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Pontifícia Universidade Católica De São Paulo PUC-SP Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo PUC-SP Raphael B. S. Uchôa A ruína dos povos: raça americana e saber selvagem na ciência de Carl F.Ph. von Martius (1794-1868) Doutorado em História da Ciência São Paulo 2018 Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo PUC-SP Raphael B. S. Uchôa A ruína dos povos: raça americana e saber selvagem na ciência de Carl F.Ph. von Martius (1794-1868) Doutorado em História da Ciência Tese apresentada à Banca Examinadora da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor em História da Ciência sob a orientação da Profa. Dra. Silvia I. Waisse de Priven. São Paulo 2018 2 BANCA EXAMINADORA _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ 3 Para meus avós: Pedro, Francisca, Luiz e Amélia 4 O presente trabalho foi realizado com o apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), da qual fui bolsista durante o período de doutorado (2014- 2018) na Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, incluindo o período de Doutorado Sanduíche na Uppsala Universitet. 5 AGRADECIMENTOS Obrigado à J. Augusto e Ivonete Uchôa pelo amor e pelo primeiro sopro de perplexidade com a existência. Obrigado Sabrina, por compartilhar de forma tão intensa essa herança. À Elba e Jayr Magave pela inesgotável generosidade e entusiasmo. Ao Jordan e Jason, sempre queridos amigos e interlocutores. À Jade, pelas dúvidas, ternura e paciente leitura. Te amo. Sempre aos Professores Mauro e Wilma Coelho pela inspiração nos meus primeiros passos. Aos velhos amigos Adriano Wilkson, Adriana Coimbra, Fernanda Aires, Ed Oliveira, Ivo Silva, Raimundo Marques e Tarzys Reis pela jornada inacabada... Aos colegas da PUC-SP, de Uppsala e de Cambridge com quem dividi profundos e profícuos momentos e ideias sobre a pesquisa e sobre a existência. Agradeço particularmente à Donizetti Louro, Odécio Souza, Rodrigo Cruz, Petter Hellström, Adam Bobbette, Amparo Fontaine, Laia Portet e Andrés Vélez. Especialmente, este trabalho deve muito aos queridos Julio Bacha e Luciana Thomaz! Sou grato ainda aos professores Staffan Müller-Wille, Hjalmar Fors, Hasok Chang, Piyo Rattansi, Olof Ljungström, Luci Banks-Leite e Eliseo Reategui que generosa e entusiasticamente discutiram diferentes aspectos deste trabalho. Aos Professores do Programa e do CESIMA tenho imensa gratidão pelo alto rigor e intensidade com que encaram a prática de ensino e pesquisa. Gostaria de enfatizar minha profunda gratidão, admiração e deferência pelas Professoras Ana Maria Alfonso-Goldfarb e Márcia Ferraz. Continuo profundamente inspirado por vocês. Obrigado pela intensidade em tudo! À Silvia Waisse, minha orientadora. Meu profundo agradecimento. Sou muito grato pela crítica rigorosa e primorosa em todos o níveis, pela reflexão estimulante e pelas discordâncias que marcaram a feição deste trabalho e da minha formação. 6 RESUMO Este trabalho tem por objeto os conceitos de ‘raça americana’ e de ‘saber selvagem’ nos trabalhos do estudioso bávaro Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius (1794-1868). Tais conceitos emergiram, em larga medida, da investigação integrada dos conceitos científicos e das dinâmicas sócio históricas que circunscreveram os trabalhos do estudioso bávaro. Dessa forma, a tese evidencia as condições de possibilidade geopolíticas e intelectuais para o desenvolvimento da ciência de von Martius; bem como a maneira pela qual Martius articulou (1) o conceito de ‘raça americana’ – caracterização ampla para os povos nativos das Américas no período – como parte de sua ‘história natural do homem’; uma história natural complexa, pois reunia procedimentos e temas aparentemente díspares, como medicina, botânica, teologia, filologia e mitologia; e 2) o ‘saber do selvagem’, um conceito semanticamente alinhado ao de ‘ruínas’ e que encontrava nas práticas xamânicas uma das suas principais formas de expressão. Palavras-chave: Carl von Martius; Raça americana; Saber selvagem; História natural; Naturphilosophie; Ruínas 7 RUINS OF PEOPLE: ‘AMERICAN RACE’ AND ‘SAVAGE KNOWLEDGE’ IN THE WORKS OF CARL VON MARTIUS (1794-1868) ABSTRACT This study addresses the concepts of ‘American race’ and ‘savage knowledge’ in the works of the Bavarian scholar Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius (1794-1868). These concepts emerged as the result of an integrated investigation of the scientific notions and socio-historical dynamics that circumscribed Martius’ works. The dissertation evidences the geopolitical and intellectual conditions of possibility for the development of von Martius’ science, as well as how he articulated (1) the concept of ‘American race’ – a broad characterization of the native peoples of the Americas rooted in a complex