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Home , Anthroponymy

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN XXI CENTURY

Mukhammadieva Risola Kyrgyzboy kyzi Graduate student, Faculty of English , Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages, Republic of Uzbekistan

Bushuy Tatyana Anatolevna Scientific supervisor, Professor, Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages, Republic of Uzbekistan

NOMINATIVE AND CULTURAL ASPECTS OF ANTHROPONYMS

Abstract. Personal help to overcome language barriers, but in their original language environment, they have a complex semantic structure, unique features of form and , the ability to modify and word formation, numerous connections with other units and categories of the language. This article analyses the peculiarities of anthroponyms, consider the structural features and word formation by exploring the general linguistic properties of proper names. Obviously as an important segment of the linguistic picture of the world, anthroponyms and their derivatives are the subject of a number of studies in modern linguistics. Nevertheless, the word- formation category based on the anthroponyms of the English language has not yet been the subject of special research in the cognitive and communicative terms. The work also analyzes the nominative potential of different semantic groups and types of anthroponyms (English personal names and , as well as female and male names). Keywords: personal names, , surename, nominative unit, anthroponym, intercultural.

Names and have always played a special role in ’s life since early periods. With finding out the , people begin to get to know each other. Proper names are extremely important for communication and mutual understanding of people. From common words, among other things it is distinguished by the tendency to universal use. For example, when we move on to a conversation in another language, we have to use different common words in relation to familiar objects and concepts, but we will call the person we know by the same name regardless of what language we will address him in. When choosing a name for a person, the prevalence, popularity, euphony of the name, and social affiliation of the person are taken into consideration. If the name is

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SCIENTIFIC COLLECTION «INTERCONF» | № 44 formed from a common , then sometimes the original meaning is taken into account, even if the name is borrowed, that is the reason to give a translation into the native language in the dictionaries of personal names. In to avoid names that carry an unpleasant semantic load: Varvara-rough, Foka-seal, Vassa-desert. Naming has had different characteristics in different at each stage of the development of human society. Old English personal names hardly differ from the appellative vocabulary and (Brun = a) name, b) nickname, c) adjective). According to Leonovich O. A. (2002), at present, only 8% of the names in English anthroponymy are from the Old English period. As a result of the Norman Conquest, the Old English names that were used for centuries almost completely disappeared, the trends of the transition of nicknames to surnames are accelerated, and the concentration of the namesake occurs. The most popular in this period (from the XI century onwards) such names as Ralph, Richard, William, Robert, etc. become manns. At the same time, the power of the church was strengthened, which by the middle of the XV century was so strong that it was able to demand from the faithful the naming of only canonized saints. The Biblical names Simon, John, James, Peter, Luke, Michael - for boys and Margaret, Mary, Catherine, Ann(e) -for girls are became common. In the Middle Ages, it was necessary to accurately write the name given at in documents, since there could be several nicknames and surnames. Only by 1730 the inherited by the father finally became official. As mentioned above, some researchers believe that personal names such as John, Ivan, do not have any meanings. P. F. Strawson believes that "a pure name has no descriptive meaning" (NZL, Issue XH 1982., 79). The same name John itself does not contain a description of any particular person and can be used to refer to a wide variety of persons. Outside of the context of communication, it doesn't mean anything at all. This position is partly correct, since personal names or surnames when used regardless of the specific carrier do not have a meaning in the proper name function, but they retain the meaning of , number. Personal names are

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SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN XXI CENTURY registered in explanatory dictionaries and have a stable , belong to a certain class, and are known to the entire language team. I.D. Ermolovich in his book “Proper names at the intersection of languages and cultures ”(2001), describes anthroponyms as “… not just labels that attribute absolutely no properties to the referent and do not provide any information about him. But this information is of a slightly different kind than the signs that make up the meaning of common names. Anthroponyms have a conceptual meaning, which is based on the idea of a category, a class of objects.”, and indicates following characteristic features: a) an indication that the bearer of the anthroponym is a person: Peter, Lewis as opposed to London, Thames; b) an indication of belonging to a national language community: Robin, Henry, William as opposed to René, Henri, Wilhelm; c) indication of the gender of the person: John, Henry as opposed to Mary, Elizabeth. Unlike the Russian system of using personal names, where there is a clear division into official and names, in English, diminutive derivatives gradually become official names {Dick, Cheney, Bill Clinton). In addition, they are used together with the accompanying words of courtesy honorable, reverend, Mr and etc. for example, Dr. Billy. There are names that symbolize belonging to a certain linguistic and cultural community: Russian-Ivan, Uzbek- Anora, Korean – Lee, English, American or representative of any other English-speaking country- John, Irish - Patrick, Pat, Paddy, Mickey. The amount of information contained in names is perceived more fully for a person from the same than for a representative of another culture. Personal names, unlike surnames, are not inherited, but are chosen by the parents of the children. Some psychologists study the impact of personal names on the characteristics of the bearers of a , including its behavior, propensity for various activities, business success, and even health. For example, an English therapist, Trevor Weston, conducted a study that showed that patients whose names

