Module 1 Lesson 02: History of Neuroscience Overview
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Bibliothèque De Flers Et À Divers
BEAUSSANT LEFÈVRE Commissaires-Priseurs Bibliothèque de Flers et à divers Alain NICOLAS Expert PARIS – DROUOT – 13 JUIN 2014 Ci-dessus : Voltaire, n° 203 En couverture : Mucha - Flers, n° 168 BIBLIOTHÈQUE DE FLERS et à divers VENDREDI 13 JUIN 2014 à 14 h Par le ministère de Mes Eric BEAUSSANT et Pierre-Yves LEFÈVRE Commissaires-Priseurs associés Assistés de Michel IMBAULT BEAUSSANT LEFÈVRE Société de ventes volontaires Siren n° 443-080 338 - Agrément n° 2002-108 32, rue Drouot - 75009 PARIS Tél. : 01 47 70 40 00 - Télécopie : 01 47 70 62 40 www.beaussant-lefevre.com E-mail : [email protected] Assistés par Alain NICOLAS Expert près la Cour d’Appel de Paris Assisté de Pierre GHENO Archiviste paléographe Librairie « Les Neuf Muses » 41, Quai des Grands Augustins - 75006 Paris Tél. : 01.43.26.38.71 - Télécopie : 01.43.26.06.11 E-mail : [email protected] PARIS - DROUOT RICHELIEU - SALLE n° 7 9, rue Drouot - 75009 Paris - Tél. : 01.48.00.20.20 - Télécopie : 01.48.00.20.33 EXPOSITIONS – chez l’expert, pour les principales pièces, du 5 au 10 Juin 2014, uniquement sur rendez-vous – à l’Hôtel Drouot le Jeudi 12 Juin de 11 h à 18 h et le Vendredi 13 Juin de 11 h à 12 h Téléphone pendant l’exposition et la vente : 01 48 00 20 07 Ménestrier, n° 229 CONDITIONS DE LA VENTE Les acquéreurs paieront en sus des enchères, les frais et taxes suivants : pour les livres : 20,83 % + TVA (5,5 %) = 21,98 % TTC pour les autres lots : 20,83 % + TVA (20 %) = 25 % TTC La vente est faite expressément au comptant. -
Outcomes in Neuroscience Education: Modular Theory and Network Theory Thomas Romanchek
Outcomes in Neuroscience Education: Modular Theory and Network Theory Thomas Romanchek A Prelude to Modular Theory and lectures of Gall, his collaborators, and his students Few can contest the complicated and interdisci- spread throughout the English-speaking world during the plinary origins of neuroscientific study, as its precise date of 19th century and fomented a number of debates about the birth is obscure. However, it is important to place the first methods employed to justify the major principles of phre- true and deliberate neuroscience studies in proper histori- nology (Yildirim & Sarikcioglu, 2004). Physiologist Jean cal context so we can fully appreciate and understand why Pierre Flourens performed experimental brain excisions topics were studied through the lens of modular theory. on pigeons and Ancient Egyptians considered the brain and its organic observed their projections to be little more than waste, instead believing consequential that the true “seat of the soul” was the heart (Chudler, n.d.). behavior to This view was replicated in early Greek and biblical texts demonstrate but represented the consolidation of personality and human that the defined character into physiological terms. Later, Hippocrates brain regions and his followers rebuked this dogma in early physiology, in phrenology instead arguing that the brain was the major control center had little experi- for the body and possessed three ventricles, each of which mental backing. Figure 2: Blausen.com staff (2014). Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014 [png]. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brain#/media/File:Blausen_0102_ was responsible for a different mental faculty: imagination, These ablations, Brain_Motor&Sensory_(flipped).png reason, and memory (Chudler, n.d.). -
Peter Kropotkin and the Social Ecology of Science in Russia, Europe, and England, 1859-1922
THE STRUGGLE FOR COEXISTENCE: PETER KROPOTKIN AND THE SOCIAL ECOLOGY OF SCIENCE IN RUSSIA, EUROPE, AND ENGLAND, 1859-1922 by ERIC M. JOHNSON A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (History) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) May 2019 © Eric M. Johnson, 2019 The following individuals certify that they have read, and recommend to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies for acceptance, the dissertation entitled: The Struggle for Coexistence: Peter Kropotkin and the Social Ecology of Science in Russia, Europe, and England, 1859-1922 Submitted by Eric M. Johnson in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Examining Committee: Alexei Kojevnikov, History Research Supervisor John Beatty, Philosophy Supervisory Committee Member Mark Leier, History Supervisory Committee Member Piers Hale, History External Examiner Joy Dixon, History University Examiner Lisa Sundstrom, Political Science University Examiner Jaleh Mansoor, Art History Exam Chair ii Abstract This dissertation critically examines the transnational history of evolutionary sociology during the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. Tracing the efforts of natural philosophers and political theorists, this dissertation explores competing frameworks at the intersection between the natural and human sciences – Social Darwinism at one pole and Socialist Darwinism at the other, the latter best articulated by Peter Alexeyevich Kropotkin’s Darwinian theory of mutual aid. These frameworks were conceptualized within different scientific cultures during a contentious period both in the life sciences as well as the sociopolitical environments of Russia, Europe, and England. This cross- pollination of scientific and sociopolitical discourse contributed to competing frameworks of knowledge construction in both the natural and human sciences. -
Cajal's Law of Dynamic Polarization: Mechanism and Design
philosophies Article Cajal’s Law of Dynamic Polarization: Mechanism and Design Sergio Daniel Barberis ID Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Instituto de Filosofía “Dr. Alejandro Korn”, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, PO 1406, Argentina; sbarberis@filo.uba.ar Received: 8 February 2018; