SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN XXI CENTURY Mukhammadieva Risola Kyrgyzboy kyzi Graduate student, Faculty of English Linguistics, Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages, Republic of Uzbekistan Bushuy Tatyana Anatolevna Scientific supervisor, Professor, Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages, Republic of Uzbekistan NOMINATIVE AND CULTURAL ASPECTS OF ANTHROPONYMS Abstract. Personal names help to overcome language barriers, but in their original language environment, they have a complex semantic structure, unique features of form and etymology, the ability to modify and word formation, numerous connections with other units and categories of the language. This article analyses the peculiarities of anthroponyms, consider the structural features and word formation by exploring the general linguistic properties of proper names. Obviously as an important segment of the linguistic picture of the world, anthroponyms and their derivatives are the subject of a number of studies in modern linguistics. Nevertheless, the word- formation category based on the anthroponyms of the English language has not yet been the subject of special research in the cognitive and communicative terms. The work also analyzes the nominative potential of different semantic groups and types of anthroponyms (English personal names and surnames, as well as female and male names). Keywords: personal names, nickname, surename, nominative unit, anthroponym, intercultural. Names and titles have always played a special role in human’s life since early periods. With finding out the name, people begin to get to know each other. Proper names are extremely important for communication and mutual understanding of people. From common words, among other things it is distinguished by the tendency to universal use. For example, when we move on to a conversation in another language, we have to use different common words in relation to familiar objects and concepts, but we will call the person we know by the same name regardless of what language we will address him in. When choosing a name for a person, the prevalence, popularity, euphony of the name, and social affiliation of the person are taken into consideration. If the name is 298 SCIENTIFIC COLLECTION «INTERCONF» | № 44 formed from a common noun, then sometimes the original meaning is taken into account, even if the name is borrowed, that is the reason to give a translation into the native language in the dictionaries of personal names. In order to avoid names that carry an unpleasant semantic load: Varvara-rough, Foka-seal, Vassa-desert. Naming has had different characteristics in different cultures at each stage of the development of human society. Old English personal names hardly differ from the appellative vocabulary and nicknames (Brun = a) name, b) nickname, c) adjective). According to Leonovich O. A. (2002), at present, only 8% of the names in English anthroponymy are from the Old English period. As a result of the Norman Conquest, the Old English names that were used for centuries almost completely disappeared, the trends of the transition of nicknames to surnames are accelerated, and the concentration of the namesake occurs. The most popular in this period (from the XI century onwards) such names as Ralph, Richard, William, Robert, etc. become manns. At the same time, the power of the church was strengthened, which by the middle of the XV century was so strong that it was able to demand from the faithful the naming of only canonized saints. The Biblical names Simon, John, James, Peter, Luke, Michael - for boys and Margaret, Mary, Catherine, Ann(e) -for girls are became common. In the Middle Ages, it was necessary to accurately write the name given at baptism in documents, since there could be several nicknames and surnames. Only by 1730 the surname inherited by the father finally became official. As mentioned above, some researchers believe that personal names such as John, Ivan, do not have any meanings. P. F. Strawson believes that "a pure name has no descriptive meaning" (NZL, Issue XH 1982., 79). The same name John itself does not contain a description of any particular person and can be used to refer to a wide variety of persons. Outside of the context of communication, it doesn't mean anything at all. This position is partly correct, since personal names or surnames when used regardless of the specific carrier do not have a meaning in the proper name function, but they retain the meaning of gender, number. Personal names are 299 SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN XXI CENTURY registered in explanatory dictionaries and have a stable nomenclature, belong to a certain class, and are known to the entire language team. I.D. Ermolovich in his book “Proper names at the intersection of languages and cultures ”(2001), describes anthroponyms as “… not just labels that attribute absolutely no properties to the referent and do not provide any information about him. But this information is of a slightly different kind than the