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SCIENTIFIC COLLECTION «INTERCONF» | № 44 begin with the letters of the last third of the alphabet are three times more likely to suffer from cardiovascular diseases [Leonovich, 2002; 15]. It can be seen from three researches which have been done in Chicago, accordingly the people with funny or strange names are four times more likely than others to be predisposed to various kinds of mental complexes. "When a child receives a name that can cause ridicule among his peers, it puts him in a defensive position, forcing him to fight for a normal attitude to himself"(Leonovich 2002, 15). In addition, there is an increased sensitivity that occurs in a child with a name that can refer to both a boy and a girl, for example, Marion, Kim, Michelle. Even American adults, such as those with the name William, according to the study, "feel humiliated" when they are addressed as Billy or Willie. They claim that Americans with the names Melvin, Nigel, or Julian tend to study the , while Rory, Rocky, and Chuck are the most common names among boxers and football players (which, because of the brevity, seems quite reasonable). According to a review published by the New York City Public Service the most attractive female names for males are Kristin, Cheryl, Melanie, Jennifer, Marilyn, and Susan. But such names as Ethel, Alma, Zelda, Florence, Mshdred and Edna, cause unpleasant associations among the representatives of the stronger gender of America. The researchers urge parents to choose their children's names carefully. After all, a name is the first gift, except for life itself that parents present to a child and a lifetime gift. But it can be a curse. Psychologist John Train has compiled a whole book of the most ridiculous names that some Americans suffer from. The May from New Orleans, for example, chose the following "names" for their three daughters: Mu, Boo, Gu. The Jacksons from Chicago literally branded their five children, calling them Meningitis, Laryngitis, Appendicitis, Peritonitis and Tonsillitis." Many names are consistently associated in the consciousness of society with the heroes, characters of literary works, and therefore "pull" their surnames, nicknames and characteristics. These are the so-called endocentric nicknames (the term is borrowed from D. I. Ermolovich): Dorian (Grey), Scarlet (O'Hara), Robin 301

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN XXI CENTURY

(Good), Peter (Pan), Harry (Potter), Winnie the Pooh, Lolita, Desdemona, Iago. In different languages names are associated with , paraphrases, fixed in their meaning: Alice (in Wonderland), John (barley grain), Igor (prince), Oleg (Prophetic). In England, after Cromwell became a head of government in 1653, the name Oliver was not popular for a hundred years. In the list of English personal names we can meet the biblical name Abel, but there is no name of his killer Cain, besides the latter is used in the common meaning of "fratricide". Furthermore, after the Second World War, the name Adolf disappeared from the onomasticon. In Norway, before the Second World War, the name Quisling was popular. But Vidkun Quisling, who led the fascist party during the war, began to symbolize betrayal. The new common noun with a negative connotation quickly spread in many languages. Children were no longer called by this name, and many bearers of the name began to call themselves by another name. In some countries, in particular in France, there is still a law that prohibits giving personal names that are strongly associated with famous people or literary heroes (Marat, Aramis). The United Kingdom and the United States are almost the only countries where the provision of Roman law on the absolute freedom to choose and change the name, if it is not done for criminal purposes, has been preserved. The fame and popularity of the name often leads to the fact that it is perceived as simple, rustic. In English, simple names are: Jack, Joe, Tom, Dick, Johnny, Jane, Joan. There is an expression Tom, Dick and Harry - "everyone", "everyone", "first comer". Surnames-nicknames are often added to such names: That Long is a slow man, Jack Sprat is a little man, a dwarf. In addition to personal names, anthroponyms also include the surnames of people. Podolskaya in the dictionary of proper names defines the term "surname" as "a type of anthroponym, an inherited official name indicating that a person belongs to a certain family. The surname is added to the to clarify the named person; historically, the personal name is primary, and the surname is secondary; the

