The violence of the river current is so great that it is seldom the poor beasts are able to get across at the opposite point, and they are usually carried down the stream until they come in contact with the punt- rope, where a certain percentage of them (horned cattle especially) get entangled in the gear and drown. In most cases the animals swim down the stream until they arrive at the first bend, where they usually reach land on the same side of the river as the starting point. They are then pursued by the stockman, and driven once more into the forcing-yard to undergo all their trou- bles anew. Occasionally the mob are got across successfully at the first attempt, but it frequently occupies the whole day to take a herd across. In many instances, the beasts after the first immersion are rendered intractable; bullocks, especially, become dangerously excited, and the cattle sometimes make their way into the ranges, where much time is consumed in recovering them. The deterioration in the value of stock during the process of crossing the river is very considerable, whilst the diminution in numbers is sometimes very great.”177 The Victorian government declared a formal stock route across Wodonga Flats that connected the punt location with a crossing over Wodonga Creek (Fig. 15).178

The new punt The continually increasing volume of traffic on the Sydney to Melbourne road meant that the punt was not a viable solution in the long term as it was far too dependent on the water levels of the Murray. A bridge would allow for all-weather river crossings. Discussions on the construction of bridge had been ongoing in 1856 and 1857. For the lessees of the punt licence and the associated punt paddock, the writing was on the wall. Once the bridge was built, the punt paddock was no longer an investment. Thus, in December 1857 Kidd and Brickell chose to divest themselves of that paddock.179 When the decision to construct a bridge at Albury had been finally reached in late November 1858, the NSW government chose to erect the bridge at the end of Wodonga Place as that location was more suitable for road access. After tenders for the construction of the bridge had been called on 28 October 1859,180 the NSW government also decided to relocate the existing punt to the new spot. This allowed for the new communications corridor to be developed and also freed up land closer to the Al-

.— 20 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge bury CBD. The new ferry location was proclaimed on 19 November 1853.181 The ferry, with loading ramps and concomitant approaches on both the Albury and Wodonga sides was deemed serviceable by December 1858.182

Fig. 15. The travelling stock routes on the Wodonga Flats183

As it was anticipated that the bridge would be completed sometime in 1861, the punt licence was offered on a monthly basis until the bridge was finished.184 Ferry auc- tions were again held in December 1860,185 but without any bidders.186 The final lessees of the punt seem to have been the builders of the bridge, Kidd and Brickell.187 After the bridge had been opened (see p. 29) the punt, which was no longer needed, was moored on the Albury side. In January 1861 the punt broke loose during a flood and sank in the middle of the Murray.188 Eventually, when the bridge was found to be functioning as expected, the refloated ferry was placed for sale at auction in August 1862 and sold off.189

.— 21 — Dirk HR Spennemann

Table 1. Operators and Licensees of the Albury Punt 1841–1860 Year Licensee Notes Privately-owned 1841 Robert Browne 190 1842 Robert Browne 1843 Robert Browne 1844 Robert Browne 191 1845 1846 1847 1848 Edward Crisp 192 1849 New South Wales Government-owned 1850 Barnes ? 193 1851 1852 1853 1854 Adam Kidd & William Brickell 194 1855 Adam Kidd & William Brickell ? 1856 Adam Kidd & William Brickell 195 1857 Adam Kidd & William Brickell 196 1858 Adam Kidd & William Brickell ? 1859 Adam Kidd & William Brickell ? 197 1860 Adam Kidd & William Brickell 198

Shifting locus and focus of settlement By mid-1841 Albury only had two or three private dwelling houses, Brown’s pub, a blacksmith shop and the police barracks, with some of the riverine flats under cultivation.199 The further development of Albury was initially slow with the population rising to only 65 residents in 1846200 and then 442 people by 1851. It is critical to understand that the prime locus of Albury shifted during the 1850s. While European settlement had initially been concentrated in the alluvial flats near the crossing place, and had as such been mapped out by Townsend (see Fig. 12), this had occurred without deep environmental knowledge, especially of climatic ex- tremes. The 1847 floods201 alerted the Albury residents to the vulnerability of the location. In consequence, the focus of the town shifted to higher ground on the second river terrace. When Townsend surveyed Albury again in January 1848, he expanded the town grid to the north (Fig. 16),202 adding new sections including the government administrative block bounded by Kiewa, Dean and Olive Streets.203 This government block was comprised of a post office, police station and court house, as well as St Mat- thew’s church. Subsequently, all major development and business activity moved to higher ground, unless it had already been established, such as Mate’s store.204 The fortunes of the initial settlement areas declined for some time to come.

.— 22 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

S9 S7

S8 S6

S1 S5 punt

forcing yards S2 S4

Fig. 16. The development of the crossing place at Albury. Situation in 1848 superimposed on a 2014 aerial image. A case in point is the Hume Inn, which can be regarded as the prime example of the changing fortunes of a business opportunity and to some extent as the precursor of the fate that would eventually befall the Turk’s Head Hotel some 30 years later. Brown’s hut, a slab hut205 and presumably the first incarnation of the Hume Inn, had been erected in unsurveyed space at a geographically suitable location close to the ford (Fig. 10). After the gazettal of the town, that location was within the five chains from the river bank which the government reserved for public use and the building had to be moved. The original Hume Inn was pulled down in May 1841 and rebuilt in extended form, with much of the original timber. It was now placed on surveyed land (allotments 3 and 4 of section 1; Fig. 14),206 as close as possible to the location of the ford (and punt). The position of the Hume Inn was seen as “commanding the traffic to and from the ferry.”207

.— 23 — Dirk HR Spennemann

Business must have been booming with the increased travel, as a new Hume Inn was erected in 1846 or 1847 and represented the substantial capital investment of £2,500.208 The fact that the publican of the Hume Inn partially owned, and operated, the ferry, added to the income stream. When the Hume Inn, as well as the associated two-thirds share of the punt, was offered for sale in November 1848, the property was described as: “The principal front of this splendid inn comprises an extent of 150 feet, more or less.—it has a very long verandah and hall, two first-rate parlours, bar, tap-room, and six superior bedrooms. The whole of the rooms are tastefully finished and all are neatly corniced with globe centres, &c. The outbuildings are most substantial and numerous, viz, two excellent stores, kitchen, pantry, servant’s rooms, laundry, baking house, with immense stabling for 12 horses, hay loft, loose boxes for ‘Racers’ and a granary capable of holding 1000 bushels [of] grain. On the crown land adjoining there is a cultivation paddock of 34 acres and another grass paddock of 1000 aces, both enclosed with three-railed fences.”209 That investment proved initially to be well placed, but the 1847 flood had shown that the floodplain was not safe. In consequence, the Hume Inn gradually became mar- ginalised during 1848. The first offer of sale occurred sixteen months after the 1847 floods,210 and ten months after Townsend’s expansion of Albury to the north. The hotel was still, or again, for sale in March 1849.211 The property, which at the time was also known as the Punt Inn, was then purchased (or leased) by a D Rhodes in March 1853212 who operated the Hume Inn at least until mid 1854.213 By April 1855 it was sold off as its then owner Francis Harmer Moss214 had become insolvent.215 The hotel was reopened by a new lessee, John McGall, in May 1855.216 The floods in September 1856 demonstrated the vulnerabilities of the location yet again, when there were two feet of water in the hotel and a boat could, reputedly, row up straight to the bar. 217 By early 1857, after the building had been fully reshingled,218 the Hume Inn was placed once more on the market.219 At that time it was possibly still the premier accommodation in town.220 The hotel did not properly sell at auction,221 and thus was again on the market in April 1858,222 September and October 1858223 and in June 1859.224 The ‘Old Hume Inn,’ as it was called by that time, was refurbished in 1861, then owned by Richard Kelly225 and later his son James Kelly.226 On 1 October 1868 the hotel burnt down under suspicious circumstances with only the brick walls remaining.227 Three months later, in January 1869 James Kelly was declared bankrupt.228 Like the Hume Inn, other allotments in the low lying areas of Albury also came up for sale in the early and mid-1850s, as the owners relocated to the new business district at the northern end of Townsend Street and the central section of Dean Street.229 The Emergence of a Colonial Border By the late 1840s European settlement in south-eastern Australia had increased substantially, especially in the vicinity of Port Phillip Bay. With the distances and areas and

.— 24 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge the concomitant administrative problems, as well as the two developing nuclei of development focussed on Sydney and Melbourne it was deemed desirable to split the colony of New South Wales.

S9 S7 S13

S8 S6 S14

S1 S5 S15 punt

forcing yards S2 S4 S16

S3 S18 S17

Fig. 17. The development of the crossing place at Albury. Situation in 1849 superimposed on a 2014 aerial image. When in August 1850 the Port Phillip district was declared the separate colony of Victoria,230 Albury had become a border town.231 In 1852 both New South Wales232 and Victoria enacted customs legislation,233 but it was not until three years later that inter-colonial regulations, focussing on the Murray River trade were introduced. The introduction of the Customs Act in 1855234 and the Murray Customs Duties Act of the same year,235 had caused a depreciation of property values in Albury as well as a dra- matic decline in inter-colonial commerce on which Albury depended.236 The lifting of the customs duties in December 1855 was short-lived,237 as they were reintroduced in 1860.238 What followed was a sequence of lifting and reintroduction of customs duties

.— 25 — Dirk HR Spennemann that confused and annoyed border residents.239 The customs duties were finally abolished with the Federation of the Australian colonies on 1 January 1901. In addition to the establishment of customs houses, first in the lower end of town,240 and later at the railway station,241 the NSW government posted a watchman at the bridge in order to prevent smuggling.242 This required departing and arriving north- bound traffic, to stop for inspection—which presented an opportunity for the caterers to utilise the amenities of a nearby public house, such as the Bridge Inn or the Travel- ler’s Rest / Turk’s Head Hotel. Further developments on the South Albury flood plain The alluvial flats initially remained as farmland and later became both industrial land as well as a residential area of the lower socioeconomic strata. In the 1850s, small-scale farms grew grain and vegetables in what is today downtown Albury. Initial ploughing and establishment of fields happened on the alluvial flats, as they were more fertile and easier to clear.243 In 1855 William Howitt noted that “Albury [was] like most of the towns up in the bush of this country. It is a village of one- storied houses, scattered about on a wretchedly flat sheet of baked clay, which at this time of the year grows only goose grass … and the Bathurst bur …The town consists of a number of inns, a shop or two, a bake house, and a quantity of wooden huts. As usual, there is scarcely a single garden, and what garden there is, only growing weeds and cabbages in amicable disor- der; but there is a large exhibition of backyards full of carts, heaps of wood, and the like lum- ber. Everywhere there is a slovenly colonial air. The only attempt at cultivation which we observed was at the far end of the village.—a large stubble-field, with a crazy barn in it. The stubble was standing up above a yard high, as if the reapers had been too lazy to stoop, and had only cut off the head of the corn, while in some places it was pulled up by bullocks that were in the field. A portion of it, ploughed up again, lay in huge lumps, which farmers in England, call 'horses' heads.' A couple of settler-looking men in white linen coats and huge straw hats were on horseback with dogs, driving out bullocks. Altogether it was one of the most wretched attempts at tillage that ever I saw.”244 The gold rush of the late-1850’s in the Ovens and Indigo Gold fields created a demand for a wide range of produce; concurrently the agricultural exploitation of the Albury area increased rapidly, both in extent and in intensity. It can be assumed that most of the undulating and rolling lands in the vicinity of Albury have been under the plough at least once. The southern end of Wodonga Place was essentially a dead-end road leading to fields and isolated homes surrounded by paddocks and farmland, an area that was subject to regular flooding when the Murray broke its banks. By necessity, any viable economic activity, apart from farming, was focussed on the area to the north east of the punt. This only changed in 1859, when the position of the Union Bridge had been decided upon and the southern end of Wodonga Place had become the communications corridor.

.— 26 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

bridge

Fig. 18. The development of the crossing place at Albury. Situation in 1861 superimposed on a 2014 aerial image. 1–Hume Inn; 2–Police Station; 3–Bridge Inn. In October 1862 the German artist Eugene von Guerard travelled through Albu- ry. His sketch of Albury as seen from the southern end of what is now Monument Hill shows Bungambrawatha Ford and the Albury floodplain beyond (Fig. 19). The sketch indicates an open agricultural landscape with far fewer trees on the Albury side of the floodplain on the Wodonga Flats (what today is called Gateway Island). The image shows the alignment of Wodonga Place as a country road leading through fenced farmland with scattered trees and buildings. Dense vegetation can be made out on the foot of Monument Hill. This impression is reinforced by later recollections of the situation in the early 1860s, which described the area near the Botanic Gardens and at the foot of what is now Monument Hill as “mostly thick scrub and swamp”.245

.— 27 — Dirk HR Spennemann

Fig. 19. Bungambrawatha Ford and the ford and the Albury floodplain.246

In January 1881 the Illustrated Sydney News published a lithographed bird’s eye view of Albury as a supplement to the paper (see Fig. 20), as well as several views of prominent buildings in the town.247 While the image represents an idealistic view which must not be taken literally,248 the general impression is likely to be correct. This suggests that the southern part of Albury was still a wood-covered floodplain with only Wodon- ga Place and the approaches to the bridge being cleared (Fig. 21). The Turk’s Head Mu- seum complex is clearly visible as the only set of buildings near the bridge on the western side of the road.

Fig. 20. Bird’s eye view of Albury in 1881.249

.— 28 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Fig. 21. Bird’s eye view of the Union Bridge and the Turk’s Head area in 1881 (detail of Fig. 20).

The Union Bridge (1861) As reliable as the punt may have been for normal river conditions, it was a very different story when the river was in flood. The problem, for a great part, were the unformed roads that ran across what is now Gateway island. Heavy goods traffic was backed up, and it could take weeks until the roads across the flood plain were passable again.250 A similar problem could arise during the summer months when the river level was too low for the punt to operate. During that time, however, the ford could provide a viable, albeit more hazardous alternative.

.— 29 — Dirk HR Spennemann

wharf

1 2

bridge

Fig. 22. The development of the crossing place at Albury. Situation in 1875 superimposed on a 2014 aerial image. 1–Traveller’s Rest Hotel; 2–Police Station; 3–Bridge Inn The stability of the river banks at the existing location of the punt was so low that they posed engineering problems for the erection of a bridge. Consequently, a more suitable solution was to erect the bridge about one kilometre (500m as the crow flies) upstream of the punt. When this location was announced in later 1856, it was heavily criticised by the local community as it would cause inconvenience for the business and wider community of Albury.251 The community of Albury was likewise disap- pointed when the NSW and Victorian governments, who were sharing the cost of the bridge, were not prepared to erect a stone bridge, but were “planning a cheap gum-tree affair, which they very well know will not stand twelve months.”252 When the properties were resurveyed in preparation for the construction of the bridge it was noted that several fence lines had encroached onto the roadway of Wodonga Place (Fig. 23).253

.— 30 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Fig. 23. Misaligned property boundaries in sections 40 and 41.254 Tenders for the Albury bridge were called on 28 October 1859,255 with the contractor William Kidd, a builder,256 being successful with his £7,046 14s 3d bid (plus ex- tras).257 It would appear that the initial successful tenderer had refused to take up the contract subject to further negotiations.258 Six months after the letting of the bridge contract, the NSW government called for additional tenders to erect the approaches to the bridge.259 Bridge construction commenced on 16 August 1860, with the first pile driven (on the Victorian side) by the Mayor of Albury.260 Construction was in full swing in September 1860 and employed a number of local craftsmen and carters.261 The bridge construction was supervised by the NSW engineer William S Chauncey who also acted as road superintendent262 Even though a William Kidd was listed as the successful tenderer, the bridge contract seems to have been executed by the Albury business partners Adam Casner Kidd263 and William Barnwell Brickell264 who also ran a horse stable,265 a hotel,266 a coach service to Melbourne,267 as well as their mainstay, a general country store,268 and owned various allotments of land.269 Adam Kidd and William Brickell were Americans from Ohio who had come to the north-east Victoria during the gold rush period270 and had settled in Albury. From 1854 to 1857271 and again in 1860 Kidd and Brickell, owners of a punt service across the Murrumbidgee at Wagga Wagga,272 are on record as the last lessees of the government punt at Albury.273 They had also built a new punt,274 which the Border Post argued should be purchased by a private entity for commercial gain.275 “[T]he "Union Bridge," at Albury.—a bridge which, is most commanding in appearance, and as to its workmanship throughout, may be regarded as.—and is, in fact.—one of the neatest pieces of joinery that anyone could wish to criticise; some of the large beams being so nicely spliced as almost to defy detection. The bridge is one hundred and fifty-six feet long by thirty wide; it is supported on two piers composed of triple rows of piles, with similar abut- ments on either side the river; there are consequently three spans of eighty feet each from centre to centre of the piers. The superstructure is composed of three rows of trusses or framework

.— 31 — Dirk HR Spennemann

(commonly known as the "double queen" truss), thus dividing the bridge into two road- ways.”276 As it had previously done for the punt (p. 17), the NSW government levied a toll on the newly developed bridge, which was then auctioned to the highest bidder.277 This was received with great annoyance by both the local and the travelling public as the government had intimated earlier that the bridge would be free.278 Once NSW had introduced a toll on the south-bound traffic, Victoria followed suit and charged the north-bound traffic.279 An 1863 advertisement spells out the toll fees (Table 2). Table 2. Schedule of the bridge toll for 1863280 s d For every foot passenger 0 2 For every gig, dray, cart, or other vehicle 1 0 For every horse, mare, gelding, ass or mule, drawing or not drawing 0 6 For every ox of head of meat cattle, drawing or not drawing 0 4 For every sheep, lamb, pig or goat 0 1 One charge to include passing and repassing one a day. Persons riding or travelling in vehicles not to be charged toll as foot passengers. Tenderers for the toll were not readily forthcoming, and on occasion, as in 1863, the government not only had to advertise repeatedly,281 but also had to subsequently lower its expectations of the level of revenue.282 The NSW government was adamant that the reserve price at the auction was to be £600.283 The tender process seems to have run more smoothly in 1864,284 and 1865.285 In 1874 the tolls were finally abolished.286 Even though of a sturdy construction, the bridge, like any other timber bridge, soon required maintenance and ongoing repairs. Tenders for bridge repairs were let in 1864,287 1869,288 1882,289 and possibly in other years as well. Following the re-routing of the traffic along the new alignment of the communications corridor (Fig. 18), the old punt location was largely abandoned and the road fell into disrepair. The only people still using it were drovers who used the old forcing yards or the ford. In 1868, Daniel Driscoll, a builder, inn-keeper and lessee of the Albury Bridge toll, proposed to the Yackandandah Shire Council, which was in charge of the Wodonga section of the road, to repair the old Wodonga bridge and to erect a small log bridge over sections of the old punt road (Fig. 15).290 While the council concurred with the necessity to keep the old punt road in a state of repair, it was disinclined to fund the repairs to the bridges.291 The Victorian government declared a new formal stock route across Wodonga Flats that connected the bridge location with the new bridge over Wodonga Creek (Fig. 15).

.— 32 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Table 3. Licensees of the Albury Bridge Toll 1861–1874 Year Licensee Notes 1861 1862 Daniel Driscoll 292 1863 Daniel Driscoll ? 1864 Daniel Driscoll ? 1865 Daniel Driscoll 293 1866 Daniel Driscoll 294 1867 Michael Tiernan 295 1868 Daniel Driscoll 296 1869 Daniel Driscoll 297 1870 Daniel Driscoll ? 1871 Daniel Driscoll ? 1872 Daniel Driscoll 298 1873 1874

Fig. 24. The Union Bridge in 1883.299

Fig. 25. The Albury approach to the Union Bridge in 1862.300

.— 33 — Dirk HR Spennemann

Fig. 26. The Union Bridge in 1883.301

Fig. 27. The Union Bridge looking downstream as seen from the Victorian side.302

.— 34 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

On von Guerard’s sketch of 1862, the Union Bridge can be seen in the distance with a single building on the eastern side of Wodonga Street directly at the bridge head (Fig. 19). That building is also shown in the background of a separate sketch of the Al- bury approach to the Union Bridge (Fig. 25). Von Guerard’s drawing indicates that it was a rectangular building with a roofline running parallel to the road. The building, for which two chimneys can be made out, is likely to be the Bridge Inn (see p. 131). In addition, von Guerard depicts a small hut on the western side of the access road. The building is labelled with the German annotation ‘zoll haus’ which normally would be translated as ‘customs house’, but in this instance may also mean ‘toll house.’ The approaches that led to the Union Bridge on the Albury side were in part comprised of shorter bridge sections in order to cross some of the drainage swales as well as the smaller anabranches such as Oddies Creek.303

Further developments In addition to the bridge, the South Albury area experienced other development, one being the routing of the telegraph line along the new communications corridor. Telegraph The telegraph line between Sydney and Melbourne followed, by and large, the main road and thus crossed the Murray at Albury. The telegraph line passed across Green’s paddock just behind the Turk’s Head building (Fig. 23). 304 As the line ran across Wodonga Flats (now Gateway Island), it was prone to damage by riverine flooding. Such was the case in 1859, when the flood took out all posts over a the distance of some 400m (quarter of a mile), thereby interrupting the communications with Mel- bourne for three days.305 The wooden poles were replaced by iron poles in 1874.306 In 1884 the main telegraph line between Sydney and Melbourne was to be rerouted via the railway track not the Union Bridge.307 One wire, however, was to be retained for local customs communications.308 The wire connected “the Albury Goods Shed and Customs Office and Victorian bonded store (at the end of Dean Street), Al- bury passenger station, Albury (near Mate’s), the Union Bridge, Wodonga Customs House at Bridge, and [the] Wodonga Telegraph Office at [the] Wodonga Railway Sta- tion.”309 The Wharf (1872–1896) During the mid–nineteenth century, the heavy goods traffic relied on bullock drays, or, where possible, paddle steamers. If the water levels permitted the voyage from Murray Bridge to Albury could be made in three weeks. Seasonally variable water levels of the Murray, however, made navigation beyond Wahgunyah/Rutherglen unpredictable and thus unreliable. While Albury, upstream of Wahgunyah, had first been ready by a steamer on 2 October 1855,310 the river levels meant that paddle steamer traffic only

.— 35 — Dirk HR Spennemann rarely reached Albury.311 At the same time as Victoria was vigorously expanding its railway network, with Echuca becoming a rail head in 1864312 and a Wodonga-line being projected as early as 1870, Albury pursued a steamer connection. In July 1870 tenders were called for a wharf.313 The 160 foot long timber wharf was nearly finished in May 1871, waiting for the crane. The wharf became fully operational in June 1871 when the hand lifting crane had been installed (Fig. 6)314 As Albury was a customs location and ‘port of entry’ for traffic across the bridge, the same applied to the wharf.315 Less than a year later, however, Victoria commenced the construction of the railway line to Wodonga,316 which was incrementally opened with Wodonga being connected on 2 October 1873.317 As a result, most of the heavy goods traffic on the upper sections of the Murray shifted its focus from the river and therefore Adelaide or Echu- ca to Melbourne—the border duties between the two colonies notwithstanding. By 1874 river traffic to Albury had effectively ceased for all but the lowest priority heavy goods traffic, with the last paddle steamer arriving in 1885.318 Subsequently, the wharf fell into disrepair and was eventually demolished in 1896.319 With the cessation of the paddle steamer traffic, as well as the demise of the forcing yards, the original crossing place location at the end of Hovell Street had fully lost its significance. The Railway (1873–1881) Both the Victorian and the New South Wales railway systems were centred on the respective colonial capitals. From Sydney and Melbourne the rail network radiated outwards from the 1860s onwards. Unlike New South Wales, which had been lagging in terms of the development of its railway infrastructure, Victoria was keen to maximise the potential of the new technology. Thus it quickly developed connections from Mel- bourne to regional centres such as Bendigo and Ballarat, but also tried to tie its network to the opportunities provided by the paddle steamer traffic on the Murray.320 Conse- quently it constructed railheads at Echuca in 1864,321 Wahgunyah in 1879,322 Yarrawon- ga in 1886,323 and Swan Hill in 1890.324 Closer to Albury, Wodonga had been reached on 21 November 1873.325 Once the connection between Melbourne and Wodonga was operational, a horse-drawn omnibus service was established that connected Albury with the Victorian rail head (Fig. 28). The New South Wales railway network was much slower to reach the Albury area.326 In early 1878 the riverine flats near the Union Bridge were transformed into a tent camp for the railway navvies working on the Wagga to Albury leg of the Great South- ern railway.327 By 1881 the Great Southern Line from Sydney had reached Albury, thus connecting the border with its capital city. The impact of the railway on travel times cannot be underestimated.328

.— 36 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

In 1882 a temporary wooden railway bridge was built over the Murray. This bridge carried both rail gauges, connecting Albury and Wodonga with trains of either gauge. The connection was formally opened on 14 June 1883. A permanent iron lattice girder bridge was erected in 1884.329 An 1884 woodcut published in the Australian Town and Country Journal shows the approach to the Union Bridge, with the buildings of the Albury brewery at the left and the bridge toll house at the right side. Some small buildings in the section of the Chinese market gardens are also depicted (Fig. 28).

Developments in the vicinity of the Bridge

Brewery The location near the Union Bridge, with its ready access to Murray River water provided a prime spot for the erection of a brewery. Like many country towns, Albury had a number of brewing establishments that waxed and waned depending on economic conditions of the times and the capabilities of their proprietors. Albury’s first brewery was opened in 1858 in Dean Street opposite Townsend Street in 1857 by Robert Da- vison and John Kaleski.330 This brewery went through several hands until it closed in 1874. The first brewery to open at Wodonga Place was reputedly the Colonial Porter Brewery in 1872,331 which by 1875 was operated by R O’Keeffe & Co. The Border Post Albury Almanac of 1878 lists the premises of R O’Keeffe & Co at the Albury Brewery, near the Union Bridge.332 George Henry Billson took over the establishment in May 1879 and modernised it,333 spending more than £3000 on a four-storey brewery with detached engine house and boiler (Fig. 28).334 In July 1888 Billson’s brewery merged with the Hume Brewery (in Wilson Street) to form the Albury Brewing and Malting Company Ltd (Fig. 29–Fig. 30).335 Increased competition form Melbourne brewers forced further consolidation in 1911, when the Albury brewery merged with a Beechworth operation to form the Bor- der United Co-operative Breweries Ltd.336 The venture which by that time had facilities in Albury, Beechworth and Tallangatta, failed in September 1914,337 and, with different investors, was broken up into the Murray Breweries Pty Ltd (Beechworth)338 and Mur- ray River Pty Ltd (Albury).339 The Albury brewery shut down in 1916 or 1917 due to unsuitability of the water340 and was sold off in 1922 (see p. 131).

.— 37 — Dirk HR Spennemann

Fig. 28. The approach to the Union Bridge in 1884. The brewery is at the left, the old bridge toll house at the right.341

Fig. 29. Albury Brewing & Malting Company at the second Union Bridge (ca 1896–1910).342

.— 38 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Fig. 30. Advertisement for the Albury Brewing & Malting Company.343

Fig. 31. The ‘beach’ at Norieul Park in the 1940s.344

Floating Baths The Murray river had, of course, been a favourite swimming spot for many Alburites. But not all of the river was safe for swimming.345 A small stretch of the Murray, some 150m upstream of the punt, was known to be a dangerous swimming spot as it had a

.— 39 — Dirk HR Spennemann powerful eddy which had scoured out a deep pool. In 1855 at least five people had drowned at that spot, and another in January 1856.346 More fatalities were reported in subsequent years.347 In March 1918 a committee of the Albury Council recommended that the city should purchase a section of river frontage at Robinson’s paddock behind the Turk’s Head building (today’s area of the canoe club at Noreuil Park) to convert this into public bathing space.348 While Robinson seems to have been prepared to sell, little seems to have come of it. The Murray makes a south-ward bend just to the west of the Turk’s Head, which on the Albury side results in a shallow and quiet water area with concomitant accumula- tion of sand and fine gravel (just upstream of the danger spot). As Albury grew, that area became known as ‘the beach’ and developed into a popular swimming spot, including the location of swimming carnivals.349 At one point, the erection of temporary sheds (change rooms) were promised by a local candidate.350 Such informal swimming opportunities notwithstanding, there was a demand for formal, gender separated, and presumably safer, swimming opportunities. In early Janu- ary 1871 floating public baths were established in the Murray “near the Chinaman’s Gardens”351 but the baths failed as they were too far from town.352 Another set of baths was erected by a William B Wilson just upstream of the former punt in 1876 which operated until 1880 (Fig. 13).353 The floating baths were temporarily again en vogue in 1906 when they became the focus of election promises,354 even though a formal, permanent swimming pool had been built in 1896.355 Chinese Market Gardens In existence since the early 1860, the Chinese market gardens near the Turk’s Head building were a major source of fresh food for the Albury community.356 Grown were a wide range of vegetables, primarily cabbages,357 but also cauliflower, tobacco,358 as well as citrus fruit. The Chinese subleased both the land and the associated structures.359 The majority of the Chinese working the gardens seem to have lived in the Chinese settlement at the bottom of Townsend and Kiewa Streets. The comparatively isolated nature of the gardens meant that unless occupied by the Chinese,360 some of the buildings were subject to abuse by tramps.361 Being on the floodplain and close to the Murray, the gardens were repeatedly flooded out (Fig. 33) leading to the loss of most or all crops.362 The market gardeners erected a system of own levee banks, but they were either too low for large floods, or inadequately designed. The gardens were still in use after World War II, but were abandoned when Albury City resumed the land for recreation purposes and cancelled the leases. An aerial image of 1949 shows the extent of the intensive small-field market gar- dening in the south and abandoned market gardens in the north (Fig. 34).

.— 40 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Fig. 32. Bark hut with pug-and-pine chimney in the Chinese Market Gardens ca 1900.363

The vicinity of the Chinese gardens to the Turk’s Head building did not always make for amicable neighbourhood relations. In July 1880 the new land lord, Thomas Gulson, complained about the stench of nightsoil being delivered to the market gar- dener Ah Sing.364

Fig. 33. The Mur- ray River flooding part of the Chinese Market Gardens in 1931.365 Inset: camera location and angle

The market gardens persisted until the 1940, with one set of gardens south of the

Turk’s Head, one west of Wodonga Place and north of Ebden Street, and one on the other side of the road, opposite the Turk’s Head.366 The corner block south of Wodon-

.— 41 — Dirk HR Spennemann ga Place and north of Ebden Street was planted up as an orchard or, at least had a large number of fruit trees remaining from previous occupation.367

Fig. 34. Appearance of the Chinese Market Gardens in May 1949.368 The Turk’s Head building complex is at the top right and the Union Bridge with the public works hut at the bottom. The new Union Bridge (1898–1899) By the mid-1890s the initial Union Bridge had become weakened and in need of major repair or complete replacement.369 The tender for the second bridge had been accepted in March 1897370 and planning for the construction began. By late 1898 the development was well under way and contemporary Albury citizens sought to use the real, or perceived, instability of the bridge as an incentive to redirect heavy-laden wool wagons destined to the Wodonga rail head to the Albury station instead.371

.— 42 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

The new bridge was a two-span Allan truss design372 with a single, undivided road deck supported by concrete-filled iron cylinder piers (Fig. 35). The trusses were made from ironbark, while the road deck was made from Tallowwood.373 To the great annoyance of both Albury and Wodonga councils, the new bridge was opened without any ceremony on 3 January 1899.374 The councils decided to have a formal ceremony a week later.375 The old bridge was still being pulled down in early February.376 To maintain access to the bridge at times of low-level flooding, the approaches to the bridge had been erected on an embankment replete with short bridge sections to cross Oddies Creek and other swales on the flood plain. Calls were made in 1907 that the embankments near the Turks Head and the bridge approach be furnished with a wing fence.377 The bridge served the highway traffic until 1961 when it was replaced by the current concrete structure.

Fig. 35. The second Union Bridge (1896) looking upstream.378

.— 43 —

at Howlong (Roberts, 1964, p. 149ff), Notes to Chapter 2 which had also been used as the principal crossing for the mail in 1837 and

1838 (A. Andrews, 1912a, p. 11). The 1. Andrews [ed.] (1981, p. 130ff). change of the mail route to the crossing 2 at Albury was already proposed in Oc- . Hume and Hovell did not encounter tober 1837 (Anonymous, 1837). The any Indigenous people, but concluded mail route, its location directly at the that “[t]he natives, it would seem from their most direct route from Sydney to Mel- tracks, are here numerous” Jones (1991). bourne, and the gazettal as a township Standing on what appears to be Dight’s in 1839 cemented Albury’s location as Hill (ca -36.062525, 146.905283), they the principal crossing place. also noted smoke some five miles to the 14 west-north-west (Bland, 1831, p. 37). . This section has been taken, largely Hovell noted in his diary for 19 Nov verbatim, from (Spennemann, 2015b). 1824 that “[t]here is every appearance, that 15. Today the area is Wiradjuri Country. It the Natives are Numerous, in this quarter, is neither the place, nor the object of and that they frequently Cross the River in this study, to discuss the nature and ex- Barked Canoes” (Andrews [ed.], 1981, p. tent of nineteenth century community 135; Bland, 1831, p. 41). ownership of the land on which Albury 3. A. Andrews (1920, p. 22ff; 170f). stands. 16 4. E.g. (A. Andrews, 1920; Carmody, . (A. Andrews, 1920, p. 22).—The home- 1981; Smithwick, 1936a, 1936b, stead location was later moved to the 2003).— See also advertisements for ford at Thurgoona. race stallions to stand (Anonymous, 17. See example cited in (Smithwick, 1842a, 1842b). 1936a). 5. Formally gazetted on 13 April 1839 18. (J. F. H. Mitchell, 1904, 1906). (Thomson, 1839c). 19. Having owned his property on the Tan- 6. (Townsend, 1839). gambalanga (Vic) run since 1850, 7. (see also Vagabond, 1896). Thomas Mitchell created a safe haven, 8 formally a 640 acre ‘reserve’, for Indig- . (Townsend, 1839).—Robert Browne enous people in 1864 (Temple, 1971, had sold out and purchased Collendina pp. 4, 33). When he sold his property in run (Thomson, 1848a). 1874 and moved to Bringenbrong, the 9. The appreciation of the location, and informal reserve was rescinded and traditional use, of river crossings is im- many of the Indigenous residents fol- portant for the understanding of early lowed. Thomas’ son Peter Stuckey European communications patterns in Mitchell even codiciled the protection south-eastern Australia, which, inevita- in his will.—See also background in bly, would follow Indigenous pathways. (Anonymous, 1908e; Sherrie, 1908). Early European visitors to the Riverina 20. (Anonymous, 1908e). (such as Hume & Hovell, Sturt, Mitch- 21 ell), when describing the landscape, . see comments by Lady Jane Franklin make repeated reference to evidence of [19 & 20 April 1838] in (G. A. the presence of Indigenous Australians Robinson, 1844–45; Russell [ed.], 2002, even when none were seen. In the main, p. 60ff).—See also (Peter, 1841). this will refer to well-established path- 22. (Bushman, 1842). ways and travel routes, as well as evi- 23. (Anonymous, 1856b; Peter, 1841; dence of campsites and the like. Shelly, 1841; Sherrie, 1906). 10. (Browne, 1838d). 24. entry 3 Oct 1844 (G. A. Robinson, 11. (Reid, 1902).—Not to be confused with 1844–45) (see also Anonymous, 1845c). another ‘Hume’s Crossing’ at Yass. 25. (A. Andrews, 1912a, p. 5).— 12. For the location and histories of the Merriman/Merryman was suspected to various fords, see Spennemann (2015b). be involved in the disappearance of an 13. Following Surveyor Thomas Mitchell’s Afro-American in employ of Mr Fowler trip in 1836 (T. L. Mitchell, 1839, p. of ¶¶ station (Anonymous, 1842c). 302ff), which received wide attention, 26. (A. Andrews, 1917; Asher, 1907). many drovers switched to the crossing Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

27. (D. Mackenzie, 1845, p. 199; Reid, ing to Mr. John Dight; they have done 1898).—“the blacks will only bring one mischief by driving, and frightening cat- mail bag at a time … the blacks will not tle off other stock runs.”(Anonymous, return for another bag that night, hav- 1839b). ing two miles of water to cross…” 39. Mounted Policemen despatched to the (Anonymous, 1851b). Hume (Anonymous, 1838b), but squat- 28. Song mentioned in (G. A. Robinson, ters claimed that this had stripped other 1839–40) entry for 25 April 1840. areas of projection from attacks by In- 29. (G. A. Robinson, 1844–45), entry 2 Oct digeous peoples (Anonymous, 1844.—The effect of these, as well as 1838b).— The fifth division of the malnutrition due to dislocation was mounted police had five mounted and soon apparent in the vicinity of Albury: one unmounted trooper stationed at Albury in 1839 (Anonymous, 1839d). “I am aware that I say nothing new or un- 40 common, when I state that the blacks here go . (Anonymous, 1839c). about from hut to hut in parties varying in 41. But the powers given to the police were number from half a dozen to two hundred or seen as insufficient by some squatters: three hundred. They are in general a miserable “ a sufficient force (about thirty men) has been set of wretches, yearly diminishing in number; sent up to check the depredations of the natives. very few of them are old men, and there is but a I know it. But I also know, that these men are remarkably small proportion of young children strictly prohibited from resorting to "any means among them” (Anonymous, 1845c). of retaliation." No discretionary power has 30. (Anonymous, 1857k). been given to them. They are not even allowed 31. (Anonymous, 1908e; Sherrie, 1906). to shoot the blacks who were concerned in the 32 massacre of Mr. Faithful's men. So anxious . (Bassett, 1989). has the Government been about the safety of 33. (Smithwick, 1936a, 1936b). the natives, that Mr. Stewart, the Police Mag- 34. (Bingham, 1839). istrate at Goulburn, was despatched in order to 35. (Sherrie, 1906). prevent the party sent under the command of 36. (Anonymous, 1896d).—“The blacks some- Lieutenant Waddy, in pursuit of the murderers times proved troublesome, and at periods their of Mr. Faithful's men, from hurting any of the marauds on the flocks and herds of settlers blacks. The mounted police are instructed to were frequent, and even the lives of pioneer resi- apprehend them, and bring them to trial. dents were in danger. One old black, named (Anonymous, 1838b). Merriman, was a noted murderer of white peo- 42. (Bingham, 1839). ple, and was held in great fear by them, and al- 43. (King, 1841).— The early population so by his own race, for he was not particular estimates for the region to the north who suffered at his hands. In 1846 the few res- and north-east of Albury vary wildly, idents were much excited and perturbed to wit- from ca100 Indigenous people in the ness a native battle near the Hume and Hovell area 50 miles south and 20 miles north tree. Eight hundred of the Murrumbidgee and of Gundagai, of whom 45 are males Murray blacks fought for a week over some above puberty (Peter, 1841); ca 400 In- point of difference, and the sight was a most digenous people in the Tumut area and imposing one” ('a local writer' cited in upper Murrumbidgee (Shelly, 1841), Anonymous, 1896d). while Bingham estimates between 1,500 37. (Anonymous, 1902). and 2,000 for the entire Murrumbidgee 38. see for ex. Reid (1902) for his percep- district (Bingham, 1841). tions in 1840.—See also contemporary . Benjamin Barber (1841), lessee of the accounts of livestock losses Brimin Run near Rutherglen, noted that (Anonymous, 1838b, 1839b, 1840a) and “there are three distinct tribes in this neigh- attacks (and occasionally killings) on bourhood, the Hume or Uradgerry, the Weiro shepherds and outstation hands or Ovens and the Unangan or Lower Hume, (Anonymous, 1838b, 1840a, 1840b, consisting of about 200 in each tribe; the 1840e). The extent of these claims of Hume blacks are the most civilized and ap- personal injury are likely to be inflated proach the huts without fear; we are in the censee (Anonymous, 1840d).— A typical tre of these tribes and they extend over a coun- statement reads: “The blacks have been, try of about 1,000 square miles.” and are still troublesome; a few days ago 44. (G. A. Robinson, 1844–45), entry for 2 they killed three head of cattle belong- Oct 1844.

.— 45 — Dirk HR Spennemann

45. (Elliott, 1906). third edition of 1927 (Department of 46. (Elliott, 1906). Lands, 1927). 61 47. (Elliott, 1906). . Anonymous (1896e). 62 48. (Wiliam Howitt, 1858, p. 178). . A. Andrews (1912a, p. 6). 63 49. (Anonymous, 1854). . A. Andrews (1912a, p. 11); D. 50 Mackenzie (1845, pp. 40–41).—The . The local administration (e.g. police or Sydney and Melbourne mails met and magistrates) maintained a ledger that were exchanged at Albury every Satur- listed the recipients of the blankets. day in 1842 (Bushman, 1842) and every While such lists exist, for example, for Wednesday in 1844 (Anonymous, Bathurst (State Library of NSW, 2015), 1844). and Armidale (Court of Petty Sessions 64. Armidale, 1904) the ledger for Albury Spennemann (2015b). does not seem to have survived.— 65. An example is the flood that devastated Blankets were still handed out in 1870 European Gundagai in 1852. in Yass and Wagga Wagga (down to on- 66. The relevant gauge was established at ly eleven Indigenous Australians turning the Union Bridge. It officially measured up) (Anonymous, 1870b). The local pa- to a maximum of 14ft 6in above sum- per carried the opinion that (in Yass) mer level (Anonymous, 1879f). Heights the Indigenous Australians should wait above the gauge were estimated on high and that flood-affected Europeans water marks on trees, roads and build- should have preference (Anonymous, ings.—The summer level was set at 2ft 1870c); see also Deniliquin 1871 2in (Anonymous, 1905e).—For a com- (Anonymous, 1871b). pilation of known floods until 1917, see 51. (Anonymous, 1857d, 1858c). (Anonymous, 1917a). 52. Etymology: Bun—Creek that runs only 67. (Anonymous, 1847, 1867d). during winter and spring; gam—?; bra— 68. (Anonymous, 1851a). white; watha—hearing. Phonetic varia- 69. During the September 1856 flood the tions on record (Spennemann, 2015b): floor of the bar of the Hume Inn was 'Bungambrewatah' in Townsend (1839); reputedly two feet underwater (Mott, ‘Bung.gain.re.art.ter’ in G. A. Robinson 1895). The land where the Hume Inn (1839–40), entry for 25 April 1840; once stood is currently between the 152 ‘Bung.gam.re.art.er’ in G. A. Robinson m and 153m contour. (1839–40), entry for 25 April 1840 70. The lower end of Townsend street was ‘Bung.yarn.brethe.wuther’ in (G.A. flooded and the cricket ground was Robinson 1844 cited in Wesson, 2000); mostly under water (H. N. Turnbull, 'Bungambrewatah' and ‘Bungambrewa- 1917). tah Creek’ on map by (Colonial 71 Secretary's Office, 1849); 'Bungam- . The height was 16ft7in above summer brewather' in J. F. H. Mitchell (1906). level (Anonymous, 1870a).— 53 (Anonymous, 1867d, 1867e, 1917d).— . (Townsend, 1839). The height of the flood can be calculat- 54. Etymology: yarra—red, wudda—earth (J. ed to be equivalent to 5.91m at the cur- F. H. Mitchell, 1906).— ‘Yarrawudda’ rent Albury gauge. on 1849 town map (Colonial Secretary's 72. (Anonymous, 1870a).—The height of Office, 1849). the flood was calculated to be equiva- 55. (see also Vagabond, 1896). lent to 5.89m at the current Albury 56. Townsend (1839). gauge (State Emergency Service, 2003, 57. (Anonymous, 1861d). pp. A-5).—This was equivalent to a dis- 58. (Anonymous, 1853a). charge of 267,600 ML/day (WMA 59 Water, 2016, p. 24). . H. N. Turnbull (1923).—A good de- 73 scription of cattle and sheep being . (Anonymous, 1875c). forded is given by George Augustus 74. The height was 15ft8in above summer Robinson (1839–40, entry for 25 April level (Anonymous, 1879c, 1879e, 1840). 1917c).This equates to about 5.91m of 60. The ford is still marked on the town the modern Albury gauge. According to map of 1884 (Surveyor General's (WMA Water, 2016, p. 24) the height Office, 1884), but no longer on the was 5.79m.

.— 46 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

75. The height was 14ft4in above summer 97. (Anonymous, 1921d) level (Anonymous, 1887a). 98. (Anonymous, 1921e).—With the excep- 76. The Murray flooded much of South Al- tion of a few patches that has been pro- bury, making the even parts of the tected by levee banks erected by the Howlong Road impassable. The height Chinese themselves. was 15ft3in above summer level 99. Image courtesy Photosupplies, Albury. (Anonymous, 1889).The Turk’s Head Flickr 236682443. hotel was flooded. 100. The convicts were Henry Angel, Claude 77. The height was 13ft10in above summer Bossawa, and James Fitzpatrick who level (Anonymous, 1905e). During the supported Hamilton Hume, while Wil- 1905 floods the gardens of the Union liam Bollard, Thomas Boyd, and Thom- Bridge Hotel were flooded, but the as Smith who supported William Hovell building was not. (Angel, 1881; Hume, 1855; 1873, p. 31). 78. (Anonymous, 1906e, 1917a). 101. (Hume, 1873, p. 31). 79. The height was 14ft10in above summer 102. Source: image courtesy Donelly, Albury. level (Anonymous, 1909c, 1909e, 103. The date 17 Nov is perpetuated on a 1917a). bronze plaque placed on Hovell’s Tree. 80 . The height in October was 16ft4in 104. Hovell’s inscription had become partial- above summer level (Anonymous, ly occluded by callous growth in 1859 1917b).—This equates to 19ft1½in on when Hovell visited Albury again. He the new (post Hume Weir) gauge then recut the inscription. We can only (Anonymous, 1946).—The height of surmise that the recut inscription was the flood was calculated to be equiva- indeed a replica of the original as by lent to 5.83m at the current Albury that time their relationship had become gauge (State Emergency Service, 2003, even more acrimonious than at the time pp. A-5). This was equivalent to a dis- of the 1824 trip; see pamphlet by Hume charge of 240,600 ML/day (WMA (1855) and reply Hovell (1855). Water, 2016, p. 24). 81 There is disagreement as to the text of . The height was17ft 1in (Anonymous, the original inscription of the Hume 1921d, 1921e). and Hovell Trees. Hovell claimed that 82. The flood reached 5.23m at the modern his inscription on ‘his’ tree’ read: Albury gauge (WMA Water, 2016, p. “W.Hovell, 17th November 1824” 24). (Hovell, 1853), while another 1853 83. The height was 15ft11in on the new source stated “Hovell, Nov 1824” (post Hume Weir) gauge (Anonymous, (Anonymous, 1853a); but an 1854 1946). source claimed that the original inscrip- 84. Like in 1939, the height was 15ft11in on tion read “Hovell and Hume, 17th No- the new (post Hume Weir) gauge vember 1824” (Anonymous, 1854). (Anonymous, 1946). At a speech in Geelong in December 85. (State Emergency Service, 2003, pp. A- 1853, Hovell himself stated that “on the 5). The 1975 flood reached 5.66/5.68m sixteenth they came to the present crossing at the modern Albury gauge, while the place, where a large tree was marked with their 1974 flood reached 5.59m(WMA Water, names and the dates of their arrival” 2016, p. 24). (Anonymous, 1853d). 86. Section of image. Source: ARM 85.460. By 1874, the recut inscription reputedly 87. (Anonymous, 1867d). read “Hovell 17 Novr ‘24” 88 (Anonymous, 1876f). Tree decay in the . (Anonymous, 1867f). early 1900s meant that the inscription 89. (Anonymous, 1867e). was becoming lost so that a bronze 90. (Anonymous, 1917b). plaque was cast in 1911 to perpetuate 91. (Anonymous, 1875c). the inscription. That plaque, which has 92. (Anonymous, 1879b, 1879e). since been set into a memorial stone, 93 carries the text “HOVELL | NOV . (Anonymous, 1906e). 17/24’. 94 . (Anonymous, 1909e). The tree was fenced in in June 1851 95. (Anonymous, 1917b, 1917c, 1917d). (Hindmarsh, 1853). 96. (Anonymous, 1946).

