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Module 1 Lesson 02: History of Neuroscience Overview

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Module 1 Lesson 02: History of Neuroscience Overview Module 1 Lesson 02: History of Neuroscience Overview 1 - Students will be able to state early views of the brain. 2 - Students will be able to explain Galen’s views on ventricular localization of brain function. 3 - Students will be able to explain the ideas set forth by Rene Descartes. 4 - Students will be able to describe contributions towards the notion of electrical signaling in nerves to the brain. 5 -Students will be able to describe the discovery of localization within the cerebral cortex. 6 - Students will be able to explain the Nissl and Golgi stains. 7 - Students will be able to explain the neuron doctrine and its significance. 8 - Students will be able to describe the contributions of Otto Loewi to understanding of neurotransmission. 2 Growing Views of the Brain As history has progressed, our understanding of the brain has continued to develop ● Ancient scholars proposed theories addressing the role of the brain ● Renaissance scholars explored the nature of the mind and experience ● 19 and 20th century scholars studied detailed properties of the nervous system Mind Body Dualism Chris Palmer Science wikipedia Writer Growing Views of the Brain As history has progressed, our understanding of the brain has continued to develop ● Ancient scholars proposed theories addressing the role of the brain ● Renaissance scholars explored the nature of the mind and experience ● 19 and 20th century scholars studied detailed properties of the nervous system Mind Body Dualism Chris Palmer Science wikipedia Writer Early Views of the Brain: 1 Egyptians & The Ancient Greeks Ancient Views of the Brain Hippocrates 500 B.C. Aristotle 380 B.C. Galen 130 A.D. Descartes 1500s What is the role of the What is the role of the How does the structure How do we reconcile brain? brain? of the brain give rise to the non-physical mind its function? and physical brain? Brenton Bussinger (2015) Curious John Kaag (2019) New York Times Systems ‘Need a New Self-Help Guru? Try Lapham's quarterly Andrea Borghini (2019) ThoughtCo Aristotle’ ‘René Descartes' "Proofs of God's Existence.”’ Trepanation ● Over 7000 years ago, trepanation was used as a medical treatment ○ Boring holes into skull of living patients ○ Thought to be used as a treatment for headaches and psychiatric disorders ● Image shows a healed skull Bear, Mark F. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus: The Brain ● It contains the first written form of “brain” and describes what we Egyptian hieroglyphic recognize as the meninges and for “brain” cerebrospinal fluid. ● It noted "the pulsations of the exposed brain" and compared the Egyptian hieroglyphic surface of the brain to the rippling for “cerebrospinal fluid” surface of copper slag. Eric Chudler Neuroscience for kids What is the role of the brain? Aristotle: The heart is the center of intellect, and the brain is a radiator for cooling blood. Hippocrates: The brain is involved in sensation and is the seat of intelligence. John Kaag (2019) New York Times ‘Need a New Self-Help Guru? Try Brenton Bussinger (2015) Curious Aristotle’ Systems 2 Galen: Ventricular Localization of Brain Function Who Was Galen? ● Claudius Galenus, a Roman physician, lived from 129 A.D. to 201 A.D. ● He regarded anatomy as the foundation of medical knowledge, countering the religious and supernatural explanations for illness. ○ Advocated for the Hippocratic view of brain function ● Gained access to human tissue as a physician to gladiators Lapham's quarterly What is the role of the brain? ● Sought to elucidate brain function by analyzing structure ○ Proposed that cerebrum must receive sensations and the cerebellum must command muscles ● Studied effects of brain lesions in both animal and human subjects ○ “Squealing pig” demonstration - cut live pig/caused it to squeal, then cut nerves innervating vocal Mindvalley (2018) ‘Cerebrum Vs cord to make it stop Cerebellum: What Is The Difference?’ Galen and the Ventricular Theory ● How does the brain receives sensations to move limbs? ● To answer this, Galen opened up the brain ○ Discovered that it was hollow ● Believed the fluid here was the medium for communication between the brain and body ● Claimed that sensations were registered and motions willed via the movement of fluid through the ventricles Ibn Sina (980) Ventricular theory of sensation and perception De generatione embryonis Growing Views of the Brain As history has progressed, our understanding of the brain has continued to develop ● Ancient scholars proposed theories addressing the role of the brain ● Renaissance scholars explored the nature of the mind and experience ● 19 and 20th century scholars studied detailed properties of the nervous system Mind Body Dualism Chris Palmer Science wikipedia Writer Neuroscience During 3 the Renaissance Who Was René Descartes? ● Born in France, he initially pursued a career in law before discovering his passion for engineering and mathematics. ● He studied a wide variety of topics such as dualism, physiology and psychology, moral philosophy, religion, natural science, and animals. ● Most widely remembered for the development of Cartesian geometry and pioneered “standard mathematical notation” Andrea Borghini (2019) ThoughtCo ‘René Descartes' "Proofs of God's Existence.”’ René Descartes and Mind-Body Dualism ● Believed the Galen’s ideas on the role of the ventricles and CSF were a good way to describe mechanistic aspects of the brain ○ Unable to describe the workings of the mind ● Believed the mind is spiritual and received commands from the brain via communication with the pineal gland ● Introduced the idea of mind-body dualism Mind Body Dualism wikipedia René Descartes and Animal Spirits ● Proposed that liquid flows through hollow nerves to control motor function ○ Previous scientists thought weightless/non-physical spirits flowed through ● No difference between humans and animals other than complexity and soul ○ Believed that mechanisms of neuronal function could and should be studied mechanistically Mind Body Dualism wikipedia New Anatomical Descriptions Dissections done during the Renaissance gave rise to new anatomical descriptions detailing matter types, lobes, and subdivisions of the nervous system. Bear, Mark F. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain 4 Contributions to Electrical Signaling in Nerves Growing Views of the Brain As history has progressed, our understanding of the brain has continued to develop ● Ancient scholars proposed theories addressing the role of the brain ● Renaissance scholars explored the nature of the mind and experience ● 19 and 20th century scholars studied detailed properties of the nervous system Mind Body Dualism Chris Palmer Science wikipedia Writer Electrophysiological Views of the Brain Galvani (DATE) Charles Bell (DATE) Magendie (DATE) How does electricity Do sensory and motor nerves How do sensory nerves activate nerves? use the same pathways to travel? transmit information? The Electrical Revolution ● In 1751, Benjamin Franklin published Experiments and Observations on Electricity ● Provided a new understanding of electricity ● Motivated experiments that studied electrical properties of biological systems The Top 10 Significant Figures Who Helped Found America Luigi Aloisio Galvani ● In the late 1700s, Galvani discovered that muscular movement in a frog can be induced by electricity. ● He knew artificial sources of electricity could cause muscle twitching but proved that natural electricity (lightning) can too. Luigi Aloisio Galvani wikipedia Experiment ● Galvani prepared nerves and connected them to long wires directed towards the sky ● He realized that the muscles contracted in correspondence with lightning , making the frogs “dance” Hypothesis: Negatively-charged muscles form a complete circuit with our positively-charged surroundings, creating an electric flow that contracts muscle. Luigi Aloisio Galvani wikipedia “Discussion Question After his first experiment, Galvani wanted to test whether or not electrical information can be transmitted between nerves without metals. He attached two sciatic nerves and stimulates one. What effect (if any) do you “ think this had on the second nerve? 26 Experiment ● Galvani prepared another set of frog legs each with sciatic nerves attached (nerves connected two legs) ● Realized when the first nerve was in contact with the second, muscle contraction occured in both simultaneously Hypothesis: Nerve cells can communicate via biological electricity. Sir Charles Bell In the early 1800s, Bell studied the functions of different nerves. ● Wanted to know if signals to muscles used same wires as sensory signals ● Cut each root individually and observed effect ● Found that cutting the ventral root only caused muscle paralysis ● Bell identified the functions of motor and sensory nerves Bell C (1798): Vol. 1. Edinburgh: Mundell & Son; Glasgow: J Mundell. Bell - Magendie ● After Bell’s experiments, french physiologist Magendie contributed this idea ● Showed that dorsal roots carry sensory information to the spinal cord ● Bell and magendie concluded together that each nerve contains a mixture of wires that bring information to and from the brain 5 Localization of Brain Function Anatomical Views of the Brain Gall 1700s Broca 1800s Nissl 1800s Golgi 1800s Ramon y Cajal What do bumps on How does brain How can neurons How are 1800s the brain say about damages cause in the brain be neurons How are neurons personality? aphasia? visualized? anatomically anatomically structured? Franz Gall wikipedia structured? Encyclopedia Britannica Franz Nissl Camillo Golgi Santiago
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