signs that make up the meaning of common names. Anthroponyms have a conceptual meaning, which is based on the idea of a category, a class of objects.”, and indicates following characteristic features: a) an indication that the bearer of the anthroponym is a person: Peter, Lewis as opposed to London, Thames; b) an indication of belonging to a national language community: Robin, Henry, William as opposed to René, Henri, Wilhelm; c) indication of the gender of the person: John, Henry as opposed to Mary, Elizabeth. Unlike the Russian system of using personal names, where there is a clear division into official and diminutive names, in English, diminutive derivatives gradually become official names {Dick, Cheney, Bill Clinton). In addition, they are used together with the accompanying words of courtesy honorable, reverend, Mr and etc. for example, Dr. Billy. There are names that symbolize belonging to a certain linguistic and cultural community: Russian-Ivan, Uzbek- Anora, Korean – Lee, English, American or representative of any other English-speaking country- John, Irish - Patrick, Pat, Paddy, Mickey. The amount of information contained in names is perceived more fully for a person from the same culture than for a representative of another culture. Personal names, unlike surnames, are not inherited, but are chosen by the parents of the children. Some psychologists study the impact of personal names on the characteristics of the bearers of a given name, including its behavior, propensity for various activities, business success, and even health. For example, an English therapist, Trevor Weston, conducted a study that showed that patients whose names 300 SCIENTIFIC COLLECTION «INTERCONF» | № 44 begin with the letters of the last third of the alphabet are three times more likely to suffer from cardiovascular diseases [Leonovich, 2002; 15]. It can be seen from three researches which have been done in Chicago, accordingly the people with funny or strange names are four times more likely than others to be predisposed to various kinds of mental complexes. "When a child receives a name that can cause ridicule among his peers, it puts him in a defensive position, forcing him to fight for a normal attitude to himself"(Leonovich 2002, 15). In addition, there is an increased sensitivity that occurs in a child with a name that can refer to both a boy and a girl, for example, Marion, Kim, Michelle. Even American adults, such as those with the name William, according to the study, "feel humiliated" when they are addressed as Billy or Willie. They claim that Americans with the names Melvin, Nigel, or Julian tend to study the humanities, while Rory, Rocky, and Chuck are the most common names among boxers and football players (which, because of the brevity, seems quite reasonable). According to a review published by the New York City Public Service the most attractive female names for males are Kristin, Cheryl, Melanie, Jennifer, Marilyn, and Susan. But such names as Ethel, Alma, Zelda, Florence, Mshdred and Edna, cause unpleasant associations among the representatives of the stronger gender of America. The researchers urge parents to choose their children's names carefully. After all, a name is the first gift, except for life itself that parents present to a child and a lifetime gift. But it can be a curse. Psychologist John Train has compiled a whole book of the most ridiculous names that some Americans suffer from. The May family from New Orleans, for example, chose the following "names" for their three daughters: Mu, Boo, Gu. The Jacksons from Chicago literally branded their five children, calling them Meningitis, Laryngitis, Appendicitis, Peritonitis and Tonsillitis." Many names are consistently associated in the consciousness of society with the heroes, characters of literary works, and therefore "pull" their surnames, nicknames and characteristics. These are the so-called endocentric nicknames (the term is borrowed from D. I. Ermolovich): Dorian (Grey), Scarlet (O'Hara), Robin 301 SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN XXI CENTURY (Good), Peter (Pan), Harry (Potter), Winnie the Pooh, Lolita, Desdemona, Iago. In different languages names are associated with epithets, paraphrases, fixed in their meaning: Alice (in Wonderland), John (barley grain), Igor (prince), Oleg (Prophetic). In England, after Cromwell became a head of government in 1653, the name Oliver was not popular for a hundred years. In the list of English personal names we can meet the biblical name Abel, but there is no name of his killer Cain, besides the latter is used in the common meaning of "fratricide". Furthermore, after the Second World War, the name Adolf disappeared from the onomasticon. In Norway, before the Second World War, the name Quisling was popular. But Vidkun Quisling, who led the fascist party during the war, began to symbolize betrayal. The new common noun with a negative connotation quickly spread in many languages. Children were no longer called by this name, and many bearers of the name began to call themselves by another name.