.— 47 — Dirk HR Spennemann

The Hovell Tree is well depicted in the 116. (Anonymous, [1935?]).—William historic sources (Anonymous, Mitchell had received a pasturage li- 1876f)(Anonymous, 1873)(Myers, 1895; cence on 7 February 1837 for the von Guerard, 1862b). Monaro (license nº 208, Thomson, 105. The monument was funded by the do- 1837). nations of the Albury residents in a 117. (Anonymous, 1837, 1838a). movement spearheaded by Robert 118. (Thomson, 1848b). Brown. Subscriptions under way: 119. Source (Spennemann, 2015b). (Anonymous, 1857e, 1857f, 1857g); 120 monument about to arrive . First gardens, owned by Robert Brown (Anonymous, 1858g); arrived in April in 1835/6 at the locations of the cus- (Anonymous, 1858k). toms house in 1856 (Mott, 1856). 121 106. (Anonymous, 1858h).—Inaugurated 17 . (Anonymous, 1840c) July 1858 (Anonymous, 1858i).— 122. The advertisements were repeatedly Monument executed by a Melbourne published in March 1838 (Browne, firm (Anonymous, 1873d), but stone 1838d), see also (Browne, 1838a, 1838b, reputedly imported from America 1838c). (Anonymous, 1858i).—Inscription: This 123. (A. E. J. Andrews, 1993). Monument was erected by the Inhabit- 124. S.A. Perry to T.S. Townsend, 5 July ants of the HUME RIVER, in honour 1838, directing Townsend to carry out of HAMILTON HUME, - ESQ., to the survey (Perry, 1838). commemorate his discovery of this riv- 125. (Perry, 1838). er on the 17th of November, 1824.— 126 The inscription pilloried by the Border . Colonial Secretary to S.A. Perry, 13 Post of October 1868: "the inscription, April 1839, approving the town plan of "Erected by the inhabitants of the Albury (Cannon & MacFarlane, 1988, p. Hume river," &c., seems to make it ap- 254). pear that the lobsters and codfish in- 127. (detailed listing, Thomson, 1839a; habiting the stream have been unusually general notice, Thomson, 1839c). liberal, but perhaps they were like the 128. (Townsend, 1839). fish mentioned in Scripture, which dis- 129. (Perry, 1838). gorged money to pay the tribute.” 130. All evidence of the early means of (Anonymous, 1868e). crossing the river are based on later 107. (Anonymous, 1868e). recollections (A. Andrews, 1911; 108. Iron palings stolen (Anonymous, Anonymous, 1856c, 1883b, 1899b; 1868e); targeted with stones by boys Salmond, 1909). Consequently, they (Anonymous, 1868e). need to be read cum grano salis. 109. (Anonymous, 1873). 131. After which he established the Bonegil- 110. (Anonymous, 1854). la Run across the river. 111. von Guerard (1862b). The pencil sketch 132. (Anonymous, 1899b). furnished by the Mitchell Library, State 133. For bark canoe see (Basedow, 1914; Library of New South Wales has been Edwards, 1972; Holland, 1976). contrast enhanced. 134. The sale price was, reputedly, £10 112. (Anonymous, 1876f). (Anonymous, 1899b). 113. (La Trobe, 1848). 135. (Salmond, 1909). 114. (A. Andrews, 1912a, p. 3f; 1920, p. 22ff; 136. (A. Andrews, 1911). 170f).—Ebden continued to operate 137. (Perry, 1838). the Bonegilla run until 1851 138. (Anonymous, 1841b). (Anonymous, 1851c; La Trobe, 1847, 139 1848).—But see advert for sale of sta- . Anonymous (1844). tion in 1840: (Anonymous, 1840f). 140. For example, in the summer of 1844/45 115. (licence nº 202, Thomson, 1837).— the punt was out of action for two Renewed July 1838 (licence nº 289, months with goods, people and mail Thomson, 1838).—Pasturage license to backing up on both sides (Anonymous, James Mitchell (P. L. Campbell, 1840, p. 1844).—See also (Anonymous, 1851a). 171 [under 'Murrumbidgee']). 141. (Anonymous, 1851b).

.— 48 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

142. Base map printing, showing the punt: 173. Albury–Wodonga road improvements (Colonial Secretary's Office, 1849).— 1862 (Grant, 1863b, nº 1652; 1863a, nº Annotated map shown in Fig. 13: 1066).—Another Albury–Wodonga Flat (Colonial Secretary's Office, 1884). road was built in connection with con- 143. The proprietor of the Hume Inn held a nection with the railway development two third share in the punt, but had on the Victorian side 1870–1871 leased out its operation at £200 p.a. (Longmore, 1870, 1871) gravelled 1871 (Stubbs, 1848). (Kay, 1871).—See also 1878 (J. B. 144. Anonymous (1844). Patterson, 1878). 174. 145. Anonymous (1844). (Anonymous, 1858d).— The proprietor 146. in 1845 was a William Conley (R. T. Campbell, 1858a). (Anonymous, 1845b). 147. (Thomson, 1849). 175. (Anonymous, 1856c). 148. (Anonymous, 1853c). 176. The paddock comprised of 11ac.3r.10p 149. In modern parlance the process might (Anonymous, 1857j). be called a ‘rate grab’ by the govern- 177. (Anonymous, 1856d). ment. 178 150. . The date for the gazettal could not be (Anonymous, 1856c). found at the time of writing. 151. (Thomson, 1850). 179. Sales advertisements, see (Solomon, 152. (Thomson, 1851). 1857).—Report on sale (purchaser not 153. (Thomson, 1852a).—No takers, still for stated) (Anonymous, 1857j). The Bor- sale in May (Thomson, 1852b). der Post noted that the property sold 154. (Anonymous, 1852a). “for the extraordinary sum of £290” 155. (Annual Appropriation Act 1852). (Anonymous, 1857j). 180 156. (Anonymous, 1853c). . Tenders were due on 20 December 157 1859 (Flood, 1859b, 1859a). . The Border Post argued that complaints 181 about the tolls charged by the operators . (R. T. Campbell, 1858b). were unwarranted as the rate was fixed 182. (R. T. Campbell, 1858a). by the government (Anonymous, 183. Source: (Department of Lands and 1857h). Survey, 1935). 158. (Anonymous, 1862e). 184. (Anonymous, 1860j). 159. (Thomson, 1853). 185. (Arnold, 1860a). 160. (Inquisitor, 1855; McRae, 1855).— Wil- 186. (Arnold, 1861a).—Still for sale by April liam Brickell was involved in the five- (Arnold, 1861b). day conveyance of the vessel down the 187. (Anonymous, 1860a). Murray (Inquisitor, 1855). 188. (Anonymous, 1861e). 161 . (McRae, 1855). 189. (Arnold, 1862).—The punt was reput- 162. (Anonymous, 1857h). edly sold to be used at Warparanna, but 163. (H. N. Turnbull, 1923). eventually bought a Mr. Fleming of 164. See complaint by Resident of Albury Wahgunyah (Anonymous, 1862f). (1857) and rebuttal by H. Mackenzie 190. (Anonymous, 1841a, 1841b). (1857). 191. (Anonymous, 1844). 165. (Anonymous, 1856c). 192. The proprietor of the Hume Inn held a 166. (Anonymous, 1856e). two third share in the punt, but had 167. (Anonymous, 1856e). leased out its operation at £200 p.a. 168. (Anonymous, 1852c).—Similar com- (Stubbs, 1848).—(Killeevey, 1895). ments were made in October 1851 193. (Killeevey, 1895). (Anonymous, 1851a). 194. (Brickell, 2011, ch. 3). 169. (Anonymous, 1856e). 195. (Anonymous, 1862a). 170. (Gonzalez, Spennemann, & Allan, 2017; 196. (Anonymous, 1857c; H. Mackenzie, Laidlaw, 2009). 1857); punt man a Mr MacKenzie. 171. (Anonymous, 1856g). 197. In 1859 and also in 1860 the punt was 172. (Anonymous, 1856g). reputedly operated by Dan Driscoll (H. N. Turnbull, 1923).—This may be a

.— 49 — Dirk HR Spennemann

conflation with the fact that Driscoll Co, 1855b).—The publican, McGall, had leased the toll of the bridge (see held a lease until end of the year (Dean Table 3). & Co, 1855b, 1855c, 1855a, 1855d).— 198. (Anonymous, 1860a). The hotel was sold at £1,360 199. The crops described are wheat, rock (Anonymous, 1855c, 1855d). melons and watermelons (Anonymous, 216. effective 19 May 1855, the called ‘The 1841c). Old Hume’ (McGall, 1855). 200. 43 men and 22 women (Anonymous, 217. (Mott, 1895). 1876f). 218. (M. E. Murnin, 1857a, 1857b). 201. (Anonymous, 1847). 219. The sale was advertised widely in the 202. (Anonymous, 1848a).—Additional regional (M. G. Murnin, 1857) and in- farms were mapped out by Townsend tercolonial press including South Aus- in October 1848 (Anonymous, 1848b). tralia (M. E. Murnin, 1857a, 1857b).— 203. Outside the area depicted in Fig. 16. At that time it was owned by 204 M.E.Murnin but run by John McGall . Then located at the south-western cor- who held a lease until 31 March 1858 at ner of Hume and Townsend Streets. an annual rent of £300(M. G. Murnin, 205. (Mott, 1856). 1857).—McGall had his lease extended 206. (Mott, 1856).— On 24 April 1839 the until the end of 1859 (Solomon, 1859a, first allotments of section 1 at Albury 1859b) but chose not to renew. Conse- were offered for sale in Sydney (on 10 quently, the Hume Inn was advertised October 1893) (detailed listing, for lease in November 1859 (Solomon, Thomson, 1839a; general notice, 1859c). Thomson, 1839c). A Charles William 220. See the visit by the Governor of Victo- Roemer acquired allotments 3 and 11 ria in June 1857 (Anonymous, 1857a, (Thomson, 1839b). On 5 May 1841 he 1857n).—see also inaugural meeting of transferred allotment 3 to Robert the Albury Mechanics Institute in April Brown (A. Andrews, 1911). 1857 (Anonymous, 1907c). 207. (Solomon, 1859b). 221. The highest bid was £1,000 by the les- 208. (Stubbs, 1848). Under lease at £200 p.a. see McGall. The auctioneers bought the 209. (Stubbs, 1848). property at #1,500 on behalf of his cli- 210. (Anonymous, 1847, 1867d). ents, whereas Murnin had hoped to re- 211 alise £2,500 (Anonymous, 1857b). . (Stubbs, 1849a, 1849b). 222 212 . (H. M. Turnbull, 1858a). . Rhodes advertised widely such as in 223 Goulburn (Rhodes, 1853a), Melbourne . (Mate & Co, 1858; R. P. Richardson, (Rhodes, 1853b).—In November 1853 1858; H. M. Turnbull, 1858b).—In the boot maker J Earl also advertised 1858 it was described as “the Hume his services at the Hume Inn (Earl, Inn, containing 13 spacious rooms, to- 1853b, 1853a). gether with out-offices, embracing 213 kitchen, store rooms, bake-house, an . Rhodes still advertised in 1854 (Rhodes, excellent nine-stall stable, with three 1854a, 1854b). horse boxes, and grooms room, shed 214. Francis Harmer Moss (Dean & Co, for vehicles and horses, fowl-house, ex- 1855b); Francis Harmer Morse (Dean & tensive yard and gardens, &c” (R. P. Co, 1855a; Milford, 1855b). Richardson, 1858). 215. Morse had fled the premises on 6 224. It was now advertised as “[t]he Hotel March; insolvency declaration on 13 contains Bar with fittings, 11 Bed- April 1855 (Milford, 1855b, 1855a; rooms,5 Parlors, 2 Kitchens with Pan- Want, 1855).—In the sales advertise- try, 3 Stores 10-stall Stable, 4 Loose ment in 1855 the hotel was described as Boxes, Coach-house, &c., &c., &c.; also “the hotel, stables and out offices, now a never failing supply of water on the in complete working order…The Hume premises. The above is built upon an Inn is a most commodious and substan- acre of land, rendering it one of the tial building and contains thirteen spa- most convenient houses for accommo- cious rooms, together with out-offices, dation in the district” (Solomon, 1859a, embracing kitchen, store rooms, bake- 1859b). house, coach-house, extensive yard and stabling, harness-room, &c” (Dean &

.— 50 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

225. Richard Kelly is listed as the licencee ducers but did little for Sydney mer- 1865 and 1866 (Eagar, 1866, p. 1847; chants (Anonymous, 1868b) ; reintro- Smart, 1865, p. 2032). duced soon after, lifted again on 31 May 226. (R. Kelly, 1861) (Anonymous, 1867j; J. 1873 with the Border Customs Conven- Kelly, 1867; H. N. Turnbull, 1923).— tion(A. Andrews, 1912e); reintroduced Mrs R Kelly died in January 1867 on 31 January 1874 (Anonymous, (Anonymous, 1867i).—James Kelly is 1874g).—See also (G. D. Patterson, listed as the licensee 1867 and 1869 1962; Gordon D. Patterson, 1968). (Lane, 1867, p. 1867; 1868, p. 2871). 240. On 12 February 1868 the NSW Cus- The Hume Inn no longer listed in the toms house was removed from the cor- licencing register for 1869 (Lane, 1869, ner of Wodonga Place reserve to the p. 2131). former “Horse and Jockey inn” at the 227. (Anonymous, 1868c, 1868d).—Licensee comer of Hume and Townsend Street James Kelly (Lane, 1868, p. 2871). (A. Andrews, 1912c). 241 228. The court heard that he became insol- . We are in this context not concerned vent as his business had burnt down but with the placement of the customs of- his income had been dropping the year fices on the Victorian side. previously, as well as bad debts and 242. See for example for 1875: (Anonymous, family sickness (Anonymous, 1869). 1875d, 1875h). 229. e.g. Lots 7 and 8 in section 1, lots 10 243. A. Andrews (1912a, pp. 22-23). and 19 in section 2 and lot 8 in section 244. (William Howitt, 1855, vol. 1 p 182). 3: (Bowden & Threkeld, 1856); all of 245. (H. N. Turnbull, 1923). section 2 or 3: (Mort & Co, 1856). 246. von Guerard (1862c). The pencil sketch 230. (Australian Colonies Government Act, furnished by the Mitchell Library, State 1850). Library of New South Wales has been 231. The Murray in its entire width remained contrast enhanced. NSW territory, with the territory of the 247. (Anonymous, 1881b, 1881e, 1881f). colony of Victoria commencing at its 248. This view cannot be taken totally literal- southern bank. ly as it, for example, shows St. Mat- 232. (An Act for granting Duties of thew’s Anglican church with a spire. Customs, 1852). While a spire had been planned for and 233. (An Act for granting Duties of while indeed a view of the proposed Customs, 1852). church with a spire had been illustrated 234. (New South Wales Customs Duties Act, in local papers, the spire was never 1855). erected when the church construction 235. (Murray Customs Duties Act, 1855). stopped in 1874 due to financial diffi- 236 culties. The liberties the artist of the . (Anonymous, 1855b).—This led to 1881 view took are also exemplified by numerous callas for the abolition of St. Patrick’s having a spire (which it still customs. lacks) and by the railway station build- 237. (Anonymous, 1855e), ing as a major terminal building with a 238. Regulating import from South Australia tower (not erected until afterwards). It (River Murray Customs Act, 1857); via is very likely that the artist sketched the or across the Murray in general (River town from an elevated position on Murray Customs Act, 1861).—(A. Poole’s Hill. Specific details, symboliz- Andrews, 1912b). ing progress such as the church spires 239. They were dropped and then reintro- and the steam train arriving at the sta- duced in 1864 (Customs Duties tion, were filled in from other sketches Interpretation Act, 1864; Anonymous, and building plans while back in Syd- 1864a). In 1866 Victoria introduced a ney. Thus we have to be wary of details, new iteration of the customs act which the general impression is likely to be had a more protectionist focus and correct (Spennemann, 2003c). broadened the range of dutiable 249. Source: (Anonymous, 1881b). goods.239; lifted in early 1867 with the 250. See anecdotes in Salmon (1909). Border Customs treaty (Anonymous, 251. (Anonymous, 1856a). While the bridge 1867b) which regulated intercolonial itself was much welcomed, the criticism trade and favoured Albury wine pro- of the location persisted for the entire

.— 51 — Dirk HR Spennemann

period, including the time when the & Wild, 2007)— See also (Anonymous, tenders were called in November 1859 1862a). (Anonymous, 1859a). 265. (Anonymous, 1859b). 252. (Anonymous, 1860a) 266. In 1858 Kidd and Brickell took over the 253. (Adams, 1858). Squatters Hotel on the corner of Smol- 254. (Adams, 1858). lett and Townsend streets (later the site 255. Tenders were due on 20 December of the Farmers’ and Graziers’ Wool 1859 (Flood, 1859b, 1859a).— Store). It was rebuilt in 1858 and after (Anonymous, 1859a). initially intending to name it the Sebas- 256 topol Hotel (Anonymous, 1858j), traded . William Kidd also built the first hotel at under the name of Exchange Hotel the Kiandra gold fields (Anonymous, (Anonymous, 1858e, 1859d).—They 1860h). sold it in July 1860 (Anonymous, 257. Tender accepted 27 January 1860. The 1860k). successful tenderer was listed as . In the same year, Kidd and Brickell also ‘W[ilia]m Kidd’ (Anonymous, 1860e; took over the running of the Mount Eagar, 1860).— The bid of £7046 did Pleasant Hotel on Sydney Road not include the approaches on either (Anonymous, 1858f). side (Murray, 1904).—By November 267 1861 the contractors had been paid . (Kidd & Brickell, 1858a, 1858b). £6,729 7s 9d with another £1,390 11s 268. ‘Kidd & Brickle, Albury’ are on record 4d owing (Anonymous, 1861c).—The as receiving orders of subscription to a contract was not yet fully completed in newspaper (Moor & Hatfield, 1858).— January 1862, again only Kidd is men- Both Adam Casner Kidd and William tioned (Anonymous, 1862c, 1862d). Barnwell Brickell are listed as creditors 258. (Anonymous, 1860a). in an insolvent estate in an August 1859 petition (Purefoy, 1859). 259. Tenders were due on 10 July 1860 (Arnold, 1860b). Both Kidd and Brickell were a signato- 260 ries to the January 1859 petition by . (Anonymous, 1860c, 1860b, 1860f). leading Albury residents for the town to 261. (Kidd & Brickell, 1860). become a municipality (Cowper, 1859). 262. (Anonymous, 1861b). 269. Allotments 9 and 10 of section 8 and 263. Adam Kidd became a British colonial allotment 11 of section 9 (Barney, citizen in 1856 [State Archives, New 1857a, nº 515–517). South Wales, Naturalization of Adam 270. They first went to the Californian rush Casner Kidd, Register 1, Page 792, Item (McMahon & Wild, 2007) and from 4/1200, Reel 129].—Adam C Kidd there arrived in Australia on 3 Novem- served as an alderman for Albury in ber 1852 (Brickell, 2011, ch 3). 1859 (Anonymous, 1876f).— Kidd and 271. (Anonymous, 1862a). Brickell offered their business for sale 272 in November 1860 (Anonymous, 1860l) . Kidd and Brickell owned and operated as they intended to leave the colonies. two punts across the Murrumbidgee at Kidd remained in Albury, still on record Wagga Wagga in 1860 (Anonymous, in November 1861 (Saint Omer, Day, 1860a). Kidd, & Solomon, 1861b, 1861a).—See 273. at £40 p.a. (Anonymous, 1862e).—1854 also (Anonymous, 1862a). see (Brickell, 2011, ch 3); 1857 see 264. William Brickell became a British colo- (Anonymous, 1857c).—1860 see nial citizen in 1856 [State Archives, (Anonymous, 1860g); mentioned as New South Wales, Naturalization of ‘Kidd and Bricker.’ William Barnwell Brickell, Register 1, 274. Possibly the one mentioned for 1857 Page 771, Item 4/1200, Reel 129].—.— (Anonymous, 1857c). Kidd and Brickell offered their business 275. Kidd and Brickell’s new punt, the Border for sale in November 1860 Post argued, it should be purchased by a (Anonymous, 1860l) as they intended to private entity, placed on the Murray a leave the colonies. Brickell departed in mile above the current punt (i.e. at the 1862 for the USA to eventually play a future location of the bridge) and put major role in the development of Miami into operation as a commercial proposi- and Fort Lauderdale (Anonymous, tion in opposition to the government 1900i; Brickell, 2011, ch. 4; McMahon punt (Anonymous, 1860a).

.— 52 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

276. (Anonymous, 1861i). 309. (Anonymous, 1884e). 277. For 1862 period see Arnold (1861c). 310. The Albury (Anonymous, 1855a). 278. (Anonymous, 1861a). 311. Unlike Wahgunyah/Corowa, some 279. (Anonymous, 1861a). 120km down river (58km by road), 280. (Shairp, 1863a). which had a much more reliable water 281 supply provided, inter alia, by the Ovens . NSW tolls: August 1863 (Arnold, and King Rivers. 1863a, 1863b); Victorian tolls: Novem- 312 ber 1863(Shairp, 1863b, 1863a). . (Anonymous, 1864b). 313 282. (Arnold, 1863a). . (A. Andrews, 1912d). 314 283. (Shairp, 1863b). . (A. Andrews, 1912d; Watson, 1880). 315 284. (J. B. Wilson, 1864a, 1864b). . The NSW government decided to make 285 the wharf the only legal point of entry . (Anonymous, 1865a; Arnold, 1865a, (Watson, 1880). 1865b). 316 286 . Construction of the Wodonga Line had . (Anonymous, 1874b). begun in April 1872. 287 . (Holroyd, 1864). 317. (Anonymous, 1873j). 288 . “including screwing-up, painting, and 318. (Spennemann, 2002). tarring” (Sutherland, 1869). 319 289 . (Anonymous, 1896e). . (Duffy, 1882). 320 290 . (Waugh, 2000). . Still extant as the Wodonga stock route 321 (Department of Lands and Survey, . (Anonymous, 1864b).—The rail link 1935) between Melbourne and Echuca drew 291 much traffic from the Murray and . (Anonymous, 1868g). the Murrumbidgee to the detriment 292. Albury Banner March 1862 ¶¶ D. Dris- of Adelaide. coll, lessee of Albury Bridge toll bar, 322. (Anonymous, 1879g). summoned Samuel Martin for avoiding 323 bridge toll . (Anonymous, 1886). 324 293. (Anonymous, 1865b). . (Anonymous, 1890). 325. 294. paying £600 for that year (Anonymous, (Anonymous, 1873j). 1866b). 326. Work on the Great Southern railway 295. (Anonymous, 1866a). commenced in 1857. By 1869 Goulburn 296 had been reached, by 1876 Yass, by . (Anonymous, 1867g). 1877 Cootamundra, by 1879 Wagga 297. paying £700 for that year (Anonymous, Wagga (south of the Murrumbidgee), 1868f). and by September 1880 Gerogery, the 298. paying £550 for that year (Anonymous, last station before Albury. On February 1871a)., even though the intial upset 3 1881, the extension from Gerogery to price was £805 (Anonymous, 1871a).— Albury was formally declared (summa- The toll income for 1872 was £1310 rised in Spennemann, 2002, p. 15). 10s 1d (Anonymous, 1873a). 327. (Anonymous, 1878a). 299. Source: Australasian Sketcher 328. A trip from Albury to Sydney took (Anonymous, 1883e), based on a Bur- four days in 1850 (Bayley, 1954, p. 28). ton Bros photograph. The fast Cobb & Co. coach service 300. von Guerard (1862a). The pencil sketch connecting to the railhead at Goulburn furnished by the Mitchell Library, State cut travelling time to 51 hours in 1870 Library of New South Wales has been (Bayley, 1954, p. 51). From 1881 on- contrast enhanced. wards the journey could be made in 16 301. Source: (Anonymous, 1883c). hours by rail (Holmes, 1981, p. 12). 302. Source: Albury Historical Society. Heavy goods, until the advent of the 303 railway transported by bullock dray, . (Duffy, 1882). would have taken much longer, with 304. (Adams, 1858). heavy laden drays moving at the speed 305. (Anonymous, 1859c). of 2 miles an hour. To put this into per- 306. (Ramsay, 1874). spective: in 1860, for example, a heavy 307. (Anonymous, 1884e). goods transport from Sydney to Goul- burn took 17½ days (Spennemann, 308. (Anonymous, 1884e).

.— 53 — Dirk HR Spennemann

2002, p. 13). Road improvements had 338. (Anonymous, 1914e; Guy & Wilson, cut this to 7½ days by 1864 (Gunn, 1914).— Beechworth operations see 1989, p. 137). The trip to Albury (Murray Breweries Pty Ltd, 1914b, would take another 20 days prior to 1914a). 1864, assuming that the Murrumbidg- 339. The Albury licence was held by the ee could be passed. The advent of the Murray River Pty Co (Anonymous, railway ensured that goods would reach 1914c, 1914d). their destination within a day, even on a 340 slow goods train. . (Anonymous, 1920a). 341 329. (Spennemann, 2002, p. 15). . Source (Anonymous, 1884d). 342 330. R. Davison & Co are now establishing a . brewery opposite Mr McLaurin’s Mill’ https://www.flickr.com/photos/oa (Davison & Co, 1856a, 1856b).— kleystudios/178058660. ‘Davison & Co have completed their 343 . new brewery (Anonymous, 1857m).-See https://www.flickr.com/photos/oa also (Anonymous, 1858a). kleystudios/391570367. 331. (Lynch, 1987).—This could not be veri- 344. Image courtesy Wendy Donnelly. fied at the time of writing. 345. (H. N. Turnbull, 1896). 332. (Border Post (Albury), 1877).—The 346. (Anonymous, 1856f). John O’Farrell, who boarded at the 347. 1882: (Anonymous, 1882d); 1901: Turk’s Head, was a brewer there be- (Anonymous, 1901i). tween 1878 and 1883 first working for 348. The committee noted that “We find O’Keefe and then for Billson that this locality is extensively used by (Spennemann, 2003a, 2003b). the general public during summer In 1871 O’Keefe and Litster ran the months for bathing purposes, as many brewery in Dean Street (O'Keefe & as 300 people being present at one time Litster, 1871). In 1872 Bullock’s brew- on various occasions. The river frontage ery was owned by R O’Keeffe and on this land is considered to be the Litster (O’Keeffe & Litster, 1872), who most suitable beach for bathing within also owned similar operations at Wagga the municipality, being easy and con- Wagga and Wodonga (O’Keeffe & Co, venient of access, secluded, and consist- 1872, 1873). The brewery premises in ing of a gradually sloping bank to com- Dean Street still existed in 1874 paratively still water, the current not be- (Anonymous, 1874c). ing pronounced at this point” 333. In 1881 the original brewery at Wodon- (Anonymous, 1918g). The plan, which ga Place was described as came to naught, have been presented by “Directly confronting the Union Bridge was a Albury Council as part of its presenta- rambling and irrelevant jumble of edifices, built tion at the 1918 Town Planning Con- in all the styles that have come and gone be- ference in Adelaide. tween the eras of Pliny the Elder and W. J. 349. (Anonymous, 1909f). Jones. This, although no one would have 350. (Anonymous, 1906c). guessed it was the Albury Brewery, a ricketty 351. (A. Andrews, 1912d; Anonymous, and almost a impracticable plant, where with 1871c). infinite toil and a world of blasphemy beer was 352 produced. Recklessly adapted from what was . (H. N. Turnbull, 1896). anciently a disconnected and unsuitable hotel, it 353. See handwritten annotations to naturally made a more disconnected and un- (Colonial Secretary's Office, 1884).— suitable brewery.” (Anonymous, 1881c). When the baths ceased to operate the 334. (Anonymous, 1881c).— In 1882 it was land was reserved for a Rowing club. referred to as Manning’s Brewery near 354. (Anonymous, 1906c). Wodonga Place (Anonymous, 1882a). 355. (H. N. Turnbull, 1896). 335. prospectus: (Anonymous, 1888a).—See 356. Additional market gardens existed at also (Anonymous, 1888b).— Mungabareena and the police paddock Promotional booklet see (Lorck, 1906), on Howlong Road (Anonymous, 336. (Anonymous, 1911a, 1911d). 1929c). 337. (Wilson, Rattray, & Dandy, 1914b, 357. e.g. (Anonymous, 1906e). 1914a). 358. e.g. (Anonymous, 1883a).

.— 54 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

359. For example, in 1898 the cultivation 365. Image courtesy Photosupplies, Albury. paddock had formally been leased by Flickr 236681946. C.W.M McFarlane, while the land and 366. (Shanahan, 2001). hut had been owned by a Mr Woods 367. (Shanahan, 2001). from Melbourne (Anonymous, 1898i). 368 360 . Source: (Adastra Airways, 1949). . A weatherboard house and stables burn 369 down in 1938. Also £400 in notes were . (Anonymous, 1894, 1895a, 1898h). burnt (Anonymous, 1938a). 370. (Anonymous, 1897d). 361. For example, in 1898 a hut used and 371. (Anonymous, 1898m). often occupied by Ah Chee (who was 372. Each span had a length of 110 ft.—The absent at the time) burnt down follow- Allan truss was one of the most ubiqui- ing use by tramps overnighting there tous designs of timber bridges in New (Anonymous, 1898i). South Wales (McMillan Britton & Kell 362. E.g. 1867 (Anonymous, 1867e), 1882 Pty Ltd, 1998). (Anonymous, 1882a); 1905 373. (Anonymous, 1898k). (Anonymous, 1905e), 1906 374. (Anonymous, 1899d). (Anonymous, 1906e), 1909 375. (Anonymous, 1899e). (Anonymous, 1909e); 1917 376 (Anonymous, 1917c); 1921 . (Anonymous, 1899a).—completed and (Anonymous, 1921e) and 1931. timber to be sold 18 March (Griffiths & 363. Co, 1899). Source: State Library of Victoria Image 377 H9799. . (Anonymous, 1907f). 378 364. (Anonymous, 1880e). . Postcard ‘Union Bridge, Albury’, uncir- culated. Publisher unknown, Printed in Germany.

.— 55 — 3 | The Turk’s Head Hotel

This section discusses in depth the history of the Turk’s Head Hotel as a commercial entity, first as a hotel, then a boarding house without an alcohol licence, and finally as a museum.

Land alienation In order to further contextualise the history of the Turk’s Head building, we need to understand the history of the land on which it was erected, as well as the history of the adjacent allotments. This entails a discussion of sections 40 and 41 of the suburban lands of Albury (Fig. 37). The formal alienation of the land under discussion from the Crown commenced in January 1852. Section 40, comprising 165 acres, section 41, comprising 105 acres, and section 42 were offered for sale.1 Intriguingly, sections 40 and 41 were referred to in the advertisements as being “on Bungambrawatha Creek, above the Burial Grounds.”2 It is likely that the reference to Bungambrawatha Creek is a confusion of the actual Bungambrawatha Creek (to the north) with the ephemeral anabranch of the Murray (now Oddies Creek) that ran through these sections. The ‘burial grounds’ refer to the former sand dunes in the southern part of Olive and David Streets near Brown’s lagoon3 that contained both Indigenous and later also European burials (Fig. 1). Some of the area immediately to the east of the sections 41 and 42 was referred to in the early land sales as “Yarrawudda Flat”.4 The asking price for the land allotments was set at £2/10 per acre in January 1852.5 It appears that there were no takers for some of the area, as in April 1853 the sections were still offered for sale by the crown, now at the reduced cost of £1 per acre.6 It seems the land still did not sell, because on 11 August 1855 the government made available a number of land allotments as part of a ‘sale of Waste Lands belonging to the Crown…beyond the Settled Districts.’7 At the auction on 28 September 1855, John Green purchased three adjoining sections of land facing the Murray River (section 40 allotments 1 & 2 and section 41 allotment 2).8 Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Fig, 36. Advertisement for the 1860 sale of lots 1 and 2 of section 40 and lot 1 of section 41.9

In January 1858 the future approach to the Union Bridge was surveyed (Fig. 23), formally resumed by the government and excised from section 40 (Fig. 37),10 with allotment 2 of Section 40 being effectively cut in two. For the loss of land John Green was compensated in July 1860 with £30.11 In July 1860 two of these lots (section 40 allotments 1 & 2), as well as section 41 allotment 1, were placed back on the market. The sales advertisement mentioned the impending bridge construction and that section 40 had been divided by Wodonga Street, the future approach to the bridge (Fig, 36).12 Green retained allotment 2 of Sec- tion 41, the piece of land on which the hotel was to be built. Allotment 1 of section 41, the more valuable of the allotments on offer, seems to have been bought by John Fredrick Skinner, who in 1872 or 1873 subdivided it into nine lots,13 and sold them off individually.14 Allotment 1 of section 40 was acquired by J.S. McPhillamy,15 who seems to have run it as a grazing property and later leased it to Chinese market gardeners. Allotment 2 of section 42, the smaller sections of the approach to the bridge was to become the location of the Bridge Inn (see Appendix I, p. 131). It seems to have been acquired by Dan Driscoll.

.— 57 — Dirk HR Spennemann

Fig. 37. Wodonga Place and the approach to Union Bridge as shown on the 1906 Parish Map.16

Consolidation by Albury City As early as 1918 Albury City had been considering to expand the public reserve from the Botanic Gardens upstream to include the area that is now Noreuil Park. It presented its vision at the Adelaide Town Planning Conference of 1918.17 As part of that con- cept, a committee of the Albury Council recommended in March 1918 that the city should purchase a section of river frontage at Robinson’s paddock behind the Turk’s Head building (today’s area of the canoe club at Noreuil Park), to convert this into public bathing space.18 While Robinson was prepared to sell,19 the project proceeded slow- ly.20 When the planning expanded to include the Punt reserve to the north, Robinson unsuccessfully tried to prevent the reserve being fenced off.21 In the 1930s Albury Municipal Council formally commenced the process of developing the Murray River frontage of sections 40 and 41 for conversion into public space. On 17 January 1930 the western, not subdivided half of allotment 1 of section 41 was resumed for recreation purposes.22 In July 1933 and again in 1948 Albury Munici- pal Council resumed some of Robinson’s land to the north of Turk’s Head (the eastern portion of section 42).23 In the 1940s Albury City moved to acquire the remaining land holdings in sections 40 and 41. On 17 June 1949 Albury City purchased lots 2, 3 and 9 of allotment 1 of section 41 from William Matcheall Carey.24

.— 58 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Ebden St Ebden St

section 41 section 41 allotment1 allotment1

section 41 section 41 PlWodonga allotment2 allotment2

Nurigong St Nurigong St Wodonga PlWodonga

section 40 section 40 allotment1 allotment1

section 40 allotment2 s40 a2

Atkins St Atkins St 1855 1858

Ebden St Ebden St 8 7 6

s41, a1 5 s41, a1 9 4 3 2 1

Traveller’s s41, a2 Turk’s Head Rest s41, a2 PlWodonga

Nurigong St Nurigong St Wodonga PlWodonga

s40, a1 s40, a1

s40 s40 a2 a2

Atkins St Atkins St 1868 1875

Ebden St 8 7 6 5

4111 4112 9 DP1087117

DP1087080 DP1087080 4

3 1 2 DP542181 1

4120 DP1087043 PlWodonga

6 DP41002 Nurigong St

4011 DP1087080

Fig. 38. Development of the parcellisation of land Atkins St 25 2017 over time.

A major consolidation occurred on 12 July 1957, when the NSW Government, on behalf of Albury City, resumed all of allotment 1 of section 40, and all of allotment 2 of section 41 (including the Turk’s Head hotel), as well as lots 1, 5 and 10 of allotment 2 of section 41, 26 compensating Roy Robinson (see p. 93) for the loss. A year

.— 59 — Dirk HR Spennemann later, on 1 August 1958 it purchased lots 6, 7 and 8 of allotment 1 of section 41 from Annie Sharp Evelyn.27 The remaining lot, lot 4 of allotment 1 of section 41, was purchased by Albury City from Peter Bertram Seaton on 5 July 196528 thereby completing the consolidation of public land at the river frontage.

Prior establishments and Competition When the Union Bridge was opened in 1861, it was well beyond the southern perimeter of the town and surrounded by agricultural lands. As the area was very sparsely popu- lated, the demand for a public house was limited and primarily derived from passing traffic. The real economic opportunity was provided by the fact that departing traffic to Victoria had to stop for the bridge toll and incoming traffic from Victoria had to stop for customs inspections (p. 22). The first to make use of the opportunity presented by the changed communications corridor was an adjoining landowner, Daniel Driscoll.29 In December 1860 Dris- coll obtained a license for a public house at the future bridge,30 where he initially seems to have primarily serviced the users of the new punt owned by Kidd and Brickell (p. 20). Later, Driscoll took up the annual licence for the bridge toll. That toll was collected in a small toll hut directly at the bridge itself (see Fig. 25).31 Driscoll’s Bridge Inn seems to have operated from 1860 onwards,32 and for the period 1868–1876 in parallel with the Traveller’s Rest (see p. 131).33 We have no documentary evidence as to whether any development had occurred on allotment 2 of section 41 prior to the establishment of the hotel. The only indication that this may have been the case comes from the fact that when Green divested himself of some of his holdings in sections 40 and 41 in July 1860, he retained allotment 2 in favour of the more advantageous allotment 1.34

Fig. 39. The Turk’s Head building as seen from the south. Note the proximity of Oddies Creek to the west (left) as well as the levee bank.

.— 60 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge The Traveller’s Rest Hotel (1868–1875) Sometime in 1867 John Green must have decided to capitalise on the prime location that his property at the bridge represented. In April 1868 he opened the Traveller’s Rest Hotel.35 At first sight the Traveller’s Rest seems to have been established in direct competition to Daniel Driscoll’s establishment Bridge Inn, suggesting that the business must have been lucrative enough to sustain two establishments catering for the same market. The situation is made more complicated by the fact that there was in fact a very close family connection between the two. John Green36 had married Ann(e) Driscoll (née Flavin) in February 1846.37 At the time of marriage, Ann(e) was presumed to be a widow with six children. 38 The Greens had two children, William Thomas, 39 and James.40 One of the children of Anne’s first marriage was Daniel Driscoll, who joined her in Albury in ca 1855, then aged 27.41 Owners and lessees On 21 April 1868 John Green, Wodonga Place, was granted a ‘certificate for publican’s license for a hotel that he called the ‘Traveller’s Rest’.42 The buildings had been constructed by Daniel Driscoll using locally cut timber,43 and bricks procured from South Albury brickworks. While John Green is listed in Greville's Directory for 1872,44 there appear to be no advertisements for the hotel in the local or regional papers, suggesting that the business saw enough patronage to be self-sustaining. Moreover, the public house seems to have been run smoothly without a reportable incident or other noteworthy occurrence. Green died suddenly on 11 May 1872 aged 68.45 The inquest found that he had died of an alcohol-related seizure.46 The license for the Traveller’s Rest Hotel passed on to John’s wife Ann(e).47 Even though Green had died in May 1872, probate was not applied for, however, for over two years. Ann died on 23 April 1874,48 after which Wil- liam Green, the sole surviving child of her second marriage, applied for probate on 20 May 1874.49 Initially, the probate was applied for by William Green’s proctor, George T Fleming. As part of probate proceedings Lewis Jones, victualler, and James Higgins, store keeper, provided sureties.50 By November of the same year, however, William Green, who described himself as labourer at the time of his mother’s death, 51 must have been legally an adult.52 Some assets, however, seem have been overlooked in the initial transfer. For example, as late as 1886 the ownership of the livestock brands seem to have passed to his son William Green.53 It is unclear why Anne did not apply for probate and why William acted so promptly. It is possible that this was due to William, whom John may have determined to be his sole beneficiary, was still a minor at the time of John’s death. Also, the period of late 1872 coincided with the time that Daniel Driscoll had finished the renovations of the Bridge Inn (see p. 131) which was leased out during 1873. It is probable that Daniel may have helped his mother run the Traveller’s Rest (see p. 131).

.— 61 — Dirk HR Spennemann

It is during this period that we find the first advertisement for the hotel. In early January 1874 the hotel was advertised to those desiring to attend the Albury races as a ‘first class accommodation’ with ‘free paddocks and stabling’ (Fig. 40).54

Fig. 40. The first known advertisement for the Travellers’ Rest Hotel, 10 January 1874.55

Fig. 41. Advertisement by John Carpenter at the commencement of his lease.56

Two months before Ann Green’s death, the licence of the Traveller’s Rest was passed on to an Alfred John Carpenter.57 As the new lessee, Carpenter saw it necessary to advertise the establishment (Fig. 41).58 Unlike the period when the Traveller’s Rest was run by the Greens, however, the period of Carpenter’s tenure seems to have been more troublesome.59 On 7 April 1875 Carpenter was summoned to the police court to “answer a complaint that he conducted his house, The Traveller's Rest Hotel, in a disorderly and ill-governed manner during the time he held a license for the hotel, and was an unfit person to hold a publican’s license.”60 Among the complaints levelled was that the hotel was ‘kept open late at night,’ ‘frequented by women of bad repute’, that ‘the neighbours were disturbed by knocking on doors by drunken men,’ that ‘dancing [was being] carried on late at night.’61 It appears that given the severity of the accusations, there was no recourse, and, in consequence, Carpenter was stripped of his licence. After a three-months hiatus62 the premises were leased by and licenced to Edward Cass (p. 66).

.— 62 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Table 4. The owners of the land as well as Traveller’s Rest, Turk’s Head and Union Bridge Hotels Period Owner Note <1835 Indigenous Owners 1835 Crown land leased by Charles H. Ebden 63 1836 Crown land leased by Paul Huon 64 1839, Apr 19 – 1852, Jan 24 Crown land (town allotments) 65 1852, Jan 24.—1855, Sep 28 unknown 66 1855, Sep 28 –1872, May 11 John Green 67 1872, May 11–1874, Apr 23 Ann Green 68 1874, Apr 23–>1893, Dec William Green 69 <1897, May.—1900, Sep Australian Joint Stock Bank 70 1900, Sep–1923, Mar 22 James Thomas Robinson 71 1923, Mar 22–1957, Jul 12 Roy Robinson 72 1957, Jul 12-present Albury City 73

Table 5. Publican’s Licensees of the Traveller’s Rest, Turks' Head and Union Bridge Hotels Period Licensee Advertisement Note

Traveller’s Rest 1868, Apr 24–1872, May 11 John Green 74 1872, May 12–1874, Feb 7 Anne Green 75 1874, Feb 7–1875, Apr 21 Alfred John Carpenter Fig. 41 76 Turk’s Head Hotel 1875, Jul 14–1876, Jun 24 Edward Cass 77 1876, Jun 24–>1876, Aug 19 <1876, Aug 19–1876, Dec unlicensed accommodation 1876, Dec 23–>1880, May 18 Luke Gulson Fig. 45 78 1880, May 18–1881, Jan 4 Thomas Gulson 79 1881, Jan 4–1885, Dec 2 William Green 80 1885, Dec 2–1891, Jun James Oddie Fig. 50 81 1891, Jul 1 William Green 82 1894, Feb–1895, Jun Alexander McDonald 83 1895, Jul 1–1895, Aug 27 Joseph Henry Frauenfelder 84 1895, Aug 30–1897, May 20 Elizabeth Bridget Frauenfelder 85 1897, May 20–1898, Nov? Thomas W. Parker Fig. 51 86 1898, Dec–1900, Mar 30 Joseph Hogan 87

Union Bridge Hotel 1900, Mar 30–1900, Dec 30 Edward Steel 88 1900, Dec 31–1901, Mar 10 [Mrs Steel] 1901, Mar 11–1901, Jun 21 Archibald McCook Fig. 55 89 1901, Jun 21–1910, Mar 1 James Thomas Robinson Fig. 56 90 1910, Mar 1–1919, Nov 27 Maurice Flynn Fig. 58 91 1919, Nov –1922, Jun 30 James Robert Blair, jr 92

.— 63 — Dirk HR Spennemann The original Building The only known image of John Green’s Traveller’s Rest (Fig. 42) shows a single storey building erected in the Victorian Georgian style. 93 The building, which is oriented roughly north-south, shows an asymmetrical front façade. The centre is comprised of a protruding bay-section with a hemi-hexagonal floorplan, which protrudes from the main building line. To the north (right) is a short section with two windows, followed by a protruding end section, the front of which is in the same alignment as the front of the protruding bay-section. The room in the end section has a smaller-sized window. The infill is covered by a verandah with a sloping roof, which is supported by two squared-off posts. To the south (left) is a longer section with four windows. This section ends in a windowless wall. To the front is a verandah with a sloping roof, supported by seven posts. The verandah is bounded by a ca.1.2m (4') high94 picket fence comprised of single horizontal railing against which round palings have been nailed from the back. As these palings have no structural reason, and is not usually inserted in other verandahs, it is highly probably that it served as a fence to keep out wandering stock.95

Fig. 42. John Green’s Traveller’s Rest Hotel between 1868 and 1874.96

Access to the building is via four doors, two on the south verandah and one each leading into the protruding bay-section from the south and the north.97 Each of the solid wooden four-panel doors98 had a three-panelled transom window that tilted inwards. The windows appear to have been twin six-pane (twelve-pane) units,99 with the upper section fixed and the lower section operating as a vertical sash unit. The window panes are aligned vertically in the frame. The windows and doors have louvered wooden shutters. Comparing the shading of the shutters and the verandah posits with the colour of

.— 64 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge the clothing of the men, it would appear that they were painted off white, while the doors were painted in dark tone, either green or brown. The building is made of non-rendered, not white-washed brick, laid in what appears to be English bond style. The roof, which is hipped to the north and south, was covered with 21 rows of wooden shingles while the verandah was covered with 13 rows. The building had two chimneys, one at the northern end and one at the rear (west), seemingly in broad alignment with the centre to the protruding bay-section. The angle of view is such that any chimneys on the western façade would be hidden by the roof. A small window below the central, eastern panel of the protruding bay-section indicates the presence of a cellar.