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SCIENTIFIC COLLECTION «INTERCONF» | № 44 difference between the personal name and the surname is functional, social and partly structural" (Podolskaya 19, 57). Today as the primary name is considered the last name, and the personal name rather clarifies the owner of the last name. For example, for the reader of the " Saga about Forsytes " by J. Galsworthy, the most significant and main thing is the belonging/non-belonging of the characters to the Forsyte surname. And already inside the last name, he distinguishes them by their first names. The emergence and development of the surname as a socio-historical and linguistic category is closely related to the stages of socio-economic development of mankind. Until a certain stage of development, humanity did not have family names. In the event that a personal name was not able to individualize a particular member of the language team, they resorted to using an additional individualizing sign - a nickname. As a result of the first English census, the data of which were compiled in the cadastral "Domesday Book" in 1085-86, many nicknames were documented (registered). The process of turning a nickname into a hereditary family name was itself long and varied for different social groups of the population and for different regions of the country. One of the main factors that contributed to the transition of the nickname to the surname was the loss of its motivation, the loss of information about the reasons for its occurrence. "If William Robertson's father's name was not Robert, if John Cook was not a cook, if Thomas Hill did not live on the hill, and if Richard Red was not red, then we can say that their nicknames became hereditary" (Smith 1950). The consolidation of hereditary family names became necessary for most people in England in the XVII century. The semantic analysis of modern English surnames, conducted by O. A. Leonovich (Leonovich 2003, 54), showed the possibility to divide them into groups in terms of their etymology: 1. By the name of the father (otantroponymic, ). Such surnames are formed from personal names, including the formant meaning "son of so-and - so" (Anthony, Walter; Jackson, Thompson, MacGregor, O'Hara) Residents of the Scottish Highlands use the prefix Mac - 'son'. The same family prefix is also 303

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN XXI CENTURY common among the Irish population, but in Ireland there is also a strong tradition to create a surname after the name of the grandfather using the prefix O. As the popular rhyme says: By Mac and O You'll always know True Irishmen, they say; For if they lack Both O and Mac No Irishmen are they. 2. At the place of residence. This is the most extensive group of English surnames, covering approximately 50% of all English surnames. This includes surnames derived from nicknames, which in turn indicated the origin of their owners from a particular area, city or country (England, Welsh, Cornwall, Surrey, Brook, Shrub). 3. By occupation. The lexical field of names of various professions and positions is very widely represented in English surnames. They are part of about 20% of all family names (Barber, Kitchener, Shepherd). In Russian culture, an indication of an occupation does not always indicate a profession or position, but rather a person belonging to a certain profession (Knyazevs are not princes, but people of the prince; Kuznetsovs are children and relatives of the blacksmith). 4. By descriptive characteristics. Most of the surnames of this group come from nicknames that characterized their bearers by the most remarkable physical, physiological and spiritual qualities (Bigg, Strong, High, Younger, Cameron ("hawk-nose"). The concept of absolute/relative uniqueness in anthroponyms and their derivatives When considering the semantic organization of anthroponyms and their derivatives, we can not do without the concept of uniqueness, which is part of the extralinguistic aspect of the meaning of the anthroponym and is formed by the circumstances of the existence of the object, the bearer of this name. It is necessary to distinguish between absolute uniqueness and relative uniqueness. Thus, the anthroponym Bush-the surname Bush applies to all members of the Bush family, of which there are a lot in America, does not have a rigid binding 304

SCIENTIFIC COLLECTION «INTERCONF» | № 44 to one person, is characterized only by the potential to be a single name. We call this uniqueness relative (characteristic of most anthroponyms). The presence of encyclopedic information in the dictionary definition of the anthroponym (Bush - Bush, the 43rd and 44th president of the United States, a member of the Bush family, the son of the 41st President of the United States) is characterized by absolute uniqueness, makes the name unique, distinguishes this person from other persons. The analysis showed that all the units extracted from the dictionary have absolute uniqueness. This indicates that the explanatory dictionaries record only such names, and also that their number is limited, although very large. When the semantic structure of an anthroponym contains encyclopedic or extralinguistic information that identifies, individualizes, and distinguishes only one, one - of-a-kind person-the bearer of the given name-the relative uniqueness is transformed into the absolute one. Conclusion There are only anthroponyms with absolute uniqueness. This usually applies to fictitious names: the names of literary characters or mythological names. For example, Othello, Prometheus or Derzhimorda, Chichikov. Most of the nomenclature of personal names and surnames is characterized by relative uniqueness. But in a certain situation, they can acquire absolute uniqueness. Unlike the Russian language, where derivatives from names with relative singularity are possible (Mila, Lyusya, Milochka), in English only (Johny, Tommy) or abbreviations (Sam, Rat) are formed from such names. Names with relative singularity may also have some encyclopedic aspect. For example, Sidorenko is a common Ukrainian surname, and Sidorov is a widely used Russian surname. The concept of uniqueness is important for the analysis of the of derivatives of anthroponyms. The analysis showed that, for the most part, only those anthroponyms whose semantics have an encyclopedic aspect can be involved in the process of word formation as a motivating word (Gregorian - Gregorian, refers to the calendar introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582; Hippocratic - Hippocratic,

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SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN XXI CENTURY refers to the Hippocratic oath - the Hippocratic oath, the formulation of moral norms accepted by future doctors).

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