natural history which brought together seemingly disparate fields of knowledge, such as medicine, botany, theology, philology and mythology; and (2) the ‘savage knowledge,’ a concept semantically aligned to the notion of ‘ruins,’ which found in shamanic practice one of its principal modes of expression. Keywords: Carl von Martius; American race; Savage knowledge; Natural history; Naturphilosophie; Ruins 8 SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO.................................................................................................................14 CAPÍTULO 1 - REDES, PATRONAGEM E FONTES DA CIÊNCIA DE MARTIUS: UMA PRIMEIRA APROXIMAÇÃO COM O ‘SELVAGEM’ 1.1. ‘Ao encontro dos selvagens’........................................................................22 1.2. Patronagem, redes e nações em construção..............................................30 1.2.1. Terras germânicas em fragmentos..........................................................33 1.2.2. Martius, a rede germânica romântica e a Naturphilosophie.....................37 1.2.3. Em construção: o império do Brasil e a ciência de Martius.......................51 1.3. Fontes ibéricas e o lugar da ‘raça americana’.............................................63 1.4. Anglo-saxões, franceses e neerlandeses: uma rede estendida e fontes para o estudo da ‘raça americana’.......................................................................74 CAPÍTULO 2 - RAÇA E HISTÓRIA NATURAL DO ‘HOMEM AMERICANO’ NA OBRA DE VON MARTIUS 2.1. Martius, Linné, Blumenbach e os parâmetros raciais para se escrever a história do Brasil..........................................................................................81 2.2. Critérios de classificação/comparação racial nos escritos de Martius..........89 2.2.1. Raça, parte 1: fisionomia e anatomia.......................................................89 2.2.2. Raça, parte 2: sobre a pigmentação da pele e suas misturas..................96 2.2.3. Raça, parte 3: humores e ambientes.......................................................99 2.3. Poligenia e Monogenia..............................................................................103 2.4. Martius e a crítica de uma ‘história natural do homem americano’.............107 2.4.1. Teorias migratórias e o encontro com o ‘Oriente’ como base de uma ‘ciência antiga’.......................................................................................110 9 2.5. Uma ‘história natural do homem’, ou a ‘ciência do homem’ como campo mais amplo de recepção das ideias de Martius......................................112 2.5.1. O debate em torno das teorias degenerativas........................................115 CAPÍTULO 3 - ENTRE ROUSSEAU E AS RUÍNAS 3.1. As ruínas de Martius e Rousseau em ‘ruínas’............................................125 3.1.1. Rousseau e o ‘estado de natureza’........................................................125 3.2. Elos de integração do pensamento de Martius..........................................132 3.3. Caminhos da inflexão em Martius..............................................................134 3.3.1. Rousseau estava errado, parte I: Frei Apolônio (1831)..........................134 3.3.2. Rousseau estava errado, parte II: “O Estado do Direito entre os autóctones do Brasil” (1832)..................................................................140 3.3.2.1. Ruínas, ou como ler os ‘restos’.........................................................142 3.3.2.2. Geologia e teodiceia.........................................................................148 3.3.3. Rousseau estava errado, parte III: “A etnografia da América” (1867).....150 3.3.3.1. Plantas, animais e selvagens domesticados....................................150 3.3.3.2. Monumentos e arquitetura: quão velho é o “Novo Mundo”?.............165 3.3.3.3. Os mitos e a antiguidade dos americanos........................................170 3.3.3.4. Por que decaiu a ‘raça americana’?.................................................174 CAPÍTULO 4 - SOBRE ESPIRAIS E FENÔMENOS PRIMEVOS PARTE I: A ‘tendência espiral’ das plantas e a tendência romântica de Martius 4.1. Da espiral indígena à espiralidade da natureza.........................................182 4.1.1. Goethe e Martius em torno da espiral ou a espiralidade como ‘lei’.........187 PARTE II: Fenômenos primevos, ou Urphänomen 4.2. A planta primordial (Urpflanze)..................................................................200 10 4.3. Do paraíso a Babel: a língua primordial (Ursprache) e a diversidade de línguas nas Américas................................................................................205 4.3.1. Vestígios de práticas e saberes antigos.................................................210
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