1868

Fig. 43. Ground plan of the Turk’s Head building during the 1860s.

cellar

1868

Fig. 44. Reconstructed circulation pattern during the 1870s. Rooms with external access only are shaded grey. Two signs advertising ‘Albury Ale’ can be seen on the protruding bay-section, one set in the eastern window and one mounted on the wall.100 We can surmise that another similar sign would have been affixed next to the northern door. In front of the building is a sign post, signalling that this was the ‘Travellers | Rest | J. Green.’ A four-

.— 65 — Dirk HR Spennemann paned glass lantern with a metal crown is attached on the road side. The ground in front of the building seems to be covered with grass and slopes to a narrow dirt road. Adjacent to the south of the hotel building was an animal stock yard as indicated by the rough two-rail fence. South Albury frequently flooded during the spring snow melt (see p. 8). This was the case in November 1870, when the flood was reputedly so high that a paddle steamer could take off passengers close to the Turk’s Head building.101 Based on the known flood heights and inundation levels,102 we can assume that the area at the Turk’s Head building, and the Turk’s Head building itself, would have been flooded in 1870, 1889,103 1909 and with the building possibly also partially flooded in 1887.104

The Turk’s Head Hotel (1875–1900) As noted above, following Carpenter’s dismissal (p. 62), the hotel remained delicenced for a period of three months.105 On 14 July 1875 Charles Edmund Cass was granted the license for the hotel.106 Given the bad reputation and bad publicity the hotel had attracted during the previous year(s), and given the scandal of the court case that led to the closure of the hotel, Cass chose to rebrand the establishment, now calling it ‘Turk’s Head Hotel.’ In the absence of contemporary images or documentary evidence, the etymology for the Turk’s Head as a hotel name is not clear at the time of writing.107 Several expla- nations are possible. On the one hand it may refer to an actual Turk’s Head used as a publican’s symbol. In addition, Turk’s Head is on contemporary record as a type of tobacco pipe,108 a variety of pumpkin,109 and brush ware.110 The most likely explanation, however, is that the hotel sign derived from a Turk’s head knot which was used to shorten a tent’s straining line without cutting it. The cutting of the Turk’s Head was an equestrian event where mounted cavalry were trying to cut as many tent's strainers as they could with their sabre while riding.111 Owners and lessees Little is known about the beginnings of the Turk’s Head as it seems to have stayed out of the papers. Despite the rebranding, Cass must not have deemed it necessary to advertise for business. Cass held the license for less than a year when he decided to move on. In late April 1876 Cass advertised the lease for the Turk’s Head together with five acres of land.112 Even though no new lessee seemed to be forthcoming,113 Cass cancelled his license for the Turks Head Hotel on 21 June 1876,114 and took up the lease for the Carri- ers Arms instead.115 The license was then held, very briefly, by a William Patrick Cun- ningham, 116 who is only on record for December 1876. 117 The establishment must therefore have operated, for a period of three months, as a hotel or accommodation

.— 66 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge house without a liquor licence. During Cunningham’s period there is a reference to quoits being played at the hotel. In August 1876 a quoits challenge was issued, to be played at ‘E. Cass’s Turk’s Head Hotel.’118 Cunningham was followed by Luke Gulson, who brought some stability to the hostelry. Luke Gulson was an Albury local councillor119 and prominent businessman with what today would be described as a balanced portfolio of business interests. In addition to holding the license of the Turk’s Head Hotel, Gulson manufactured special- ised terracotta wares, such as flower pots, garden edgings, roof tiles, and floor tiles (as of August 1878),120 and acted as a corn merchant.

Fig. 45. Advertisement by Luke Gulson in Fig. 46. Advertisement by Luke Gulson in December 1876121 December 1877122

Gulson commenced advertising his proprietorship of the Turk’s Head Hotel on 23 December 1876 in the Albury Banner.123 He maintained the standing advertisement for three months until 17 March 1877.124 Parallel to that, he placed another standing advertisement in the Border Post which commenced its run on 24 January 1877.125 Gul- son maintained that advertisement for an entire year, with the last insertion being 9 January 1878.126 Luke Gulson was the first landlord to publicly link his hotel with the omnibus service that connected Albury with the Victorian Railway network at the Wodonga Terminus (Fig. 45, Fig. 48).127 In August 1877 Gulson advertised that he offered a set of ‘real London skittles’ for the local public (Fig. 47).128 In April of the following year Gulson placed a standing advertisement in both Albury papers, the Border Post and the Albury Banner,129 in which advertised that he offered “boats for hire, racing boats for hire for rowing men, a rifle saloon and skittle alley as well as quoits with fine green for practice” (Fig. 48). In addition, Gulson capitalised on the fast railway connection with Melbourne (via Wodonga) and offered fresh oysters to the public. In December 1879 Gulson advertised for a ‘good general servant’ at 12s/week to assist with the running of the hotel.130 While the license was in Luke Gulson’s name until 1880, it seems that he

.— 67 — Dirk HR Spennemann ran the establishment with his brother Thomas,131 who formally became the licensee in 1880 until January 1881.132

Fig. 47. Luke Gulson’s 1877 advertisement for a skittle alley at the Turk’s Head Hotel.133

Fig. 48. Luke Gulson’s 1879 advertisement for a services at the Turk’s Head Hotel.134

The 1881 bird’s eye view of Albury shows Turk’s Head hotel (Fig. 21) on its own, surrounded by agricultural land without any obvious development in the vicinity. The area to the southeast was still an uncleared, densely forested riverine floodplain. While Gulson ran the hotel, the land surrounding it was owned, and farmed, by William Green. Green’s agricultural exploits seem to have focussed on grain and other produce, rather than livestock.135 Based on the colony-wide census of land- and stock- holdings in December 1884, William Green owned four horses, six head of cattle and six pigs on his ten acres of land.136 Green seems to have resumed the lease of the hotel in January 1881, presumably because Thomas Gulson was keen to further his business interests in Goulburn, where he developed a pottery and brickworks. It is intriguing that Green chose to run the Turk’s Head after having leased it out for six years. This may have well been due to the state of the hotel which could no longer be leased out. After fourteen years of operation, with presumably little if any improvements and a minimum level of maintenance, the Turk’s Head had acquired a tired

.— 68 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge look and feel. Moreover, it was no longer at the required standard. At the 1882 meeting of the Albury Licensing Court, William Green’s application for license renewal was objected to on the grounds of “insufficency of accommodation” and he was given two months time to add the “requisite accommodation.” 137 This seems not to have occurred, as on 22 August Green was charged “with not having his house up to the required standard of accommodation.” Green asserted that the work had been done.138 From the structural assessment of the Turk’s Head building139 and pictorial evidence (Fig. 61) we know that the hotel had been extended to the south at one point in time. This extension added two rooms. In addition, at one point the old kitchen at the rear was converted into a dining room and a new kitchen constructed, that abutted the old one.140 It can be surmised that the hotel extension occurred as part of the 1882 license renewal. It is possible, if not likely, that the building was re-roofed with corrugated galvanised iron at the same time.

Fig. 49. View the billiard room to the south of the Turk’s Head building as it appeared in 1924.141

The business seems to have improved and Green invested further in the hotel. In February 1884 a new billiard room, was erected seemingly as a separate building to the south (Fig. 49).142 William Green then applied for and was issued a Billiard licence on 8 May of the same year (Table 6).143 In May 1885 Green advertised for a female cook.144 Table 6. Billiard Licensees of the Turk’s Head and Union Bridge Hotels Period Licensee Notes 1884, May 8–1886, Jan William Green 145 1886, Jan 31–1891, Jan 30 James Oddie 146 1892, Jan 31–1894, Dec 31 William Green 147

.— 69 — Dirk HR Spennemann

James Oddie In December 1885 William Green gave up the licence and leased the Turk’s Head to James Oddie, a Yorkshireman, who had settled in Beechworth in 1860, primarily working as contractor. Oddie moved to Albury in the mid-1880s then took up the licence for the Turk’s Head Hotel. James Oddie licenced the hotel for 5½ years, while at the same time continuing his contracting business, mainly road and bridge building. Upon his retirement from business in mid 1892 Oddie terminated his lease. 148 In June 1883 Albury had completed its gasworks.149 Soon after private residences, as well as hotel and other business premises, could avail themselves to gas lighting. We know that at least from 1887 onwards, but probably much earlier (during Green’s tenure), the Turk’s Head Hotel had a gaselier installed in the bar area.150 When William Green left the Albury District in 1886, he put up the Turk’s Head building for sale in January 1887.151 It seems that he was unable to find a buyer.

Fig. 50. Advertisement by James Oddie in Fig. 51. Advertisement by Thomas Parker in 1886.152 1897.153

William Green again When Oddie retired in June 1891, Green took up the license again and held it until February 1894. During the 1891 census, William Green was resident at the Turk’s Head Hotel. For census purposes household, including guests, was recorded as six males and four females.154 Sometime in late 1893 William Green must have had reason to reassess his business priorities. On 20 December 1893 William Green, as the owner and licensee, advertised the Turks’ Head as being for lease. The property was described as a “large brick hotel, billiard room, accommodation paddock, new bridge about [to be] erected, every convenience, good lease, moderate rent, ingoing easy.”155 It is possible that the great recession of 1893-95, which led to many farm foreclosures and other bankruptcies,156

.— 70 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge and a concomitant surplus in labour and thus reduced spending capacity,157 also took its toll on William Green.

Fig. 52. Portrait of William Green in the Fig. 53. Portrait of William Green in the 1890s.158 1890s.159

The exact nature of his financial difficulties is unclear as is the date until which Green owned the land. Sometime between December 1893 and May 1897 all of Green’s land holdings in Albury were repossessed by his mortgagor, the Australian Joint Stock Bank (see p. 72).

Alexander McDonald Green’s publican’s licence passed to Alexander McDonald,160 who commenced trading in February 1894. As the billiard licence was issued to the licensed publican, the licence followed the publican and did not remain at the premises after a change of licensees.161 McDonald chose not to renew the billiard license (Table 6).162

Joseph Henry and Elizabeth Frauenfelder Joseph Henry Frauenfelder took up the licence of the Turk’s Head hotel on 1 July 1895.163 Joseph Frauenfelder, who belonged to a well-established and well connected German immigrant fairly in Albury,164 had a long, but chequered history as a licensee of

.— 71 — Dirk HR Spennemann various hotels in Albury.165 Only five months earlier he had taken up a one year licence of the Newmarket Hotel in Albury,166 but we do not know why he surrendered that in favour of the Turk’s Head. Frauenfelder served as the publican of the Turk’s Head only for a short time as he died on 27 August 1895.167 Frauenfelder did not hold a billiard licence at his previous premises and did not seek a license for the Turk’s Head either.168 The Turk’s Head was then officially run by and licenced to his wife Elizabeth Bridget Frauenfelder, 169 although Frauenfelder family history asserts that a Joseph Stewart, bookmaker and Elizabeth Frauenfelder’s brother, effectively managed the Turk’s Head hotel.170 According to family history, Elizabeth Frauenfelder indeed had hired a Chinese cook, who helped to keep unruly customers in check after Joseph H Frauenfelder’s death.171 Such employment, while common, was not without controver- sy as the emerging labour movement strongly opposed it and often used denial of patronage as a persuasive tool: “In the early days, hotelkeepers, who could afford a cook, generally employed a Chinaman. With the formation of the Shearers’ Union members of the union often gave the proprietor a hint and the Chinaman cook soon lost his billet.”172 Elizabeth B Frauenfelder is still mentioned as the licensee in May 1897 when she moved out from the hotel to a private residence,173 and passed on the licence to Thom- as Parker (effective 20 May 1897).174 The room listing compiled at Frauenfelder’s death (see Appendix II, p. 145) no longer lists the Billiard room, suggesting that it no longer functioned as such during the Frauenfelder’s tenure. We know for sure that by 1898 the former billiard room had been converted into additional accommodation.175 It should be noted here that the accommodation part of the hotel, not only catered for travellers, but also provided short and medium term lodging and board for locals.176

Thomas Parker and Joseph Hogan When Thomas Parker applied for the transfer of the license from Elizabeth Frauen- felder to himself, the Albury licensing court heard that Parker had an agreement, presumably with Elizabeth Frauenfelder, which stipulated that he should obtain a lease from the Albury Brewing Company. During the licensing hearing it transpired however, that by that time the freehold was actually owned by the Australian Joint Stock Bank, which had agreed to give Parker a six-year lease.177 In June 1898 Parker successfully renewed his licence.178 In November 1898 the mortgagees tried to divest themselves of the holding and decided to sell the property. Advertised were lots 3,4,5 and 10 of the subdivision of allotment 1 section 41, as well as allotment 2 of section 41.179 The sales advertisement of 1898 noted that the Turk’s Head Hotel was under a lease expiring 30 June 1903 at a rent of £91 p.a.180 The proper-

.— 72 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge ty was passed in at the auction on 19 November 1898.181 Later reports suggest that the bank had set the reserve to £1,100.182 Little is known about Parker, who ran the Turk’s Head until late 1898 (Fig. 51). The next licensee was Joseph Hogan, who is on record as having a booth licence for the Licensed Victuallers Race on 27 December 1898,183 and who advertised for a lost horse in February 1899.184 Clearly, both lessees ran the establishment without attracting any negative publicity.185

Guests As can be appreciated, country hotels of the type of the Turk’s Head are on the whole too insignificant to attract enough public attention (unless for unsavoury reasons), and thus we are, by and large, uninformed about the clientele that stayed there. The clientele was both short term and long term (e.g. John Farrell, see below). Guests on record are a Mr H Garner, who in April 1876 issued a quoits challenge to anyone interested’186 and a Mr G in December 1877.187 The local literature makes repeated reference of the fact that George Ernest Morrison (‘Chinese Morri- son’), then a student of medicine, stayed at the Turk’s Head hotel prior to his then famed canoe trip down the Murray in December 1880.188 While the trip can be verified, Morrison’s stay at the Turk’s Head cannot be substantiated. Of greater fame and significance is John Farrell who lived at the Turk’s Head Hotel between 1878 and 1883. Farrell had been hired as manager of O’Keefe and Man- ning’s brewery but had made his name as a poet. While in Albury he wrote a major poem, The Iliad of Albury, that pilloried local politics and foibles, and which attracted public notice in literary circles. 189

Accommodation Paddock The advertisements placed by several licensees extol the virtues of the hotel, stressing that it had ‘free stabling’ and ‘free paddocks’ (Fig. 40, Fig. 45, Fig. 46), while others stressed a ‘good accommodation paddock’ (Fig. 50, Fig. 51). In modern parlance that is equivalent to a hotel offering free parking and a fuel voucher to both short term and long term guests. Having an accommodation paddock for stock was not without its risks, however. Travelling stock would not only bring in a variety of weeds, but on occasion also dis- ease. In January 1900, for example, some cattle in Albury, among them one on the Turk’s Head paddock, died from anthrax.190 An 1895 image of Hovell’s tree (Fig. 54a) shows the South Albury floodplain in the background. The bridge is clearly visible (Fig. 54b). At the left margin some stabling as well as what appears to the accommodation paddock of the Turk’s Head Hotel can be made out (Fig. 54c).

.— 73 — Dirk HR Spennemann

. a). b)

c) Fig. 54. The accommodation paddock of the Turk’s Head Hotel in 1895191

Developments adjacent to the Turk’s Head Hotel Whereas in 1868 the Turk’s Head had stood on its own, urban development very slow- ly, but steadily caught up with that section of Wodonga Place closest to the bridge. In 1872 or 1873 the land to the north of the Turk’s Head building was subdivided by John Fredrick Skinner and sold off individually.192 While in the beginning the area was primarily used as agricultural land with a few houses and small-scale farms for grain and pasture, the area took on a decidedly industrial feel in the 1890s and early 1900s193 even though some private residences remained in the 1890s194 The industrial developments included a tobacco factory in 1883,195 bottling cellars in 1892,196 an outlet for rabbit pest control,197 a builder’s yard,198 and a hay and corn store, the latter “immediately adjoining the Turk's Head Hotel.”199 A police station was located at Wodonga Place, opposite the Turk’s Head building in the 1890s,200 possibly to regulate, if required, any cross border traffic.

.— 74 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Table 7. Enumeration of household at the lower Wodonga Place area in the 1891 census of New South Wales201 House- holder Nº Family Given Name Street M F 548 Tuck Kin Chinese Gardens 4 1 549 Chung Moon Chinese Camp 6 0 550 Clarkson Lydia Hume St 2 5 551 Blackmore Elizabeth Hume St 1 3 552 O'Donoghue Daniel Wodonga Place 3 4 553 Dingwell William Wodonga Place 5 4 554 Higgins James Wodonga Place 5 4 555 McCormack Daniel Wodonga Place 3 4 556 Jones Margaret Wodonga Place 1 1 557 Thompson George A. Hume St 4 3 558 Bousefield Robert K. Wodonga Place 2 6 559 Nazum James T. Wodonga Place 3 3 560 Headley Henry Wodonga Place 3 4 561 Hartley William Hovell St 2 5 562 Wilson Wm. B. Townsend St 8 2 563 McGovern Margaret Townsend St 0 2 564 Bradstreet Fredk Wodonga Place 2 1 565 Ah Shing 4m, 4f. Chinese Gardens 4 4 566 Ah Ping 7m. Chinese Gardens 7 0 567 Oldham William Murray River Banks 1 0 568 Retallick John Ebden St 1 0 569 Darwall Emily Wodonga Place 3 4 570 Eames Margaret Wodonga Place 0 2 571 Tassell Janet Wodonga Place 0 3 572 Green William Wodonga Place 7 4 573 Watson James Wodonga Place 4 4 574 Irvine William Wodonga Place 2 3 576 Webb Harrie H. Wodonga Place 1 1 577 Johnson Robert Wodonga Place 3 7 578 Bell Alexander Wodonga Place 6 6 579 Riley James Wodonga Place 4 2 580 Holder Henry Wodonga Place 1 2 581 Riordan Honorah Wodonga Place 0 1 582 Ben Cow Chinese Garden 5 0 583 Ringwood Henry Wodonga Place 2 1 584 Billson Geo. H. Wodonga Place 3 2 585 Kelton David Wodonga Place 1 0 586 Wright William Atkins 1 1

The Union Bridge Hotel (1900–1922) In February 1900 Edward D Steel, erstwhile book keeper of the firm K McLennan & Co, gave up his licence for the Golden Fleece Hotel,202 and took up the licence of the

.— 75 — Dirk HR Spennemann

Turk’s Head instead.203 Steel chose to rebrand the establishment from Turk’s Head to the ‘Union Bridge Hotel.’ To some degree that made sense as the old name had become associated with rapid changes in licensees. By rebradning, Steel seems to have desired to make a clean start at what many regarded as the start of a new century.204 Owners and lessees Despite rebranding, Steel soon found himself in the news, being fined for allowing a popular, albeit illegal drinking game (‘a shilling in’ and the winner shouts)205 to be played on his premises.206 Finally, in September 1900 the Australian Joint Stock bank managed to offload its asset when James Robinson, of Omeo, bought the Union Bridge Hotel, together with 13 acres of surrounding property for £1,300.207 He seems to have purchased the hotel and surrounding property as an investment, presumably with little initial intent of running it himself. Regardless, Robinson was obliged to honour Steel’s existing lease. An opportunity to acquire that lease occurred soon after. Edward Steele passed away unexpectedly on 31 December 1900, aged 38.208 It is noteworthy that while the Border Post noted that Steel had been the licensee of the Un- ion Bridge Hotel,209, the Albury Banner still referred to him as the licensee of the Turk’s Head Hotel. This would suggest that at that time, despite rebranding, the name of the hotel was still fluid in the public mind. As soon as the probate was granted,210 Steel’s widow divested herself of the lease. Unlike other publican’s widows before her, she obviously had little interest in continuing to run the pub and hotel. Robinson, however, did not avail himself of the opportunity to acquire the licence. On 20 March 1901 Mrs Steele sold the goodwill of the Union Bridge Hotel to Archibald McCook(e).211 Archibald and Jane McCook had moved from Brockelsby to take over the licence of the Union Bridge Hotel.212 McCook’s tenure was very short, however, as he ceased to be a publican of the Union Bridge Hotel by the end of June 1901.213 During his brief tenure he had become the victim of aggravated home invasion and robbery.214 We do not know why he did not persist as a publican, but the home invasion may well have been a factor.

James Robinson In July 1901 Robinson decided not to lease out the hotel again, but to take up the running of the establishment himself.215 From late August to the end of September 1901 Robinson advertised that he had purchased the Union Bridge Hotel and was offering ‘superior accommodation at reasonable rates,’ including ‘suites of apartments for families’ (Fig. 56).216 In addition to their normal business, Albury hotel keepers applied for special ‘booth permits’ to sell alcohol at events such as the Albury Show, a license which Rob-

.— 76 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge inson could secure for 1908.217 While Robinson did not resurrect the billiard room, he successfully applied for a music permit in February 1908.218 The running of a hotel was, of course, reliant on staff. We have some indication of this as Robinson was named defendant in a dispute over unpaid wages in 1905219 and Robinson also advertised for a general servant in June 1906.220 With one exception in 1901,221 Robinson managed to stay out of the courts as far as patrons’ behaviour was concerned, suggesting he a ran an ‘orderly’ public house. In- deed, when the Local Option Court assessed the suitability of all 45 hotels licenses in the Albury district in 1908, requesting ten premises to show cause why they should not be closed, and eventually termination of four of them occurred.222 The Union Bridge Hotel was not one of them, indication that it was well run and of good standard.

Fig. 55. Advertisement by Archibald McCook Fig. 56. Advertisement by James T Robinson in upon commencing business in 1901.223 1901.224

When the Albury water supply had been created, charges were levied by the NSW state government but the Albury Municipal Council had difficulty paying.225 Ini- tially, council was not prepared to enforce the regulation that stipulated that water for the troughs could be charged to the publicans, as in the view of the council, these troughs provided a public service.226 In 1904 and 1905, several Albury residents complained about the water supply charges, with some troughs being charged and others not.227 By December 1906 Albury Council required that all owners of stock would only water them from metered troughs.228 Thus, sometime in late December 1906 or early January 1907, Robinson, facing the rising charges for water supplied by council, decided to remove the watering trough for passing animals that had stood in front of the hotel.

.— 77 — Dirk HR Spennemann

This incurred the wrath of some travellers.229 In consequence, Albury City decided to erect a public watering trough near the Union Bridge.230 Robinson was not merely a publican, but first and foremost a shrewd investor and landowner with agricultural interests, keen to expand his holdings where they abutted his own lands. Thus in July 1905 Robinson acquired almost 12 acres that once had been owned by the cordial manufacturer LC Phibbs.231 After he had sold some of his land to Albury Council for the development of a public bathing space (what is now No- reuil Park), Robinson unsuccessfully tried to prevent the fencing off of the Punt reserve, as that would limit his stock accessing and grazing the land.232

< 1906

> 1909

bridge 1906-09

Fig. 57. The post 1861 travelling stock routes at the crossing place superimposed on a 2014 aerial image. As a business owner, Robinson was certainly not afraid of making demands and as such frequently figures in the reports of council meetings. For example, in February 1907 he complained that on sale days with much livestock passing through, the street in

.— 78 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge front of his hotel was very dusty, but street watering did not occur as the nearby brewery objected that it could affect the quality of the brewing water. Council dismissed Robinson’s complaint, holding that the brewery was an industry and street watering a luxury. 233 In May 1909 Robinson was again before council, complaining about the state of the footpath in front of the Turk’s Head building and requesting Albury Council to remedy the situation.234 The same issue, now augmented by a complaint that the drain on the southern side ‘was blocked up, destroying his property,’ was before council in June 1910.235 The position of the Turk’s Head Hotel next to the bridge meant that it was located directly at the travelling stock route between Victoria and NSW across Union Bridge (Fig. 57).236 There was a short period following the closure the punt that drovers could bypass the bridge and, river conditions permitting, use the old ford. The en- forcement of the collection of customs duties in the mid 1860s terminated that option.

Maurice Flynn After almost ten years as publican, Robinson leased the Union Bridge Hotel to Maurice Flynn on 1 March 1910 (Fig. 58–Fig. 60). Flynn had a long history as publican, first in Jingellic and then as the licensee of the Salutation Hotel in Dean Street.237 Flynn’s tenure at the Union Bridge Hotel seems to have been quite uneventful.238 Flynn ceased to be licensee at the end of 1919 and reacquired the licence for the Salutation Hotel.239 Following the flood of 1917, the levee bank in South Albury was heightened. It was reached, but not exceeded in 1921.240 It is not clear at the time of writing, whether the levee bank that was erected following the flood in 1917 also reached the Turk’s Head building. The Chinese market gardens just to the south were partially flooded.241 The levee bank proved to be inadequate.242

Fig. 58. Two-column advertisement by Maurice Flynn upon commencing business in 1910.243

.— 79 — Dirk HR Spennemann

Fig. 59. One-column advertisement by Maurice Fig. 60. One-column advertisement by Maurice Flynn in 1911.244 Flynn in 1912.245

Fig. 61. Union Bridge Hotel in ca 1907–1910. Note the southern extension and the corrugated iron roof.246 The Building We have in hand an image of the Union Bridge Hotel when it was under James Robin- son’s management (Fig. 61). The name of the establishment is clearly spelled out on the street sign, while the name of the licensee can be made out on the arc above the front door leading to the parlour.247 As has been noted elsewhere, Robinson had strong

.— 80 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge equestrian interests (p. 82). It can thus be assumed that the person astride the horse, who figures prominently in front, is the publican himself. The image shows the Turk’s Head building in the same orientation as the 1860s image, but shows the southern extension.248 A certain degree of soiling is visible under- neath the south-eastern window suggesting that the image was taken some time after the completion of that extension. Other than that the brickwork is clean with bright light coloured mortar lines. The keystone brick lintels above the windows, as well as the arcs, were painted white. The semicircular fan lights above the doors seem to have been single panes of glass. While the image is undated, it obviously belongs to the period of Robinson’s tenure from June 1901 to March 1910 (Table 5). As there is no watering trough for horses visible in front of the hotel, the image necessarily postdates the removal of that trough in December 1906 or January 1907 (see p. 77). The building is covered in corrugated galvanised iron, with single sheets running from the ridge of the eave. The length of the sheets for the main roof seems to have been 9', a more uncommon length at the time.249 The roof to the south of the parlour seems to be new and ‘shiny,’ whereas the roofing over the northern section appears slightly warped. Rain water management was achieved by the main roof shedding straight onto the front verandah, while the roof of the parlour was guttered, which then shed onto the verandah roof. The long southern verandah has a single, central down spout that drains onto a stone slab and from there onto the street. We can infer a similar arrangement for the northern verandah, which is partially obscured by the horse-drawn cab.

ca 1890

Fig. 62. Ground plan of the Turk’s Head building during the 1890s to 1920s.

.— 81 — Dirk HR Spennemann Ancillary business and activities It appears that Robinson had leased some of his land for other pursuits. In 1911, for example, a Mrs Bean owned baths at ‘Robinson’s Beach’ which she offered to sell to council.250 Maurice Flynn, as publican, constructed a Quoits Ground in December 1911 or January 1912, which was used by the public.251 The Union Bridge Quoits Club, founded on 30 January 1912,252 is repeatedly on record until June that year253 when the club finished up because of the start of the football season. It seems that it never restarted.

Subletting the cellar A Michael Thomas Meade, cordial manufacturer of Wodonga Place,254 held a spirits merchants license for the ‘cellar at premises known as the Union Bridge Hotel’ for the years 1906 and 1907,255 as well as 1910 and 1911.256 In 1905 Meade had ran afoul of the NSW Liquor Act when had accepted the agency of the Victoria Brewing Co (Mel- bourne) for the Albury district and “had been taking orders, storing the beer in the cellars of one of the local hotels and deliver[ed] it to his customers as required.”257 It seems that business had been carried out openly for several years,258 and only after the change of the Liquor Act, it became problematic. Given the proximity of Meade’s cordial business to the Union Bridge Hotel, we can surmise that the cellars mentioned in the papers are those of the Union Bridge Hotel. Meade tried to escape conviction on the technicality that he actually did not sell the beer in Albury (which was done by the publicans) and that he merely acted as agent, with all proceeds being sent straight to Melbourne.259

Stables During Robinson’s tenure, the Union Bridge Hotel acquired a minor reputation as a horse racing establishment. There is repeated reference in the papers to horses being trained at the Union Bridge Hotel stables, both horses owned by Robinson260 and by others but stabled there for the races.261 The hotel was the accommodation for resident, as well as passing, horse trainers,262 as well as for jockeys staying there to ride for Rob- inson and others.263 This continued during Flynn’s tenure as publican.264 However, by June 1916 these stables were in such a bad condition that they put the licence in jeopardy.265 Flynn only could retain his licence after he agreed to pull down the old stable and utilise a new stable on the adjoining block of land.266 The stables of the Turk’s Head establishment are not mapped on any of the surviving plans. As they were demolished prior to May 1949, they are no longer included in the first aerial imagery available. We can glean some indication of these from a 1917 image showing the Murray in flood, taken from what is today Monument Hill.267 The

.— 82 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge image shows the existence of two outbuildings which are closer to Oddies Creek (Fig. 63). The southern building has a skillion roof sloping to the west, while the northern building has a gable roof (running north-south), with a lower skillion-roofed extension to the north.

Fig. 63. The Turk’s Head building complex seen from the northwest (detail of Fig. 3).

Delicensing in 1921 The last publican was James Robert Blair jr,268 who took up the licence of the Union Bridge Hotel when Maurice Flynn returned to the family business of the Salutation Inn in November 1919.269 When Blair renewed his license in June 1921,270 he had little idea that this would be his last year as publican of the Union Bridge Hotel. In 1921 the New South Wales government began to enforce a rule that regulated the number of licensed hotels in keeping with the population of an electorate. The Murray electorate, of which Albury formed a part, had far too many licensed public houses and hotels. The various licensing boards held hearings during which primarily older hotels located in more marginal settings were targeted for closure. The Union Bridge Hotel was one of these. Even though the licensees of the various premises continually and fiercely competed for cus- tom, there was a prevailing sentiment that none of the Albury establishments should close. In particular, there was a perceived need to cater for a broad range of clientele, which included those less well off. At the meeting of the Albury licensing court in No- vember 1921, “[t]he licensing inspector had said that more accommodation was necessary. He would special- ly refer to 'the Union Bridge and Race Club Hotels, both of which had been licensed for 40 years, and both of which catered for a class that was entitled to consideration. He claimed that the convenience of the public and the requirements of the locality justified their retention, and hoped that the board would give hotelkeepers generally some security of tenure, so that they could improve their places and bring them more up to date.”271 Alas, this was not to be. The Union Bridge Hotel was formally delicensed in De- cember 1921 to become effective at the end of the then current licencing period on 30 June 1922.272 At the hearing in February 1922, when compensations for the loss of li-

.— 83 — Dirk HR Spennemann cences were discussed, the owner of the hotel, Robinson, argued that the licensed capital value of the Union Bridge Hotel was £2,025 with an annual lease return of £210. Once delicenced, the capital value would drop to a mere £240, with an annual lease return of about £24. Robinson also contended that “the premises were too far removed from town to be used as a boarding house.”273 In the event, Robinson was paid £1,390 compensation, far less than he had hoped for. On 30 June 1922 the Union Bridge Hotel closed its doors for the last time as a licensed premises.274 Robinson put the hotel on the market in March 1923 as vacant possession,275 which forced the former licensee and owner of the lease, James Robert Blair, to sell up and vacate.276

Fig. 64. One-column advertisement for the clear- Fig. 65. One-column advertisement for the clearing sale of the hotel in 1923.277 ing sale of the hotel in 1923.278

.— 84 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

The sales advertisements show that at the time, the building comprised of the bar and 14 fully furnished rooms, which were described as ten bedrooms, one dining room, three sitting rooms, kitchen, bath, laundry, all which had linoleums on the floor.279 The advertisement does not specify and outbuildings, but these must have existed as in addition to the property there were seven milking cows, seven poddies,280 50 or 60 fowls, and two milk separators281 The advertisement for the clearing sale also specified a ‘magnificent Hamilton Piano,’ a drop-head sewing machine and a Rexa- phone with 36 records282 as well as Blair’s Ford motor car.283 In the event, the Turk’s Head did not find a buyer and Robinson leased it out as a boarding house (see p. 85). From the available evidence it remains altogether unclear whether Blair as the licensee received any compensation,284 but it appears that that was not the case. It appears as if the courts held the assumption that the publicans that found themselves without a licenced premises could readily find another hotel some- where else. Robinson initially tried to market as a going concern, showing that it operated as a boarding house and refreshment business with a Sunday trading licence (Fig. 64). When James T Robinson died in 1927,285 his son Roy Robinson inherited the Turk’s Head building and adjacent properties286 and held on to them until they were acquired and/or resumed by the NSW government on behalf of Albury City (p. 58).287

A delicensed accommodation (1923–ca. 1955) As already advertised at the time of the attempted sale, the Turk’s Head building seems to have continued to operate as a hotel, albeit as a delicensed accommodation facility (‘guest house’, ‘boarding house’). It would appear that the Blairs continued to run the establishment for at least eight months after the termination of the liquor licence (Fig. 64–Fig. 65). We can only speculate as to the financial arrangements between Robinson and Blair. Clearly, both had suffered a considerable loss in income, with Blair the hard- est hit. After the delicensing, all advertisements ceased, as did notices of unruly behaviour and other incidents in the police and court columns. This period of occupation can only be reconstructed from scattered newspaper references,288 electoral rolls,289 and oral history.290 The Turk’s Head building seems to have been leased and occupied by Robert George Bennett (Fig. 73)291 with his wife Caroline Maude (née Hill) (Fig. 69)292 running a guest house and a small store. The Bennett’s are confirmed for 317 Wodonga Place since at least March 1926.293 Robert George Bennett was an upholsterer and canvas re- pairer, specialising in car covers (‘hoods’) and car seats with business premises in Townsend Street.294

.— 85 — Dirk HR Spennemann

Caroline Bennett is on record as having been granted a Sunday trading license in 1923,295 and again in 1929.296 We can assume that she also held such a license in the in- tervening, and probably also subsequent years.297 As Caroline Bennett held a Sunday licence since October 1923, and as a Sunday licence is mentioned in the sales advertisement of March 1923, we can safely assume that the Bennetts were the first lessees of the Turks Head buildings after delicensing.

1920s

Fig. 66. Ground plan of the Turk’s Head building during the guest house period.

On 3 November 1938 a fire destroyed a wood and iron outbuilding at the rear of the Turk’s Head building. The shed contained a “large quantity of grass hay, several bi- cycles and horse saddles.”298 It is not clear at the time of writing, whether that building was also leased by the Bennetts or whether it was used by the property’s owner, Roy Robinson. As late as the 1940s, Mrs Bennett’s shop was reputedly the only shop in south Albury.299 In the mid– to late 1940s Mrs Bennett gave up the shop and restricted her business to the running of the boarding house.300 The shop was leased by Noel Green- tree from at least 1947 onwards (p. 93). Yet, when the long-term resident James Warnoch died in his wagon in June 1950, the Turk’s Head building was still being run by Mrs C Bennett.301 Table 8. Occupants / Lessees of the Turk’s Head building after the withdrawal of the publican’s license in 1922 Period Occupant Notes

Guest house 1922, Jun 30.—1923, Mar James Blair 302 1923, Apri.—1923, Oct ? 303 1923, Oct –1943, Dec 12 Robert George Bennett 304 1943, Dec 12.—1955, Sep 22 Caroline Maude Bennett

Murray Store <1947– > 1955, Sep (1960?) Noel Henry Greentree 305

.— 86 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Fig. 67. View of the Turk’s Head building looking south in ca 1924.306

Fig. 68. View of the rear yard of the Turk’s Head building in flood in 1924.307

.— 87 — Dirk HR Spennemann

Fig. 69. Caroline Maud Bennett in ca 1947, photographed in front of the ‘fernery’ at the north- western corner of the building.308

Fig. 70. The southwestern corner of the Turk’s Head building (left) and the weatherboard extension of the former billiard hall (right) in the 1930s. George Bennett at left .309

.— 88 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Fig. 71. The the weatherboard extension of the former billiard hall (right) in the 1930s.310

Fig. 72. Aerial view of the Turk’s Head building in May 1949.311

.— 89 — Dirk HR Spennemann

There is a paucity of data on the functioning of the accommodation business. We know that at least in 1937 the Bennetts employed a waitress.312 A smattering of newspaper references, confirmed by family history,313 seems to suggest that it served as longer-term accommodation for single, often elderly men. On record are the following residents, one of which was a member of the extended Bennett family:314 o On 5 October 1939, James Dundas died, formerly of 317 Wodonga Place.315 o A probate application in May 1942 mentions the ‘tea merchant’ Edmund Thomas Kelly as a beneficiary, then living at 317 Wodonga Place.316 o On 20 June 1949, the 69 year old Joseph Robert Hill died while living at 317 Wodonga Place.317 o On 26 June 1950, the 87 year old James Warnoch died from an accident while living in a canvas-covered wagon at the rear of 317 Wodonga Place.318 Warnoch had been living in the wagon since ca 1935.319 o On 15 August 1953, the 83 year old James Richards died at Barnawatha, although living at 317 Wodonga Place.320 In addition to the boarders, who were fed three meals a day, the Bennetts had regular dinner guests, such as one of the Chinese market gardeners.321

Guest House Little external modification occurred during the period the Turk’s Head building was used as a guesthouse. An extant photograph shows the building as seen from the northeast (Fig. 67). The building stands on a slight rise compared to the road. It appears that the building had been whitewashed at the time. Wires and insulators indicate that the building had electricity as well as a telephone. In front of the parlour, directly at the road side is a wooden rail for tying horses. This rail seems to be a relic from the early 1900s (see Fig. 61). A close-up, albeit undated, image of Robert George Bennett sitting on the northern verandah (Fig. 73), gives us an insight into the appearance of the verandah prior to the 1965 modifications. The building is whitewashed, with the bottom course painted in a darker colour, which differs from the colour tone of the window surrounds and the shutters. The verandah surface is made up of bricks laid length-wise from the building. The surface closest to the door, between the door and the former balustrade, is smooth, presumably a concrete finish. The front of the verandah is bounded by a wooden sleeper which shows the holes which would have held the balusters of the balustrade. To the man’s right is a small section of balustrade with the remains of hinges, suggesting that at one point there was a small gate that sectioned off that part of the verandah under the windows. There is no formed step, with the stone foundations ex- posed.

.— 90 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Fig. 73. Robert George Bennett on northern ve- Fig. 74. Caroline Bennett’s granddaughter Wen- randah.322 dy on southern verandah in 1947.323

Fig. 75. The rear of Turk’s Head in 194..324

.— 91 — Dirk HR Spennemann

Creek) Oddie’s (across men’s toilet (fenced) fernery (rented out) bed room table table table bed room ining room d bed room (Mrs Bennett’s) window tove s

erving

s dresser kitchen store hop counter (bar) s ? ? (Mrs Bennett’s)

‘little parlour’

potatoes &c laundry bins for ellar access c 325 ? bath dairy room in large planters bed oom open drain r (Edward) (Mrs Bennett’s) ‘big parlour’ ? ) out Bennett’s guesthouse. paved area with ?palms - - (rented out) bed room ? ? bed oom brick r (Rowley) bed room later a kitchen ( (rented out) bed room bed (fenced) garden room . Room and lay . 76 plan Fig. (rented out) (rented out) bed room bed room toilet family? bed room (rented out to Hodson Guesthouse kitchen ? (ca 1944/47) shed storage family? (old furniture) Bennett’s bed room (rented out to Hodson

.— 92 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

The northern door to the parlour opened to the left,326 but had been furnished with a curtain (Fig. 73). The semi-circular fan light had been painted white. On the transom is an oval shaped, white enamel sign with the house number ‘317.’327 By the mid 1940s, the railing of the front verandah had been replaced by a brick wall with a convex surface (Fig. 74, Fig. 81). The building appears white-washed.

Murray Store (1947–1961) After George Bennett’s death in 1943,328 his wife Caroline continued to run the guest house and store with the help of a female acquaintance,329 but soon handed over the store business to Noel Henry Greentree.330 Apart from images, next to nothing is known about the store period of the Turk’s Head building. It is unclear whether Green- tree also ran the boarding house after Caroline Maud Bennett’s death in 1955.331 The Albury Historic Society noted in 1968 that “[w]hen the Albury City Council acquired the land and the Turk’s Head, it had been dis- used as a hotel for many years and then subsequently used as a shop and poor class boarding house, and further deteriorated to the state of poverty stricken or slum accommodation house.”332 Nothing else is known about the Greentrees, with the exception of 1950, when a Mrs W.L. Greentree, described as a widow with two school-aged sons, is mentioned as living next door to Mrs Bennett.333 There is also artefactual evidence dating to the 1950s indicating the presence of children, incl. girls (Fig. 82). The property, at least the store section, was used after Caroline Bennett’s death until the lease was cancelled in July 1960 by then owner, the Albury City Council.334

Acquisition by Albury City Unlike his father, who seems to have supported the civic advancement of Albury, Roy Robinson seems to have been generally reluctant to sell, even though Albury City had had a long-standing program of acquiring lands along the Murray River as public recreation space (p. 58). On 12 July 1957 Albury City forced the issue, when the NSW Government, on behalf of Albury City, compulsorily resumed all of Robinson’s remaining holdings in the area. At the time these holdings comprised allotment 1 of section 40, allotment 2 of section 41, as well as lots 1, 5 and 10 of allotment 1 of section 41. Roy Robinson was compensated for the loss.335 When the construction of new concrete-built Union Bridge was being pro- gressed during 1960, Albury City Council decided to resumed the lease of Murray Store in order to develop the site. The building had been slated for demolition. Council had hoped that a developer would take on an improvement lease and develop the area as “a modern camping park with all services, including a service station and a café.”336 The

.— 93 — Dirk HR Spennemann

Border Morning Mail notes that such a development would “modernise the entrance to the city, which at present looks shabby and derelict.”337

The building during the store period During the 1940s and 1950s the building functioned as a small store. In hand are three images, all showing the Turk’s Head building from the northwest. The earliest of these shows the building with a whitewashed parlour section as well as whitewashed southern verandah. The paint on the northern section seems to have largely flaked off by this time. The main modification was the rebuilding of the verandah by removing the wooden balustrade and by reducing the number of verandah posts. Instead of a balustrade we now see low, single-skinned brick walls set between the posts. At the gate sections of the walls have a curved finish, while in the other sections the top shows a de- pression, giving it a concave appearance (Fig. 77, Fig. 81). The business operated under the name ‘Murray Store.” An enamel sign mounted to the façade advertises the sale of ‘Bex’ Powders, while signs hand painted onto the brickwork signal that tobacco, cigarettes and ‘cool drinks on ice’ could be had at the store (Fig. 77). An electric light was mounted above the parlour window, lighting the wooden name board.

Fig. 77. The building in the 1950s.338

Another set of images of the 1960s shows the building in an unchanged state, with the exception that the whitewash had failed almost completely (Fig. 81). The Border Mail showed an image of the building in July 1960 (Fig. 80). Soon after, street lighting was installed. Judging from the image the building was in a bad state of repair. The roof appears heavily corroded, the windows had not been repointed, and the paint on the northern door was flaking heavily. The bottom of the brickwork, both of the verandah and the walling of the abutting rooms sections shows clear evidence of rising damp.

.— 94 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

As can be seen on the image, the store advertised Peters ice cream, both as signage painted on the brickwork, and on wooden signboards suspended from the verandah. Next to the northern door the shop advertised the sale of ‘groceries, cool drinks, ice cream bricks, choco wedges, cigarettes and tobacco’ An enamel sign mounted to the façade of the northern abutment section advertises the sale of ‘Turf’ cigarettes.

Fig. 78. A metal sign advertising Bex Powders identical with the one visible on Fig. 77.339

cellar

1965

Fig. 79. Reconstructed circulation pattern during 1950s and 1960s. Rooms with external access only are shaded grey.

.— 95 — Dirk HR Spennemann

Fig. 80. The building in June 1960.340

Fig. 81. The building in the 1960s.341

.— 96 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Fig. 82. Remnants of 1950s children’s toys (puzzle, beads, doll’s shoe and small cloth-peg) encountered in the roof cavity of the kitchen building during the structural inspection.

Museum (1967–2006) After the acquisition of the land by the Albury City Council for conversion into recreation land to complete the recreation space at the Murray river frontage, the fate of the Turk’s Head building seemed sealed. It was to be demolished. During 1961 and 1962 Albury Historical Society lobbied hard to retain the structure.342 In 1963 Albury City agreed to retain the building and convert it into a museum, but little developed. By October 1964 the city council finally formally considered ear marking £6,500 for expenditure during FY 1965-66 for the conversion of the building into a folk museum.343 It took until July of the following year, however, for the decision to be confirmed,344 with the historical society to be intimately involved in the planning. While the overall intent to preserve the building was lauded,345 the council’s plans to demolish a number of structures to the west and south of the Turk’s Head building and to construct a new caretakers residence did sit not well with some members of the public. They deplored, in particular, the decision to demolish the kitchen as well as the billiard room to the south.346 According to C. Klinge, Secretary of the Albury Historical Society in 1975, the building was refurbished by the Albury City Council with much publicity, but then council lost interest in the project.347 The Albury Historic Society noted in 1968 that “after much debate, restoration of the building for a museum won the day. It is not precisely the original, but as near as practicable to the old colonial style.”348

.— 97 — Dirk HR Spennemann

In the following year, as plans began to become more concrete, the council failed in its submission to have the museum funded by the NSW State government.349 On the positive side, it was able to obtain a commitment by the Sydney-based Museum of Ap- plied Arts and Sciences to establish an Albury branch.350 This proved a mixed blessing, however, as this commitment came with a demand for 80% of the display space,351 effectively restricting the Folk Museum to three small rooms.352 Even though a care taker (for the MAAS part) was appointed and soon living at the museum in early 1967,353 the opening did not occur until the end of the year.354 The co-located museums (1967–1983) The Albury Folk Museum opened on 15 December 1967 (Fig. 89), with museum hours being 2 to 5pm every Wednesday, Friday and Sunday. When the Albury and District Historical Society carried out a survey of historic properties in July 1969, its brief report included the Turk’s Head Museum and noted that the building had been restored by the City Council in 1965 at a cost of $16,000,355 but that this was a ‘bad restoration [which was] strongly criticised.”356 These qualifiers notwithstanding, fifteen years later the museum was to claim that “[t]he Turk’s Head has been renovated in the original style” (Albury Regional Museum, n.d. [ca 1984]).

Fig. 83. The Museum property in ca. 1975.357

.— 98 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Fig. 84. Proposed schedule of works for the conversion of the Murray Store to a Museum. Source: (1965a)

Fig. 85. Proposed schedule of works for the conversion of the Murray Store to a Museum.358

Fig. 86. Proposed schedule of works for the conversion of the Murray Store to a Museum.359

.— 99 — Dirk HR Spennemann

Fig. 87. Preparing for the opening of the Folk Museum Fig. 88. Opening of the Folk Museum in in December 1967.360 December 1967.361

Fig. 89. Opening of the Folk Museum in December 1967.362

Frank Strahan, reviewing the museums in the Albury-Wodonga area in 1975 (see below), made the following acerbic comment that sums up many an early local museum development and that is fully applicable to the situation in Albury:

.— 100 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

“Preserving Historical Buildings. This is often a reason leading to the establishment of a museum. The usual pattern is: 1. Enthusiasts decide to preserve a building 2. Time and money must be spent on restoration 3. Once restored the building must be maintained and put to use 4. The building is given the function of a museum.”363 The Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences (Albury Branch) opened on 1 De- cember 1967364 and the co-located folk section, then comprising two rooms,365 opened a fortnight later.366 As part of the background research for the Committee of Enquiry on Museums and National Collections (‘Piggot Enquiry),367 Frank Strahan, the Archivist of the Uni- versity of Melbourne, visited Albury in March 1975 and reported inter alia on the collections and exhibitions at the co-located Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences and the Turk's Head Folk Museum.368 He noted that “Albury, by far the most populous place in the region, has one of the weakest museums” and noted that both museum components should combine and should focus on three themes: railway, local industries (wool-broking, flour-milling and stock sales) and town growth (in view of the impending development by the Albury-Wodonga Development Corporation).369 Strahan was critical of the overall museum set up as it had “no temperature control, no fire alarm, no dust filtration, fumigation.”370 He noted that while “the building housing the museum is attractive in form …its location is a problem. It is set by a bend on the west side of Wodonga Place (the Hume Highway) near the bridge spanning the Murray River en route to Wodonga. Wodonga (south) bound traffic has difficulty getting to the museum due to the need to make a right-hand turn against heavy oncoming traffic flow. Albury (north) bound traffic turns the bend and would tend to miss the museum, which is set back from the road.—there are no approach signs.”371

Albury Historical Society Folk Museum At the time Strahan’s visit the folk museum component was ‘another random conglom- eration…cluttered … [but] neat and tidy.’372 The Albury Historical Society owned about 90% of all items as bequests/gifts by local residents in the farming and business community, with the remaining 10% being items on loan.373 About 40% of the objects were being rotated where possible. C Klinge, Secretary of the Albury Historical Society complained that they were “cramped to the position where it is impossible to display a lot of our articles at all. We ur- gently need a much larger area…[including an] outdoor space for showing heavy equipment, vehicles, etc.”374 The storage space was so unsatisfactory that a large amount of items were stored in the homes of the members of the Albury Historical Society.375 In 1975 the museum received about 2,000 visitors per year.376

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Fig. 90. Signage for the Albury Folk Museum.377

Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences (Albury Branch) The museum, which utilised the central and northern sections of the Turk’s Head building was set up as the Albury Branch of the Sydney-based Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences (now Powerhouse museum). Strahan was informed that “the museum owes presence to political influence.”378 Strahan described the museum as “a strange display, uncluttered, yet unrelated (more like bits of a museum than a museum)…a collection [which was] small in scale, unrelated and somewhat silly.”379 Strahan’s informant at the museum was an “attendant, a suspicious but homely type’ [who] refused to give his name, …untrained and described himself as ‘caretaker.’380 When Strahan visited the Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences section of the Turk’s Head building in March 1975 he noted flood damage in the north-western corner of the museum.381 The attendant claimed that this could have been prevented by erecting a levee bank in the rear, but that the Albury City Council was not listening.382 Strahan found that there was not only little collaboration between the two, but even resentment. The attendant of the Museum of Arts and Sciences commented on the Albury Folk Museum that “[t]hey often don’t open. They are a nuisance. I have to take messages and things for them.”383

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Strahan recommended a merger and refocus the collections on displays on the history of Albury and the Region.384 This resulted in part in an attempt to disentangle the museum and find a new venue that represented what Albury was meant to become under Whitlam’s decentralisation programme.385 While a new, and more central venue was promised in 1981,386 nothing eventuated. One of the outcomes of the Piggott report,387 was that many museums reas- sessed and redefined their interests, collections and activities. As one of the consequences, the Museum of Applied Arts & Sciences focussed on its Sydney operations and shut down its regional branches.388 It was Albury’s turn in February 1983.389 When the Albury branch had been set up in 1967, the intent had been that any collections displayed there were for permanent display and retention, and not given on loan.390 Thus, it seems, many items were retained and transitioned into the collections of the Albury Historical Society.

The building The proposed conversion of the dilapidated Murray Store to the museum in 1965 was as far as can be assessed, carried out for the most part. An extant image from 1967 shows the museum as seen from the southeast. The brick wall of the verandahs has been removed and concrete steps have been installed. A concrete footpath connects the building with the newly constructed visitor centre to the north. The building appears whitewashed, with the windows and the shutters painted in a darker, presumably green colour. Signage has been affixed to the wall of the southern abutting room, as well as a sign suspended from the parlour. The southern sign reads ‘Albury Historical Society & Folk Museum”, while the sign at the parlour wall reads “Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences Albury Branch” (see Fig. 83). After the building was acquired by Albury City, plans were drawn up to convert the structure into a museum. This entailed sweeping changes to the circulation pattern of the building. The external accesses to rooms 8 and 15 were bricked in.

ca. 1970

Fig. 91. Ground plan of the Turk’s Head building during the co-located museum period in the 1970s.

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Fig. 92. The building in the 1970s when it served as the Albury Historical Society and Folk Museum and the Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences (Albury Branch).391 Albury Regional Museum (1983–2006) When the Museum of Applied Arts & Sciences withdrew in February 1983, the Albury- Wodonga Development Corporation, a body charged with developing the region as a viable economic entity, seems to have stepped in and supported the continuation of the museum as a cultural facility. This allowed for some renovations and for the Albury Historical Society and Folk Museum to expand and spread into the whole building. Re- branded as the Albury Regional Museum, the building was formally re-opened on 7 December 1983 by the Premier of New South Wales, Neville Wran (Fig. 96).392 The focus of the Albury Regional Museum was to “introduce Upper Murray Aboriginal culture and trace the history of European settlement in the Albury Wodonga regions from 1824 to the present.”393 The permanent exhibition was to be augmented by temporary travelling exhibitions to commence in 1984/85.394 The museum underwent a series of minor branding changes (Fig. 95), probably in consequence of changes in directorship (Table 9). The museum closed on 10 November 2006 in preparation of the new museum development at the corner of Swift and Kiewa Streets.395 Since then the building has stood empty with Albury City Council examining options to activate that space.396

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= Museum of Applied Arts Albury and Sciences Historical Society and Folk Museum

1967

Fig. 93. Reconstructed circulation pattern at the beginning of the co-located museum period in Decem- ber 1967

Albury Historical Museum of Society and Folk Applied Arts Museum and Sciences

ca. 1970

Fig. 94. Reconstructed circulation pattern during the co-located museum period in the 1970s

Table 9. Directors of the two incarnations of the Albury Museum based at Turks Head until the closure of the facility on 12 November 2006397 Period Name Notes Folk Museum 1967, Nov– J.J.Wright 398 ? ? Albury Regional Museum 1982, May 1–1983, Dec 7 Narelle Pumpa 399 1984, Apr 9–1987, Feb Constance M Kordell 400 1987, Apr – 1988, Nov > Martyn Paxton 1989, Jun 26 –1993, Feb Vicky Northey 401 1993, Mar–1999, Feb Elizabeth Close 402 1999–2000, Oct 24 Helen Pithie [acting] 403 2000, Oct 24–2006, Nov 12 Helen Pithie 404

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1983

1984

1997

2003

2004 Fig. 95. Variations in branding of the museum at Turk’s Head.405

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Fig. 96. Invitation to the official opening of the Albury Regional Museum 7 December 1983.406

2017

Fig. 97. Ground plan of the Turk’s Head building during later period of the Albury Regional Muse- um to the present

office office kitchen Twentieth Century Federation

shop

temporary Aboriginals Overlanders Growth exhibitions Foyer and and and Explorers Settlers Government office

1980s

Fig. 98. Documented circulation pattern during the early period of the Albury Regional Museum.407

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store office kitchen gallery gallery

temporary reception gallery exhibitions gallery

gallery store

late 1980s

Fig. 99. Documented circulation pattern during the middle period of the Albury Regional Museum.408

kitchen

partition with one- way mirror

1990s

Fig. 100. Observed circulation pattern during the later period of the Albury Regional Museum.409

.— 108 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Fig. 101. The Albury Regional Museum at the time of closure in 2006.410

Fig. 102. The Albury Regional Museum at the time of closure in 2006. Room nº 2 looking north.411

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Fig. 103. The Albury Regional Museum at the time of closure in 2006. Room nº 3 looking south to room 4.412

Fig. 104. The western wall of room nº 14, show- Fig. 105. The northern wall of room nº 14, ing paint-out with Indigenous motifs showing paint-out with Indigenous motifs

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Fig. 106. The Albury Regional Museum at the time of closure in 2006. Room nº 14.413

Fig. 107. Artwork signed “Desi Smith, Wiradjuri ‘98” as mounted in the Albury Regional Museum in November 2006.414

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Table 10. Chronological synopsis of significant events relating to the Turks’ Head building (for separate list of owners see Table 4 and for list of publicans see Table 5)

Date Context History Structural Notes

1824, Nov 16 Hamilton Hume, William 415 Hovell and six convicts are the first Europeans to reach the Murray at Al- bury

1835 James Wyse establishes 416 Mungabareena run for Charles Ebden

1839, Apr Albury town grid sur- 417 veyed

1841 Robert Brown (of the 418 Hume Inn) operates the first punt

1849, Aug 15 NSW government takes 419 control of the punt service

1851, Jul 1 Colony of Victoria founded

1855, Sep 22 John Green purchas- 420 es allotment 2 of section 40

1858, Dec Government punt relo- 421 cated to end of Wodon- ga Place

1861, Sep 9 Union Bridge opens 422

1867, Oct Record flood of the Mur- 423 ray

1868, Apr 21 Hotel opened as 424 ‘Traveller’s Rest’

1873, Nov 21 Wodonga railway station 425 opened

1874, Nov Bridge Toll abolished 426

1875, Jul 14 Hotel rebranded as 427 ‘Turk’s Head Hotel’

1879, Jan 20 stables burn down 428

1882, Aug accommodation space 429 added (i.e. building extended?)

1884, Feb new billiard room erected 430

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Date Context History Structural Notes

1898, Nov 19 hotel put up for sale, 431 passed in

< 1898, Mar billiard room converted 432 to accommodation

1899, Jan 3 new Union Bridge 433 opened

1900, Mar hotel rebranded as 434 ‘Union Bridge Hotel’

1901. Jan 1 Federation, customs abolished for good

1906, Dec watering troughs re- 435 moved

1909, May foot path in bad condi- 436 tion

1916, Jun stables in unstable condi- 437 tion and pulled down

1922, Jun 30 Union Bridge Hotel 438 delicensed

1938, Nov 3 fire destroys a wood and 439 iron outbuilding at the rear

1960, Oct 26 Albury Historical Society 440 formed

1961, Apr 7 current (third) Union 441 Bridge opened

1961, Aug 19 Albury City terminat- demolition of the Turk’s 442 ed tenant’s lease Head building proposed

1965, Aug 20 plans for museum con- 443 version finalized

1967, Dec 1 Museum of Applied 444 Arts & Sciences opens at the Turks’ Head building

1967, Dec 15 Albury folk museum 445 opens at the Turk’s Head building

1983, Feb Museum of Applied 446 Arts & Sciences with- draws

1983, subfloor ventilation in- 447 stalled

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Date Context History Structural Notes

1983, Dec 7 Albury Regional Mu- 448 seum opened by NSW Premier Neville Wran

1987 picket fence erected 449

1988, Sep 25 Time capsule placed next 450 to the Turk’s Head building

1991, May 17 Balustrade added 451

1991, early Turks’ Head building re- 452 roofed with new CGI

1993, Nov new doorway created in 453 northeastern corner of the Turks’ Head building

1996 Pergolas at rear and en- 454 try canopy erected

1997, Oct? Bonegilla Mosaic by Ma- 455 rie Louise Anderson installed

2004, Apr damp proofing project 456

2006, Nov 12 museum at Turks’ 457 Head building closes

2015, Sep 16 removal of asbestos tiles 458 and floor linings in rooms 1, 2, & 15

2016, Jun 14 call for expression of 459 interest to lease

.— 114 — Notes to Chapter 3

1. (Anonymous, 1852b). been systematically researched for this 2. (Anonymous, 1852b). study. On record are: 3. A sand dune existed at the Ebden Street Lot 6 was sold on 4 November 1873 to between Olive and David Streets, Albu- Thomas Marlow (NSW property regis- ry. This dune had been a burial location ter book 150 folio 285) (Simpson, by the Indigenous people and was also 1958). used for early European burials In November 1904 lot nº8 of allotment (Anonymous, 1860d, 1861f, 1861g, 1, section 41 was put on the market as a 1861h, 1896e, 1910f; Vagabond, 1896). clearing sale. Property ‘Fern Villa, Indigenous burials in that dune, with owned by Mrs Darwell in 1904 (Grif- bodies placed between two sheets of fiths & Co, 1904).—The advertisement bark, are on record for 1840 and 1841 makes no reference to the lot number, (Bushman, 1842). As Albury grew, that just notes that the property is allotment dune was increasingly quarried for sand 1 section 41 and the corner block at for purposes of house construction and Ebden Street and Wodonga Place. the cemetery was in an increasingly bad In October 1937 the rates for lots 2 of shape (Anonymous, 1862b).—The allotment 1, section 41, were so far cemetery in the sand dune was given up overdue that the property was auc- and the bodies relocated to the current tioned off by the public trustee. Owners location at the Pioneer cemetery (gazet- at the time were Edward Hutchinson ted in 1848) at the northern end of Da- Doubleday and Edwin Doubleday vid Street and consecrated in 1858 (Geddes, 1937); see also (Garnsey, 4. (Anonymous, 1848c). 1937). 5. (Anonymous, 1852b). 15. (Ten Brink & Co, 1896). 6,. (Anonymous, 1853b). 16. Source: (Department of Lands, 1906). 7. (Denison, 1855, p. 2154).—Section 40 17. (Anonymous, 1918g). allotments nº 1 & 2; section 41 allot- 18. (Anonymous, 1918g).— This was not ment nº 1 & 2; and section 41 allotment the first time that a public bath at that nº 2 (Denison, 1855, pp. 2157–2158). space was mooted, as a Mrs Bean 8. Suburban lots 1,2 and 4, comprised of owned baths at ‘Robinson’s Beach’ and section 41 portion 2 (5 acres 2 perches); offered to sell them to council in 1911 section 40 portion 1 (3 acres 2 perches (Anonymous, 1911c). 10 rood); section 40 portion 2 (2 acres 3 19. (Anonymous, 1918f).—Subject to gov- perches 26 rood) (Riddell, 1856, p. 106). ernor’s approval, the terms for the ac- See also ownership as first alienation on quisition of eight acres of allotment 2, the Parish Map (Fig. 37): (Department section 42 at a cost of £33/acre were an of Lands, 1906).—From July 1857 on- up-front payment of £50 and four an- wards, a John Green also owned allot- nual payments of £53/10 plus 6%p.a. ments 4–7 in section 18 (Anonymous, interest (Anonymous, 1918e). 1857l; Barney, 1857b, p. 1498). 20. Purchase approved (Anonymous, 9. (Richardson & Wrench, 1860). 1918c).—land pegged out (Anonymous, 10. Plan A26.1302 (Bunton, 1957; 1918d).—unemployed soldiers grant to Renshaw, 1957). be drawn on (Anonymous, 1919b, 11. Included in the appropriation for 1860 1919c).—development budget pub- (New South Wales, 1860): ‘Compensa- lished (Anonymous, 1919b). tion to Mr. John Green, for land for 21. As that prevented his stock from ac- road between Wodonga Place and River cessing and grazing the land Murray, at Albury.’ (Anonymous, 1919d). 12. (Richardson & Wrench, 1860). 22. (Renshaw, 1957). 13. (Renshaw, 1957). 23. Resumed for purposes of public recrea- 14. The subsequent history of the land tion was lot B or allotment 2 of section ownership of that allotment has not 42 (Weaver, 1933).—Lot B in miscella- Dirk HR Spennemann

neous plan of subdivision nº 12,583 (ti- County Cork, Ireland (the entry on the tle vol. 5278 folio 92) resumed for pub- register of bounty immigrants suggests lic recreation on 21 April 1948 (Jordan, he was born in 1801 as he was aged 1948).—Robinson disputed the valua- 39¾ at the time of arrival (Immigration tion of the resumed land a claimed a Agent, 1841). higher value. In May 1951 the Land and They had married in London in 1825 Valuation Court set the value of the (see data in Ann Green’s death certifi- land at £3017 and, after deductions, cate NSW Register of Births, Deaths awarded Robinson £1750. Robinson and Marriages 3335/1874). himself had claimed £2500 The NSW Register of Births, Deaths (Anonymous, 1951). and Marriages does not illuminate the 24. Purchase price £520 (Hague, 1949).— death of Hugh Driscoll. The two Hugh Lot 2 had been sold to Carey on 5 May Driscoll listed as having died in the pe- 1881 by Henry Baylis, John Frederick riod 1841–1846 were infants; the ages at Skinner, Alice Skinner, and Edward death for the other males during the pe- Hutchinson Doubleday (as son of Ed- riod the period 1841–1846 do not ward Doubleday, storekeeper Albury) match the supposed date of birth of (NSW property register book 222 folio Hugh Driscoll (between 1801 and 1803, 883) (Hague, 1949). see note 36). On 13, 15 and 16 Septem- 25. Images based on (Department of ber 1845 Ann Driscoll placed the fol- Lands, 1906; NSW Department of lowing notice in the Sydney Morning Her- Lands, n.d.). ald: 26. (Bunton, 1957; Renshaw, 1957). “Having left my husband, Hugh Driscoll, in 27. Purchase price £3200, NSW property the Asylum, Sydney, three years past in March register book 2455 folio 793 (Simpson, last, and who was then labouring under illness 1958). occasioned by a fall, but he having assumed a 28. Purchase price £2050, NSW property false name when he entered it, I have not been register book 2754 folio 549 (Strong, able to know what has become of him; though I 1965). have used every exertion; and as I am about to 29. be married, I am anxious to obtain infor- (H. N. Turnbull, 1923). mation respecting him, whether he is dead or 30. (Anonymous, 1860i). alive, I therefore offer a reward of £1 for such 31. (Anonymous, 1865b). information. The said Hugh Driscoll was a 32. (Anonymous, 1860i). marble polisher by trade and was of weak 33. For a more in-depth history see Ap- mind. Ann Driscoll. New Line, near Goul- pendix I (p. 98). burn, September 8” (A. Driscoll, 1845a, 1845b). 34. Which was closer to town and had more street frontage (the additional We do not know what came of this. frontage to Ebden Street). The weekly paper Bell's Life in Sydney 35. picked up on the notice and poked fun (Anonymous, 1868a). at the situation speculating that “his 36. Born in London in 1802 or 1803 (see mortal remains may be found reposing death certificate NSW Register of at the bottom of one of the capacious Births, Deaths and Marriages soup coppers” of the Benevolent Asy- 2785/1872); lum (Anonymous, 1845a). 37. NSW Register of Births, Deaths and Hugh and Ann Driscoll had arrived in Marriages B 342 vol 31C /1846 Sydney on 6 April 1841 as bounty im- V1846342. The marriage on 10 Febru- migrants aboard the Bussorah Merchant. ary 1846 was registered by the Church The immigration record notes that the of England in the Parish of St Saviour family, who originated from County in the County of Argyle (presumably St Cork, comprised of: Hugh Driscoll, Saviour, Goulburn).—At the time of aged 39 ¾ stone mason, who could marriage, John was 43 or 44 years of read and write; Ann Driscoll, aged 26 age, and Ann was 41. Both were resi- farm servant, who could neither read dent at Towrang (NSW). nor write; Daniel, aged 13; John, aged 38. She had been previously married to 11; Robert, aged 9; Julia, aged 5; and Hugh Driscoll who had been born on Hugh aged 2. The importer, Alexander December 24 1800, in Bantry Bay, Campbell, collected bounty of £19 each

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for the adults, £10 each for the children Bates (Lane, 1869, p. 2131; 1870, p. aged 9 to 13, and £5 each for the two 1923; 1871, p. 1951) and from 1872 by younger children (Immigration Agent, a Walter G Banks (Eagar, 1872, p. 1841); see also typed index card, with 2407). No longer listed in 1873 (Eagar, some errors: (Anonymous, 2010).—The 1873b, p. 2459). sixth child, Thomas Driscoll, was born Another establishment, “The Traveller’s in 1842 (birth certificate, NSW Register Rest Hotel,” was reputedly operated in of Births, Deaths and Marriages Albury by a Patrick Madden for the pe- 2196/1842 V18422196 133, not seen). riod 1870 to 1872 (Eagar, 1872, p. 2407; 39. Born 1849 in Goulburn (birth certifi- Lane, 1870, p. 1923; 1871, p. 1951), but cate, NSW Register of Births, Deaths a traveller’s account of 1873 placed and Marriages 935/1849 V1849935 66; Madden’s establishment on the Sydney not seen). Road between Woomargama and Mul- 40. James must have died early as William lengandra (Anonymous, 1873k). No Green is noted as the sole child at the longer listed in 1873 (Eagar, 1873b, p. time of the probate application for John 2459). Green’s assets (Fleming & Bradley, . Yet another Traveller’s Rest hotel was 1874d). operated by John Gregson in Gerogery 41. (Anonymous, 1910i). in 1876 (Eagar, 1876, p. 3643; 1877, p. 42. (Anonymous, 1868a).—The common 3367; 1879, p. 4051). spelling in the government publications 43. According to a label displayed along (licences) seems to have been the singu- with a pit saw in the museum the lar Traveller’s Rest, with the exception of “Timber used in the construction of Ann Green’s advertisement of 1874 this building (Turks Head Hotel) was (Fig. 40) and one of Carpenter’s adver- cut on the Wodonga flats by Dan Dris- tisements in 1874 (Fig. 41) where it is coll and Ferdy Jones using a pit saw.” spelled in the plural ‘Travellers’ Rest.’ The 44. (Greville's Directory, 1872, p. 8). surviving image of the hotel (Fig. 42), is 45. John Green was the first of three not clear enough to allow a positive publicans to die while running the hotel; identification of the presence/absence the others were Joseph Henry Frauen- of the apostrophe. The common appel- felder in 1895 (p. 76) and Edward Steel lation of other public houses with the in 1900 (p. 81). same name tends to be in the singular. 46. Apparently Green “had been in the Care needs to be taken not to conflate habit of drinking very hard” and “had the various hotels with similar appella- not been sober one day during the last tions: two months” (Anonymous, 1872b).— A hotel, initially called the Traveller’s The inquest file for the inquest con- Rest, is on record in October 1857 at ducted by Captain Brownrigg on 16 Mount Pleasant as being 4 ½ miles May 1872 noted 'natural causes, acceler- from Albury on the way to the Upper ated by drink' (NSW Attorney General Murray (Anonymous, 1857i; Hopgood, & Justice, 1821-1937). 1857a, 1857b), but it does not seem to 47. (Eagar, 1872, p. 2407). be listed in the licensing register. The 48. Anne Green died 23 April 1874 (see hotel remained known as Traveller’s Rest inscription on grave marker in the Al- among some circles (Anonymous, bury cemetery).—funeral on 25 May ac- 1859e), although since April 1858 it also cording to funeral notice (‘cortege to went under the name Mount Pleasant leave from Mr T Donovan’s residence’) Hotel (Anonymous, 1858b; C. L. (W. J. Jones, 1874). Morris, 1858). 49. (Fleming & Bradley, 1874c).—Probate Another Traveller’s Rest hotel had been granted on 23 July 1874 (Fleming & operated by an Edward Gall at ‘Billa- Bradley, 1874a, 1874b, 1874c) (Probate bong’ near Albury since at least 1865. It Division, 1874).—(Fleming & Bradley, was licensed under that name until 1874d).—See also Affidavit of death 1868, during the latter year in parallel (Green, 1874b); Bond (Green, Jones, & with the Traveller’s Rest under discus- Higgins, 1874); Sureties (Higgins, sion (Eagar, 1866, p. 1847; Lane, 1867, 1874b; L. Jones, 1874), affidavit of pub- p. 1893; 1868, p. 2871; Smart, 1865, p. 2032). In 1869 licensed by a George

.— 117 — Dirk HR Spennemann

lication and search (Cope, 1874); ad- James Mitchell (P. L. Campbell, 1840, p. ministration (Green, 1874a). 171 [under 'Murrumbidgee']). . The probate files are silent on the na- 65. Formally gazetted on 13 April 1839 ture and extent of the assets. Only the (Thomson, 1839c). total value of the estate, £900 at the 66. (Anonymous, 1852b).—Owner un- time of Anne’s death, is recorded. known at the time of writing. 50. (Higgins, 1874b; L. Jones, 1874).— 67. Suburban lots 1,2 and 4, comprised of James Higgins was a coach builder section 41 portion 2 (5 acres 2 perches); (Anonymous, 1919f), while Lewis Jones section 40 portion 1 (3 acres 2 perches was agent for Cobb and Co as well as 10 rood); section 40 portion 2 (2 acres 3 an alderman of the Albury Borough perches 26 rood) (Riddell, 1856, p. 106). Council in 1874 (Higgins, 1874a) See also ownership as first alienation on

51. (Green, 1874b; Green et al., 1874). the Parish Map (Fig. 37): (Department 52. (Fleming & Bradley, 1874a, J 1874b) of Lands, 1906).—See NSW licensing 53 register (Lane, 1868, p. 2871; 1869, p. . For example, in 1886 the G brand for horses and cattle, was transferred from 2131; 1870, p. 1923; 1871, p. 1951). the executors of John Green registered 68. Anne Green died 23 April 1874 (see to William Green, Wodonga Place (reg. inscription on grave marker in the Al- nº 1701)(Bruce, 1886). bury cemetery). 54. (Anonymous, 1874f). 69. (Green & Conley, 1893b, 1894b; 55. (Anonymous, 1874f). Griffith & Co, 1887). 70 56. (Carpenter, 1874). . (Anonymous, 1898c).—Put on the 57 market in November 1898 (Ten Brink . Licencing register (Eagar, 1874b, p. & Co, 1898a, 1898b, 1898c). 2637); see also advertisement (Carpenter, 1874). 71. (Anonymous, 1900j, 1922e).— Paid 58 £20 p.a. in rates in 1907 (Anonymous, . At the time of writing we have no in- 1907d). formation on the background or identi- 72 ty of Alfred John Carpenter. . In November 1938 the Turk’s Head 59 building was owned by Roy Robinson, . On 30 January 1875 Carpenter is men- and occupied by Mr. R. G. Bennett. tioned in court case as witness 73 (Anonymous, 1875b). . Resumed by Albury City (Bunton, 1957; 60. Renshaw, 1957). (Anonymous, 1875a). 74. 61. See NSW licensing register (Lane, 1868, (Anonymous, 1875a). p. 2871; 1869, p. 2131; 1870, p. 1923; 62. The hotel is not included in the 1 July 1871, p. 1951).—For death see NSW 1875 list of licenced premises in Albury Register of Births, Deaths and Marriag- (Eagar, 1875, p. 2761). es 2785/1872.—see also headstone in 63. While it might be posited that the NSW the Albury Cemetery. government did not exercise effective 75. See NSW licensing register (Eagar, control until the mapping of the Albury 1872, p. 2407; 1873a, p. 2459).—Even area by Townsend in 1839 (Perry, 1838; though Ann took over the business on Townsend, 1839), the first formal act of John’s death, the licence was not for- control occurred in 1835, when Charles mally transferred on 9 July 1872 Hotson Ebden selected land on both (Anonymous, 1872e).—For death see sides of the river, establishing the NSW Register of Births, Deaths and Mungabareena and Bonegilla Runs (A. Marriages 3335/1874.—see also head- Andrews, 1920, p. 22ff; 170f; stone in the Albury Cemetery. Anonymous, 1876f). 76. See NSW licensing register (Eagar, 64. Paul Huon, owner of the Wodonga run 1874b, p. 2637).—see also advertise- (La Trobe, 1848), purchased Mungaba- ment (Carpenter, 1874).—enforced reena in 1836 (A. Andrews, 1912a, p. 3f; cancellation of licence(Anonymous, 1920, p. 22ff; 170f). Huon received a 1875a). pasturage licence in February 1837 77. (Anonymous, 1875a).—Cass cancelled (licence nº 202, Thomson, 1837). Re- his license for the Turk’s Head Hotel newed July 1838 (licence nº 289, (Anonymous, 1876a).—Cass takes up Thomson, 1838).—Pasturage license to licence for the Carrier Arms at the same time (Cass, 1876).

.— 118 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

78. See NSW licensing register (Eagar, 89. (Anonymous, 1901j; McCook, 1901c, 1877, p. 3367; 1879, p. 4051).— 1901b, 1901a)(Standing advertisement). Commenced advertising 23 December 90. See NSW licensing register (Kirkpatrick, 1876 (Gulson, 1876).—Still landlord in 1901, p. 6481; 1902, p. 6049; 1903, p. January 1880 (Anonymous, 1880a, 6159; 1904, p. 6405; Saunders, 1905, p. 1880c). 5789; 1906a, p. 4869; 1907a, p. 4859; 79. See NSW licensing register Treasury, 1908, p. 4569; 1909, p. 4677); (Anonymous, 1881d; Eagar, 1880, p. (Anonymous, 1901b, 1901m, 1908a, 4829).—Complaint about stench from 1909b, 1909d) fee £20, assessment £90 night soil at Chinese gardens: (Anonymous, 1907a, 1907b).—J. T. (Anonymous, 1880e). Robinson is also listed in the Sands’ 80. See NSW licensing register (Eagar, Country Commercial Directories for 1881, p. 4695; 1882, p. 4733; 1883, p. 1902 to 1910 (Sands, 1902, p. 672; 4735; 1884b, p. 5879; 1885b, p. 5397). 1903, p. 6A; 1904, p. 5A; 1905, p. 5A; 81. See NSW licensing register (Eagar, 1906, p. 4C; 1907, p. 4A; 1908, p. 5A; 1886b, p. 5365; 1887b, p. 5065; 1888b, 1909, p. 5A; 1910, p. 5A). p. 5631; 1889b, p. 5553; 1890b, p. 91. In 1903 Maurice Flynn, originally of 6627).—(Anonymous, 1885a; Oddie, Jingellic) took over the licence of the 1886a, 1886b, 1886c). Salutation Hotel in Dean Street (Flynn, 82. See NSW licensing register (Eagar, 1903a, 1904).— Maurice Flynn ran that 1891b, p. 6525; Kirkpatrick, 1892b, p. hotel on behalf of the Flynn family 6657; 1893b, p. 6429).—Hotel offered which owned it (for details on for lease 21 December 1893 (Green & arrangement and patronage see Conley, 1893b, 1894b, 1894a). Anonymous, 1908d). 83. See NSW licensing register (Kirkpatrick, From 1910 to 1912 Maurice Flynn 1894b, p. 5339). owned the license for the Union Bridge 84. Hotel with an address in Dean Street See NSW licensing register (Kirkpatrick, (Treasury, 1910a, p. 4655; 1911a, p. 1895d, p. 5501).—Joseph H Frauen- 4713; 1912, p. 5249).—From 1913 on- felder died on 27 August 1895 aged 32 wards the license address is again years (Anonymous, 1895c, 1895d; E. B. Wodonga Place (Anonymous, 1910c, Frauenfelder, 1895); see also headstone 1910g, 1910h, 1911b, 1912a, 1913a, in the Albury Cemetery. 1914b, 1914a, 1918a, 1918b, 1919a; 85. See NSW licensing register Treasury, 1913, p. 5335; 1914, p. 5169; (Anonymous, 1896a; Kirkpatrick, 1915, p. 5001; 1916, p. 4960; 1917, p. 1896b, p. 5885).—Elizabeth B Frauen- 4874; 1918, p. 4215; 1919, p. 4775).— felder still mentioned as licensee 22 May Annual license £90 in 1914 1897 but moves out from the hotel to a (Anonymous, 1914a).— Maurice Flynn private residence (Anonymous, 1897a, is also listed in the Sands’ Country 1897b). Commercial Directories for 1913–1920 86. See NSW licensing register (Kirkpatrick, (Sands, 1911, p. 3A; 1912, p. 4A; 1913, 1897, p. 6077; 1898, p. 6835).— p. 4A; 1914, p. 3A; 1915, p. 3A; 1916, p. (Anonymous, 1898b, 1898c, 1898e; 3A; 1917, p. 3A; 1918, p. 4A; 1919, p. Parker, 1897). 5A; 1920, p. 4A). 87. See NSW licensing register (Kirkpatrick, In 1920 Flynn re-acquired a licence for 1899, p. 6333); (Anonymous, 1899c, the Salutation Hotel (Treasury, 1920, p. 1900g; Hogan, 1899). 4989; 1921, p. 4951), previously li- 88. (Anonymous, 1900e, 1900g); NSW licensed to Thomas Jhonston [sic !] censing register (Kirkpatrick, 1900, p. (Treasury, 1918, p. 4215; 1919, p. 6499).—Steel, aged 38, died suddenly 4775).—See his advertisement as licen- on 30 December 1900 (Anonymous, see of the Salutation Hotel 20 May 1920 1901n, 1901o).—No information on his references that Flynn had been the pre- probate could be found.—Sale of vious publican of the Union Bridge Ho- goodwill (Anonymous, 1901d).—E tel (Flynn, 1920).—See also (Flynn, Steel is also listed in the Sands’ Country 1919). Commercial Directories for 1901 92. See NSW licensing register (Treasury, (Sands, 1901, p. 659). 1920, p. 4989; 1921, p. 4951); license renewals (Anonymous, 1920c, 1921a);

.— 119 — Dirk HR Spennemann

closed as delicensed on 30 June 1922 105. The hotel is not listed as licenced on 1 (Anonymous, 1922d).—R J Blair is also July 1875; see Eagar (1875, p. 2761). listed in the Sands’ Country Commer- 106. (Anonymous, 1875a). cial for 1921 and 1922 (Sands, 1921, p. 107 4A; 1922, p. 5A). . Public Houses with the name Turks 93. Head have been documented from var- Apperly, Irving, and Reynolds (1989, p. ious town in the United Kingdom, such 42ff).—Some of the building terminol- as Exeter, Newcastle, Manchester, Liv- ogy follows Phillips (1989). erpool, Dublin, Rothbury, Wapping and 94. The height has been calculated based others. 107 In Australia there was a on the number of brick courses visible Turk’s Head Hotel in the Rocks area of in Fig. 42. Sydney in the 1820s. 95. See similar assertion in (Albury 108. (e.g. Greig & Murray, 1875). Regional Museum, n.d. [ca 1984]). 109. (Anonymous, 1875e). 96. Photograph by H.G. Thomas, Albu- 110. (Turk’s Head Brooms , Anonymous, ry.—Image courtesy Albury Library 1875i). Museum ARM 90.360.—images origi- 111 nally donated to the Historic Society by . E.g (Kipling, 1899, p. 400f) William Green’s granddaughter, Mrs 112. (Anonymous, 1876e). HB Shipard of Warrawee, Bungowan- 113. It was still advertised on 28 June 1876 nah (Anonymous, 1965d). (Anonymous, 1876e). 97. The northern door is not visible in the 114. (Anonymous, 1876a). photograph, but can be inferred from 115. (Cass, 1876).—See also advertisement the gate in the northern verandah. in (Border Post (Albury), 1877, p. 98. Two small panel on the top, two large 100).—In September 1876 Cass is listed panels on the bottom. as publican of the Empire Hotel, the 99. These units tend to be more common Carriers Arms being no longer listed in the earlier Old Colonial Georgian (Eagar, 1876, p. 3643); see also (Eagar, style (Apperly et al., 1989, p. 24ff), 1877, p. 3367; 1878, p. 3423). which suggests that Albury’s architec- 116. At the time of writing very little is ture lagged slightly behind the capital known about the licensee William Pat- centres. This can also be observed in rick Cunningham. numerous examples of Albury’s late A William Patrick Cunningham is men- nineteenth and early twentieth century tioned in a 1904 newspaper item as an architectural history (pers.obs). applicant for a pension due to ill health, 100. The presence of a shadow at the lower even though he had not yet reached the right-hand corner of the sign demon- 58yr age threshold. Cunningham had strates that this was a sign that had been been a miner in north-eastern Victoria affixed, possibly of metal, and not for most of his life, “with exception of painted on. a short interval in New South Wales” 101. The height was 16ft4in above summer (Anonymous, 1904c). level (Anonymous, 1889).—Paddle A William Cunningham († 2 October steamer: (Anonymous, 1926). 1907, aged 58 years) is buried in the Al- 102. (Anonymous, 1917a). bury Pioneer Cemetery. A Wodonga re- 103. Noted as flooded: (Anonymous, 1889). view of deaths that occurred during 104 1897 lists him as an “old identity who . During the 1905 floods, when the river died aged 59 years” (Anonymous, height was 13ft10in above summer lev- 1908f).—The Victorian Births, Deaths el, the gardens of the Union Bridge Ho- and Marriages lists his as aged 59yrs (nº tel were flooded (Anonymous, 1905e), 1907/14490). but the building was not. In October 117 1906, when the levels reached 14ft 7in . See NSW licensing register (Eagar, and again flooded all the gardens and 1877, p. 3367). paddocks, the hotel just remained above 118. (Garner, 1876). water and dry (Anonymous, 1906e). We 119. While he was landlord of the Turk’s do not know whether the cellar was Head, Luke Gulson served as councillor flooded through groundwater inunda- and later served as mayor in 1884 tion. (Anonymous, 1880b). 120. (Anonymous, 1878c, 1879d).

.— 120 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

121. (Gulson, 1876). on that image, the structure seems to 122. (Gulson, 1877b). have had a gable roof running parallel 123 with the original kitchen building and a . (Gulson, 1876). skillion-roofed addition to the south. 124. (Gulson, 1877a). These two buildings were connected 125. (Gulson, 1877c). with the hotel by a walk-way that had 126. (Gulson, 1878). been roofed over. No other infor- 127. (Gulson, 1876). mation could be obtained at the time of 128 writing. We know that one of these was . That the game of skittles was played at the kitchen, while the other was used as Gulson’s hotel can also be inferred a dining room, an interpretation based from an item in November 1878 on the fact that such rooms had been (Anonymous, 1878b). noted in an 1895 furniture listing 129. (Gulson, 1879a, 1879b, 1879d, 1879c, (Frauenfelder [?], 1895/7), and that it 1879e, 1879f, 1879h, 1879g). was connected with the hotel by a cov- 130. (Anonymous, 1879h). ered walk-way. Oral history relating to 131. The latter is on record for July 1880 as the guest house period revealed that, at landlord in the case of odour emitted least by 1944, the original kitchen build- from night soil deposited on the Chi- ing was used as a dining room, while nese market gardens (Anonymous, the additional building to the south was 1880e). used as the new kitchen, with the south- 132. See NSW licensing register eastern window of the original kitchen (Anonymous, 1881d; Eagar, 1880, p. building used as a serving window 4829).—Complaint about stench from (Donelly, 2017). night soil at Chinese gardens: 141. Detail of Fig. 67.—Source: section of (Anonymous, 1880e). image ARM 85.296. 133. Source: (Anonymous, 1877c, 1877b, 142. (Anonymous, 1884a, 1884c).—Based 1877a). on the available evidence the building 134. Source: (Gulson, 1879a, 1879b, 1879d, seems to have been a two room cottage 1879c, 1879e, 1879f, 1879h, 1879g). with central corridor and a skillion- 135 roofed, possibly closed-in verandah at . William Green was severely injured in the (western) rear. The building seems October 1881 when running after a cow to have had a ceiling height similar to (Anonymous, 1881a). that of the Turk’s Head building, i.e. 12 136. The NSW Lands Act underwent a ma- feet. Following the conversion of the jor revision in 1884 which excluded Turk’s Head building into a museum, leasehold lands from conditional pur- the structure was demolished. The area chase options (Crown Lands Act of 1884 was extensively reshaped during the [NSW 48 Vic no. 18]). To assess the sta- construction of the levee bank in tus quo of landownership in the colony, 1975/76, which suggests that few if any a census of land and stock-holders was sub-surface traces are likely to remain carried out in December 1884 by the of that structure (Spennemann, 2018, p. Police and Stock Inspectors. The data 91). are reported are based on those report- The identification of the structure as ed in Parliamentary Return of the billiard room is not beyond doubt, Landholders 1885 (Legislative Council but highly probable. A case of oppor- of NSW, 1885, p. 7 nº 26744). tunistic theft in 1898 suggests that the 137. (Anonymous, 1882b). billiard room had a door fronting the 138. (Anonymous, 1882c). street (Anonymous, 1898g). As the 139. (Spennemann, 2018). property just to the north of the Turk’s 140. The site plan drawn up for the 1965 Head building was not owned by Green refurbishment of the Turk’s Head (and later Robinson), we have to as- property and conversion into a museum sume that the billiard room was erected shows the outline of a structure that to the south and thus is the same as the abutted the original kitchen building building under discussion. This is con- (Fig. 84). No pictorial evidence exists firmed by the commentary of an older for that building with the exception of resident in 1965 who refers to the struc- the 1949 aerial image (Fig. 72). Based ture as the former billiard room (Henwood, 1965).

.— 121 — Dirk HR Spennemann

143. (Anonymous, 1884b). Town Hall Hotel in Dean Street (oppo- 144. (Anonymous, 1885b). site the court house) (J. H. 145. Frauenfelder, 1886a, 1886b). Joseph NSW licensing register (Eagar, 1884a; Henry Frauenfelder (as licensee) and 1885a, p. 1413); (Anonymous, 1884b). Sebastian Frauenfelder, both late hotel 146. NSW licensing register as John Oddie: keepers of the Town Hall Hotel were (Eagar, 1886a, p. 1202); as James Oddie: declared bankrupt in November 1887 (Eagar, 1887a, p. 846; 1888a, p. 1203; (McFarland & Henry, 1887). 1889a, p. 1476; 1890a, p. 1286; 1891a, (Anonymous, 1887b).—Joseph Henry p. 1487). Frauenfelder, then described as ‘late ho- 147. NSW licensing register (Kirkpatrick, tel keeper,’ filed once more for (this 1892a, p. 1621; 1893a, p. 1687; 1894a, time voluntary) bankruptcy in July 1892 p. 1297). (Quinlan, 1892) which was granted a 148. (Anonymous, 1905c).—James Oddie month later (Anonymous, 1892a). died 14 November 1905 (Anonymous, 166. On 5 February 1895 (Kirkpatrick, 1905d). 1895c). 149. A. Andrews (1912f). 167. Joseph H Frauenfelder died on 27 Au- 150. See the item discussing a swallow’s nest gust 1895 aged 32 years (Anonymous, on the gaselier (Anonymous, 1887c). 1895c, 1895d; E. B. Frauenfelder, 151. (Griffith & Co, 1887). 1895); NSW Births, Deaths and Mar- 152. riages 7502/1895.—see also grave Oddie (1886a). marker in Albury cemetery.— 153. Parker (1897). Frauenfelder family history asserts that 154. Household nº 572 (Blomfield, 1891, p. Joseph dies of appendicitis (G. 25). Frauenfelder, [1972?]). 155. (Green & Conley, 1893b, 1893a, 1894b, 168. (Kirkpatrick, 1895a). 1894a). 169. See NSW licensing register 156. (c.f. Spennemann, 2016). (Anonymous, 1896a; Kirkpatrick, 157. (Lee & Fahey, 1986). 1896b, p. 5885). 158. Photograph by H G. Thomas, Albury. 170. (G. W. S. Frauenfelder, 1972a, 1972b). Image Albury LibraryMuseum ARM 171. (G. W. S. Frauenfelder, 1972b). 90.358. 172. (Plummer, 1934). 159. Photograph by Burton Bros, Albury. 173. They moved on 22 May 1897 Image Albury LibraryMuseum ARM (Anonymous, 1897a, 1897b). 90.359. 174. (Anonymous, 1898c).—Parker is also 160. See NSW licensing register (Kirkpatrick, mentioned for 1898 (Anonymous, 1894b, p. 5339). 1898d). 161. (Billiard and Bagatelle Licensing Act of 175. Anonymous (1898g). 1882) 176. For example, the lorry driver David 162. NSW licensing register (Kirkpatrick, Kelton, working for Frauenfelder, who 1892a, p. 1621; 1893a, p. 1687; 1894a, lodged and boarded at the Turks’ Head p. 1297).—McDonald is not mentioned in 1892 (Anonymous, 1892b). He seems for 1895 and 1896 (Kirkpatrick, 1895b, to have lived opposite in 1891 1896a). (Blomfield, 1891, p. 25). 163. See NSW licensing register (Kirkpatrick, 177. (Anonymous, 1898c). 1895d, p. 5501). 178. (Anonymous, 1898c, 1898a). 164 . See for example (Cloos & Tampke, 179. (Ten Brink & Co, 1898a, 1898b). 1993).—Given the status of the Frauen- 180 felder family, much comment is made . (Ten Brink & Co, 1898a, 1898b, 1898c). on the Frauenfelder connection (see 181. (Anonymous, 1898f). Albury LibraryMuseum artefact data- 182. (Anonymous, 1900h). base as well as pamphlets). Given the 183. (Anonymous, 1898j) short tenure of the Frauenfelders at the 184. (Hogan, 1899). Turk’s Head Hotel, this is overrated and 185 overstated. . Thomas Parker seems to have stayed 165 out of the papers and his running of the . For example, in April 1886 hotel seems to have been smooth. The Frauenfelder obtained a license for the

.— 122 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

only mention was that a hotel guest, a (Geddes, 1937); see also (Garnsey, Mr J.B.Sexton, found dead in his room 1937). (he apparently died due to epileptic fit) 193. In the published rate notices for 1896, (Anonymous, 1897c) 1902 and 1903 (Paine, 1896, 1902, 186. (Garner, 1876). 1903) part of Wodonga Place is men- 187. (G, 1877). tioned (section 2 allotments 2-7, 9) but 188. e.g. (Albury and District Historical not the southern part that is the focus Society, 1973).—See also statement of of the study. significance in the NSW Heritage Data- 194. (Anonymous, 1895b). base (NSW Office of Environment and 195. (Anonymous, 1883d). Heritage, 2010).—For the actual trip see 196. (Grant & Co, 1892). (Anonymous, 1880d, 1880f; Morrison, 197. (M'Closkey, 1905, 1906). 1881). Morrison launched the canoe at 198 the Albury bridge, but the published ac- . The builder’s yard was established in count does not mention that he stayed January 1903 by John Clements on al- at the Turk’s Head hotel (Morrison, lotment 6 section 3 (Clements, 1903). 1881).—He was not the first to attempt He a number of weatherboard and cor- such rowing feats, however, as two rugated iron buildings, as well as stables, Melbourne men attempted the same on the property (Dalgety & Co, from Echuca in April 1872 1909).—After Clements’ death the (Anonymous, 1872c); and two others property was sold off by auction on 9 attempted to row from Echuca to Albu- October 1909 (Dalgety & Co, 1909). ry and then all the way down the Mur- 199. When Luke Gulson’s property “imme- ray to its mouth 1876 (Anonymous, diately adjoining the 1876d). Turk's Head Hotel” came up for sale in 189. (Spennemann, 2001, 2003a, 2003b; January 1901, it was described as “ hav- Spennemann & Downing, 2002). ing a frontage of 44ft to Wodonga 190 Place, by a depth of 176ft, on which is . (Anonymous, 1900b, 1900c).—Anthrax erected a brick building, lately used as a had also been detected in 1896 in a hay and corn store” (Griffiths & Co, bullock that grazed on the Murray River 1901).—The property was lot 1, allot- flats (closer location not specified) ment 1, section 41.—In 1906 a Mrs (Anonymous, 1896c). Johnston is on record as residing in that 191,. Source ‘Hovell’s Tree’ (Myers, 1895). property. (Anonymous, 1906f). 192. (Renshaw, 1957).—The land ownership 200. (Anonymous, 1898l).—The police sta- of that allotment has not been re- tion was located on allotments 4 and 5 searched in depth for this study. On of section 3. The property, which was record are: comprised of two brick cottages, was Lot 6 was sold on 4 November 1873 to privately owned by Mary Watson and Thomas Marlow (NSW property regis- leased to the Police Department. Of- ter book 150 folio 285) (Simpson, fered for sale on 8 November 1901 1958). (Benjamin Bros., 1901). In November 1904 lot nº8 of allotment 201. Census Subdistrict B-Albury West, 1, section 41 was put on the market as a Census Book Nº 2, pp. 24–25. clearing sale. Property ‘Fern Villa, 202. Transferred to George Reinhart owned by Mrs Darwell in 1904 (Grif- (Anonymous, 1900a).—The transfer fiths & Co, 1904).—The advertisement had been adjourned in January makes no reference to the lot number, (Anonymous, 1900f). just notes that the property is allotment 203. Licence: (Anonymous, 1900g).— 1 section 41 and the corner block at Former book keeper: (Anonymous, Ebden Street and Wodonga Place. 1901q).—Until the transfer he had held In October 1937 the rates for lots 2 of the licence for the Golden Fleece Hotel allotment 1, section 41, were so far from 1898 onwards (Anonymous, overdue that the property was auc- 1900a; Kirkpatrick, 1898, p. 6835; 1899, tioned off by the public trustee. Owners p. 6333). at the time were Edward Hutchinson 204. Even though technically incorrect as the Doubleday and Edwin Doubleday new century commenced on 1 January

.— 123 — Dirk HR Spennemann

1901, the same day that Australia’s Fed- 222. (Anonymous, 1908d). eration came into effect. 223. McCook (1901c). 205 . Also known as Tambaroora (Boyd, 224. J. T. Robinson (1901a). 1882, p. 63).—In the game each party 225 threw a shilling into a hat. Each player . (Anonymous, 1896b, 1905a). then had three throws with a pair of 226. (Anonymous, 1896b); same position dice, with the player with the highest held in 1904 (Anonymous, 1904b).—In score winning the pot but having to addition to public facilities, such as the shout a round of drinks to the other public baths, botanic gardens and re- players (E. E. Morris, 1898, p. 456). serves, as well as street watering (to cut 206. (Anonymous, 1900d).— Steel was also down on the dust on the unformed in the news for having his signature roads), Albury also supplied water free forged on a cheque (Anonymous, of charge to the publicans for their 1900e). horse troughs (Anonymous, 1905a). 227 207. (Anonymous, 1900h, 1900j).— . (Anonymous, 1904a, 1905a). Robinson seems to have owned quite a 228. (Anonymous, 1906b). lot of land surrounding the Turk’s Head 229. Country Traveller (1907). property. Most of the property was 230. (Anonymous, 1907h).— In conse- gradually resumed by Albury City: In quence of the publicans withdrawing July 1933 Albury Municipal Council re- some of the troughs, Albury Council al- sumed land to the north of Turk’s Head so installed public watering troughs in (lot B of allotment 2 of section 42) for other parts of town (Anonymous, purposes of public recreation (Weaver, 1907g). 1933).—Lot B in miscellaneous plan of 231. Advertisements see (Younghusband subdivision nº 12,583 (title vol. 5278 fo- Row & Co & Roxburgh & Co, 1905b, lio 92) resumed for public recreation on 1905a).—The purchase price was £378 21 April 1948 (Jordan, 1948). (Anonymous, 1905f). 208. (Anonymous, 1901p). (NSW BDM 232. (Anonymous, 1919d). 427/1901).—see also headstone in the 233 Albury Cemetery.—Steel was leading . (Anonymous, 1907d). member of the Hibernian Society 234. Anonymous (1909a). (Anonymous, 1901n, 1901o). 235. (Anonymous, 1910a, 1910b, 1910d). 209. (Anonymous, 1901q). 236. In 1906 Albury Municipal Council agi- 210. No details on the probate could be tated and the decreed to have the stock found. route rerouted as follows: Union 211. (Anonymous, 1901d). Bridge, Wodonga Place to Noorongong 212. Street, Noorongong Street to Olive (Anonymous, 1901c).—(McCook, Street, down Olive Street to Atkins 1901a, 1901b, 1901c, 1901d); victims of Street, along Atkins Street to Macauley robbery (Anonymous, 1901c). Street, along Macauley Street to Bridge 213. (Anonymous, 1901b). Street, to Schubach Street, along Schu- 214. (Anonymous, 1901k). bach Street to Sydney road and from 215. (Anonymous, 1901b, 1901a, 1901m, there to the sale yards (Anonymous, 1901l). 1906a, 1907e; C. Ten Brink, 1906).— 216. (J. T. Robinson, 1901a, 1901b, 1901c, This route was modified in 1909 (Nash, 1901d, 1901e). 1909). 237 217. e.g. (Anonymous, 1908c). . (Flynn, 1903a, 1903b, 1904). 238 218. (Anonymous, 1908b). . The 1913 electoral roll lists Maurice and 219 Mary Flynn as residing at Wodonga . Robinson argued that he had initially Place, as did James Thomas Robinson. intended to hire the plaintiff, Edward At the time of writing it is not clear Cummins, as a cab driver, but then used where Robinson lived exactly. him a farm hand on a pay-per-job basis 239 (Anonymous, 1905j). . (Flynn, 1920). 240 220. (Anonymous, 1906h). . (Anonymous, 1921d). 241 221. Robinson is mentioned in a case of . (Anonymous, 1921e).—With the excep- drunkness and as a victim of the theft tion of a few patches that has been pro- of a bottle of rum (Anonymous, 1901h).

.— 124 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

tected by levee banks erected by the of the Albury Borough Council Chinese themselves. (Anonymous, 1905b).—Meade was also 242. When Frank Strahan visited the Muse- mentioned in January 1906 court case um of Applied Arts and Sciences in for being on licence premises after clos- March 1975 as part of the background ing time (Anonymous, 1906d)—In June research for the Committee of Enquiry 1910 he was convicted of driving a moon Museums and National Collections tor car without lights while touring near (see p. 102), he noted flood damage in Bowna (Anonymous, 1910e).— Be- the north-western corner of the muse- tween 1913 and 1917 Meade held the um. The attendant claimed that this publicans license for the Royal Hotel could have been prevented by erecting a (Treasury, 1913, p. 5335; 1914, p. 5169; levee bank in the area, but that the Al- 1916, p. 4960; 1917, p. 4874).—Michael bury City Council was not listening T Meade was still a resident of Albury (Strahan, 1975b). in October 1918 (Anonymous, 1918h). 243. Flynn (1910). Standing advertisement 257. (Anonymous, 1905b). until 5 October 1911 (Flynn, 1911b). 258. (Anonymous, 1905h). 244. Standing advertisement (with minor lay- 259. (Anonymous, 1905b, 1905g, 1905h, out variations see Fig. 60) from 6 Octo- 1905i). ber 1911 (Flynn, 1911a) to 13 June 1914 260. Anonymous (1904d); (Justice, 1904). (Flynn, 1913). 261. Justice (1906a). 245. Standing advertisement Flynn (1912). 262. Resident horse trainer: Anonymous 246. Source: ARM 85.405.23. (1911e).—passing trainers: Justice 247. Recognisable are ‘JAM’ and ‘ON’. (1906b). 248. At the time of writing this extension 263. Anonymous (1906g). remains undated. An unreferenced 264. (Anonymous, 1913b, 1919e).—See also comment in the assessment of the advert by a horse clipper resident at the Turk’s Head museum in 1975 notes that Union Bridge Hotel (Gardiner, 1915). the folk museum section in the south- 265. Anonymous (1916c). ern two rooms had been added to the 266. Turk’s Head building in 1902 (Strahan, Anonymous (1916d). 1975c). 267. The vantage point was about half-way 249. See for example (Spennemann, 2015a, up, possibly just above the quarry. 2015c). 268. Little is known about the Blairs. James 250. (Anonymous, 1911c). R. Blair (junior) had siblings Olive Ag- nes (Anonymous, 1921c); married No- 251. There is however, earlier reference to vember 1921 (Anonymous, 1921f, quoits being played at the hotel. In 1921g).—Maud (Anonymous, 1921g). April 1876 a quoits challenge was is- 269. sued, to be played at Cass’ Turks Head See NSW licensing register (Treasury, Hotel (Garner, 1876). 1920, p. 4989; 1921, p. 4951); license renewals (Anonymous, 1920c, 1921a); 252. (Anonymous, 1912e). closed as delicensed on 30 June 1922 253. (Anonymous, 1912b, 1912c, 1912d, (Anonymous, 1922d).—R J Blair is also 1912f, 1912g, 1912h, 1912i). listed in the Sands’ Country Commer- 254. Section 2 allotment 8 or allotment 9, cial for 1921 and 1922 (Sands, 1921, p. corner Ebden Street and Wodonga 4A; 1922, p. 5A). Place. 270. (Treasury, 1921, p. 4951). 255. (Saunders, 1906b, 1907b). 271. (Anonymous, 1921b). 256. (Treasury, 1910b, 1911b).— Little is on 272. (Anonymous, 1922d) record about Meade as far as his con- 273. (Anonymous, 1922e). nection with the Union Bridge Hotel is 274. concerned.— In 1901 the firm [Robert] (Anonymous, 1922d). Murray and [Michael Thomas] Meade, 275. (Michell, 1923a, 1923b). cordial manufacturers of Albury, were 276. Clearing sale 22 March 1923 (Michell, forced to apologise for a trademark in- 1923c, 1923d). fringement of labels of their bitter bot- 277. Michell (1923b). tles (Anonymous, 1901f, 1901e, 278. Michell (1923d). 1901g).—In 1905 Meade was a member 279. (Michell, 1923b).

.— 125 — Dirk HR Spennemann

280. A poddy is a calf, in particular one Bennett, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, which is fed by hand. 1938). 281. (Michell, 1923b). 295. (Anonymous, 1923). 282. (Michell, 1923c). 296. (Anonymous, 1929a). 283. (Michell, 1923d). 297. At the time of writing there has been no 284. (Anonymous, 1922b). access to archival sources that may shed 285. light on such permits. James Thomas Robinson died on 19 298 September 1927 (grave marker Albury . (Anonymous, 1938b). Pioneer cemetery). 299. (Shanahan, 2001).—The nearest other 286. We do not know whether Robinson shop being a milk bar at the corner of had any residual holdings in Omeo. Smollett and Townsend Street (Sha- 287 nahan, 2001). . Roy Robinson (*8 Mar 1905) died on 3 300 June 1983 (grave marker Albury Pio- . (Donelly, 2017). neer cemetery). 301. Warnoch’s wagon caught fire during the 288. (R. Bennett, 1926).—In August 1931 night and he died in the fire Bennett advertised his Fiat model 501 (Anonymous, 1950a).—The Bennetts are car for sale (G Bennett, 1931).— also on record as being in residence in Bennett was in occupation of the prem- Wodonga Place in 1937; the electoral roll ises at the time of his son Percy Clar- for 1927 lists Caroline Bennett, Edward ence’s death April 1935 (Anonymous, Bennett (labourer) and Robert George 1935).—When a fire destroyed a wood Bennett (coach trimmer).—Likewise on and iron outbuilding at the rear of the record for April 1941 (Anonymous, Turk’s Head building on 3 November 1941a).—The electoral roll for 1947 lists 1938, the building was owned by Roy Caroline Maude Bennett as owner and Robinson and occupied by Mr. R. G. ratepayer and Edward Bennett (labour- Bennet (Anonymous, 1938b).— er). Wedding of youngest daughter in April 302. Michell (1923d). 1941 (Anonymous, 1941b). 303. See Caroline Bennett’s Sunday trading 289. The electoral rolls for Hume list the fol- license for 1923 (Anonymous, 1923). lowing as residing at 317 Wodonga 304. See Caroline Bennett’s Sunday trading Place for 1932, 1934, 1935 (other years license for 1923 (Anonymous, 1923).— not digitised): Caroline Maud Bennett, (Anonymous, 1935, 1938b, 1941b; G Robert George Bennett, and Percy Bennett, 1931; R. Bennett, 1926). Clarence Bennett. 305. Noel Henry Greentree is listed in the 290. (Donelly, 2017). 1947 electoral roll as shopkeeper and 291. Robert George Bennett, aged 76, died occupier of 317 Wodonga Place. on 12 December 1943 (grave marker in 306. Source: section of image ARM 85.296. Albury Pioneer Cemetery).—The Ben- 307. Source: image ARM 84.148. Date at- netts came from Rutherglen (Donelly, tribution by ball pen inscription on 2017).—See also death of Caroline’s front of image. Bennett’s father at George Bennett’s 308. Image courtesy Wendy Donelly, Albury. residence in 1916 (Anonymous, 1916a, 309 1916b). . Image courtesy Wendy Donelly, Albury. 310 292. Caroline Maud Bennett, aged 79, died . Image courtesy Wendy Donelly, Albury. on 22 September 1955 (grave marker in 311. (Adastra Airways, 1949). Image courte- Albury Pioneer Cemetery). sy Stephen Bigelow (Albury Library- 293. In March 1926 Robert George Bennett Museum) from ARM 49.005. placed an advertisement in the Albury 312. A Winifred Myra Smith, waitress, is Banner looking for “land to trap, ferret listed on the 1938 electoral roll. and dig in, must be a thousand acres or 313. (Donelly, 2017). more” (R. Bennett, 1926). 314. For the Bennetts, reference was made 294. (Donelly, 2017).—George Bennett, by Wendy Donelly (2017) (for the seems to have traded out of premises in 1944/47 period ) of Rowley / Roland Townsend Street. He repeatedly adver- Roland James Hill (brother of Caroline tised that he would re-cover motor Bennett) mentioned in: (Anonymous, hoods and repair curtains (George 1949b), and Edward Bennett. In addi-

.— 126 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

tion, the 1935 electoral roll lists a Percy 328. Robert George Bennett, aged 76, died Clarence Bennett who died on 4 April on 12 December 1943 (grave marker in 1935 at the age of 29 (grave marker in Albury Pioneer Cemetery). the Albury Pioneer cemetery). 329. A ‘Gwen’ from Rutherglen (Donelly, 315. (Anonymous, 1940).—He is listed on 2017). the 1935 electoral roll for Wodonga 330. Noel Henry Greentree is listed in the Place. 1947 electoral roll as shopkeeper, 317 316. (Turner & Son, 1942).—Kelly is not Wodonga Place. listed as resident at Wodonga Place in 331. Caroline Maud Bennett, aged 79, died the 1935 electoral roll.—Kelly, formerly on 22 September 1855 (grave marker in of Tallangatta, was married in 1925 to Albury Pioneer Cemetery). Julia Hurley of Henty (Anonymous, 332 1925).—Kelly died in East Malvern in . (Albury and District Historical Society, 1949 having lived there with his sister [1968?]). Elizabeth Jane Kelly (Anonymous, 333. (Anonymous, 1950a).—There is no ref- 1929b).—For sister see also (Turner & erence to a Greentree in the Albury Son, 1942). cemetery, suggesting that they were not 317. (Anonymous, 1949a).—Robert Hill was local. Caroline Bennett’s brother.—Hill is not 334. (Anonymous, 1960). listed as resident at Wodonga Place in 335. (Bunton, 1957; Renshaw, 1957). the 1935 electoral roll.—He is listed as 336. (Anonymous, 1960). ‘Rowley John Hill’ (retired, occupier) on 337. (Anonymous, 1960). the 1947 electoral roll. 338 318 . Source: Albury Regional Museum, im- . Warnoch’s wagon caught fire during the age nº ARM 88.336.02. night and he died in the fire 339 (Anonymous, 1950a).—Warnoch had . Source: Dave Murchie via Flickr: been a shearer in his younger days and https://www.flickr.com/photos/56133 an early an vocal member of the Aus- 443@N00/12264308276 tralian Workers Union (Anonymous, 340. (Anonymous, 1960). 1950b). 341. This image postdates that in the Border 319. Living at Wodonga Place for the ‘last 14 Mail, note the new street lamp. Source: years’ (Anonymous, 1950a).—He is Albury Regional Museum, image nº listed as labourer on the 1935 and 1947 ARM 90.361. electoral rolls for Wodonga Place, but 342. (Albury & District Historical Society, not on the 1937 roll. 2010, p. 35; Albury and District 320. (Anonymous, 1953). Historical Society, [1968?]; Livsey, 321. Wendy Donelly (2017) recalls that the 2006). Chinese man was well respected by Mrs 343. The National Trust provided advice and Bennett but snubbed by some of the urged council to use a conservation ar- boarders and had to eat at a separate ta- chitect to avoid mistakes (Anonymous, ble of the three tables in the dining 1964). room. 344. (Anonymous, 1965c). 322. Image courtesy Albury Library Muse- 345. With the historical society committing um; image nº ARM 84.142. to collaborating on staffing 323. Image courtesy Wendy Donelly, Albury. (Anonymous, 1965b, 1965d). 324. The boy in the image is Caroline Ben- 346. (Henwood, 1965). nett’s son Percy at the rear of Turk’s 347. (Strahan, 1975d). Head in 1947. Image courtesy Wendy 348. (Albury and District Historical Society, Donelly, Albury. [1968?]). 325. (Donelly, 2017). 349. (Anonymous, 1966b). 326. Which could be inferred from common 350. (Anonymous, 1966a). sense, as it then swings to the front 351. (Anonymous, 1966e). wall. 352 327 . (Anonymous, 1966c, 1966d). . The street numbering of premises in 353 Albury was carried out in 1919 (Bayley, . (Anonymous, 1967b, 1967d). 1954, p. 152) but the adoption was 354. (Anonymous, 1967c, 1967e, 1967f). patchy and slow (Anonymous, 1920b). 355. Would have been £8,000 at the time.

.— 127 — Dirk HR Spennemann

356. (Wright, Fielder, & Wells, 1969). 377. On temporary display in the foyer of 357. Image source: Albury Regional Museum the Albury City Council Building, De- collections, nº ARM 85.297. cember 2017.—Inventory number 358. Source: (Anonymous, 1965a). ARM 08.621. 378 359. Source: (Anonymous, 1965a). . (Strahan, 1975b).—Even though as 360 Strahan noted Albury had had for many . Depicted is J.J. Wright, Vice-President years a branch of the Museum of Ap- of the Albury Historical Society and or- plied Arts and Sciences (in Dean Street). ganiser of the exhibition (Anonymous, 379 1967e). The quality of the image is con- . (Strahan, 1975b).—The entry was free. strained by the fact that it was copied Opening hours were 10am–12pm, from an orthochromatic microfilm 1pm–5pm daily, closed Wednesday, copy. good Friday and Christmas Day 361 (Strahan, 1975b). . Depicted are D.G. Padman (donor, 380 left), Jim Wells (Albury Historical Socie- . (Strahan, 1975b). ty, right) (Anonymous, 1967c). The 381. (Strahan, 1975b).—This would have quality of the image is constrained by been the 1974 flood which was less the fact that it was copied from an or- than the one of 1975 which came after thochromatic microfilm copy. Strahan’s visit. 362. Depicted are (from left) the NSW mem- 382. (Strahan, 1975b). ber for Albury, Gordon Mackie, the 383. (Strahan, 1975d). President of the Albury Historical Socie- 384. (Strahan, 1975a). ty Claude C Hazelwood (right), J.J. 385. (Anonymous, 1980a, 1980b). Wright, Vice-President of the Albury 386 Historical Society, and the Mayor of Al- . (Anonymous, 1981). bury, Cleaver Bunton. Image provided 387. (Piggott et al., 1975). by Helen Livsey (Secretary of the Albury 388. (Condé, 2011). Historical Society). A cropped version of 389. (Albury & District Historical Society, the image appeared in the Border Mail 2010, p. 35; Livsey, 2006). (Anonymous, 1967f). 390. (Anonymous, 1966e). 363 . (Strahan, 1975a). 391. Source: Department of the Environ- 364. (Strahan, 1975b). ment RT06222. 365. (Livsey, 2006). 392. (Anonymous, 1983). 366. (Strahan, 1975c). 393. (Albury Regional Museum, n.d. [ca 367. (Piggott et al., 1975).—For country mu- 1984]). seums discussion see (Condé, 2011). 394. (Albury Regional Museum, n.d. [ca 368. (Strahan, 1975b, 1975c). 1984]). 369. (Strahan, 1975d). 395. (Jones, 2006; Livsey, 2006). 370. (Strahan, 1975c). 396. (Johnston, 2016).—The conservation 371. (Strahan, 1975d). plan (Spennemann, 2018) was devel- 372. (Strahan, 1975d). oped as part of AlburyCity’s require- 373 ments. . (Strahan, 1975c). 397 374 . It proved surprisingly difficult to com- . (Strahan, 1975c).—See also (Strahan, pile the required data, as fragmented as 1975d). they still are. I am indebted to Helen 375. (Strahan, 1975c) Livsey (Secretary, Albury and District 376. Of these, 90% came from outside Albu- Historical Society) from some dates de- ry. Attendance data based on visitor rived from her files. books.—Opening hours 2pm–5pm 398. (Anonymous, 1967e). There was no each Saturday and Sunday and NSW formal ‘director’ but a steering commit- and Victorian school holidays. Entrance tee (pers. comm. Helen Livsey), even fees ¢20/adult, ¢5/child (Strahan, though JJ Wright had been responsible 1975c).—The sign on the door stated for the initial exhibition. “Albury Historical Society and Folk 399. (Pumpa, 1983). Museum. Wednesday, Saturday and 400 Sunday.—Public school holidays or by . (Herbert, 1985; Jones & Kordell, 1985; arrangement” (Strahan, 1975d). Kordell, 1984).

.— 128 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

401. (Metherell, 1994).—Linked-in Profile 435. (Country Traveller, 1907). Vicky Northey. 436. Anonymous (1909a). 402. (Braddy, 1999). 437. (Anonymous, 1916c, 1916d). 403. Pers. comm. Helen Pithie. 438. (Anonymous, 1922d). 404. Pers. comm. Helen Pithie. 439. (Anonymous, 1938b). 405. Letter heads and heads of newsletters 440. (Albury and District Historical Society, held in the vertical file in the Albury [1968?]). LIbraryMuseum. 441. (Anonymous, 1961b). 406 . (Pumpa, 1983) 442. (Anonymous, 1961a). 407 . Based on (Albury Regional Museum, 443. (Anonymous, 1965a). n.d. [ca 1984]). 444. 408 (Strahan, 1975b). . Based on (Anonymous, 1993a). 445. 409 (Strahan, 1975c). . Pers. obs. 446. 410 (Livsey, 2006). . Source: image ARM 15.804.02. 447. 411 (Spennemann, 2018). . Source: image ARM 15.804.08. 448. 412 (Livsey, 2006). . Source: image ARM 15.804.05. 449. 413 Text of plaque on southern wall of the . Source: image ARM 15.804.09. residence. 414 . Image courtesy Helen Livsey, Albury. 450. Text of plaque on time capsule. 415. A. Andrews (1920, p. 22ff; 170f). 451. GN Swinson, Director Health and 416. A. Andrews (1920, p. 22ff; 170f). Community Services, to Les Tomich, 417. S.A. Perry to Thomas S. Townsend, 5 Director Building Services, Picket fence July 1838, directing Townsend to carry to front verandah, dated, May 17, 1991. out the survey of the Albury area ACC files G202.7#001–77. (Cannon & MacFarlane, 1988, p. 452. GN Swinson, Director Health and 235f).—Map 1 June 1839 (Townsend, Community Services, to F.M Builders & 1839). Renovators, Wodonga, Acceptance of 418. (Anonymous, 1841b). tender to re-roof the building, dated 13 419. (Thomson, 1849). December 1990. ACC files 420. (Riddell, 1856, p. 106). G202.7#001–74. 453. 421. (R. T. Campbell, 1858a). (Anonymous, 1993b) 454. 422. (Anonymous, 1861i). Plans for pergolas and entry canopies. 6 423. July 1995. Contained in building permit (Anonymous, 1867e). 960009. ACC files 25095#001–5A. 424. (Anonymous, 1868a; Lane, 1868, p. 455. (Close, 1997). 2871). 456. 425. (Honey, 2004). (Anonymous, 1873j). 457. 426. (Livsey, 2006). (Anonymous, 1874b). 458. 427. Asbestos Clearance certificate, SJ Mich- (Anonymous, 1875a). elini to Murphy’s Salvage and Demoli- 428. (Anonymous, 1879a). tions. Certificate MSD 45.15.01, dated 429. (Anonymous, 1882b, 1882c) 17 September 2015. ACC files 430. (Anonymous, 1884c). G202.7#001 431. (Anonymous, 1898f; Ten Brink & Co, 459. Andrew Cottrill, Lease of Former 1898a, 1898b). Turk’s Head Building and Australia 432. Anonymous (1898g). Park Museum. 317 Wodonga Place, 433. South Albury NSW 2640. Expression (Anonymous, 1899d). of interest FIL 16/00480. 434. (Anonymous, 1900g).

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4 | End Matter

Appendix I.—The former Bridge Inn A building of similar appearance to the Turk’s Head Hotel, albeit on much smaller scale, exists in a very dilapidated state south of 292 Wodonga Place.1 The property, which is closely related to the Turk’s Head building, has never been described and formally put on record even though it is on the Albury Local Environmental Plan as an item of local heritage significance.2 This appendix will provide a brief summary of the structure.

Background The building, which today is frequently referred to as ‘former car club building’ (Fig. 115–Fig. 118), was originally reputedly erected in 1856 for John Green.3 In 1860 it was converted into the Bridge Inn, operated by Daniel Driscoll and others until at least 1876. The earliest image of the building is in the background of one of von Gierard’s 1862 sketches of Albury (Fig. 25). It shows a rectangular building with a roofline running parallel to the road approaching the bridge. Two chimneys can be made out. In January 1871 Driscoll carried out alterations and additions.4 A year later, the Bridge Inn underwent massive redevelopment,5 which resulted in the current structure.6

History The land on which the building stands been first alienated by John Green in September 1855,7 with some parcels acquired by Daniel Driscoll sometime in 1856. When Wodon- ga Place was extended to the south, to form the NSW approach to the future Union Bridge, it was Green and not Driscoll who was compensated for the loss of land,8 suggesting that Driscoll’s allotment was outside the area. Driscoll obtained the licence for the government punt at the new location for 18599 In December 1860 Driscoll also obtained a license for a public house at the future bridge,10 where he seems to have primarily serviced the users of the new punt (p. 20). Later, Driscoll also took up the annual licence for the bridge toll. That toll was collected in a small toll hut directly at the bridge itself.11 Driscoll’s Bridge Inn seems to have operated from 1860 onwards,12 and for the period 1868–1876 in parallel with the Traveller’s Rest. Driscoll held a license for the Bridge Inn from 1860 onwards,13 then with the exception for the period between May 1867 and June 1868. During that period a Michael Tiernan is listed as the licensee.14 Driscoll had obtained the licence for the bridge toll for 186515 and again for 1866.16 Yet Dirk HR Spennemann in late 1866 he lost out to Michael Tiernan as successful bidder for the Albury bridge toll for the year 1867.17 We must assume that the Bridge Inn was less profitable (at least for Driscoll) without the ‘captive’ audience provided by the bridge toll users. In consequence, Driscoll seems to have leased the Bridge Inn and also transferred the licence for the pub to Tiernan in May 1867 (Fig. 108).18 Tiernan ran the Bridge Inn until June 1868 when it reverted to Driscoll.19

Fig. 108. Advertisement by Michael Tiernan in April 186820

In August 1867, while Tiernan was licensee, a violent, drunk patron “began clearing out the house, smashing in the doors [of the Union Bridge Inn] with an axe when he was refused any more drinks”. He then proceeded to hack into the red-gum timbers of the Union Bridge itself.21

Fig. 109. Advertisement by Michael Tiernan in December 186822

.— 132 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

During the period of May 1867 and June 1868 Driscoll seems to have resumed his old business as builder and undertaker at the Union Bridge.23 It can be surmised that during that period Driscoll built the Traveller’s Rest hotel for his stepfather John Green(see p. 61) Driscoll gradually returned to his standard line of business in Decem- ber 1867, when he successfully bid for the lease of the Albury bridge toll bar for 1868,24 and then resumed his licence for the Bridge Inn in May 1868 effective late June.25 Dris- coll the retained his publican’s licence until 1873.26 Driscoll bought the bridge toll license again for 1869,27 and in 1872 successfully bid toll £550 for the bridge, even though the upset price was £805.28 It proved a lucrative business, as the toll income for 1872 was £1310 10s 1d,29 giving Driscoll a hand- some profit. In late 1871 Driscoll commenced to renovate and upgrade his premises30 with serious construction starting in January of the following year.31 By May 1872 the Border Post noted that “when completed, we feel certain, [the building] will be of a very imposing character; the building is substantially built of brick, but the cornices and other ornamental portions of it will be worked in cement. It will no doubt prove to be a great acquisition to that part of the town, and being just at the entrance, a stranger will be struck with surprise, for the moment, at the unique edifice that meets his view on the very threshold of the colony.”32 After its completion, in January 1873, Albury Banner noted that “the premises have been considerably enlarged and improved, indeed it may almost be said that the hotel has been entirely rebuilt.”33 The Border Post wrote on the same occasion that “[t]he hotel just completed…reflects great credit on the enterprise of [Daniel Driscoll]. The exterior, which has a fine elevation, and appearance, is both tastefully and well executed, and the interior fittings at once indicate the idea that the work has been done by a practical tradesman.”34 By 1873 the licensing situation of the hotel becomes patchy as Driscoll abandons his publican’s interests for good. At first sight, it makes little sense that Driscoll en- gaged in a complete refurbishment of the Bridge Inn and then walks away from running the venue. It is possible, however, that this was precipitated by his stepfather’s death in May 1872 and the demands placed on him by his mother Ann Green when running the Traveller’s Rest (p. 61). It is unclear at the time of writing whether Driscoll retained ownership of the Bridge Inn and merely leased it to Schmidt (and later Lamb), or whether he sold it. Charles Schmidt listed as publican from January to September 1873.35 When Driscoll transferred the license to Charles Schmidt, the Albury Banner noted that “the premises have been considerably enlarged and improved, indeed it may almost be said that the hotel has been entirely rebuilt.”36 The Border Post even waxed lyrically “that ‘Charley’, late of King’s Rose Hotel, has become the landlord of this house, and, from our personal knowledge of his affability under all circumstances, we should say that he was the

.— 133 — Dirk HR Spennemann

right man in the right place. The house is well adapted for visitors to the town and being in close proximity to the river affords every facility for retirement. 37

Fig. 110. Advertisement by Charles Schmidt in January 187338

Schmidt certainly had great plans. He rebranded the establishment, changing the name from ‘Bridge Inn’ to ‘Bridge Hotel’ and not only advertised that he had taken over the hotel (Fig. 110),39 but he also tried to make it a social venue by hosting pigeon shoots (Fig. 111).40 Sometime in September of the same year, Schmidt lost interest in the establishment and moved his business interest to the Albury Hotel in Dean Street.41 He “was summoned by the police for having closed his licensed hotel, the Bridge Inn [and having] admitted the charge … the Bench cancelled the licence.”42

Fig. 111. Advertisement by Charles Schmidt in January 187343

Thereafter the hotel underwent a period of instability. It then passed to John Lamb, who fitted it out as a ‘family hotel’ (Fig. 112).44. Even though Lamb was granted the publican’s license on 3 October 1873,45 he offered it to be let in late December 1873, suggesting that he had decided to leave.46 Yet he still advertised in January 1874

.— 134 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

(Fig. 112).47 While this may suggest he actually owned the establishment, it is likewise possible (but less likely?) that he merely tried to extricate himself from a lease he no longer wished to pursue. With no takers, the hotel stayed empty. It was again on the market in May 1874,48 when Lamb formally sought to have his license for the Bridge Hotel cancelled.49 It seems that the Bridge Hotel then remained closed until 10 No- vember of the same year.50

Fig. 112. Advertisement by John Lamb in October 1873 to January 187451

By November 1874 the business model had changed fundamentally, as the bridge tolls, which had long been a bone of contention,52 were abolished.53 Thus there was no longer a need for travellers to stop at the bridge, and call at the hotel, where the toll keeper maintained much of his business. Intriguingly, the Bridge Hotel was licensed again in November of that year, this time to a Maurice Franklin.54 Franklin seems to have kept the licence until December 1875, when it again appears for lease in the advertisements, with vacant possession effective 1 January 1876.55 A James Ringwood sought to obtain the license for the hotel on behalf of his parents on 15 January 1876 arguing that he wished to reside there. Even though the Po- lice Magistrate objected, noting that as Ringwood was unmarried this venture would ruin Ringwood’s family,56 the license was granted. In April and May 1876 Ringwood advertised the hotel, offering both furnished and unfurnished rooms.57 It seems that Ringwood lost his licence in early 1876 because he failed to meet the residence stipula- tions.58 In July 1876 Ringwood tried to regain the licence, but to no avail.59 The Bridge Hotel was closed for good.60

.— 135 — Dirk HR Spennemann

Table 11. The licensees of the Bridge Inn / Bridge Hotel Period Licensee Advertisement Endnotes Bridge Inn 1860, Dec–1867, Apr Daniel Driscoll 61 1867, Apr.—1868, Jun Michael Tiernan Fig. 108 62 1868, Jul–1873, Jan 10 Daniel Driscoll 63 Bridge Hotel 1873, Jan 10–1873–Sep 20 Charles Schmidt Fig. 110–Fig. 111 64 1873, Oct 3–1874, May 24 John Lamb Fig. 112 65 1874, Nov–1875, Dec Maurice Franklin 66 1876, Jan–1876, May > James Ringwood 67

Fig. 113. The former Bridge Inn in relation to the brewery, ca. 1911–1914.68

.— 136 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Fig. 114. The former Bridge Inn after the demolition of the brewery, ca. 1924.69 After a period of disuse, the Bridge Hotel became part the brewery that had been established just to the north of it in 1872. In 1881 the original brewery at Wodonga Place was described as “[r]ecklessly adapted from what was anciently a disconnected and unsuitable hotel, it naturally made a more disconnected and unsuitable brewery.”70 By 1906 the building was used as the residence of the head brewer and manager of the Albury Brewing and Malting Co. The property is described as “situated on the banks of the river Murray. The house is a perfect idyl of cosy homeliness and refined comfort, surrounded by beautifully laid-out grounds and gardens sloping right to the river bank.”71 The brewery had shut down in 1916 or 1917 due to unsuitability of the water.72 During the influenza epidemic of 1919 part of or all the property was used as a ‘hold up’ station.73 To what extent the residence was part of this, is unclear at the time of writing. When put up for sale in December 1920, the brewery and associated structures was passed in.74 Eventually, in July 1922 the Murray Breweries Pty Ltd property, comprised of the residence, as well of all brewery buildings and 32 acres of land, was acquired by Edwin Ernest Waite of Tumbarumba.75 The brewery buildings, with the exception of the residence were demolished in December 1922,76 and the land converted into a dairy farm.77 The old residence was retained and named ‘Courabyra.’78 At Albury, Waite bred dairy cattle, specialising in Friesian-Ayrshire crosses.79

.— 137 — Dirk HR Spennemann

The land was acquired in 1960 by the Bob Jane Corporation with the building leased to various tenants as a residence. The property was at one point known as ‘Bras- seurville’.80 In 1967 the building was renovated and converted into the clubhouse of the Albury Car Club.81 As the ongoing repairs had become too costly, the car club abandoned the building in 1985. To this day the building remains vacant, has fallen into disrepair and has become subject to vandalism.

Fig. 115. Appearance of the building in ca 1970.82

Description The building is comprised of a parlour with a protruding semi-hexagonal section at the southern end, a central verandah section and an abutting end section that resembles a closed-in verandah (but was erected as part of the original structure (Fig. 118). In es- sence, the building looks like a smaller version of the Turk’s Head building. The roof structure of the former car club building (Fig. 120) is identical to that encountered at the Turk’s Head building. The building is sheeted with corrugated galvanised iron directly over the wooden shakes (Fig. 121). The galvanised sheeting used for the flat gable end over the protruding parlour dates to the mid- to late 1870s.83 As the protruding semi-hexagonal section is not integrated into the roof structure (com- pare the Turk’s Head for instance, Fig. 61) it can be surmised that this section has been added later, and that the building initially had a flat façade in alignment with the northern section (Fig. 116).

.— 138 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Fig. 116. Speculative reconstruction of the initial ground plan of the building.

Fig. 117. Room plan of the building.

.— 139 — Dirk HR Spennemann

Fig. 118. Appearance of the building in 2017.

1949 2011

22 February 2014 15 October 2015

Fig. 119. Aerial view of the building in 1949 to 2015.84

.— 140 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Fig. 120. Roof structure in 2017. Looking south Fig. 121. Roof structure in 2017. Northern end

Fig. 122. Main room in 2017. Looking south. Fig. 123. Main room in 2017. Looking northeast.

Fig. 124. Backroom with arched door to main Fig. 125. Floor structure and cellar in 2017. room (2017).

.— 141 — Dirk HR Spennemann

Fig. 127. Galvanised iron sheet with a Redcliffe Crown Type IB stamp and the promotional text: ‘AWARDED MENTION HONOURABLE Fig. 126. Redcliffe Crown stamp on flat galva- EXPOSITION UNIVERSELLE DE 1878 A nised iron sheet.85 PARIS’ 86

.— 142 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Notes to Appendix I

1. DP 779740, lodged 10 June 1988 (NSW property register volume 3734 folio 248; 16. Paying the ‘upset’ (i.e. reserve) price of CA 29743). £600 for that year (Anonymous, 2. The building was first identified in the 1866b). 1988 Albury Central Area Heritage 17. (Anonymous, 1866a). Study (Colleran & O’Dwyer, 1988), 18. (Anonymous, 1867h). where it was recommended to be in- 19. (D. Driscoll, 1868). cluded in schedule 1. It was first includ- 20. (M Tiernan, 1868). ed in the Albury Local Environmental 21 Plan in 1995 (Minister for Planning, . (Anonymous, 1867c). 1995) and has remained on the list, its 22. (Michael Tiernan, 1868). current condition notwithstanding 23. (D. Driscoll, 1868). (Minister for Planning, 2010, p. 97). 24. (Anonymous, 1867g). 3. (Anonymous, 1967a). 25. (Anonymous, 1867a; Lane, 1868). 4. (Rox, 1871). 26. (Eagar, 1872; Lane, 1868, 1869, 1870, 5. In January 1872 Driscoll advertised for 1871).—See also (Greville's Directory, Brick layers (D. Driscoll, 1872). 1872, p. 8). 6. The inventory sheet for the Albury 27. for £700 (Anonymous, 1868f). Central Area Heritage Study (Colleran 28. (Anonymous, 1871a). & O’Dwyer, 1988), claims that the 29. (Anonymous, 1873a). building was erected “by George Billson 30 (who took over the Union Bridge Brew- . (Rox, 1871). ing Co from ‘Keefe ad Cº in 1887) as a 31. (D. Driscoll, 1872). residence for the manager of the nearby 32. (Anonymous, 1872a). Albury Brewing and Malting Compa- 33. (Anonymous, 1873f). ny.” 34. (Anonymous, 1873g). 7 . Suburban lots 1,2 and 4, comprised of 35. (Eagar, 1873a).—Schmidt opened the section 41 portion 2 (5 acres 2 perches); Bridge Hotel on 4 January 1873 (A. section 40 portion 1 (3 acres 2 perches Andrews, 1912e). 10 rood); section 40 portion 2 (2 acres 3 36 perches 26 rood) (Riddell, 1856, p. 106). . (Anonymous, 1873f). See also ownership as first alienation on 37. (Anonymous, 1873g). the Parish Map (Fig. 37): (Department 38. (Schmidt, 1873b). of Lands, 1906). 39. (Schmidt, 1873a, 1873c, 1873d, 1873b). 8. Included in the appropriation for 1860 40. (Schmidt, 1873e, 1873f). (New South Wales, 1860): ‘Compensa- 41. As of December 1873 (Eagar, 1873b). tion to Mr. John Green, for land for 42 road between Wodonga Place and River . (Anonymous, 1873c). Murray, at Albury.’ 43. (Schmidt, 1873f). 9. (H. N. Turnbull, 1923). 44. (Lamb, 1874a, 1874b). 10. (Anonymous, 1860i). 45. (Anonymous, 1873b). 11. (Anonymous, 1865b). 46. Advertisement “To be let, the Bridge 12. (Anonymous, 1860i). Hotel, Albury . Sufficient reason given 13 for leaving. Address John Lamb, Post- . On record for 1860 (Anonymous, office, Albury. Insertion of the adver- 1860i) and 1865 to 1866 (Eagar, 1866; tisement 29 December 1873 to 2 Janu- Smart, 1865). We have to assume that ary 1874 (Anonymous, 1873i, 1873h, the hotel was in continuous use. We 1874i, 1874j). have a single reference to this for 47 1862/1863, as the hotel (but not the . (Lamb, 1874a, 1874b). publican) is mentioned as a venue of 48. Advertisement “To be let, the Bridge new year’s sports 1863 (Anonymous, Hotel, Albury. For particulars apply K 1863). McLennan, Dean St Albury 14. (Lane, 1867).—Tiernan advertised in (Anonymous, 1874k, 1874j). April 1868 (M Tiernan, 1868). 49. “The Bridge Inn having been closed for 15. (Anonymous, 1865b). some time, the late landlord, Mr Lamb, applied to the Bench on Tuesday [12

.— 143 — Dirk HR Spennemann

May] for the cancellation of the licens- dates it the period July 1911 to Septem- es, in order to avoid rendering himself ber 1914. Source State Library of Victo- liable to prosecution for deserting his li- ria image H2009.100/115. censed house. The license was cancelled 69. Source Albury LibraryMuseum nº ARM accordingly”(Anonymous, 1874h).—not 85.349. listed as licensed in (Eagar, 1874b, p. 70. (Anonymous, 1881c).—As Billson’s res- 2637). idence was described as new building 50. (Anonymous, 1874d). erected with an iron roof, it is unlikely 51. (Lamb, 1873, 1874a, 1874b). that the building under discussion, 52. The receipt from the excessive toll which still retains the timber shakes un- charges here collected, is divided equally der the corrugated galvanised iron is between the two colonies, as the bridge that new residence. was erected at their joint expense.” 71. (Lorck, 1906, p. 18). (Anonymous, 1872d). 72. (Anonymous, 1920a). 53. (Anonymous, 1874a). 73. (Anonymous, 1922c). 54. (Anonymous, 1874d; Eagar, 1875, p. 74. (Anonymous, 1920a; Moore & Davis, 2761).—The Police Gazette lists it as 1920). ‘near Albury Bridge’ (Eagar, 1874a). 75. (Anonymous, 1922a). 55 . Advertisement “To be let, the Bridge 76. (Garnsey & Co., 1922). Hotel, Albury. Possession can be given 77 January 1, 1876. Full particulars can be . (Anonymous, 1922a). obtained on application to E. Walsh, 78. Waite also owned Courabyra station bookseller. Albury (Anonymous, 1875f) near Tumbarumba. (Anonymous, 1875g). 79. (Anonymous, 1931). 56. (Anonymous, 1876b). 80. (Jones, 2002, p. 34). 57. (Ringwood, 1876a, 1876b). 81. (Anonymous, 1967a). 58. Reference not found, inferred from 82. Source (Jones, 2002, p. 34). (Anonymous, 1876c). 83. The sheeting used for the gable face 59. The case was postponed, and it seems bears a Redcliffe Crown Type IB stamp never taken up again (Anonymous, (Spennemann, 2015cpp. 16, 86f). 1876c). 84. Source of imagery: 1949: (Adastra 60. It no longer appears in the licencing Airways, 1949). Image courtesy Stephen registers after 1875 (not included in Bigelow (Albury LibraryMuseum) from (Eagar, 1876, 1877); suggesting it was ARM 49.005.—2014: (Land and shut down for good. Property Information, 2014). 61. (Anonymous, 1860i; Eagar, 1866; 85. (Spennemann, 2015c). Smart, 1865). 86. The image has been enhanced by post- 62. (Lane, 1867). processing (to remove the visual impact 63. (Eagar, 1872, p. 2407; Lane, 1868, 1869, of the graffiti) and to enhance the legi- 1870, 1871). bility of the text (Spennemann, 2015c). 64. Listed as ‘Charles Smith‘ in Eagar (1873a, p. 2459). 65. (Anonymous, 1873e, 1873i, 1874i; Lamb, 1873, 1874a, 1874b).— Mentioned as publican in a court case (Anonymous, 1874e).—Bridge Hotel not licenced in June 1874 (Eagar, 1874b). 66. NSW licensing register (Eagar, 1874c; 1875, p. 2761). 67. (Ringwood, 1876a, 1876b). 68. Glass lantern slide by John Henry Har- vey.—The image can be dated by the inscription on the brewery building (Al- bury Co-operative Breweries) which

.— 144 — Appendix II.—Furniture Listing of 1895/7 We have in hand a room-by-room listing of the furniture and fittings reputedly belonging to Joseph Henry Frauenfelder at the time of his death (Table 12).1 This listing, which was presumably developed as a sales inventory when his widow Elizabeth B Frauenfelder sold the premises in 1897,2 primarily gives us an insight into the conditions of the Turk’s Head Hotel at the time and also allows us, with some limitations, to reconstruct the furnishings of the hotel in mid 1895 (Fig. 128).3

Correlating the inventory with rooms on the plan While the writer knew which room number corresponded with which room in the hotel, we do not have a contemporary plan. Consequently, there are some uncertainties regarding the attribution of the furnished rooms to the rooms on the floor plan. The key unanswered question is whether at the time of Frauenfelder’s death the hotel had been extended to the south or not. We can surmise that the billiard room building existed at the time (built in 1884, see p. 69), but rather than building it adjacent, it may have been sufficiently set apart to ensure that a southward expansion was made possible. As far as the numbering of the rooms is concerned,4 we have to rely on conjecture. Certain are only the attributions of the bar/parlour, room nº 1 (‘off bar’) and the hallway. The room sequence in the list then goes to room nº 2, nº 3 and so forth until room nº 11, to be followed by the kitchen, dining room and yards. It worth noting that the billiard room is not mentioned. Either the numbering is arbitrary and follows a sequence of rooms from the hallway, in which case nº 2 and nº3 would come off the hallway, or the numbering fa- vours the larger rooms up front, in which case nº 2 and nº 3 rooms would be the two large rooms to the south of the Bar Parlour. Complicating matters is the fact that the nº 4 room has two entries in the furniture list, one with two beds and one without beds. The latter room is clearly a sitting room with upholstered couch and chairs, as well as a fireplace as indicated by the fender and the set of shovel and tongs. The only other fender listed in the inventory was located in the Bar Parlour. As three rooms in the rear also had fireplaces but no fender or other fireplace equipment is mentioned for them, we can assume that the rear rooms were less significant in terms of furnishings. Look- ing at the building plan, the only other room with a fireplace is the room immediately to the south of the bar parlour.5 The next room to the south was at one point split in two by the insertion of a single-skin brick wall. The southern part retained access from the street,6 while the northern section7 was given access from the adjoining room by a door that was broken into the wall. If this partition wall was in place at the time when Frau- enfelder was a licensee, then the attribution of this double room as room nº 4 can be assumed. Fig. 128 provides a speculative reconstruction of the room allocation reflecting the above discussion. Dirk HR Spennemann

Frauenfelder 1895

Nº 11 (?) kitchen dining room

Nº 9 Nº 10 Nº 3 Hall Nº 2 Nº 8

Nº 4 Nº 5 Nº 4 Nº 1 Nº 7 (bed) Bar Parlour

Nº 6

Fig. 128. Reconstructed room numbering derived from the inventory of the contents of the Turk’s Head Hotel at the time of Joseph H Frauenfelder’s death.

Fig. 129. Sample pages of the inventory listing.

.— 146 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Table 12. Contents of the Turk’s Head Hotel at the time of Joseph H Frauenfelder’s death.8 Bar Parlour 3 Chairs Nº 4 Room Cretone1 1 Couch 1 Cheffronere3 1 Round Table [nº 1 parlour] 1 Couch 1 Guilt Mirror} 2 Chairs (in Cretonne) 1 damaged Fender 4 Pictures 1 Picture [dogs] 1 Large Table 1 Cornice Pole 1 Fender Curtains 1 Shovel & Tongs 1 revolving Cruet (1btls short)4 Nº 1 Room off Bar 1 Venetian Blind 1 Chest Drawers (7 openings) (damaged) [nº 1 Cornice Pole & Rings 2 room] Curtains 1 Bedstead 4'6 ½ tester 1 pair Hornes [in Hall] 1 pair Pallisasses 1 Cot Bedstead 4'6 x 2'6 Nº 4 Room 1 Kapok Mattrass 3ft 2 Bedsteads 2'6ft Blankets 1 Wire Mattrass 1 Wardrobe (damaged) bedding complete (for each) 1 Mirror [room nº 5] 1 Toilet Table 1 Aust Arm Chair [passage] 1 Toilet Cover 2 Aust chairs [Dining room] 1 Mirror [marble stand in nº 7] 1 Stool [bathroom] 1 Marble Stand [Mirror] Wash Stand 1 Venetian Blind Ware Window Curtains Hall 1 Door Scraper Nº 5 Room 1 Hanging Lamp 1 Bedstead ½ tester 4'6 ft 1 pair Paillasses Nº 2 Room Sundry Bedding 2 Bedsteads 2'6 ft 1 Wash Stand 2'6 2 Wire mattrasses Ware Bedding (complete) 1 Toilet Table 2'6 1 Toilet table & Cover [in nº 4] 1 Mirror 1 Mirror Curtains 1 Wash stand Sett ware Nº 6 Room 1 Towel 1 Single Bedstead 1 Splash Mat Bedding Window Curtains 1 Wash Stand 2'6 1 Aust Arm Chair (damaged) Ware 1 Toilet Table Nº 3 Room 1 Mirror 1 Bedstead 2'6ft 1 pair Curtains Bedding 1 Aust Chair (nº 14) 1 Wash Stand Ware (damaged) Nº 7 Room 4 Towel 1 Bedstead 2'6ft 1 Toilet Table [in nº 8] 1 do 3ft 1 Mirror (damaged) Bedding (for each) 1 Blind 1 Wash Stand 1 pair curtains Ware 1 Chest Drawers (5 opgs)2 1 Box 1 Chest Drawers Cover 1 Mirror

.— 147 — Dirk HR Spennemann

Curtains 6 Jelly Moulds 1 Aust Chair (nº 14) 4 Flat Irons 5 Dish Covers Nº 8 Room 2 Milk Dishes [jug style] 2 Single Bedsteads (in nº 6) 1 Wash Stand 2'6 Dining Room 1 Ewer & Basin 6 Aust Chairs [2 short] 1 Box [in nº 5] 2 Forms 1 Mirror 9 Pictures 1 Mirror (damaged) Nº 9 Room 2 Tables 1 Bedstead 2'6ft 1 Trestle Table 1 Top for another nº 10 Room 1 Safe 1 Fender (damaged) 4 chairs (damaged) 2 Jardines 2 Marble Ornaments nº 11 Room 3 Curtains 1 Bedstead 2'6ft 15 cups and saucers 1 Wash Stand 2'6 36 W.V.G. Plates Ware (damaged) 4 Butters 5 Sugars Kitchen 11 Salts 1 Safe 1 Pickle Jar 1 Cupboard [in nº 5] 2 Revolving Cruets [Revolg]6 4 ½ dz Plates 1 Kitchen Dresser Yards 6 Saucepans 6 Tubs 14 Dinner Plates Tress & Stand 4 Meat Dishes 1 Wire Flower Stand [hall] 5 2 Veg Dishes 1 Trestle Top 3 Dippers 4 Tubs 2 Boilers [see about order] 2 Buckets 1 Kettle 1 Grind Stone 1 Fountain 4 Boilers 2 Baking Dishes 1 Awl 1 Teapot

.— 148 —

Notes to Appendix II cating that the contents were cross- 1. Frauenfelder [?] (1895/7).—The data checked at least three times. One such are contained in a set of nine pages, checking resulted in adjustments to the partially still stitched together, which locations of the furniture (written in had been torn from a wages book (110 purple copy pencil). In the transcript x 160mm). The surviving portion con- in Table 12, these annotations are indi- tains one leaf with several entries un- cated in rectangular brackets. der the heading ‘wage received from . The top of the page carries the text Joseph H Frauenfelder’, with the last “Brewing Albury Company’ with a entry being May 7 1895. Frauenfelder date of January 8th and a quantity of had taken up a one year licence of the beer. The bottom of the first page has Newmarket Hotel in Albury on 5 Feb- a blue ballpoint annotation “Original ruary 1895 (Kirkpatrick, 1895c) and book of sale on death of Joseph Henry took up the lease of the Turk’s Head Frauenfelder 1897.” presumably in June 1895. He died on 4. Note that the numbering in this ap- 27 August 1895. The staff member pendix is based on the numbering in signing for the wage was a W Breen, the manuscript and not on the num- who was paid £1 per fortnight for the bering as compiled in 1965. period 12 March to 7 May 1895. The 5. Labelled room nº 12 on the 1965 plan. handwriting for these entries is different from that used for the list of furni- 6. Labelled room nº 10 on the 1965 plan. ture and fittings. The back of the sur- 7. Labelled room nº 11 on the 1965 plan. viving pages contains (written in pen- 8. Frauenfelder [?] (1895/7). cil) a list of gallons of beer sold (en- 1. Cretonne. tries date between 23 October and 29 2. Opgs.—openings. December 1894) and a raffle list for a greyhound (‘Brucker’, ‘Tradur,’ ‘Boom 3. Chiffonier. Boom’) with one paid entry. 4. btls.—bottles. 2. (Anonymous, 1897a). 5. Vegetable. 3. The listing, written in black ink, con- 6. Revolg.—Revolving. tains a number of check marks, indi-

Appendix III.—The Turk’s Head building today The Turk’s Head building is a single-storey accommodation building with 14 rooms erected in the Victorian Georgian style.1 It is comprised of a main building, bracketed by rooms in the north and south and a bricked verandah-style extension at the rear. The architectural materials represented in the building are quartz-mica schist for most of the foundations, brick for the walling, hardwood timber for the flooring and roof, as well as corrugated galvanised iron for the roof covering and the guttering. The brickwork on the Turk’s Head building is functional with no decorative elements. The main structure was erected using the English bond, while the southern abutting rooms were finished with a one-to-three colonial bond, as was the former kitchen building (‘residence’). All windows and all bar two doors were replaced in like style during the 1965 conversion into a museum.

Fig. 130. The front (eastern) façade of the Turk’s Head building.2

The front (eastern) façade faces the roadway of Wodonga Place. The asymmetrical façade, which is dominated by two verandah sections broken by a protruding parlour, follows the pattern A-B-C-D-A (Fig. 130). The end sections, as well as protruding semi-hexagonal parlour section lack eaves. The roofline is dual pitched with the main roof set at a 35º pitch and the verandah and side roof set at 20º. The verandah is currently supported by three posts in the southern section and two posts in the northern part. The balustrade is largely decorative, with the openings not conforming with doors as all ingress and egress to the building occurs at the rear. Shaded by the southern verandah are four windows. The western façade represents the utilitarian aspect of the building. It is defined by three chimneys and three doors, the northern one forms the main entrance and is level with the surrounding pavement. The second door is blocked off, while a ramp for wheelchair access leads to the southern door. The area is shaded by a covered walkway. The northern (southern) façades, lack eaves, and are defined by three (two) unshaded windows set equidistant from both ends. The roof structure is comprised of a main roof, with a deep roof cavity (Fig. 134) and four skillion roofs that cover the front (eastern) verandah, as well as the rooms of Dirk HR Spennemann the other three sides. The main roof cavity retains its original 1868 appearance, including the wooden shingle roof (Fig. 134) (affixed with hand-made nails) which has been covered over with corrugated galvanised iron. The Turk’s Head building rests on two types of foundations. The vast majority of the building, excluding the southern two rooms (rooms nº 8 & nº 9) is made up of locally-sourced quartz-mica schist, while the foundation supporting the southern two rooms is made from bricks.

Fig. 131. Cellar space 1, looking east.

Fig. 132. Cellar space 1, looking west. Fig. 133. Cellar space 2, looking west.

The parlour section of the Turk’s Head building contains a full-sized cellar. The cellar is comprised of two rooms which correspond with the room spaces above (i.e. rooms nº 3 and 13). Cellar space 1 has two stone-bound and brick-paved shelves running along the walls (Fig. 131), while cellar space 2 has two shelves on the northern side and only one, higher shelf on the southern side. The floor of the cellar is covered with bricks laid flat without a discernible ornamental pattern. There is evidence of three external and two internal chimneys. The three external chimneys, all on the western façade, have been bricked in from the inside (as per 1965 plan recommendations) and have had their stacks removed and taken back to the level

.— 152 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge of the skillion roof in the west. Originally, the building had two internal fireplaces, one in room nº 12 (now converted to gas heating) and one in room nº 14 (now bricked in). The internal layout of the building is comprised of 14 discrete room spaces. Four large room spaces with high ceilings exist in the core of the original building (rooms nº 10/11, 12 13 and 14). These are surrounded in the south, west and north by rooms with lower, and sloping ceilings. The conversion of the former store into a museum in 1965, and the subsequent modifications to the museum in 1983 meant that some internal door openings have been created and some have been widened (mainly in the western rooms). The ceilings of the rooms nº 10/11, 12 13 and 14 are plastered, while the other rooms show a ceiling of wooden boards. None of the rooms have decorative ceiling roses. All floors are currently carpeted. Original hardwood (Stringybark?) floor boards remain in rooms nº 10/11, 12 13 and 14. In the other rooms decayed floor boards have been replaced with pine.

Fig. 134. The main roof space looking southeast from the access hole (composite image).

Fig. 135. The ridge beam rafters and battens of Fig. 136. The space between two battens, showing the northern wing of the main roof. the alignment of the shakes (main roof).

.— 153 — Dirk HR Spennemann

Type A.—metal, 6" x 9" Type B.—metal, 3" x 8" Type C.—metal, 3" x 5½"

Type D.—metal, 3" x 8" Type E.—terracotta, 6½" x 9" Type F.—terracotta, 5½" x 8" Fig. 137. Types of external vents observed at the Turk’s Head building and associated structures.

Type 1.—terracotta, 8½" x 12" Type 2.—terracotta, 8½" x 11" Type 3.—terracotta, 6½" x 10"

Type 4.—terracotta, 6½" x 10" Type 5.—terracotta, 8" x 12" Type 6.—terracotta, 7" x 10½" " Fig. 138. Types of internal vents observed at the Turk’s Head building and associated structures.

.— 154 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Fig. 139. Three Stringybark shakes encountered loose in the roof cavity (scale 10cm).

.— 155 — Dirk HR Spennemann

Fig. 140. Hand forged nail encountered in one of the shakes (scale 4cm in 1mm increments).

Notes to Appendix III

1. For more detail see the conservation management plan (Spennemann, 2018). 2. Composite image.

.— 156 — Appendix IV.—Types of Bricks encountered

Brick making in Albury The clay deposits in the alluvial floodplain of Albury were exploited for the manufac- ture of bricks and other clay-based products. A number of nineteenth century brickworks are on record. While their history has not yet been formally compiled, this is not the place to do so. On record are, inter alia, James Leach, prior to 1858 who operated a brickworks towards the southern end of Kiewa Street, (Anonymous, 1918); a W.K. Smith who owned the ‘Willow Tree’ brickworks, also in Kiewa Street in 1858 (Anonymous, 1918),1 and a Thomas Plummer who ran a brickworks for at least a dec- ade starting in 1863 (Anonymous, 1918). Both W.K. Smith and Thomas Plummer may have been the source of the bricks used in the Turk’s Head building.2 We have no indication as to whether any of these early bricks had distinguishing features that allow us to correlate them with physical bricks encountered in Albury’s buildings.

The origin and treatment of the Samples The bricks examined in this Appendix are derived from two sources, the Turk’s Head building and the Car Club Building (formerly Bridge Inn).

Turk’s Head building A notable feature of numerous bricks encountered in the walling and the foundations of the Turk’s Head building, as well as the former kitchen structure (now called ‘residence’, p. Error! Bookmark not defined.), is a 10–12mm (3⁄8"–½") wide and 1-2mm high protrusion on one of the long sides. As this occurs on only one side and at various angles and positions on the brick face (Fig. 141), and extends the full length of the brick, this is unlikely to have been caused by a mould. It is more likely that the green bricks were air dried on a wooden base which had these 3⁄8"–½" wide gaps. A number of loose bricks were encountered in the cellar. These were measured and weighed (Table 13). Note that with the exception of Type VII there are no repli- cates in the sample. Thus the actual variability of the brick types cannot be ascertained. None of these had a frog3 in one of the large surfaces. Two bricks, on type TH1, collected from the under floor space of room nº 13 and one Type TH9, collected from the cellar were subjected to further analysis.

Car Club Building In total four types of bricks were noted, three of which could be examined (Table 13). Brick type CC I was encountered in the walling of the structure, while type CC II was found primarily in the collapsed internal partition walls. Type CC III was encountered in the south-eastern extension. In addition, a fourth type CC IV was encountered, which resembled type TH I, which is characterised by the protruding line on one of the Dirk HR Spennemann side faces. Bricks of that type were seen in the foundations, the fire place, as well as the main façade.

Analysis The selected bricks were measured, weighed (Table 13) and photographed (Fig. 142– Fig. 146). The bricks were then sectioned to examine the make-up of the matrix. The incomplete brick TH1 was sectioned only along the short axis (Fig. 147), while all other bricks bar one (CC I) were sectioned traverse (along the short axis) about 3cm from the edge (Fig. 5b, Fig. 150b) and the remainder of the brick was sectioned longitudinally in the centre (Fig. 5a, Fig. 150a). Due to a misunderstanding, the whole brick CCI was sectioned longitudinally (Fig. 149), which precluded a traverse cross-section. The brick colours were determined with the Munsell Color Chart;4 and multiple readings of the clay matrix of a cut surface were used.5 The brick sections were photographed both as a whole (Fig. 147–Fig. 151) as well as in detail (Fig. 152–Fig. 156). Table 13. Measurements of loose bricks encountered in the cellar of the Turk’s Head building Type Length Width Thickness Weight g/cm3 Frog Colour Image Sections Notes

Turk’s Head building 1 6 7 TH I 9 ⁄ 8" 4 ½" 2 ¾" 3063g 1.66 none 5 YR 6.5/6 Fig. 142 Fig. 147 TH II 9 ¼" 4 ½" 2 ¾" 2982g 1.63 none 8 TH III 9 ¼" 4 ½" 2 ¾" 3159g 1.68 none 9 7 TH IV 9 ¼" 4 ½" 2 ⁄ 8" 3654g 1.86 none TH V 9 ½" 4 ½" 3" 3627g 1.73 none 3 7 TH VI 9 ⁄ 8" 4 ½" 2 ⁄ 8" 3647g 1.83 none 3 TH VII 9 ⁄ 8" 4 ½" 3" 3732g 1.80 none 3 TH VII 9 ⁄ 8" 4 ½" 3" 3738g 1.80 none 3 TH VIII 9 ⁄ 8" 4 ½" 3" 3781g 1.82 none 5 TH IX 9 ¼" 4 ¼ " 2 ⁄ 8" 3197g 1.89 none 2.5 YR 5/8 Fig. 143 Fig. 148 TH X 8 ½" 4 ¼" 2 ¾" 10

Bridge Inn 5 11 CC I 8 ¾" 4" 2 ⁄ 8" 2831g 1.99 none 2.5 YR 6/8 Fig. 144 Fig. 149 5 12 13 CC II 8 ¾" 4 ¼" 2 ⁄ 8" 3007g 1.80 rectangular 2.5 YR 5/8 Fig. 145 Fig. 150 7 5 14 15 CC III 8 ⁄ 8" 4 ¼" 2 ⁄ 8" 2876g 1.80 diamond 5 YR 6.5/8 Fig. 146 Fig. 151 1 16 CC IV 9 ⁄ 8" 4 ½" 2 ¾" ?

Description of the Samples

Turk’s Head Type 1 (TH1) The exterior of the Type TH1 bricks has a sanded surface (Fig. 152a), caused by the brick mould having been sanded before being filled (‘sand stock brick’).17 One of the long sides shows a 10–12mm (3⁄8"–½") wide and 1-2mm high protrusion which was most likely caused during the drying process in the hacks.18 The traverse section (Fig. 147) shows a lighter coloured 18–25mm thick external zone, indicating different heat effects on the brick core. In the main, the fairly homoge-

.— 158 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge nous matrix contains numerous small iron-oxide nodules (max ø 5 mm), small fragments of quartz (ø 1–3 mm) and numerous irregularly shaped cavities (ø 2–5 mm) (Fig. 152).

Fig. 141. Variability of bricks of Type I.

Turk’s Head Type 9 (TH9) The exterior of the Type TH9 brick has a sanded surface (Fig. 153a), caused by the brick mould having been sanded before being filled (‘sand stock brick’) with a number of mica particles evident. One of the long sides shows a line caused by the form board (Fig. 143, right). One of the flat sides shows smoothing marks from the wooden strik- er19 (Fig. 143, middle). The longitudinal section (Fig. 148 top) shows a lighter coloured 12–15mm thick external zone, indicating different heat effects on the brick core. In the main, the matrix contains numerous small iron-oxide nodules (max ø 5 mm), small fragments of quartz (ø 1–3 mm) and numerous irregularly shaped cavities (ø 2–6 mm) (Fig. 153b–f). While the matrix is fairly homogenous in its distribution of temper materials, the brick also contained larger chunks of quartz (one measuring 16 x 25 x 27 mm) (Fig. 148; Fig. 153b).

Car Club Type 1 (CC1) The exterior of the Type CC1 brick has a sanded surface, caused by the brick mould having been sanded before being filled (‘sand stock brick’) with a number of mica particles evident. The brick has multiple layers of white paint on one of the long sides.20 One flat side, as well as one longitudinal side and the edges show rough surfaces. Only one side shows a smoothed surface with drag marks caused by the wooden striker. The form was not fully compacted when the paddle was dragged across, leading to a very uneven surface with gaps up to a 17 x 25 mm in size and 7mm depth (Fig. 144, left). The loose layering of the clay into the form is also evident on one of the long sides (Fig. 144, right). The longitudinal section (Fig. 149) shows an irregular, lighter coloured 9–22 mm thick external zone, indicating different heat effects on the brick core.

.— 159 — Dirk HR Spennemann

As noted above, to a misunderstanding by the brick cutter, this brick was only sectioned longitudinally. The longitudinal section shows irregular compaction and large, longitudinal cavities (Fig. 149). In the main, the matrix, which is fairly homogenous in its distribution of temper materials, contains numerous small fragments of quartz (ø 1– 4 mm) and small iron-oxide nodules (ø 1–5 mm), one of which measuring 8 x 14 mm (Fig. 154). The concentration of quartz in the matrix of CC1 is higher than that in TH9, while the concentration of iron-oxide is less.

Car Club Type 2 (CC2) The exterior of the Type CC2 brick has a sanded surface, caused by the brick mould having been sanded before being filled (‘sand stock brick’) with a number of mica particles evident. One of the flat surfaces shows a rectangular frog (1½" x 3" x 3⁄8 ") (Fig. 145 left),21 while the opposite flat surface shows drag marks caused by the wooden striker (Fig. 145 middle). Somewhat loose layering of the clay into the form is evident on one of the long sides (Fig. 145 right). Unlike brick types TH1, TH9 and CC1, the longitudinal section of brick CC2 does not reveal any differences in clay colour which suggests a firing at uniform temperatures. The longitudinal section shows irregular compaction and large, longitudinal cavities (Fig. 150). In the main, the matrix, which is fairly homogenous in its distribution of temper materials, contains numerous small fragments of quartz (ø 1–3 mm) and small iron-oxide nodules (ø 1–5 mm) (Fig. 155). The concentration of quartz in the matrix of CC2 is similar to that in TH9, while the concentration of iron-oxide is less.

Car Club Type 3 (CC3) The exterior of the Type CC3 brick has a sanded surface, caused by the brick mould having been sanded before being filled (‘sand stock brick’) with a number of mica particles evident. One of the flat surfaces shows a diamond-shaped frog (1¾" x 3½" x 3⁄8 ") (Fig. 146 left),22 while the opposite flat surface shows drag marks caused by the wooden striker (Fig. 146 middle). Somewhat loose layering of the clay into the form is evident on one of the long sides (Fig. 146 right). Unlike brick types TH1, TH9 and CC1, the longitudinal section of brick CC2 does not reveal any differences in clay colour which suggests a firing at uniform temperatures. The longitudinal section shows irregular compaction and large, longitudinal cavities (Fig. 150). Unlike the previous bricks, the matrix of CC3 is not homogenous in its distribution of temper materials. Rather, there appear to be different clay mixtures present in the brick (Fig. 151 top). The majority of the matrix (left 2/3 of the brick as shown in Fig. 151 top), contains numerous small fragments of quartz (ø 1–4 mm), small iron-oxide nodules (ø 1–5 mm) and small cavities (ø1–5mm) (Fig. 156a–c). The concentration of quartz in that section of the matrix of CC3 is similar to that in TH9, while the concentration of iron-oxide is less. The rest of the matrix (right 1/3 of the brick as shown in Fig. 151 top) is very uneven. The main matrix comprises of the same

.— 160 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge constituent components as the other, but is much more red in in colour (2.5 YR 4.5/6 as opposed to 5 YR 6.5/8) and contains a much higher concentration of quartz particles (ø 1–3 mm), iron-oxide nodules (ø 1–5 mm) and especially small cavities (ø1–3mm) (Fig. 156d–e). That section of the brick also shows large fold-like cavities and irregularities indicating that the clay was very heterogeneous. Finally, there is a 26 x 35mm large lump of clay (5 YR 5/6) without any inclusions (see Fig. 156f for interface between the majority matrix and the lump at right).

Fig. 142. A broken brick, type TH 1, obtained from a footing pier of the initial hotel (encountered in the under-floor space of room nº 14)

.— 161 — Dirk HR Spennemann

Fig. 143. Brick type TH 9, from the extension of the hotel (encountered in the cellar).

.— 162 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

5 cm

Fig. 144. Car Club Brick type I

.— 163 — Dirk HR Spennemann

5 cm

Fig. 145. Car Club Brick type II

.— 164 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Fig. 146. Car Club Brick type III

Fig. 147. Saw-cut surface of the TH type 1 brick shown in Fig. 142.

.— 165 — Dirk HR Spennemann

Fig. 148. Saw-cut surfaces of the TH type 9 brick shown in Fig. 143

Fig. 149. Longitudinal cross-section of Car Club Brick type I

.— 166 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Fig. 150. Longitudinal and traverse cross-section of Car Club Brick type II

Fig. 151. Longitudinal and traverse cross-section of Car Club Brick type III

.— 167 — Dirk HR Spennemann

a b

c d

e f Fig. 152. Details of the matrix of a TH 1-type brick from the initial hotel. Each image measures 10 x 15mm. a) external surface; b–d break surface; e–f saw cut surface.

.— 168 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

a b

c d

e f Fig. 153. Details of the matrix of a TH 9-type brick from the initial hotel. Each image measures 10 x 15mm. a) external surface; b–f saw cut surface.

.— 169 — Dirk HR Spennemann

a b

c d Fig. 154. Details of the matrix of a CC I-type brick, saw cut surface. Each image measures 10 x 15mm.

.— 170 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

a b

c d Fig. 155. Details of the matrix of a CC II-type brick, saw cut surface. Each image measures 10 x 15mm.

.— 171 — Dirk HR Spennemann

a b

c d

e f Fig. 156. Details of the matrix of a CC III-type brick, saw cut surface. Each image measures 10 x 15mm.

.— 172 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Notes to Appendix IV

1. In 1902 W.K. Smith handed the business to his sons (Smith Bros, 1902). 15. The sample brick stems from a col- 2 By 1910 there were six brickyards oper- lapsed section of the south-eastern ating in Albury, with an annual produc- room. tion of 4.6 million bricks (Anonymous, 16. Brick measured in walling, no further 1910).— Brick production in 1910: T. data available. Eames and W. Brown brick yards (late 17. (Ure, 1845, p. 41) Stevens) in Kiewa-street, 18. Once extracted from the form, the 12,000 bricks/week; A. moulded brick was placed with a flat Rose brickyard, in Olive-street, 9000 side down on a hack barrow (Dobson, bricks/week; E. Bunton's brickyards, in 1850, p. 19f; 1868, p. 136f) and taken to Townsend and Atkin streets, 8000 the drying ground. There the green bricks/week; S. Mansfield's brick yards, bricks are set at on their sides, arranged in Townsend-street,. 12,000 with a slant and stacked in ‘hacks’ bricks/week; D. Watson and W. Kemp (Dobson, 1850, p. 25) to allow them to brick yards, in Townsend-street, air dry. Where the hack-ground is 8000 bricks/week; Frew and Logan, damp, the bricks are placed on thin stated that at their steam pressed brick planks with gaps, or on hollow tiles, to works in Tribune-street remove them from rising damp and to 50,000 bricks/week. allow for air circulation from below 3. A ‘frog’ is an indentation in one or (Searle, 1911, p. 56). more of the large surfaces of the brick. 19. (Dobson, 1850, p. 99). It serves both as maker’s stamp and as a 20. The side not shown in Fig. 144. cavity for additional mortar which 21 forms a stronger bond.. . In later bricks the frog would not be 4 part of the bottom board of the brock . Used was the soil selection, which rep- from but pressed in from the top when resents most earth tones: (Munsell the clay in the form was compressed. Color, 1975).—For application and lim- 22 itation of technology, see (Gerharz, . In later bricks the frog would not be Lantermann, & Spennemann, 1988) part of the bottom board of the brock 5 from but pressed in from the top when . Readings under natural daylight, no di- the clay in the form was compressed. rect sun, surrounded by white-coloured reflective surfaces 6. None of the bricks examined in the cellar space show frogs. 7. Incomplete, 55mm wedge missing at one end. Measured weight 2622g, ex- trapolated weight 3063g. 8. The length was uneven, one side 9" the other 9 ¼". 9. Sandy exterior. 10 Brick measured in walling, no further data available. 11. The sample brick stems from masonry section above the northern window in the verandah. The colour of the ‘patina’ is 2.5YR 5.5/8. 12. The brick shows a rectangular frog 3 (1½" x 3" x ⁄8 ") in one of the main faces. 13. The sample brick stems from an internal partition wall to the north of the cellar entrance. 14. The brick shows a diamond-shaped 3 frog (1¾" x 3½" x ⁄8 ") in one of the main faces.

.— 173 —

Appendix V—Grave Markers of Turk’s Head Publicans A number of men and woman that acted as publicans of the Traveller’s Rest / Turk’s Head and Union Bridge Hotels were buried in the Albury cemetery (Table 14). This appendix provides for a photo-documentation of their grave markers. Table 14. Graves of Publicans of the Turk’s Head Hotel in the Albury Pioneer Cemetery Name Date of Death Section Row Grave Image Cunningham, William 2-10-1907 Catholic K 18 Fig. 163 Driscoll, Daniel 31-3-1910 Catholic F 7 Fig. 159 Frauenfelder, Elizabeth Bridget 10-11-1935 Catholic V 31 Fig. 160 Frauenfelder, Joseph H. 27-8-1895 Catholic V 31 Fig. 160 Green, Anne 23-4-1874 Catholic D 6 Fig. 157 Green, John 11-5-1872 Anglican F 14 Fig. 157 Gulson, Luke 9-4-1895 Congregationist D 13 Fig. 161 Oddie, James 14-11-1905 Catholic J 7 Fig. 162 Robinson, James Thomas 16-9-1927 Anglican I 24 Fig. 164 Steel, Edward 30-12-1900 Catholic J 16 no marker

Fig. 157. John Green 1872 Fig. 158. Anne Green 1874 Dirk HR Spennemann

Fig. 159. Daniel Driscoll 1910 Fig. 160. JH & EB Frauenfelder

Fig. 161. Luke Gulson Fig. 162. James Oddie

.— 176 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Fig. 163. William Cunningham Fig. 164. James Robinson

.— 177 — Acknowledgements I am indebted to a number of individuals who kindly supported this study with the provision of images or data: Stephen Brigelow (Albury LibraryMuseum), Ray Gear (Al- bury), Helen Livsey (Albury), Bruce Pennay (Charles Sturt University, Albury) and Hel- en Pithie (Ipswich). Wendy Donelly (Albury) furnished valuable family information on the guesthouse period of the Turk’s Head. Helen Livsey and Bruce Pennay kindly commented on an earlier draft.

References Acts 27 Vic 15 (NSW). Assented to Apr 22, 1864. Annual Appropriation Act 1852. An Act for Murray Customs Duties Act. All Act to applying certain sums arising from the Revenue legalize certain arrangements made between the receivable in New South Wales, to the service Governments of New South Wales and South thereof, for the year One thousand eight hundred Australia relative to the Customs Duties on and fifty-three; and for further appropriating the Goods imported into New South W ales said Revenue. New South Wales 6 through South Australia Victoriae 40. Assented to Dec 27, 1852. by way of the River Murray. 19 Vic 21 (NSW). An Act for granting Duties of Customs. An Assented to Oct 19, 1855. Act for granting Duties of Customs. 16 Vic 7 (NSW). Assented to Aug 5, 1852. Unpublished Work and Archival Sources Australian Colonies Government Act. Act Adastra Airways. (1949, May 9). Aerial for the Better Government of Her Majesty’s Photograph of the City of Albury. Sheet Australian Colonies United Kingdom 13 1. Albury LibraryMuseum. and 14 Vict. c.59. Assented to Aug 5, Albury and District Historical Society. 1850. (1973). List of Historical Buildings in New South Wales Customs Duties Act. An Albury as reported following survey by Act for the granting duties of customs 19 Vic sub-commitee in 1969. Later additions in 14 (NSW). Assented to Sep 14, 1855. 1973., local history vertical file, River Murray Customs Act. An Act to A4624564B. Albury LibraryMuseum. authorize certain arrangements respecting Anonymous. (1965a, Aug 20). City of Customs Duties on Goods brought into New Albury. Conversion of Old Hotel to South Wales by and across the River Murray. Museum. Plan. Turk's Head, TRIM 25 Vic 11 (NSW). Assented to Jan 2 SCN14/63565 Pg 1. AlburyCity [1862], 1861. Records. River Murray Customs Act. An Act to legalize Anonymous. (1993a, Nov). Albury City a new arrangement respecting Customs Duties Council. Albury Regional Museum. on Goods imported into New South Wales Floor Plan Existing. Turk's Head, ACC through South Australia by way of the River File G202.7#1, 470 Albury Regional Murray. 21 Vic 2 (NSW). Assented to Museum Additions, Set 1 007. Nov 24, 1857. AlburyCity Records. Billiard and Bagatelle Licensing Act of 1882. Anonymous. (1993b, Nov). Albury City An Act to regulate the keeping of Billiard- Council. Albury Regional Museum. tables and Bagatelle-boards. 45 Vic 24. Proposed additions. Turk's Head, ACC Assented to Dec 20, 1881. File G202.7#1, 470 Albury Regional Customs Duties Interpretation Act. An Act Museum Additions, Set 1 007. to remove doubts respecting Duties of Customs. AlburyCity Records. Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Anonymous. ([1935?]). "Reminescences Manuscript Materials Collection, ms nº from Table Top" Unidentified, untitled 13.884. Albury LibraryMuseum. typescript manuscript (carbon copy with Frauenfelder, Geoffrey. ([1972?]). title page misisng) relating to events Epilogue—To the Old Turks Head around Albury, Huon and Mitchell [poem]. Local History Vertical File, Families, centering on Table Top Manuscript A4631455B. Albury Station. Most probably written in the LibraryMuseum. mid- or late 1930s by a grandson of Frauenfelder, Geoffrey William Stanton. James Mitchell. Australian Archives (1972a, Apr 26). Turks Head Hotel. ACT Repository Record Series A Local History Vertical File, Manuscript 1336/1 Item U95. A4631358B. Albury LibraryMuseum. Bingham, Henry. (1839). Itineraries, Crown Frauenfelder, Geoffrey William Stanton. Lands Commissioners, Bingham, August (1972b). Turks Head Hotel History. 1839. X812. NSW State Records. Local History Vertical File, Manuscript Blomfield, Ernst. (1891). Census Book filled A4631404B. Albury LibraryMuseum. out by Census Collector Ernst Green, William. (1874a, Jul 13). In the Blomfield. New South Wales Census Supreme Court of New South Wales, 1891. Census District 49 B-Albury West, Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction. In the goods book 2a. NSW State Records. of John Green, late of Albury, in the Cope, Wiliam. (1874, Jul 23). In the Colony of New South Wales, licensed Supreme Court of New South Wales, victualler, deceased intestate. Affidavit of Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction. In the goods Administration. Probate Division of John Green, late of Albury, in the [Supreme Court of New South Wales], Colony of New South Wales, licensed Series 13660, 2-811. State Records NSW, victualler, deceased intestate. Affidavit of Sydney. publication and search. Probate Division Green, William. (1874b, Jul 13). In the [Supreme Court of New South Wales], Supreme Court of New South Wales, Series 13660, 2-811. State Records NSW, Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction. In the goods Sydney. of John Green, late of Albury, in the Court of Petty Sessions Armidale. (1904). Colony of New South Wales, licensed Register of issue of blankets to victualler, deceased intestate. Affidavit of Aborigines, Armidale 1890-1904 Death. Probate Division [Supreme [5/3769 (part). State Records of New Court of New South Wales], Series South Wales,. 13660, 2-811. State Records NSW, Fleming, George T, & Bradley, Henry Sydney. Burton. (1874d, Jul 23). In the Supreme Green, William, Jones, Lewis, & Higgins, Court of New South Wales, James. (1874, Jul 11). In the Supreme Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction. In the goods Court of New South Wales, of John Green, late of Albury, in the Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction. In the goods Colony of New South Wales, licensed of John Green, late of Albury, in the victualler, deceased intestate. Petition. Colony of New South Wales, licensed Probate Division [Supreme Court of victualler, deceased. Bond. Probate New South Wales], Series 13660, 2-811. Division [Supreme Court of New South State Records NSW, Sydney. Wales], Series 13660, 2-811. State Frauenfelder [?], Elizabeth Bridget. Records NSW, Sydney. (1895/7). [Inventory of contents of a Hague, D.W. (1949). Conveyance of lots 2, house]. [Pages torn from wages booklet 3 and 9 of allotment 1 of section 41 of with title 'Albury Brewing Company' the suburban lands of Albury NSW, listing wages received from Joseph H between William Matcheall Carey Frauenfelder as well as contents of [vendor] and Council of the City of rooms. A ball pen annotation reads Albury [purchaser]. Albury City 'Original book of sale on death of Archives, file 25095#001–6, = [NSW Joseph Henry Frauenfelder 1897']. property register book 2095 folio 352]. Albury City.

.— 179 — Dirk HR Spennemann

Higgins, James. (1874b, Jul 11). In the Probate Division. (1874). Probate John Supreme Court of New South Wales, Green Date of death 11 May 1872, Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction. In the goods Granted on 23 July 1874 Probate of John Green, late of Albury, in the Division [Supreme Court of New South Colony of New South Wales, licensed Wales], Series 13660, 2-811. State victualler, deceased intestate. Affidavit of Records NSW, Sydney. surety. Probate Division [Supreme Court Pumpa, Narelle. (1983). Invitation to the of New South Wales], Series 13660, 2- official opening of the Albury Regional 811. State Records NSW, Sydney. Museum 7 December 1983 [blank]. Honey, H. (2004). Final Report Albury Local History Vertical File 'Albury Regional Museum. Former Turks Head Regional Museum'. Albury Hotel (1860–1870), DampProofing LibraryMuseum. dated 14 May 2004. Project Number Simpson, H.J. (1958). Conveyance of lots 6, WRK 2003 133,. ACC File G202.7#1, 7 and 8 of allotment 1 of section 41 of 25095#001–47. Albury City Archives. the suburban lands of Albury NSW, Immigration Agent. (1841). List of between Annie Sharp Evelyn [vendor] Immigrant British Subjects, who have and Council of the City of Albury been imported into the colony of New [purchaser]. Albury City Archives, file South Wales on Government Bounty by 25095#001–6, = [NSW property register Mr. Alex Campbell of Sydney in book 2455 folio 793 ]. Albury City. pursuance of the Authority granted to Strahan, Frank. (1975a, Jun 27). Consultant's him by the Honourable the Colonial summary report of a survey of museums Secretary dated 11 Match 184-, and who in the Albury-Wodonga Region and two arrived at Sydney by the “Bussorah museum projecs in Gippsland. Marchant’ on the 6 April 1841. Committee of Enquiry on Museums and NRS5316 Persons on bounty ships National Collections (Department of the (Agent's Immigrant Lists) (01/01/1838 - Special Minister for State) [for the 31/12/1896), 4, 4787, Bussorah Merchant Piggott Report], A7461, 75/79. National 6 Apr 1841; pp. 228–233. State Records Archives of Australia. of NSW, Sydney. Strahan, Frank. (1975b). Museum of Arts Jones, Lewis. (1874, Jul 11). In the Supreme and Sciences, Albury Branch. Committee Court of New South Wales, of Enquiry on Museums and National Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction. In the goods Collections (Department of the Special of John Green, late of Albury, in the Minister for State). Museums Survey [for Colony of New South Wales, licensed the Piggott Report], A7461, 75/79. victualler, deceased intestate. Affidavit of National Archives of Australia. surety. Probate Division [Supreme Court Strahan, Frank. (1975c). Turk's Head Folk of New South Wales], Series 13660, 2- Museum. Committee of Enquiry on 811. State Records NSW, Sydney. Museums and National Collections Laidlaw, Prue. (2009). A Passing Occupation: (Department of the Special Minister for An Exploration of the History and Heritage of State). Museums Survey [for the Piggott Itinerant Workers in Rural New South Wales, Report], A7461, 75/79. National 1850–1914. Doctor of Philosophy thesis. Archives of Australia. School of Environmental Sciences, Strahan, Frank. (1975d, Mar 19). Turk's Faculty of Science. Charles Sturt Head Folk Museum. Interview with C. University, Albury. Klinge, Secretary of the Albury and Perry, Samuel Augustus. (1838). A letter District Historical Society [for the from the Surveyor-General's Office, Piggott Report]. Committee of Enquiry Sydney, dated July 5th, 1838, to surveyor on Museums and National Collections, Thomas Townsend to survey the best A7461, 75/79. National Archives of crossing place of the Murray on the road Australia. to Port Phillip., NLA MS 3387. National Strong, Jnoh. (1965). Conveyance of lot 4 of Library of Australia, Canberra. allotment 1 of section 41 of the suburban lands of Albury NSW,

.— 180 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

between Peter Bertram Seaton [vendor] Goulburn, 2 chains to an inch. LTO and Council of the City of Albury Charting Map, Sheet Albury 10. Scale: [purchaser]. Albury City Archives, file Sydney: NSW Department of Lands. 25095#001–6, = [NSW property register Stephen, G Milner. (1871). View of Albury. book 2745 folio 549 ]. Albury City. Sydney: Illustrated Sydney News. (Feb Wright, Fielder, & Wells. (1969). Albury and 18) District Historical Society. Report of the Surveyor General's Office. (1884). Plan of sub-committee appointed at General the Town of Albury. Parish of Albury, Meeting 8th July 1960 to make a survey County of Goulburn, Land District of of Historical Buildings in Albury.. local Albury. Office Nº 82-41. 3rd. Scale: history vertical file, A4368568B. Albury Sydney: Department of Lands. LibraryMuseum. Townsend, Thomas. (1839). Plan of the Township of Albury on the River Maps, Artworks and Audiovisual Material Murray. Transmitted to the Colonial Adams, Philip. (1858). Sketch shewing Secretary June 1st 1839 [SR A2 N encroachments in the neighbourhood of A1040a]. State Records Item Scale: Wodonga Place, Town of Albury also von Guerard, Eugene. (1862a). Die Albury shewing irregularities existing in the Brücke. Series: Sketchbook XXXIII, No. streets. Scale: 4 chains to an inch. 15 Australian. Pencil drawing, ca. 9 x 22 Sydney: Surveyor General's Office, State cm. (dated 30 October 1862). Original Archives and Records NSW. held at Mitchell Library, State Library of Anonymous. (1881b). Albury 1881. New South Wales, Sydney. Supplement to the Illustrated Sydney von Guerard, Eugene. (1862b). Albury News January 1881. Sydney: Gibbs, Hume + Hovell Monument + tree on Shallard & Co. the Murray. Series: Sketchbook XXXIII, Border Post (Albury). (1888). View of No. 15 Australian. Pencil drawing, ca. 9 x Albury. Albury: Border Post (Albury). 16 cm. (dated 30 October 1862). Colonial Secretary's Office. (1849). Town of Original held at Mitchell Library, State Albury. Parish of Albury, County of Library of New South Wales, Sydney. Goulburn. 4th. Scale: Sydney: Colonial von Guerard, Eugene. (1862c). The River Secretary's Office. Murray between Albury & Belvoir. Colonial Secretary's Office. (1884). Town of Series: Sketches in Victoria, 1862. Pencil Albury. Parish of Albury, County of drawing, 28.25 x 44 cm. (dated 31 Goulburn. Office copy, hand annotated October 1862). Original held at Mitchell until 9 March 1884. 4th. Scale: Sydney: Library, State Library of New South Colonial Secretary's Office. Wales, Sydney. Department of Lands. (1906). Map of the Town of Albury and suburban lands. Databases Parish of Albury, County of Goulburn, National Library of Australia. (2016). Trove. Land District of Albury. 19 December Australian and online resources. Canberra: 1906. 3rd. Scale: Sydney: Department of National Library of Australia. Retrieved Lands. from http://trove.nla.gov.au/ Department of Lands. (1927). Map of the Town of Albury and suburban lands. Personal Communications Parish of Albury, County of Goulburn, Donelly, Wendy. (2017). Recollections of Land District of Albury. 23 April 1927. my grand mother's place at Turk's Head. 3th. Scale: Sydney: Department of Personal Communication. Interviewed Lands. by D. H. R. Spennemann, at Albury, Department of Lands and Survey. (1935). dated Dec 14, 2017. Town of Wodonga, Parish of Wodonga, Pithie, Helen. (2017). Albury Museum. County of Bogong. Scale: Melbourne: Personal Communication. Email Department of Lands and Survey. correspondence with D. H. R. NSW Department of Lands. (n.d.). Locality Spennemann, at dated Dec 15–16, 2017. Albury Parish of Albury, County

.— 181 — Dirk HR Spennemann

Published Sources Anonymous. (1838a, Jun 26). Journal of Mr Darlot's Route to Portland Bay, with Albury & District Historical Society. (2010). Five Hundred and Sixty-Five Head of Heritage study of Murray River frontage. Cattle, the Property of the Messrs W. Albury: Albury & District Historical and F. Dutton. The Australian (Sydney), S1 Society. col.1–5. Albury and District Historical Society. Anonymous. (1838b, Jul 4). Port Phillip. To ([1968?]). Albury and District Historical the editor of the colonist. Colonist Society's Folk Museum (pp. 4). Albury: (Sydney), 2 col. e. Albury and District Historical Society. Anonymous. (1839a, Mar 30). Description Albury Regional Museum. (n.d. [ca 1984]). of Part of a journey from Sydney to Port The Albury Regional Museum (pp. 2). Adelaide, South Australia. The Australian Albury: Albury Regional Museum. (Sydney), pp. 3 col. 3–7. Andrews [ed.], Alan E. J. (1981). Hume and Anonymous. (1839b, May 7). The Hume. Hovell, 1824. Hobart: Blubber Head Sydney Gazette, p. 2 col. d. Press. Anonymous. (1839c, Jan 8). Hume River, Andrews, Alan E.J. (1993). Surveyor 26th December. The Australian (Sydney), Thomas Scott Townsend: His Work in p. 2 col. g. Australia 1831 to 1854. Journal of the Royal Anonymous. (1839d, Nov 13). Police in the Australian Historical Society, 79(3–4), 154- Rural Districts. Sydney Herald, pp. 1 col. 175. 8, 2 col.1–4. Andrews, Arthur. (1911, Oct 13). History of Anonymous. (1840a, Jun 24). The Blacks. Albury. Chapter I. (Continued). Albury Colonist (Sydney), 3 col. a. Banner pp. 41 col. 41–43. Anonymous. (1840b, Dec 31). Hume River. Andrews, Arthur. (1912a). The History of Colonist (Sydney), 2 col. g. Albury 1824 to 1895. Albury: Adams, Anonymous. (1840c, May 16). Lost or stolen Cooper and Adams. from Mr Fowler's station. Port Phillip Andrews, Arthur. (1912b, Jan 5). History of Gazette, p. 4 col. e. Albury. Chapter X.—(Continued). Anonymous. (1840d, Nov 28). Albury Banner pp. 40 col. 41–44. Murrumbidgee. Sydney Herald, p. 2 col. e. Andrews, Arthur. (1912c, Jan 26). History of Anonymous. (1840e, Oct 19). Tumut River. Albury. Chapter XIII. 1866-8 Sydney Herald, p. 2 col. e. (Continued). Albury Banner pp. 37 col. Anonymous. (1840f, Apr 21). A very 31–34. superior herd of 1,360 cattle Andrews, Arthur. (1912d, Jan 26). History [Advertisement]. The Australian (Sydney), of Albury. Chapter XIV. 1869–1871. p. 4 col. 4. Albury Banner pp. 37 col. 31–34. Anonymous. (1841a, Mar 6). Overland Andrews, Arthur. (1912e, Feb 2). History of Route to Port Phillip. Extract from a Albury. Chapter XV.—1872-1874. Bushman's Letter [dated Melbourne 12 Albury Banner pp. 37 col. 31–34. February 1841]. Sydney Herald. Andrews, Arthur. (1912f, Feb 16). History Anonymous. (1841b, Jul 3). Overland Route of Albury. Chapter XVII. 1878–1880 to Port Phillip. Extract from a (Continued). Albury Banner p. 40. Bushman's Letter [dated Melbourne 12 Andrews, Arthur. (1917, Jul 27). Fifty Years February 1841]. Perth Gazette and Western ago. History of St Matthew's Church. Australian Journal. Border Morning Mail (Albury), p. 4. Anonymous. (1841c, Mar 6). Overland Andrews, Arthur. (1920). The first settlement of Route to Port Phillip. Extract from a the Upper Murray, 1835-1845. Sydney: Bushman's Letter [dated Melbourne 12 D.S. Ford. February 1841]. Sydney Morning Herald. Angel, Henry. (1881, Mar 26). Hume the Anonymous. (1842a, Oct 1). Abdella. Port Explorer. Sydney Mail, p. 502 col. c. Phillip Gazette, p. 5 col. e. Anonymous. (1837, Oct 6). Memorandum Anonymous. (1842b, Oct 1). Ranger. Port on the establishment a Post from Yass Phillip Gazette, p. 5 col. e. to Port Philipp. The Australian (Sydney), pp. 2 col. 6–7.

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Anonymous. (1842c, Oct 5). Supposed Anonymous. (1855b, Jun 14). Albury. The Murder. New South Wales Examiner, p. 3 customs duties on the Murray. Empire col. f. (Sydney), p. 8 col. b. Anonymous. (1844, Jan 30). The Southern Anonymous. (1855c, Sep 21). Commercial Districts. Sydney Morning Herald, pp. 3 col. intelligence. Argus (Mebourne), pp. 4 col. 2–3. c–d. Anonymous. (1845a, Sep 20). Boiling Down Anonymous. (1855d, Sep 13). Commercial extraordinary. Bell's Life in Sydney and record. Empire (Sydney), p. 4 col. h. Sporting Reviewer, 2 col. f. Anonymous. (1855e, Dec 4). New South Anonymous. (1845b, Sep 1). Family notices. Wales. South Australian Register (Adelaide), Sydney Morning Herald, p. 3 col. e. p. 3 col. a. Anonymous. (1845c, Feb 19). News from Anonymous. (1856a, Nov 17). Bridge at the Interior. Hume River. Sydney Morning Albury. Sydney Morning Herald, p. 3 col. d. Herald, pp. 4 col. 3–4. Anonymous. (1856b, Nov 17). Death from Anonymous. (1847, Aug 7). Country news. Drowning. Sydney Morning Herald, pp. 3 Bell's Life in Sydney and Sporting Reviewer, p. col. d–e. 3 col. b. Anonymous. (1856c, Sep 25). Domestic Anonymous. (1848a, Jan 26). Albury. Sydney Intelligence. Albury. Argus (Melbourne), 5 Morning Herald, p. 3 col. h. col.e. Anonymous. (1848b, Oct 14). Albury. Sydney Anonymous. (1856d, Nov 14). Domestic Morning Herald, p. 3 col. b. Intelligence. Crossing a mob. Age Anonymous. (1848c, Nov 25). Suburban (Melbourne), 5 col.e. allotments. Goulburn Herald, p. 4 col. d. Anonymous. (1856e, Oct 16). Domestic Anonymous. (1851a, Oct 16). The Murray. Intelligence. State of the River. Argus Melbourne Daily News, 2 col. c. (Melbourne), 5 col.d. Anonymous. (1851b, Sep 6). The State of Anonymous. (1856f, Jan 19). Mr Soutten. the Interior. Argus (Melbourne), p. 3 col. a. Bendigo Advertiser, 3 col. e. Anonymous. (1851c, Aug 1). Transfer of Anonymous. (1856g, Nov 13). The Runs. Argus (Melbourne), p. 4 col. 1. Wodonga Flats. Age (Melbourne), 5 col. e. Anonymous. (1852a, Aug 16). Council Anonymous. (1857a, Jun 6). Albury. Sydney Papers. Supplementary Estimate. Sydney Morning Herald, p. 5 col.a. Morning Herald, pp. 2 col. f–g. Anonymous. (1857b, Jun 15). Albury Anonymous. (1852b, Jan 24). Land Sales. District. The Hume Inn. Empire (Sydney), Goulburn Herald, pp. 8 col. a–b. p. 3 col. h. Anonymous. (1852c, Oct 23). The road to Anonymous. (1857c, Jul 7). Albury. New Melbourne. Maitland Mercury, 6 col. c–d. Punt. Sydney Morning Herald, p. 3 col. e. Anonymous. (1853a, Apr 2). The Goldfields Anonymous. (1857d, May 2). Blanket Day. Nº IV [Albury March 27, 1853). Empire Border Post (Albury), p. 2 col. 3. (Sydney), pp. S1, col. 6–7. Anonymous. (1857e, Dec 10). Border news. Anonymous. (1853b, Apr 6). Land Sales. Bendigo Advertiser, p. 3 col. c. Empire (Sydney), pp. 4 col. 1–4. Anonymous. (1857f, Feb 17). The Hovell Anonymous. (1853c, May 14). New Punt at Tree. Empire (Sydney), pp. 6, col. a. Albury. Freeman's Journal (Sydney), 3 col. d. Anonymous. (1857g, Dec 7). The Hume Anonymous. (1853d, Dec 24). Public Testimonial. Border Post (Albury), 2 col. b. Testimonial to Captain Hovell. Goulburn Anonymous. (1857h, Jun 29). New Punt. Herald, pp. 4 col. c-d. Ovens and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth), p. Anonymous. (1854, Jun 9). Notes of an 2 col. d. Overland Journey to the Ovens And Anonymous. (1857i, Oct 3). Police. Border Melbourne. nº. XIII. Sydney Morning Post (Albury), 2 col. b. Herald, pp. 2 col. 1–2. Anonymous. (1857j, Dec 7). Result of Sale. Anonymous. (1855a, Oct 11). Albury Steam Border Post (Albury), 2 col. c. and Customs. Sydney Morning Herald, p. 3 Anonymous. (1857k, Jan 17). Suicide. Border col. c. Post (Albury), p. 2 col. 2.

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Anonymous. (1857l). Title deeds ready for Anonymous. (1860c, Aug 24). Bridge over delivery Empire (Sydney), 6 col. a–c. the Murray. Mount Alexander Mail Anonymous. (1857m, Jan 31). Town (Castlemaine), p. 3 col. c. improvements. Border Post (Albury), 1(18), Anonymous. (1860d, Nov 24). [Cemetery in 2 col. b. bad shape]. Albury Banner, p. 2. Anonymous. (1857n, Jun 13). Victoria. Visit Anonymous. (1860e, Jan 26). Colonial of Sir Henry Barkly to Albury. South Parliament. New South Wales. The Australian Register (Adelaide), p. 2 col. d. Albury Bridge. Sydney Morning Herald, p. Anonymous. (1858a, Feb 19). Albury 3 col. e. Brewery. Empire (Sydney), 5 col. a. Anonymous. (1860f, Aug 22). The first pile Anonymous. (1858b, Apr 24). Annual of the Murray Bridge at Albury. Age licensing meeting. Border Post (Albury), 2 (Melbourne), p. 5 col. d. col. c. Anonymous. (1860g, Apr 19). Legislative Anonymous. (1858c, Jul 3). The Blacks. Asembly. The Albury Punt. Empire Border Post (Albury), p. 2 col. 3. (Sydney), p. 5 col. a. Anonymous. (1858d, Mar 23). Domestic Anonymous. (1860h, Mar 7). Local Intelligence. Albury. Argus (Melbourne), 7 Intelligence. Goulburn Herald, p. 2 col. e. col. d. Anonymous. (1860i, Dec 5). New Public Anonymous. (1858e, Oct 29). Fancy Bazaar house. Albury Banner 2 col. d. at Albury. Sydney Morning Herald, p. 2 col. Anonymous. (1860j, Dec 5). The Punt. h. Albury Banner 2 col. d. Anonymous. (1858f, Mar 20). Hotel Anonymous. (1860k, Jul 28). Sale of the accommodation on the Sydney Road. Exchange hotel Albury Banner ¶¶¶. Empire (Sydney), p. 3 col. e. Anonymous. (1860l, Nov 24). To Anonymous. (1858g, Mar 5). Hume merchants, capitalists and others. Argus Testimonial. Empire (Sydney), p. 2 col. c. (Melbourne), p. 8 col. a. Anonymous. (1858h, Apr 20). The Hume Anonymous. (1861a, Dec 3). The Albury Testimonial. Age (Melbourne), p. 5 col. g. Bridge. Bendigo Advertiser, p. 3 col. c. Anonymous. (1858i, Jul 27). Inauguration of Anonymous. (1861b, Oct 31). In the the Hume Monument. Sydney Morning Legislative Council. Sydney Morning Herald, p. 5 col. e. Herald, pp. 5 col. b–d. Anonymous. (1858j, Mar 12). Sebastopol Anonymous. (1861c, Nov 13). NSW Hotel. Empire (Sydney), p. 5 col. d. Parliament. The Albury Bridge. Sydney Anonymous. (1858k, Apr 5). Testimonial to Morning Herald, p. 3 col. a. H Hume Esq. Ovens and Murray Advertiser Anonymous. (1861d, Sp 4). Opening of the (Beechworth), p. 2 col. b. Muray Bridge. Border Post (Albury), p. 2 Anonymous. (1859a, Nov 8). The bridge at col. 3. last. Argus (Melbourne), p. 5 col. e. Anonymous. (1861e, Jan 19). The Punt at Anonymous. (1859b, Sep 20). Fire at Albury. Ovens and Murray Advertiser Albury. Ovens and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth), 2 col. d. (Beechworth), p. 2 col. c. Anonymous. (1861f, Feb 20). [Report on Anonymous. (1859c, Jan 27). News of the improvements of cemetery] Albury Day. Age (Melbourne), 5 col. a. Banner, p. 2. Anonymous. (1859d, Jul 1). The Upper Anonymous. (1861g, Jan 12). [State of Valley of the Murray. Empire (Sydney), p. cemetery deplored]. Albury Banner, p. 2. 5 col. d. Anonymous. (1861h, Jan 16). [State of Anonymous. (1859e, Jul 1). The Upper cemetery deplored] 2. Albury Banner, p. 2. Valley of the Murray. Empire (Sydney), pp. Anonymous. (1861i, Sep 10). The Union 5 col. c–d. Bridge, Albury. Ovens and Murray Anonymous. (1860a, Feb 10). Albury not a Advertiser (Beechworth), 3 col. c. free port. Argus (Melbourne), 1 col. g. Anonymous. (1862a, Apr 16). [article about Anonymous. (1860b, Aug 18). Bridge over Kidd and Brickell]. Border Post (Albury), the Murray. Albury Banner, p. ¶¶¶¶. ¶¶.

.— 184 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Anonymous. (1862b, May 28). [Burials Anonymous. (1867j, May 1). To Travellers disturbed at old cemetery. Alburyites and Others [Advertisement]. Border Post urged to move it, as gravel pits encroach (Albury), 967, 2. on it.] Albury Banner, p. 2. Anonymous. (1868a, Apr 25). Albury Police Anonymous. (1862c, Jan 17). In the Court. Albury Banner 3 col. a. Legislative Asembly. Empire (Sydney), p. 5 Anonymous. (1868b, Dec 19). Border col. c. Customs Treaty. Aldelaide Observer, 16 Anonymous. (1862d, Jan 26). Legislative col. a. Assembly. Mr Kidd's contract. Sydney Anonymous. (1868c, Oct 13). The fire at the Morning Herald, p. 3 col. d. Hume Inn. Ovens and Murray Advertiser Anonymous. (1862e, Apr 21). The Murray (Beechworth), p. 2 col. e. Trade. Argus (Melbourne), p. 5 col. d. Anonymous. (1868d, Oct 8). The fire at the Anonymous. (1862f, May 14). Punt at Hume Inn. Ovens and Murray Advertiser Warparanna. Border Post (Albury), 2 col. d. (Beechworth), p. 2 col. e. Anonymous. (1863, Jan 8). Albury New Anonymous. (1868e, Oct 13). [Monument at Years Sports. Empire (Sydney), p. 8 col. a. Albury]. Queensland Times, Ipswich Herald Anonymous. (1864a, Sep 24). Border and General Advertiser p. 3 col. e. Customs Duties [editorial]. Age Anonymous. (1868f, Nov 21). News of the (Melbourne), 4 col. e–f. Week. Gundagai Times and Tumut, Adelong Anonymous. (1864b, Sep 19). The and Murrumbidgee District Advertiser, 2 completion of the Echuca railway. col.e. Bendigo Advertiser, 2 col. f. Anonymous. (1868g, Jun 18). Yackandandah Anonymous. (1865a, Oct 31). Albury Bridge Shire Council Ovens and Murray Advertiser Toll Bar. Ovens and Murray Advertiser, 2 (Beechworth), 2 col. b. col. c. Anonymous. (1869, Jan 26). Insolvency Anonymous. (1865b, May 15). Border Court. Empire (Sydney), p. 4 col. a. Customs Arrangements. Age (Melbourne), Anonymous. (1870a, Nov 5). Albury. 4 col. b. Australian Town and Country Journal Anonymous. (1866a, Dec 8). Accepted (Sydney), p. 3 col. a. Tenders. Sydney Mail, p. 2 col. c. Anonymous. (1870b, Jun 11). Presenting Anonymous. (1866b, Nov 11). Albury blankets to the Aborigines. Australian Bridge. Ovens and Murray Advertiser Town and Country Journal (Sydney), pp. 24 (Beechworth), 2 col. c. col. 23–24. Anonymous. (1867a, Jun 27). Albury Police Anonymous. (1870c, May 12). Relief of the Court. Albury Banner, p. 3 col. b. desititute. Queanbeyan Age, p. 3 col. 3. Anonymous. (1867b, Jan 18). Border Anonymous. (1871a, Nov 18). The Hume Customs Duties. Age (Melbourne), 5 col. e. Bridge tolls. Ovens and Murray Advertiser Anonymous. (1867c, Aug 22). Curent (Beechworth), 5 col. a. topics. Geelong Advertiser, p. 3 col. a. Anonymous. (1871b, May 20). Anonymous. (1867d, Oct 15). The Flood at Miscellaneaous Items Australian Town and Albury. Sydney Morning Herald, p. 2 col. e. Country Journal (Sydney), pp. 614 col. 611- Anonymous. (1867e, Oct 21). The Floods. 613. Sydney Morning Herald, p. 3 col. d. Anonymous. (1871c, Jan 5). Swiming baths Anonymous. (1867f, Oct 16). The Floods at on the Murray. Maitland Mercury, 3 col. f. Albury. Hamilton Spectator, p. 4 col. a. Anonymous. (1872a, May 1). The Bridge Anonymous. (1867g, Dec 18). Government Hotel. Border Post (Albury), 5 col. c. tenders accepted. Sydney Morning Herald, Anonymous. (1872b, May 16). Inquest at p. 3 col. g. Albury. Ovens and Murray Advertiser Anonymous. (1867h, May 11). New (Beechworth), 2 col. e. Publicans. Albury Banner, p. 2 col. e. Anonymous. (1872c, Apr 2). News of the Anonymous. (1867i, Feb 5). Singular fatality Day. Age (Melbourne), 2 col.e. in a family. Geelong Advertiser, p. 3 col. e. Anonymous. (1872d, Apr 13). A Tour to the South: Albury. Australian Town and Country Journal (Sydney), pp. 461–461.

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Anonymous. (1872e, Jul 10). Transfer of Anonymous. (1874j, May 11). Notice. To be licences. Albury Banner 2 col. a. let. Argus (Melbourne), p. 8 col. b. Anonymous. (1873a, Jun 10). The Albury Anonymous. (1874k, May 9). Notice. To be Bridge. Ovens and Murray Advertiser let. Argus (Melbourne), p. 12 col. c. (Beechworth), 2 col. f. Anonymous. (1875a, Jul 14). Albury Police Anonymous. (1873b, Oct 15). Albury Police Court. Border Post (Albury), 2 col. d. Court. Border Post (Albury), p. 2 col. f. Anonymous. (1875b, Jan 30). A doodle-em- Anonymous. (1873c, Sep 20). Albury Police buck in trouble. Ovens and Murray Court. Albury Banner p. 2 col. e. Advertiser (Beechworth), 6 col. c. Anonymous. (1873d, Nov 1). Artistic Anonymous. (1875c, Sep 7). Floods. Ovens memos on the north-eastern railway. The and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth), 2 col. d. Australasian Sketcher with Pen and Pencil Anonymous. (1875d, Aug 14). A fortunate (Melbourne), pp. 132–134. man. Ovens and Murray Advertiser Anonymous. (1873e, Oct 25). The Bridge (Beechworth), 4 col. f. Inn. Border Post (Albury), 2 col. f. Anonymous. (1875e, Mar 3). Gawler Anonymous. (1873f, Jan 11). The Bridge Agricultural Show. Adelaide Observer, 7 Inn. Albury Banner, p. 2 col. e. col. f. Anonymous. (1873g, Jan 11). New Hotel. Anonymous. (1875f, Dec 21). Notice. To be Border Post (Albury), p. 2 col. c. let. Argus (Melbourne), p. 8 col. c. Anonymous. (1873h, Dec 30). Notice. To Anonymous. (1875g, Dec 21). Notice. To be be let. Argus (Melbourne), p. 8 col. d. let, the Bridge Hotel, Albury. Argus Anonymous. (1873i, Dec 29). Notice. To be (Melbourne), p. 8 col. c. let. Argus (Melbourne), p. 8 col. c. Anonymous. (1875h, May 13). Smuggling Anonymous. (1873j, Nov 22). Opening of on the border. Ovens and Murray the north-eastern line to Wodonga. Advertiser (Beechworth), 2 col. e. Leader (Melbourne), pp. 20 col. a–c. Anonymous. (1875i, Jan 29). South Anonymous. (1873k, Apr 5). Sydney to Australian Industries. Brushware. Albury. Australian Town and Country Adelaide Observer, 5 col. d. Journal (Sydney), pp. 17 col. b–d. Anonymous. (1876a, Jun 24). Albury Police Anonymous. (1874a, Nov 7). Abolition of Court. Albury Banner 14 col. a. the Union Bridge tolls. Ovens and Murray Anonymous. (1876b, Jan 15). Albury Police Advertiser (Beechworth), 5 col. a. Court. Border Post (Albury), p. 2 col. d. Anonymous. (1874b, Nov 7). Abolition of Anonymous. (1876c, Jul 15). Licensing the Union Bridge Tolls. Ovens and Murray meeting. Albury Banner, p. 15 col. c. Advertiser, 5 col. a. Anonymous. (1876d, Aug 8). News of the Anonymous. (1874c, May 16). Albury Day. Age (Melbourne), 3 col. a. Borough Council. Ovens and Murray Anonymous. (1876e, Jun 28). To Let. Border Advertiser (Beechworth), 8 col. a. Post (Albury), 7 col. f. Anonymous. (1874d, Nov 11). Albury Anonymous. (1876f, Sep 10). A visit to Police Court. Border Post (Albury), p. 3 Albury. Australian Town and Country col. a. Journal (Sydney), 461 col. a–d. Anonymous. (1874e, Apr 15). Albury Police Anonymous. (1877a, Aug 25). Skittles! District Court. Border Post (Albury), 2 col. Skittles! Skittles! Turk's Head Hotel. d–f, 3 col. a–b. Border Post (Albury), 4 col. a. Anonymous. (1874f, Jan 10). Albury Anonymous. (1877b, Aug 18). Skittles! Races—Traveller's Rest Hotel. Argus Skittles! Skittles! Turk's Head Hotel. (Melbourne), p. 12 col. e. Border Post (Albury), 4 col. f. Anonymous. (1874g, Feb 4). Border Anonymous. (1877c, Aug 15). Skittles! Customs Convention. Sydney Morning Skittles! Skittles! Turk's Head Hotel. Herald, 3 col.g. Border Post (Albury), 3 col. e. Anonymous. (1874h, May 16). The Bridge Anonymous. (1878a, Feb 28). The Albury Inn. Albury Banner, p. 12 col. d. and Wagga Railway. Ovens and Murray Anonymous. (1874i, Jan 2). Notice. To be Advertiser (Beechworth), 2 col. d. let. Argus (Melbourne), p. 8 col. a.

.— 186 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Anonymous. (1878b, Nov 23). A Anonymous. (1882b, Jun 8). Albury bookmaker booked. Riverine Herald Licensing Court. Ovens and Murray (Echuca), 4 col. e. Advertiser (Beechworth), 5 col. b. Anonymous. (1878c, Aug 27). Tile, Brick &c Anonymous. (1882c, Aug 24). Albury Police Manufactory. Ovens and Murray Advertiser Court. Ovens and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth), 4 col. a. (Beechworth), 1 col. c. Anonymous. (1879a, Jan 25). Albury. Anonymous. (1882d, Mar 4). Inquest. Ovens Maitland Mercury, p. 12 col. b. and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth), 1 col. c. Anonymous. (1879b, Oct 25). Albury. Sydney Anonymous. (1883a, Aug 18). Albury. Mail, 709 col. c. Weekly Times (Melbourne), p. 2 col. f. Anonymous. (1879c, Oct 24). Albury in Anonymous. (1883b, Jul 7). The Albury Flood. Corowa Free Press, 3 col. c. Railway Demonstratiin. Illustrated Sydney Anonymous. (1879d, Aug 30). The Albury News, pp. 14–15. Industrial Exhibition. Ovens and Murray Anonymous. (1883c, Jan 16). The Albury- Advertiser (Beechworth), 6 col. a–f. Wodonga Celebrations. Sketches in the Anonymous. (1879e, Oct 22). Albury to Vicinity. Australian Town and Country Wagga. Sydney Daily Telegraph, 6 col. g. Journal (Sydney), p. 24. Anonymous. (1879f, Oct 24). The floods. Anonymous. (1883d, Feb 19). A new Corowa Free Press, 2 col. f. industry. Ovens and Murray Advertiser Anonymous. (1879g, Jan 3). The Spings and (Beechworth), 2 col. d. Wahgunyah Railway. Corowa Free Press, 2 Anonymous. (1883e, Jul 2). Views in Albury. col. b. The Australasian Sketcher with Pen and Anonymous. (1879h, Dec 23). Wanted. A Pencil (Melbourne), pp. 115, 120. good general servant. Ovens and Murray Anonymous. (1884a, Mar 25). Albury. Ovens Advertiser (Beechworth), 3 col.c. and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth), 3 col. Anonymous. (1880a, Jan 10). Albury. Ovens b–c. and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth), 8 col. c. Anonymous. (1884b, May 8). Albury Police Anonymous. (1880b, Jan 31). Albury. Ovens Court. Ovens and Murray Advertiser and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth), 5 col. a. (Beechworth), (5517), 2 col. e. Anonymous. (1880c, May 19). Licenses. Anonymous. (1884c, Feb 28). Building at Border Post (Albury), p. 2 col. e. Albury. Ovens and Murray Advertiser Anonymous. (1880d, Dec 14). A long row. (Beechworth), 3 col.e. Riverine Herald (Echuca), 2 col. e. Anonymous. (1884d, ¶¶). The old and the Anonymous. (1880e, Jul 24). [Police court]. new. Australian Town and Country Journal Ovens and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth), 5. (Sydney), ¶¶, ¶¶. Anonymous. (1880f, Dec 15). A rowing trip. Anonymous. (1884e, Jun 28). Telefraphic. Riverine Herald (Echuca), 2 col. f. Oven and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth), 1 Anonymous. (1881a, Oct 18). Accidents. col. h. Ovens and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth), 4 Anonymous. (1885a, Dec 3). Licensing. col. a. Ovens and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth), 2 Anonymous. (1881c, Sep 20). The Albury col. e. Brewery. Ovens and Murray Advertiser Anonymous. (1885b, May 30). Wanted (Beechworth), 1 col. d–e. Cook (female). Ovens and Murray Anonymous. (1881d, Jan 5). Licenses. Border Advertiser (Beechworth), 5 col.e. Post (Albury), p. 2 col. g. Anonymous. (1886, May 6). Opening of the Anonymous. (1881e, Jan 22). Our railway to Yarrawonga. Age (Melbourne), 5 Supplement. Bird's Eye view of Albury. col. h. Illustrated Sydney News, p. 3 col. 1. Anonymous. (1887a, Nov 9). Albury. Age Anonymous. (1881f, Jan 22). Our (Melbourne), p. 5 col. e. Supplement. Views in the Albury Anonymous. (1887b, Sep 9). [Local news]. District. Illustrated Sydney News, p. 3 col. Wodonga and Towong Sentinel, pp. 2 col. b– 2. d. Anonymous. (1882a, Sep 5). Albury. Ovens and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth), 8 col. c.

.— 187 — Dirk HR Spennemann

Anonymous. (1887c, Nov 10). An Anonymous. (1897b, May 22). [news]. Ovens othnithological curiosity. Goulburn Herald and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth), 2 col. e. p. 3 col. c. Anonymous. (1897c, Sep 17). Sudden death. Anonymous. (1888a, Jun 30). Albury Albury Banner 22 col. d. Brewing and Malting Company Limited. Anonymous. (1897d, Mar 24). Union Bridge Age (Melbourne), 16 col. b. at Albury. Goulburn Herald, p. 3 cl. c. Anonymous. (1888b, Jun 23). A new Anonymous. (1898a, Jun 17). Albury company. Ovens and Murray Advertiser Licensing Court. Albury Banner, p. 25 col. (Beechworth), 8 col. d. b. Anonymous. (1889, Sep 12). Floods in the Anonymous. (1898b, Jun 17). Albury Country. The Murray Waters. Australian Licensing Court. Albury Banner 25 col. b. Star (Sydney), p. 6 col. f. Anonymous. (1898c, Jun 14). Albury Anonymous. (1890, May 31). Opening of Licensing Court. Border Post (Albury), p. the railway to Swan Hill. Age (Melbourne), ¶. 9 col. h. Anonymous. (1898d, Mar 4). Anonymous. (1892a, Aug 11). In Announcement. Birth. Parker. Albury bankruptcy. Evening News (Sydney), p. 2 Banner, p. 40 col. a. col. c. Anonymous. (1898e, Mar 4). Anonymous. (1892b, Jan 22). A Wodonga Announcements. Births. Albury Banner, Cabman in trouble. Wodonga and Towong p. 40 col. a. Sentinel, p. 2 col. c. Anonymous. (1898f, Nov 21). Brevities. Anonymous. (1894, Oct 27). The Murray Albury Daily News, 2 col. f. Bridge at Albury in a dangerous Anonymous. (1898g, Mar 4). Charges of condition. Ovens and Murray Advertiser Larceny. Albury Banner p. 23 col. c. (Beechworth), 6 col. e. Anonymous. (1898h, Oct 15). The Federal Anonymous. (1895a, Aug 31). Allegded Capital. Ovens and Murray Advertiser damgerous condition of the Murray (Beechworth), 4 col. b. Bridge at Albury. Ovens and Murray Anonymous. (1898i, Sep 24). Fire on the Advertiser (Beechworth), 4 col. e. Wodonga Flat. Ovens and Murray Anonymous. (1895b, Jan 5). Cottage Advertiser (Beechworth), 4 col. c. destroyed by fire. Ovens and Murray Anonymous. (1898j, Dec 23). Licencing Advertiser (Beechworth), 10 col. c. Court. Albury Banner, p. 37 col. c. Anonymous. (1895c, Aug 30). Death of Anonymous. (1898k, Dec 2). The new Joseph Frauenfelder ¶¶. Albury Banner, p. Union Bridge. Interesting Particulars. 22 col. ¶¶. Albury Banner 21 col. c–d. Anonymous. (1895d, Aug 30). Obituary. Anonymous. (1898l, Aug 12). A public Albury Banner 22 col. d. disgrace. Albury Banner 21 col. a. Anonymous. (1896a, Jun 19). Albury Anonymous. (1898m, Oct 22). Rivalry Licensing Court. Albury Banner 25 col. d. between towns. Ovens and Murray Anonymous. (1896b, Feb 28). Albury Water Advertiser (Beechworth), 6 col. d. Works Debt. Albury Banner 21 col. b–c. Anonymous. (1899a, Feb 3). Albury Anonymous. (1896c, Jan 10). Albury. Borough Council. Albury Banner pp. 37 Anthrax in cattle. Age (Melbourne), 5 col. col. a–c. f. Anonymous. (1899b, Oct 20). The late Anonymous. (1896d, Jun 20). The Border James Gullifer. Albury Banner 25 col. d. Townships of the Murray. Albury. Anonymous. (1899c, Jun 23). Licencing Australian Town and Country Journal Court. Albury Banner 35 col. c. (Sydney), pp. 27–28. Anonymous. (1899d, Jan 4). The new Union Anonymous. (1896e, Sep 12). Bridge. Argus (Melbourne), 6 col. c. Reminiscences of Old Albury. Sydney Anonymous. (1899e, Jan 7). Opening of the Mail, p. 549. Wodonga Bridge. Ovens and Murray Anonymous. (1897a, May 21). Charge of Advertiser (Beechworth), 2 col. e. larceny. Albury Banner 23 col. b.

.— 188 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Anonymous. (1900a, Feb 23). Albury Anonymous. (1901m, Aug 31). New Albury Licencing Court. Albury Banner p. 39 col. Publican. Ovens and Murray Advertiser c. (Beechworth), 4 col. c. Anonymous. (1900b, Jan 13). Anthrax at Anonymous. (1901n, Jan 5). [news]. Wodonga Albury. A further mortality. Wagga Wagga and Towong Sentinel, p. 2 col. e. Advertiser, 5 col. b. Anonymous. (1901o, Jan 4). Notes on Anonymous. (1900c, Jan 13). Anthrax at Current Events. Albury Banner p. 22 col. Albury. Ovens and Murray Advertiser d. (Beechworth), 11 col. d. Anonymous. (1901p, Jan 4). Obituary. Anonymous. (1900d, Sep 14). Breach of Albury Banner 22 col. d. licencing act. Albury Banner p. 22 col. d. Anonymous. (1901q, Jan 1). Obituary. Border Anonymous. (1900e, Sep 28). Charge of Post (Albury), 4. forgery. Albury Banner p. 23 col. c. Anonymous. (1902, Mar 28). A Anonymous. (1900f, Jan 26). Licencing Reminescence of Old Times. Albury Court. Albury Banner 35 col. d. Banner. Anonymous. (1900g, Mar 30). Licencing Anonymous. (1904a, May 6). Albury Court. Albury Banner 33 col. a. Borough Council. Albury Banner 37 col.a Anonymous. (1900h, Sep 29). [news]. Ovens –b. and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth), 9 col. c. Anonymous. (1904b, May 20). Albury Anonymous. (1900i, Oct 12). An Old Borough Council. Albury Banner 24 col.a Albury Resident. Albury Banner 23 col. –b. b–c. Anonymous. (1904c, Oct 28). [news]. Anonymous. (1900j, Sep 28). Sale of Hotel Wodonga and Towong Sentinel. Property. Albury Banner 21 col. d. Anonymous. (1904d, Nov 18). Turf Notes. Anonymous. (1901a, Jul 5). Albury Albury Banner 18 col. a. Licensing Court. Corowa Free Press, 32 Anonymous. (1905a, Sep 8). [Albury water col. f. supply debt]. Albury Banner 22 col. b. Anonymous. (1901b, Jun 21). Albury Anonymous. (1905b, Dec 15). A border Licensing Court. Albury Banner 23 col. c. liquor case. Sale of Victorian beer in Anonymous. (1901c, May 24). Albury Police Albury. Wodonga and Towong Sentinel. Court. Albury Banner 35 col. a. Anonymous. (1905c, Nov 17). Death of an Anonymous. (1901d, Mar 22). Benjamin old citizen. Albury Banner 23 col. d. Bros Report. Albury Fortnightly Market. Anonymous. (1905d, Nov 18). Death of Albury Banner p. 4 col. b. James Oddie, Sen. Ovens and Murray Anonymous. (1901e, Jun 15). Caution. Rows Advertiser (Beechworth), 4 col. b. Bitters. Daily Telegraph (Sydney), pp. 13 Anonymous. (1905e, Jul 13). The Floods in col. f–g. Albury. Border Morning Mail (Albury), 2 Anonymous. (1901f, Jul 19). Caution. Rows col. e. Bitters. Albury Banner, pp. 5 col. col. b–c. Anonymous. (1905f, Jul 29). Messrs Anonymous. (1901g, Jun 15). Caution. Younghusband, Row & Co. Ovens and Rows Bitters. Australian Star (Sydney), pp. Murray Advertiser (Beechworth), 10 col. c. 2 col. d–e. Anonymous. (1905g, Dec 16). Victorian Anonymous. (1901h, Aug 9). Charge of Beer in Albury. Ovens and Murray larceny. Albury Banner 23 col. b. Advertiser (Beechworth), 1 col. d. Anonymous. (1901i, Feb 1). Drowned in the Anonymous. (1905h, Dec 25). Victorian Murray. Albury Banner 23 col. c. Beer in Albury. Important Decision. Anonymous. (1901j, Mar 15). Licensing Mercury (Hobart), 3 col. b. Court. Albury Banner 22 col. d. Anonymous. (1905i, Dec 16). Victorian Beer Anonymous. (1901k, May 25). Multum in in Albury. Proceedings against an agent. Parvo. Ovens and Murray Advertiser Wagga Wagga Express, 6 col. e. (Beechworth), 9 col. c. Anonymous. (1905j, Apr 7). A wages case. Anonymous. (1901l, Sep 14). New Albury Albury Banner 19 col. b. Publican. Ovens and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth), 8 col. a.

.— 189 — Dirk HR Spennemann

Anonymous. (1906a, Mar 9). Albury Anonymous. (1908e, May 8). Neddy Borough Council. Border Morning Mail Wheeler. Wodonga and Towong Sentinel, p. (Albury), 2 col.f. 4. Anonymous. (1906b, Dec 21). Albury Water Anonymous. (1908f, Jan 3). [news]. Wodonga Difficulty. Albury Banner 27 col. c. and Towong Sentinel. Anonymous. (1906c, Feb 6). Mr H H Anonymous. (1909a, May 28). Albury Collins. Border Morning Mail (Albury), 2 Borough Council. Albury Banner pp. 23 col. f. col. a–c. Anonymous. (1906d, Jan 12). New Liquor Anonymous. (1909b, Jun 18). Albury Act. Local Prosecutions. Albury Banner Licensing Court. Albury Banner 26 col. a. 25 co. c. Anonymous. (1909c, Jun 30). Floods in Anonymous. (1906e, Oct 8). The river in Riverina. Scenes at Albury. Sydney Mail, flood. Border Morning Mail (Albury), 2 col. 26. e. Anonymous. (1909d, Jul 31). Local Option Anonymous. (1906f, Oct 29). A startling Court. Albury Banner 28 col. b. experience. Border Morning Mail (Albury), Anonymous. (1909e, Jun 28). The Murray p. 2 col. d. Flood. Country blotted out. Evening News Anonymous. (1906g, Oct 26). Turf Notes. (Sydney), 7 col.. Albury Banner 22 col. b. Anonymous. (1909f, Jan 22). Swimming Anonymous. (1906h, Jun 11). Wanted. carnival. Albury Banner, 23 col. a. Good general servant. Border Morning Anonymous. (1910a, Jun 10). Albury Mail (Albury), 3 col. c. Borough Council. Albury Banner 45 col. Anonymous. (1907a, Jun 19). Albury Hotel a–b. Assessments. Border Morning Mail Anonymous. (1910b, Jun 19). Albury (Albury), p. 5 col. a. Borough Council. Border Morning Mail Anonymous. (1907b, Jun 21). Albury (Albury), 2 col.f. Licensing Court. Albury Banner 21 col.d. Anonymous. (1910c, Jun 8). Albury Anonymous. (1907c, Feb 1). Albury Licensing Court. Border Morning Mail Mechanics Institute. An interesting (Albury), 3 col. b. record. Albury Banner, p. 41 col. a. Anonymous. (1910d, Jun 9). Albury Anonymous. (1907d, Feb 21). Albury Municipal Council. Border Morning Mail Municipal Council. Border Morning Mail (Albury), 2 col. g. (Albury), 2 col. d–e. Anonymous. (1910e, Jun 3). Driving Anonymous. (1907e, Dec 13). Albury Stock without lights. Albury Banner 28 col. 21. Routes. Border Morning Mail (Albury), 2 Anonymous. (1910f, Jul 1). Fifty years ago. col.e. Albury Banner, pp. 26–27. Anonymous. (1907f, Mar 8). A dangerous Anonymous. (1910g, Mar 4). Hotel road. Border Morning Mail (Albury), 2 col. Changes. Albury Banner 27 col. a. f. Anonymous. (1910h, Mar 2). Items of news. Anonymous. (1907g, Mar 8). Public water Border Morning Mail (Albury), 2 col. e. troughs. Albury Banner 27 col. b. Anonymous. (1910i, Apr 8). Obituary. Anonymous. (1907h, Feb 22). Water Albury Banner 30 col. a. troughs. Albury Banner 27 col. a. Anonymous. (1911a, Jul 14). The Albury Anonymous. (1908a, Jun 12). Albury and Beechworth Breweries. Albury Licensing Court. Albury Banner 27 col. d. Banner 27 col. d–28 col. a. Anonymous. (1908b, Feb 14). Albury Anonymous. (1911b, Jun 20). Albury Licensing Court. Albury Banner 26 col. d. Licensing Court. Border Morning Mail Anonymous. (1908c, Aug 31). Albury (Albury), 2 col.e. Licensing Court. Border Morning Mail Anonymous. (1911c, Feb 3). Albury (Albury), 2 col.d. Municipal Council. Albury Banner, p. 46 Anonymous. (1908d, Aug 13). Local option col. d. court. Albury Sittings concluded. Four Anonymous. (1911d, Jul 7). Border United hotels closed. Border Morning Mail Co-operative Breweries. Border Morning (Albury), 2 col. c-d. Mail (Albury), 2 col. e.

.— 190 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Anonymous. (1911e, Jan 20). Turf Notes. Anonymous. (1916d, Jun 24). Repairs Albury Banner 22 col. a. required. Border Morning Mail (Albury), 4 Anonymous. (1912a, Jun 21). Albury col. b. Licensing Court. Albury Banner 28 col. a– Anonymous. (1917a, Oct 26). Albury Flood b. Table. Albury Banner, p. 19 col. c. Anonymous. (1912b, Feb 24). Iron Quoits. Anonymous. (1917b, Oct 9). Floods at Albury Club. Border Morning Mail Albury. Highest since 1870. Daily (Albury), 6 col. a. Advertiser (Wagga Wagga), p. 4 col. f. Anonymous. (1912c, Feb 5). Iron Quoits. Anonymous. (1917c, Oct 12). Great Flood Union Bridge Club. Border Morning Mail in Albury. South Albury inundated. No (Albury), 5 col. b. Losses of Stock. Albury Banner, p. 28 Anonymous. (1912d, Jun 18). Iron Quoits. col.b. Union Bridge Club. Border Morning Mail Anonymous. (1917d, Oct 26). Greatest (Albury), 4 col.b. Flood on record. Albury South Anonymous. (1912e, Jan 31). Iron Quoits. submerged Communication by road Union Bridge Club. Border Morning Mail with Victoria cut off. Several bridges (Albury), 6 col. b. swept away. Albury Banner, pp. 28 col. a- Anonymous. (1912f, Jan 12). Quoits. Border b. Morning Mail (Albury), 4 col. b. Anonymous. (1918a, Jun 11). Albury Anonymous. (1912g, Jan 20). Quoits. Union Licensing Court. Border Morning Mail Bridge Club. Border Morning Mail (Albury), (Albury), 4 col. b. 6 col. b. Anonymous. (1918b, Jun 14). Albury Anonymous. (1912h, Feb 12). Quoits. Licensing Court. Albury Banner 27 col. d. Union Bridge Club. Border Morning Mail Anonymous. (1918c, Sep 20). Albury (Albury), 4 col. b. Municipal Council. Albury Banner, pp. 47 Anonymous. (1912i, Jun 15). Quoits. Union col. a–b. Bridge Club. Border Morning Mail (Albury), Anonymous. (1918d, Nov 18). Albury 6 col. a. Municipal Council. Border Morning Mail Anonymous. (1913a, Jun 13). Albury (Albury), pp. 2 col. c–d. Licensing Court. Albury Banner 27 col. c. Anonymous. (1918e, Apr 19). Albury Anonymous. (1913b, Apr 9). The Turf. Municipal Council. Albury Banner, pp. 46 Border Morning Mail (Albury), 6 col. a. col. a–b. Anonymous. (1914a, Jun 19). Albury Anonymous. (1918f, Mar 21). Albury Licensing Court. Albury Banner 43 col. d. Municipal Council. Border Morning Mail Anonymous. (1914b, Jun 16). Albury (Albury), p. 4 col. d. Licensing Court. Border Morning Mail Anonymous. (1918g, Mar 7). Bathing resort (Albury), 2 col.e–f. for Albury. Report on Wodonga Place Anonymous. (1914c, Dec 9). Annual site. An ideal pleasure spot. Border Licencing Court. Ovens and Murray Morning Mail (Albury), p. 3 col b. Advertiser (Beechworth), 3 col. d. Anonymous. (1918h, Oct 30). Killed in Anonymous. (1914d, Dec 10). The action. Kalgoorlie Miner, 4 col. 1. Licencing Act. Age (Melbourne), 6 col. f. Anonymous. (1919a, Jun 20). Albury Anonymous. (1914e, Nov 21). New Licensing Court. Albury Banner 19 col. b. Company registered. Ovens and Murray Anonymous. (1919b, Apr 17). Albury Advertiser (Beechworth), 2 col. e. Municipal Council. Border Morning Mail Anonymous. (1916a, Aug 22). Obituary. (Albury), p. 3 col. e. Marcus Hill. Rutherglen Sun and Chiltern Anonymous. (1919c, Apr 18). Albury Valley Advertiser, p. 2 col. e. Municipal Council. Albury Banner, pp. 3 Anonymous. (1916b, Aug 25). Personal and col. b–c. Social. Albury Banner, p. 31 col. a. Anonymous. (1919d, Nov 7). Albury Anonymous. (1916c, Jun 20). Renewals Municipal Council. Albury Banner, p. 28 objected to. Border Morning Mail (Albury), col. a. 4 col. c.

.— 191 — Dirk HR Spennemann

Anonymous. (1919e, Jun 21). For sale. Anonymous. (1929b, Aug 5). Edmund Pony. Border Morning Mail (Albury), 4 Thomas Kelly. Age (Melbourne), p. 8 col. col.c. h. Anonymous. (1919f, Aug 1). Personal. Anonymous. (1929c, May 28). Two Chinese Albury Banner, p. 28 col. b. arrested. Sydney Morning Herald, p. 12 col. Anonymous. (1920a, Dec 17). Albury f. brewery passed in Albury Banner 28 col. Anonymous. (1931, Jun 3). The country. b. Twins. Sydney Mail, 37 col. c. Anonymous. (1920b, Jan 23). Albury Anonymous. (1935, Apr 5). Personal news. Chamber of Commerce. Border Morning Albury Banner 46 col. a. Mail (Albury), 4. Anonymous. (1938a, Dec 30). Albury Anonymous. (1920c, Jun 25). Albury Chinese loose £400. Destroyed in fire. Licensing Court. Albury Banner 30 col. d. Albury Banner, p. 28 col. d. Anonymous. (1921a, Jun 24). Albury Anonymous. (1938b, Nov 4). Fire at old Licensing Court. Albury Banner 31 col. d. Bridge Hotel. Albury Banner 9 col. d. Anonymous. (1921b, Nov 25). Albury Anonymous. (1940, Jan 12). Probate in the Licensing Court. Albury Banner, 46 col. will of James Dundas. Argus (Melbourne), c–d. 10 col. c. Anonymous. (1921c, Mar 11). Albury Police Anonymous. (1941a, Apr 25). Campbell— Court. Albury Banner 31 col. a. Bennett. Albury Banner 31 col. b. Anonymous. (1921d, Sep 13). Anxiety at Anonymous. (1941b, Apr 25). Weddings. Albury. Argus (Melbourne), p. 7 col. a. Campbell—Bennett. Albury Banner p. 31 Anonymous. (1921e, Sep 14). Murray falls at col. b. Albury. Fish in street channels. Argus Anonymous. (1946, Jul 26). Floods at (Melbourne), p. 11 col.a. Albury. Highest level since 1934. Daily Anonymous. (1921f, Nov 11). Personal. Advertiser (Wagga Wagga), p. 2 col. e. Albury Banner 27 col. b. Anonymous. (1949a, Jun 22). Family Anonymous. (1921g, Dec 29). Weddings. Notices. Argus (Melbourne), 11 col. a. Mr Ernest Albert Johnson to Ms Olivia Anonymous. (1949b, Oct 14). Mr M.G. Hill. Agnes Blair. Table Talk (Melbourne), 2 col. Daily Advertiser (Wagga Wagga), p. 2 col. e. a–b. Anonymous. (1950a, Nov 4). Man burnt to Anonymous. (1922a, Jul 21). Albury death in Albury. Daily Advertiser (Wagga Brewery sold. Albury Banner, 22 col. a. Wagga), 9 col. d. Anonymous. (1922b, Apr 7). Compensation Anonymous. (1950b, Jul 26). Victoria- for delicensed hotel. Albury Banner 22 Riverina Branch. Australian Worker, p. 11 col. b–c. col. f. Anonymous. (1922c, Jul 21). District News. Anonymous. (1951, May 11). Albury Land Albury. Benalla Standard, 3 col. b. value doubled. Daily Advertiser (Wagga Anonymous. (1922d, Jun 30). Hotels in Wagga), p. 2 col. b. Albury close today. Albury Banner, 22 col. Anonymous. (1953, Aug 18). Family a. Notices. Argus (Melbourne), 9 col. b. Anonymous. (1922e, Feb 10). Licenses Anonymous. (1960, Jul 1). Petrol may be reduction board. Compensation sitting. served at old hotel. Border Morning Mail Albury Banner 47 col. a–b. (Albury), 1 col. a–d. Anonymous. (1923, Oct 19). Albury Police Anonymous. (1961a, Aug 19). Demolition Court. Albury Banner p. 19 col. a. of old hotel to extend Noreuil Park. Anonymous. (1925, Oct 9). Weddings. Border Mail (Albury), 9 col. a–f. Albury Banner, p. 27 col. d. Anonymous. (1961b, Apr 12). Expansion Anonymous. (1926, Feb 25). Wagga's plans for an already bustling border city. Wreck. Daily Advertiser (Wagga Wagga), p. Canberra Times, pp. 2 col. e–g. 6 col. a. Anonymous. (1964, Oct 1). Classification Anonymous. (1929a, Oct 19). Albury Police for Turk’s Head Hotel? Border Mail Court. Albury Banner p. 19 col. a. (Albury), 4 col. a–b.

.— 192 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Anonymous. (1965b, Aug 11). Rostered Anonymous. (1981, Sep 9). Old Institute help plan for Albury Museum. Border Building to be Museum. Border Mail Mail (Albury), 12 col. f–g. (Albury), 27 col. a–c. Anonymous. (1965c, Jul 15). Second Union Anonymous. (1983, Dec 8). Albury Regional Bridge Opening was Almost “Ugly Museum opened by Hon. Neville Wran Affair”. Border Mail (Albury), 17 col. a–d. Dec 7, 1983. Border Mail (Albury), ¶¶ col. Anonymous. (1965d, Aug 11). Turk’s Head ¶. Hotel in the 70s. The hotel near the Anonymous. (2010). Ann Driscoll Australia, Union Bridge which Albury Council has New South Wales, Alphabetical Index to agreed to restore for use as a folk Newspaper Cuttings, 1841-1987. FHL museum. Border Mail (Albury), 25 col. d– microfilm 1,514,729. Digital folder nº g. 004117123; image nº 02849. Greenwich: Anonymous. (1966a, Jul 7). Albury’s Greenwich Genealogical Library. URL: Museum Proposal has Committee’s https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903 Backing. Border Mail (Albury), 2 col. c–e. /1:1:FLFZ-4X7 [Retrieved on Dec 6, Anonymous. (1966b, Jul 7). Grant refused 2017] for Museum. Border Mail (Albury), 2 col. Apperly, Richard, Irving, Robert, & d–e. Reynolds, Peter. (1989). A Pictorial Guide Anonymous. (1966c, Aug 9). A slap in the to Identifying Australian Architecture: Styles face...but Historical Society accepts and Terms from 1788 to the Present. North rooms at Museum. Border Mail (Albury), 7 Ryde, NSW: Angus & Robertson. col. d–e. Arnold, W.M. (1860a, Dec 14). Ferries. New Anonymous. (1966d, Dec 13). Society told South Wales Government Gazette(234), of year's wait for "green light" on 2437. museum space. Border Mail (Albury), 27 Arnold, W.M. (1860b, Jun 5). To col. c–e. Contractors and others. Approaches to Anonymous. (1966e, Aug 4). Turks Head Albury Bridge. New South Wales Hotel Museum.. Sydney Museum Government Gazette(102), 1050. offered display space. Border Mail Arnold, W.M. (1861a, Jan 1). Albury Ferry. (Albury), 2 col. c–e. New South Wales Government Gazette(1), 3. Anonymous. (1967a, ¶). Car club purchases Arnold, W.M. (1861b, Apr 16). Albury club house. Border Mail (Albury), ¶ col. ¶. Ferry. New South Wales Government Anonymous. (1967b, Feb 2). Council seeks Gazette(84), 838. to speed museum opening. Border Mail Arnold, W.M. (1861c). Tollbars. Southern (Albury), 3 col. a–c. Road. New South Wales Government Anonymous. (1967c, Dec 16). Down Gazette(252), 2432. memory lane. Border Mail (Albury), 28 Arnold, W.M. (1862, Aug 1). Albury Punt. col. d–g. New South Wales Government Gazette(129), Anonymous. (1967d, Mar 22). Museum has 1393. a caretaker. Border Mail (Albury), 10 col. Arnold, W.M. (1863a, Aug 24). Notice f–g. [Albury Bridge Toll Bar]. Empire (Sydney), Anonymous. (1967e, Dec 14). Preparing for 7 col. d. Friday's opening. Border Mail (Albury), 5 Arnold, W.M. (1863b, Aug 26). Notice col. c–g. [Albury Bridge Toll Bar]. Age (Melbourne), Anonymous. (1967f, Dec 16). Society's 8 col. a. foresight and drive praised. Border Mail Arnold, W.M. (1865a, Oct 19). Albury (Albury), 5 col. a–g. Bridge Toll Bar. Ovens and Murray Anonymous. (1980a, Oct 21). Editorial. Advertiser, 3 col. f. Finding a Place for the Past. Border Mail Arnold, W.M. (1865b, Oct 26). Albury (Albury), 4 col. a–c. Bridge Toll Bar. Ovens and Murray Anonymous. (1980b, Oct 16). History may Advertiser, 1 col. f. be on the move. Border Mail (Albury), 13 Asher, Morris. (1907, Aug 28). col. g. Reminiscences of a Nonagenarian V. Sydney Mail, p. 5.

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Barber, Benjamin. (1841, Oct 19). Border Post (Albury). (1877). The Border Post Immigration. Evidence of Benjamin (Albury) (Albury) Almanac for 1878. Barber, Hume River, 16 July 1841. Sydney Albury: Affleck & Gray. Free Press, 4 col. a–b. Bowden, & Threkeld. (1856, Aug 28). Five Barney, George. (1857a, Mar 6). Title deeds allotments in the town of Albury. Sydney ready for delivery [Nov 4]. Goulburn Morning Herald, p. 6 col. g. Herald, pp. 4 col. a–e. Boyd, Alexander Jenyns. (1882). Old Barney, George. (1857b). Title deeds ready Colonials by 'Old Chum'. London: Gordon for delivery New South Wales Government and Gotch. Gazette(108), 1494–1510. Braddy, Ron. (1999). Albury Regional Basedow, Herbert. (1914). Evidence of bark Museum. Albury and District Historical canoes and food carriers on the River Society Bulletin(377), 4. Murray, South Australia. Man, 14(63), Brickell, Beth. (2011). William and Mary 129-130. Brickell: Founders of Miami and Fort Bassett, Judith. (1989). The Faithfull Lauderdale. Mt. Pleasant, SC: The History massacre at the Broken River, 1838. Press. Journal of Australian Studies, 13(24), 18–34. Browne, Robert. (1838a, Mar 6). Bayley, William A. (1954). Border City. History [Advertisement]. The Australian (Sydney), of Albury , New South Wales. Albury: p. 1 col. f. Albury City Council. Browne, Robert. (1838b, Mar 9). Benjamin Bros. (1901, Nov 8). Important [Advertisement]. The Australian (Sydney), sale of Town & Country properties. p. 1 col. f. Albury Banner, 20 col. c. Browne, Robert. (1838c, Mar 13). Bennett, G. (1931, Aug 21). For sale (cheap) [Advertisement]. The Australian (Sydney), FIat Car. Albury Banner p. 32 col. e. p. 1 col. e. Bennett, George. (1933, Feb 11). Motor Browne, Robert. (1838d, Mar 2). hoods re-covered. Albury Banner, p. 48 [Advertisement]. The Australian (Sydney), col. a. p. 3 col. d. Bennett, George. (1934, Oct 5). Motor Bruce, Alexander. (1886, Jan 9). Registration hoods re-covered. Albury Banner, p. 48 of Brands Act of 1866. New South Wales col. a. Government Gazette, 11 (supplement), 173. Bennett, George. (1935, Jul 5). Motor hoods Bunton, Cleaver E. (1957, Aug 23). Notice re-covered. Albury Banner, p. 48 col. a. of Resumption of Land by Albury City Bennett, George. (1936, May 1). Motor Council. Government Gazette of the State of hoods re-covered. Albury Banner, p. 48 New South Wales, 98, 2744. Retrieved col. d. from Bennett, George. (1937, Jun 11). Motor http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/legis hoods re-covered. Albury Banner, p. 48 /nsw/num_epi/alep2010201043329 col. d. 9.pdf Bennett, George. (1938, Dec 23). Motor Bushman, Timothy. (1842, Feb 10). The hoods re-covered. Albury Banner, p. 32 South Country Nº 1. Sydney Herald, pp. 2 col. b. col. 6–7. Bennett, R. (1926, Mar 26). Wated land to Buxton, Gordon Leslie. (1967). The Riverina trap, ferret and dig in. Albury Banner 1 1861-1891- An Australian Regional Study. col. e. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. Bingham, Henry. (1841, Oct 14). Campbell, P. Laurentz. (1840). Pasturage Immigration. Evidence of Henry Licences [6 February 1840]. New South Bingham, Tumut, 24 June 1841. Sydney Wales Government Gazette(10), 170-–172. Free Press, 4 col. a–b. Campbell, R.T. (1858a). Notice. New South Bland, William. (1831). Journey of discovery to Wales Government Gazette(202), 2138. Port Phillip, New South Wales by Messrs. Campbell, R.T. (1858b). Proclamation. New W.H. Hovell, and Hamilton Hume in 1824 South Wales Government Gazette(193), and 1825. Sydney: A. Hill. 2011.

.— 194 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Cannon, Michael , & MacFarlane, Ian. Davison, R, & Co. (1856b, Nov 29). [notice (1988). Surveyors' problems and achievements, regarding the establishment of a 1836-1839. Melbourne: Govt. Printing brewery]. Border Post (Albury), 2 col. f. Office. Dean & Co, W. (1855a, Aug 17). Hume Inn, Carmody, Jean. (1981). Early days of the Upper Albury, on the banks of the Murray. Murray. Wangaratta: Shoestring Press. Empire (Sydney), p. 11 col. e. Carpenter, Alfred John. (1874, Feb 7). Dean & Co, W. (1855b, Aug 15). Hume Inn, Traveller's Rest Hotel [advertisement]. Albury, on the banks of the Murray. Albury Banner 2 col Sydney Morning Herald, p. 7 col. d. Cass, E. (1876, Jun 28). Cass's Carrier Arms Dean & Co, W. (1855c, Sep 5). Hume Inn, Hotel. Border Post (Albury), 7 col. g. Albury, on the banks of the Murray. Clements, John. (1903, Jan 30). Take notice. Sydney Morning Herald, p. 6 col. f. John Clements has staretd a timber and Dean & Co, W. (1855d, Sep 4). Hume Inn, iron yard. Albury Banner p. 6 col. a. Albury, on the banks of the Murray. Cloos, Petra, & Tampke, Jürgen. (1993). Empire (Sydney), p. 11 col. b. Greetings Denison, William Thomas. (1855, Aug 11). from the land where milk and honey flows- the Proclamation. New South Wales German emigration to NSW. Canberra: Government Gazette(Suppl 115), 2154– Southern Highlands Publishers. 2161. Close, Elizabeth. (1997). Bonegilla, Driscoll, Ann. (1845a, Sep 13). Having left Bonegilla, Bonegilla. The Museum my husband. Sydney Morning Herald, 3 col. (Albury), 3/97, 1. g. Coghlan, T A. (1904). Results of a Census of Driscoll, Ann. (1845b, Sep 16). Having left New South Wales, Taken for the night of the my husband. Sydney Morning Herald, 4 col. 31st March, 1901. Sydney: William a. Applegate Gullick, Government Printer. Driscoll, Daniel. (1868, Apr 25). Notice. Colleran, Jocelyn, & O’Dwyer, Peter. (1988). Albury Banner 1 col. b. Albury Central Area Heritage Study – Driscoll, Daniel. (1872, Jan 20 ). To Conservation Policy and bricklayers. Albury Banner 3 col. c. Implementation Report. Albury Central Duffy, James. (1882, Dec 19). O.H.M.S. Area Heritage Study. Nº 2. Albury: Albury Notice to Contractors and others. Ovens City Council and Heritage Council of and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth), 5 col. c. NSW. Eagar, Geoffrey. (1860). Tenders accepted. Condé, Anne-Marie. (2011). A 'vigorous New South Wales Government Gazette(19), cultural movement' The Pigott inquiry 182. and country museums in Australia, 1975. Eagar, Geoffrey. (1866). Return of reCollections: A Journal of Museums and Publican's Licences New South Wales Collections, 6(2). Government Gazette(152), 1847–1878. Country Traveller. (1907, Jan 5). Cruelty to Eagar, Geoffrey. (1872). Return of dumb animals [letter to the editor dated Publican's Licences New South Wales Jindera, 4 Jan]. Border Morning Mail Government Gazette(Suppl 252), 2407– (Albury), 2 col. e. 2422. Cowper, Charles. (1859). Municpal Eagar, Geoffrey. (1873a). Return of Institutions. Albury Petition. New South Publican's Licences New South Wales Wales Government Gazette(Suppl. 7), 103. Government Gazette(Suppl 212), 2459– Dalgety & Co. (1909, Oct 8). In the estate of 2475. the late John Clements. Land and Eagar, Geoffrey. (1873b). Return of buildings in Wodonga Place. Albury Publican's Licences New South Wales Banner p. 1 col. b. Government Gazette(306), 2459–2475. Davison, R, & Co. (1856a, Nov 22). [notice Eagar, Geoffrey. (1874a). Return of regarding the establishment of a Publican's Licences New South Wales brewery]. Border Post (Albury), 2 col. f. Police Gazette, 358. Eagar, Geoffrey. (1874b). Return of Publican's Licences New South Wales

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Government Gazette(Suppl 209), 2637– Government Gazette(Suppl 352), 5397– 2653. 5414. Eagar, Geoffrey. (1874c). Return of Eagar, Geoffrey. (1886a). Return of Billliard Publican's Licences 1 to 30 November and Bagatelle Licences New South Wales 1874. New South Wales Government Government Gazette(Suppl 102), 1202- Gazette(282), 3717. 1206. Eagar, Geoffrey. (1875). Return of Eagar, Geoffrey. (1886b). Return of Publican's Licences New South Wales Publican's Licences New South Wales Government Gazette(Suppl 239), 2761– Government Gazette(Suppl 430), 5365– 2777. 5382. Eagar, Geoffrey. (1876). Return of Eagar, Geoffrey. (1887a). Return of Billliard Publican's Licences New South Wales and Bagatelle Licences New South Wales Government Gazette(Suppl 322), 3643– Government Gazette(Suppl 70), 846–850. 3661. Eagar, Geoffrey. (1887b). Return of Eagar, Geoffrey. (1877). Return of Publican's Licences New South Wales Publican's Licences New South Wales Government Gazette(Suppl 438), 5065– Government Gazette(Suppl 280), 3367– 5082. 3387. Eagar, Geoffrey. (1888a). Return of Billliard Eagar, Geoffrey. (1878). Return of and Bagatelle Licences New South Wales Publican's Licences New South Wales Government Gazette(Suppl 104), 1203– Government Gazette(Suppl 266), 3423– 1207. 3445. Eagar, Geoffrey. (1888b). Return of Eagar, Geoffrey. (1879). Return of Publican's Licences New South Wales Publican's Licences New South Wales Government Gazette(Suppl 525), 5631– Government Gazette(Suppl 331), 4051– 5648. 4075. Eagar, Geoffrey. (1889a). Return of Billliard Eagar, Geoffrey. (1880). Return of and Bagatelle Licences New South Wales Publican's Licences New South Wales Government Gazette(Suppl 119), 1476– Government Gazette(Suppl 370), 4829– 1481. 4854. Eagar, Geoffrey. (1889b). Return of Eagar, Geoffrey. (1881). Return of Publican's Licences New South Wales Publican's Licences New South Wales Government Gazette(Suppl 416), 5553– Government Gazette(Suppl 362), 4695– 5570. 4720. Eagar, Geoffrey. (1890a). Return of Billliard Eagar, Geoffrey. (1882). Return of and Bagatelle Licences New South Wales Publican's Licences New South Wales Government Gazette(Suppl 81), 1286–1291. Government Gazette(Suppl 362), 4733– Eagar, Geoffrey. (1890b). Return of 4754. Publican's Licences New South Wales Eagar, Geoffrey. (1883). Return of Government Gazette(Suppl 455), 6627– Publican's Licences New South Wales 6644. Government Gazette(Suppl 368), 4735– Eagar, Geoffrey. (1891a). Return of Billliard 4754. and Bagatelle Licences New South Wales Eagar, Geoffrey. (1884a). Return of Billliard Government Gazette(Suppl 120), 1487– and Bagatelle Licences New South Wales 1491. Government Gazette(Suppl 284), 3942. Eagar, Geoffrey. (1891b). Return of Eagar, Geoffrey. (1884b). Return of Publican's Licences New South Wales Publican's Licences New South Wales Government Gazette(Suppl 549), 6525– Government Gazette(Suppl 441), 5879– 6541. 5896. Earl, J. (1853a, May 7). Boot and Shoe Eagar, Geoffrey. (1885a). Return of Billliard maker. Goulburn Herald, p. 5 col. a. and Bagatelle Licences New South Wales Earl, J. (1853b, Nov 12). Boot and Shoe Government Gazette(Suppl 80), 1413–1417. maker. Goulburn Herald, p. 2 col. b. Eagar, Geoffrey. (1885b). Return of Publican's Licences New South Wales

.— 196 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Edwards, Robert. (1972). Aboriginal bark Flynn, Maurice. (1912, Nov 26). Union canoes of the Murray Valley. Adelaide: Bridge Hotel [advertisement]. Border Rigby for the South Australian Museum. Morning Mail (Albury), 1 col. c. Elliott, Henry. (1906, Jun 1). The Australian Flynn, Maurice. (1913, Jun 13). Union Aborigines. An opinon of half a century Bridge Hotel [advertisement]. Border ago. Albury Banner p. 24. Morning Mail (Albury), 1 col. c. Fleming, George T, & Bradley, Henry Flynn, Maurice. (1919, Nov 27). Salutation Burton. (1874a). In the goods of John Hotel [advertisement]. Border Morning Green, late of Albury, in the Colony of Mail (Albury), 1 col. a. New South Wales, licensed victualler, Flynn, Maurice. (1920, May 20). Salutation deceased. New South Wales Government Hotel [advertisement]. Border Morning Gazette(247), 3300. Mail (Albury), 1 col. a. Fleming, George T, & Bradley, Henry Frauenfelder, Elizabeth Bridget. (1895, Sep Burton. (1874b). In the goods, chattels, 13). Probate Jospeh Henry Frauenfelder. credits, and effects of John Green, late Daily Telegraph (Sydney), p. 2 col. b. of Albury, in the Colony of New South Frauenfelder, Joseph Henry (1886a, Apr 26). Wales, licensed victualler, deceased. New Town Hall Hotel. Wodonga and Towong South Wales Government Gazette(238), Sentinel, p. 3 col. e. 3150. Frauenfelder, Joseph Henry (1886b, Apr Fleming, George T, & Bradley, Henry 30). Town Hall Hotel. Wodonga and Burton. (1874c). In the goods, chattels, Towong Sentinel, p. 3 col. e. credits, and effects of John Green, late G, W.H. (1877, Dec 22). Missing Friends. of Albury, in the Colony of New South Alice Costello. Leader (Melbourne), p. 27 Wales, licensed victualler, deceased. New col. b. South Wales Government Gazette(122), Gammage, Bill. (1986). Narrandera Shire. 1577. Narrandera, NSW: Narrandera Shire Flood, Edward. (1859a, Dec 16). To Council. builders and others. Bridge over the Gardiner, G. (1915, May 4). Wanted and River Murray at Albury. New South Wales General. Border Morning Mail (Albury), 3 Government Gazette(254), 2759. col.c. Flood, Edward. (1859b, Oct 28). To Garner, H. (1876, Aug 19). Quoits builders and others. Bridge over the Challenge. Sydney Mail, p. 225 col. e. River Murray at Albury. New South Wales Garnsey & Co., J.B. (1922, Dec 8). Monster Government Gazette(223), 2379–2380. Auction Sale of Buildings and Material. Flynn, Maurice. (1903a, Nov 11). Salutation Albury Banner, 24 col. c. Hotel [advertisement]. Border Morning Garnsey, J.B. (1937, Oct 29). Sale of land Mail (Albury), 1 col. a. for overdue rates. Albury Banner, p. 3 col. Flynn, Maurice. (1903b, Nov 7). Salutation a. Hotel [advertisement]. Border Morning Gear, Ray. (2008). Hotels of Albury & Mail (Albury), 1 col. a. District 1840–1899. Albury and District Flynn, Maurice. (1904, May 11). Salutation Historical Society Papers. Nº 6. Albury: Hotel [advertisement]. Border Morning Albury and District Historical Society. Mail (Albury), 1 col. a. Geddes, W.B. (1937, Aug 20). Overdue Flynn, Maurice. (1910, Mar 11). Union Rates Government Gazette of New South Bridge Hotel [advertisement]. Border Wales, 123, 3430. Morning Mail (Albury), 1 col. b–c. Gonzalez, Prue, Spennemann, Dirk H. R., & Flynn, Maurice. (1911a, Oct 6). Union Allan, Catherine. (2017). Itinerant Bridge Hotel [advertisement]. Border Workers in nineteenth-century Australia. Morning Mail (Albury), 1 col. d. A Survey of their Attributes. Institute for Flynn, Maurice. (1911b, Oct 5). Union Land Water and Society Report Nº 102. Bridge Hotel [advertisement]. Border Albury, NSW: Institute for Land Water Morning Mail (Albury), 1 col. b–c. and Society; Charles Sturt University. Grant & Co, G. (1892, Feb 2). Wanted known. Wagga Wagga Advertiser, p. 3 cl. d.

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Grant, J.M. (1863a, Oct 9). Contracts Gulson, Luke. (1879d, Aug 9). Turk's Head Accepted. Victoria Government Hotel near the bridge. Border Post Gazette(103), 2271. (Albury), 1 col. d. Grant, J.M. (1863b, Oct 9). Contracts Gulson, Luke. (1879e, May 17). Turk's Head Accepted. Victoria Government Hotel near the bridge. Border Post Gazette(103), 2270. (Albury), 1 col. d. Green, William, & Conley, Charles A. Gulson, Luke. (1879f, May 3). Turk's Head (1893a, Dec 20). To Let, Turk's Head Hotel near the bridge. Albury Banner, 25 Hotel. Age (Melbourne), 7 col. e. col. a. Green, William, & Conley, Charles A. Gulson, Luke. (1879g, Apr 19). Turk's Head (1893b, Dec 21). To Let, Turk's Head Hotel near the bridge Albury Banner, 23 Hotel. Age (Melbourne), 3 col. d. col. d. Green, William, & Conley, Charles A. Gulson, Luke. (1879h, Aug 16). Turk's Head (1894a, Jan 15). To Let, Turk's Head Hotel near the bridge. Border Post Hotel. Age (Melbourne), 3 col. d. (Albury), 1 col. d. Green, William, & Conley, Charles A. Gunn, John. (1989). Along parallel lines. A (1894b, Jan 1). To Let, Turk's Head history of the railways of New South Wales. Hotel. Age (Melbourne), 8 col. b. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. Greig, & Murray. (1875, May 8). Tobacco Guy, & Wilson. (1914, Nov 27). Application Pipes. Age (Melbourne), 8 col. d. for Transfer of a Spirit Merchant's Greville's Directory. (1872). Greville's official Licence. Chiltern and Howlong Times, 3 col. post office directory of New South Wales c. containing the names, residences, and occupation Henwood, John. (1965, Jul 31). Folk of the inhabitants of the post towns of the Museum [Letter to the Editor.]. Border colony. Sydney: Greville & Co. Mail (Albury), 29 col. a. Griffith & Co, Charles L. (1887, Jan 14). Herbert, Adrian. (1985, Feb 24). Spirit of an Turk's Head Hotel. Border Morning Mail era. Canberra Times, 9 col. a–d. (Albury), p. 1 col c. Higgins, James. (1874a). Borough of Albury. Griffiths & Co, Charles L. (1899, Mar 10). New South Wales Government Gazette(39), Sale by auction. Albury Banner p. 1 col. a. 543. Griffiths & Co, Charles L. (1901, Jan 11). Hindmarsh, W.M. (1853, Jan 22). Original Extensive sale of valuabe town Correspondence [letter to William properties. Albury Banner p. 1 col. c. Hovell]. Sydney Morning Herald, 3 col. b. Gulson, Luke. (1876, Dec 23). Turk's Head Hogan, Joseph. (1899, Feb 10). One pound Hotel. Albury Banner 24 col. c. reward. Lost. Two Horses. Albury Banner Gulson, Luke. (1877a, Mar 17). Turk's Head 40 col. d. Hotel Albury Banner 22 col. c. Holland, Robert C. (1976). Distribution and Gulson, Luke. (1877b, Dec 1). Turk's Head methods of construction of Aboriginal Hotel. Border Post (Albury), 1 col. c. bark canoes. University of Queensland. Gulson, Luke. (1877c, Jan 24). Turk's Head Anthropology Museum. Occasional Papers in Hotel. Border Post (Albury), 1 col. e. Anthropology, 6, 69-83 Gulson, Luke. (1878, Jan 9). Turk's Head Holley, Rose. (2009). Many Hands Make Light Hotel. Border Post (Albury), 1 col. c. Work: Public Collaborative OCR Text Gulson, Luke. (1879a, Jun 14). Turk's Head Correction in Australian Historic Newspapers. Hotel near the bridge. Albury Banner, 25 Canberra: National Library of Australia. col. a. Holmes, Lloyd. (1981). Albury's Railway Gulson, Luke. (1879b, Aug 6). Turk's Head Centenary 1881–1981. Albury: Albury and Hotel near the bridge. Border Post District Historical Society. (Albury), 1 col. d. Holroyd, Arthur T. (1864). To Contractors Gulson, Luke. (1879c, May 31). Turk's Head and Others. New South Wales Government Hotel near the bridge. Albury Banner, 25 Gazette(10), 84. col. a. Hopgood, Charles. (1857a, Oct 10). Races! Races! Traveller's Rest Hotel, Sydney Road. Border Post (Albury), 3 col. d.

.— 198 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

Hopgood, Charles. (1857b, Oct 10). Jones, W.J. (1874, May 25). Funeral. Border Traveller's Rest Hotel, Mount Pleasant, Post (Albury), p. 3 col.c. Sydney Road. Border Post (Albury), 3 col. Jordan, J.J. (1948, Apr 30). Local d. Government Act 1919. Public Works act Hovell, William Hilton. (1853, Jan 22). 1912. Albury City Council : Public Original Correspondence. Sydney Morning Recreation Acquisition of land. Herald, 3 col. b. Government Gazette of the State of New South Hovell, William Hilton. (1855). Reply to A Wales, 45, 983. Retrieved from brief statement of facts in connection with an http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/legis overland expedition from Lake George to Port /nsw/num_epi/alep2010201043329 Phillip in 1824, published in May last by 9.pdf Hamilton Hume. Sydney: Thomas Daniel. Justice. (1904, Feb 26). Turf Notes. Border Howitt, Wiliam. (1858). Land, labour, and Morning Mail (Albury), 4 col. a. gold; or, Two years in Victoria. With visits to Justice. (1906a, Apr 17). Turf Notes. Border Sydney and Van Diemen's Land. London: Morning Mail (Albury), 4 col. a. Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, Justice. (1906b, Jan 9). Turf Notes. Border and Roberts. Morning Mail (Albury), 4 col. d. Howitt, William. (1855). Land, labor and gold; Kay, J.H. (1871, Mar 26). Contracts or, Two years in Victoria : with visits to Accepted. Victoria Government Gazette(34), Sydney and Van Diemen’s Land. London: 842. London, Longman, Brown, Green, and Kelly, James. (1867, Mar 6). The Old Hume Longmans. Inn [Advertisement]. Border Post (Albury), Hume, Hamilton. (1855). A brief statement of 959, 1, col. b–c. facts in connection with an overland expedition Kelly, R. (1861, 4 Sep). The Old Hume Inn from Lake George to Port Phillip in 1824. [Advertisement]. Border Post Sydney: Thomas Daniel. (Albury)(436), 3 col. e. Hume, Hamilton. (1873). A brief statement of Kidd, & Brickell. (1858a, Apr 24). facts in connection with an overland expedition ADVERT COAcH SERVICE. Albury from Lake George to Port Phillip in 1824 Telegraph and Federal Journal, ¶¶. (2nd ed.). Yass: J.J. Brown, Courier Kidd, & Brickell. (1858b, Jul 24). ADVERT Office. COACH SERVICE. Border Post (Albury) Inquisitor. (1855, Jul 26). Navigation of the ¶¶. Murray. Argus (Melbourne), p. 6 col. e. Kidd, & Brickell. (1860, Sep 12). Wanted Johnston, David. (2016, May 13). Albury horse and bullock teams. Ovens and Council calls for expressions of interest Murray Advertiser (Beechworth), 2 col. a. for Turks Head Hotel buildin. Border Killeevey. (1895, Aug 31). The Traveller. Mail (Albury). Retrieved from The federal city—its rise and progress. http://www.bordermail.com.au/stor Freeman's Journal (Sydney), 20 col. c–d. y/3905435 King, P.P. (1841, Oct 26). Immigration. Jones , Glynis, & Kordell, Constance M. Sydney Free Press, 4 col. a–d. (1985). A comparison of the Aborigines of the Kipling, Rudyard. (1899). From Sea to Sea and Albury Wodonga region and the Northern Other Sketches. vol. 1. New York: Territory. Albury, N.S.W.: Albury Doubleday & McClure. Regional Museum. Kirkpatrick, F. (1892a). Return of Billliard Jones, Howard C. (1991). Albury Heritage. and Bagatelle Licences New South Wales Albury: Albury City Council. Government Gazette(Suppl 135), 1621- Jones, Howard C. (2002). Good Old Albury. 1626. Lost buildings in pictures. Albury: Specialty Kirkpatrick, F. (1892b). Return of Publican's Press{Jones, 1991 #16}. Licences New South Wales Government Jones, Howard C. (2006, Nov 10). Museum Gazette(Suppl 583), 6657–6673. has last day. Border Mail (Albury). Kirkpatrick, F. (1893a). Return of Billliard Retrieved from and Bagatelle Licences New South Wales http://www.bordermail.com.au/stor Government Gazette(Suppl 126), 1687– y/28661/museum-has-last-day/ 1692.

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Kirkpatrick, F. (1893b). Return of Publican's Kordell, Constance M. (1984, ?May). Licences New South Wales Government Museum Director's report. The Albury Gazette(Suppl 578), 6429–6444. Regional Museum [panphlet, 4pp], 1. Kirkpatrick, F. (1894a). Return of Billliard La Trobe, C.J. (1847, Dec 10). Crown Lands and Bagatelle Licences New South Wales Occupation under orders in Council. Government Gazette(Suppl 116), 1297– Argus (Melbourne), p. 1 col. 6. 1301. La Trobe, C.J. (1848, Jul 25). Claims to Kirkpatrick, F. (1894b). Return of Publican's leases of Crown Land beyond the settled Licences New South Wales Government districts. Murray District. Argus Gazette(Suppl 562), 5339–5354. (Melbourne), pp. 1 col.1–6, 4 col.1–6. Kirkpatrick, F. (1895a). Return of Billliard Lamb, John. (1873, Oct 25). Bridge Inn. and Bagatelle Licences New South Wales Border Post (Albury), 3 col. a. Government Gazette(Suppl 386), 3882. Lamb, John. (1874a, Jan 24). Bridge Inn. Kirkpatrick, F. (1895b). Return of Billliard Border Post (Albury), 1 col. b. and Bagatelle Licences New South Wales Lamb, John. (1874b, Jan 3). Bridge Inn. Government Gazette(Suppl 134), 1330– Border Post (Albury), 1 col. b. 1334. Land and Property Information. (2014). SIX Kirkpatrick, F. (1895c). Return of Publican's imagery—Albury ADS40 Towns, Image shot Licences New South Wales Government 22 February 2014. URL: Gazette(Suppl 185), 1873. http://maps.six.nsw.gov.au/. Kirkpatrick, F. (1895d). Return of Publican's [Retrieved on Dec 5, 2017] Licences New South Wales Government Lane, Henry. (1867). Return of Publican's Gazette(Suppl 574), 5501–5516. Licences New South Wales Government Kirkpatrick, F. (1896a). Return of Billliard Gazette(Suppl 136), 1893–1907. and Bagatelle Licences New South Wales Lane, Henry. (1868). Return of Publican's Government Gazette(Suppl 126), 1225– Licences New South Wales Government 1229. Gazette(Suppl 208), 2871–2885. Kirkpatrick, F. (1896b). Return of Publican's Lane, Henry. (1869). Return of Publican's Licences New South Wales Government Licences New South Wales Government Gazette(Suppl 670), 5885–5900. Gazette(Suppl 180), 2131–2145. Kirkpatrick, F. (1897). Return of Publican's Lane, Henry. (1870). Return of Publican's Licences New South Wales Government Licences New South Wales Government Gazette(Suppl 671), 6077–6092. Gazette(Suppl 216), 1923–1936. Kirkpatrick, F. (1898). Return of Publican's Lane, Henry. (1871). Return of Publican's Licences New South Wales Government Licences New South Wales Government Gazette(Suppl 752), 6835–6850. Gazette(Suppl 217), 1951–1965. Kirkpatrick, F. (1899). Return of Publican's Lee, Jenny, & Fahey, Charles. (1986). A Licences New South Wales Government Boom for Whom? Some developments Gazette(Suppl 682), 6333–6348. in the Australian labour market, 1870- Kirkpatrick, F. (1900). Return of Publican's 1891. Labour History, 50(1–17). Licences New South Wales Government Legislative Council of NSW. (1885). Gazette(Suppl 807), 6499–6514. Parliamentary Return of Landholders Kirkpatrick, F. (1901, Aug 28). Return of 1885. Albury Land District. Votes and Publican's Licences Government Gazette of Proceedings of the Legislative Council. Journal New South Wales(Suppl 708), 6481–6496. of the Legislative Council of NSW, 2nd. Kirkpatrick, F. (1902, Aug 26). Return of Session, 39 (1, Appendix 2), 5-14. Publican's Licences Government Gazette of Livsey, Helen. (2006). Museum to close. New South Wales(Suppl 511), 6049–6064. Albury and District Historical Society Bulletin, Kirkpatrick, F. (1903, Aug 21). Return of 463, 2. Publican's Licences Government Gazette of Longmore, F. (1870, Jul 26). Contracts New South Wales(Suppl 434), 6159–6174. Accepted. Victoria Government Gazette(68), Kirkpatrick, F. (1904, Aug 23). Return of 1866. Publican's Licences Government Gazette of New South Wales(Suppl 463), 6405–6419.

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Longmore, F. (1871, Oct 27). Contracts Metherell, Gia. (1994, Jul 10). Reality Accepted. Victoria Government Gazette(68), Confronts myths of the 1950s. Canberra 1866. Times, 20 col. a–e. Lorck, W. (1906). The Albury Brewing Industry. Michell, Alfred. (1923a, Mar 10). For An illustrated treatise. Albury: Albury immediate sale. Good Boarding house Brewing and Malting Co. and refreshment business. Border Morning Lynch, John. (1987). Albury Breweries and Mail (Albury), 4 col. c. Brewers. Albury and District Historical Michell, Alfred. (1923b, Mar 7). For Society Bulletin(246), 4–5. immediate sale. Good Boarding house M'Closkey, John. (1905, Sep 13). and refreshment business M'Closkey's Rabbit Poison Exhibit. [advertisement]. Border Morning Mail Border Morning Mail (Albury), p. 5 col. g. (Albury), 2 col. b. M'Closkey, John. (1906, Feb 9). Celebrated Michell, Alfred. (1923c, Mar 14). Monster Phosphorised Pollard & Wheat. Border Clearing Sale. Border Morning Mail Morning Mail (Albury), pp. 8 col. b–c. (Albury), 2 col. c. Mackenzie, David. (1845). The emigrant's Michell, Alfred. (1923d, Mar 16). Monster guide, or, Ten years practical experience in Clearing Sale [advertisement]. Albury Australia. London: W.S. Orr. Banner 24 col. d. Mackenzie, H. (1857, Feb 14). The Albury Milford, Samuel Frederick. (1855a, May 4). Punt. Border Post (Albury), 1(20), 2 col. c. To the sheriff of New South Wales of Mate, Thomas H, & Co. (1858, Sep 8). For his lawful deputy Sydney Morning Herald, Sale, or to be let. Hume Inn. Border Post p. 1 col. c. (Albury), 3 col. a. Milford, Samuel Frederick. (1855b, May 3). McCook, Archibald. (1901a, May 24). Union To the sheriff of New South Wales of Bridge Hotel [advertisement]. Albury his lawful deputy Empire (Sydney), p. 7 Banner 2 col. d. col. e. McCook, Archibald. (1901b, May 31). Minister for Planning. (1995). Albury Local Union Bridge Hotel [advertisement]. Environmental Plan 1995 under the Albury Banner 2 col. b. Environmental Planning and Assessment Act McCook, Archibald. (1901c, Jun 14). Union 1979. Sydney: NSW Minister for Bridge Hotel [advertisement]. Albury Planning. Banner 2 col. a. Minister for Planning. (2010). Albury Local McCook, Archibald. (1901d, Mar 22). Union Environmental Plan 2010 under the Bridge Hotel [advertisement]. Albury Environmental Planning and Assessment Act Banner 30 col. a. 1979 Document vol. 2010/433. Sydney: McFarland, Alfred, & Henry, Arthur. (1887). NSW Minister for Planning. Insolvency in the insolvent estate of Mitchell, John Francis Huon. (1904, May Joseph Henry Frauenfelder of Albury, 27). A Vocabulary of Aboriginal Terms hotel keeper. New South Wales Government (Woradgery Tongue). Albury Banner pp. Gazette(649), 7743. 34 col. 31–33. McGall, John. (1855, May 26). Albury, The Mitchell, John Francis Huon. (1906). Hume Inn reopened. Ovens and Murray Aboriginal Dictionary (Woradjuri Tongue) of Advertiser (Beechworth), p. 1 col. c. Birds, Beasts, Fishes &c, Weapons and McMahon, Denise , & Wild, Christine. Timber also Customs and Ceremonies of the (2007). William Barnwell Brickell in Tribe. Albury: J. Walker. Australia. Tequesta, 5–18. Mitchell, Thomas Livingstone. (1839). Three McMillan Britton & Kell Pty Ltd. (1998). expeditions into the interior of eastern Study of Relative Heritage Significance Australia : with descriptions of the recently of all Timber Truss Road Bridges in explored region of Australia Felix and of the NSW. Sydney: Roads and Traffic present colony of New South Wales (2nd ed.). Authority. London: T. & W. Boone McRae. (1855, Jul 28). McRae's Punt. Moor, & Hatfield. (1858, Mar 6). To be Goulburn Herald, p. 1 col. b. published, Albury Telegraph. Goulburn Herald, p. 1 col. a.

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Moore, & Davis. (1920, Nov 19). Important [Assented to, 4th July, 1860.]. New South Property Sale. Albury Banner 25 col. a. Wales Government Gazette(126), 1283– Morris, Charles Lee (1858, Sep 8). Mount 1291. Pleasant Hotel (formerly Hopggods). NSW Attorney General & Justice. (1821- Border Post (Albury), 1 col. d. 1937). Registers of Coroners inquests and Morris, Edward Ellis. (1898). Austral English: magisterial inquiries Record series NRS A Dictionary of Australasian Words, Phrases 343. Sydney: State Records NSW. URL: and Usages. London: Macmillan. http://search.ancestry.com.au/searc Morrison, George Ernest. (1881, Aug 6). h/db.aspx?dbid=1785. The contributor. Down the Murray in a NSW Office of Environment and Heritage. Canoe Leader (Melbourne), A1 col. d–e. (2010). Turks Head Museum Heritage Mort & Co. (1856, Jan 23). Albury, 24 Database. URL: valuable allotments. Empire (Sydney), p. 8 http://www.environment.nsw.gov.a col. e. u/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDe Mott, G.H. (1856, Oct 9). Albury [quoting tails.aspx?ID=1000196. the first edition of the Border Post O'Keefe, & Litster. (1871, Dec 2). Wanted a (Albury)]. Age (Mebourne), p. 5 col. f. steady man. Ovens and Murray Advertiser Mott, G.H. (1895, Nov 22). Battle of the (Beechworth), 1 col. a. Border Customs. Corowa Free Press, 4 e–g. O’Keeffe, & Litster. (1872, Jan 3). Albury Murnin, M.E. (1857a, May 8). Hume Inn, Beer. Wagga Wagga Express, 1 col. d. Albury, New South Wales. Adelaide O’Keeffe & Co. (1872, Oct 16). Wagga Times, p. 3 col. c. Wagga Brewery. Wagga Wagga Express, 3 Murnin, M.E. (1857b, May 9). Hume Inn, col. e. Albury, NSW. Adelaide Observer, p. 1 col. O’Keeffe & Co. (1873, Jan 11). Wagga a. Wagga Brewery. Wagga Wagga Express, 1 Murnin, M.G. (1857, May 2). Hume Inn, col. c. Albury, to be sold on the premises. Ovens Oddie, James. (1886a, Apr 3). Turk's Head and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth), p. 1 col. Hotel, Albury [advertisement]. Ovens and c. Murray Advertiser (Beechworth), (5526), 1 Murray. (1904, Dec 2). Early records of col. b. Albury. Albury Banner, pp. 25 col. a–b. Oddie, James. (1886b, Jan 23). Turk's Head Murray Breweries Pty Ltd. (1914a, Dec 22). Hotel, Albury [advertisement]. Ovens and Murray Breweries Pty Ltd Murray Advertiser (Beechworth), (5491), 8 [advertisement]. Chiltern and Howlong col. b. Times, 3 col. g. Oddie, James. (1886c, Jan 16). Turk's Head Murray Breweries Pty Ltd. (1914b, Dec 12). Hotel, Albury [advertisement]. Ovens and Murray Breweries Pty Ltd Murray Advertiser (Beechworth), (5491), 6 [advertisement]. Ovens and Murray col. b. Advertiser (Beechworth), 3 col. c. Paine, John H. (1896, May 15). Borough of Myers, Francis. (1895). Albury by Telemachus Albury. To the owner or owners of the for the Albury Municipal Council and the undermentioned properties. Albury Albury Argus [Book compiled to promote Banner pp. 2 col. b–c. Albury as a location for the Federal Capital]. Paine, John H. (1902, Apr 18). Borough of Sydney: John Sands. Albury. To the owner or owners of the Nash, J.M. (1909, Jul 21). Municipality of undermentioned properties. Albury Albury. Alteration in Stock route. Banner pp. 2 col. b–c. Government Gazette of New South Wales(98), Paine, John H. (1903, Apr 10). Borough of 4057. Albury. To the owner or owners of the New South Wales. (1860, Jul 6). No. 1 undermentioned properties. Albury Victoria 54. An Act to appropriate and Banner pp. 40 col. b–c. apply out of the Consolidated Revenue Parker, Thomas. (1897, May 25). Parker's Fund of New South Wales certain Sums Turks Head Hotel [advertisement]. to make good the Supplies granted for Border Post (Albury), 8 col. c. the Service of the Year 1859-60.

.— 202 — Turk’s Head at the Union Bridge

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Thomson, E. Deas. (1839c). [Township Treasury. (1911a, Aug 30). Return of sites]. New South Wales Government Publican's Licences Government Gazette of Gazette(410), 480. New South Wales(115), 4713–4726. Thomson, E. Deas. (1848a, Oct 12). Claims Treasury. (1911b, Feb 22). Return of Spirit to leases of Crown Land beyond the Merchant's Licences Government Gazette of settled districts. Murrumbidgee District New South Wales(Suppl 24), 1153. Sydney Morning Herald, pp. 3 col. 4–8. Treasury. (1912, Aug 21). Return of Thomson, E. Deas. (1848b, Oct 13). Claims Publican's Licences Government Gazette of to leases of Crown Land beyond the New South Wales(123), 5249–5261. settled districts. Murrumbidgee District Treasury. (1913, Aug 27). Return of (II). Sydney Morning Herald, pp. 3 col. 5–8, Publican's Licences Government Gazette of 4 col. 1–3. New South Wales(137), 5335–5347. Thomson, E. Deas. (1849, Aug 28). Ferry Treasury. (1914, Aug 26). Return of over the Hume River, at Albury. New Publican's Licences Government Gazette of South Wales Government Gazette(120), New South Wales(148), 5169–5181. 1238. Treasury. (1915, Aug 25). Return of Thomson, E. Deas. (1850, Oct 29). Tolls, Publican's Licences Government Gazette of ferries, and old Queen's Wharf. New New South Wales(155), 5001–5013. South Wales Government Gazette(127), Treasury. (1916, Aug 25). Return of 1674–1675. Publican's Licences Government Gazette of Thomson, E. Deas. (1851, Nov 7). Tolls, New South Wales(149), 4960–4972. ferries, and old Queen's Wharf. New Treasury. (1917, Aug 31). Return of South Wales Government Gazette(127), Publican's Licences Government Gazette of 1786. New South Wales(150), 4874–4886. Thomson, E. Deas. (1852a, Mar 23). Ferries. Treasury. (1918, Aug 23). Return of New South Wales Government Gazette(31), Publican's Licences Government Gazette of 506. New South Wales(104), 4215–4227. Thomson, E. Deas. (1852b, May 14). Treasury. (1919, Aug 29). Return of Ferries. New South Wales Government Publican's Licences Government Gazette of Gazette(49), 792–793. New South Wales(215), 4775–4797. Thomson, E. Deas. (1853, Apr 12). New Treasury. (1920, Aug 27). Return of punt for ferry at Albury, across the River Publican's Licences Government Gazette of Hume. New South Wales Government New South Wales(155), 4989–5008. Gazette(39), 668. Treasury. (1921, Aug 26). Return of Tiernan, M. (1868, Apr 25). Bridge Inn. Publican's Licences Government Gazette of Albury Banner 1 col. b. New South Wales(125), 4951–4961. Tiernan, Michael. (1868, Dec 23). New Turnbull, Harry Norman. (1896, Feb 7). Year’s Day Sports. Tiernan’s Bush Inn Flotsam and Jetsam. Albury Banner pp. near the Bridge. Border Post (Albury), 3 16 col. a–b. col. a. Turnbull, Harry Norman. (1917, Oct 19). Treasury. (1908, Aug 19). Return of Old-Time Memories—Albury in the '60s Publican's Licences Government Gazette of and '70s. nº 10. Albury Banner pp. 38 col. New South Wales(100), 4569–4596. a–b. Treasury. (1909, Aug 25). Return of Turnbull, Harry Norman. (1923, Jan 19). Publican's Licences Government Gazette of Old-Time Memories. Albury Banner pp. New South Wales(114), 4677–4691. 19 col. 11–13. Treasury. (1910a, Aug 24). Return of Turnbull, Henry M. (1858a, Apr 24). For Publican's Licences Government Gazette of Sale, first class hotel in Albury. Hume New South Wales(131), 4655–4669. Inn. Border Post (Albury), 2 col. g. Treasury. (1910b, Feb 16). Return of Spirit Turnbull, Henry M. (1858b, Sep 8). For sale, Merchant's Licences Government Gazette of first class hotel in Albury. Hume Inn. New South Wales(Suppl 24), 961. Border Post (Albury), 3 col. c.

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Turner & Son, Herbert. (1942, May 15). the matter The Border United Co- Probate in the will of Julian Nelson. Operative Argus (Melbourne), 2 col. b. Breweries Limited (In Liquidation),. Sydney Vagabond. (1896, Sep 11). Albury : The Morning Herald, 9 col. c. Border City. Albury Banner, pp. S2–3. Wilson, Rattray, & Dandy. (1914b, Sep 7). Want, George. (1855, May 3). Mr Harmer To brewers, speculators and others in Francis Morse take notice. Empire the matter The Border United Co- (Sydney), p. 7 col. e. Operative Watson, James. (1880). Notice under the Breweries Limited (In Liquidation),. Argus Customs Regulation Act of 1879. Riverine (Melbourne), 2 col. d. Grazier (Hay), 3 col. a. Wilson, J Bowie. (1864a, Dec 2). Albury Waugh, Andrew. (2000). Victorian Railway Bridge Toll Bar—Tenders. Sydney Maps 1860 -2000. URL: Morning Herald, 6 col. a. http://www.vrhistory.com/VRMaps Wilson, J Bowie. (1864b, Nov 23). Tenders /. [Retrieved on Dec 31, 2017] for public works and supplies. Sydney Weaver, R.W.D. (1933, Jul 21). Local Morning Herald, 6 col. a. Government Act 1919. Acquisition of WMA Water. (2016). Albury Floodplain land for recreation reserve—Albury Risk Management Study and Plan. Final. Municipal Council. Government Gazette of Sydney: WMA Water. the State of New South Wales, 109, 2616. Younghusband Row & Co, & Roxburgh & Retrieved from Co, G H. (1905a, Jul 7). Important Sale http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/legis of Land and buildings. In the Estate of /nsw/num_epi/alep2010201043329 the late L.C. Phibbs, Albury. Albury Banner, p. 1 col. c. 9.pdf Younghusband Row & Co, & Roxburgh & Wesson, Sue. (2000). An historical atlas of Co, G H. (1905b, Jun 30). Important Aborigines of Eastern Victoria and South- Sale of Land and buildings. In the Estate eastern NSW. Melbourne: School of of the late L.C. Phibbs, Albury. Albury Geography and Environmental Science. Banner, p. 1 col. d. Wilson, Rattray, & Dandy. (1914a, Sep 9). To brewers, speculators and others in

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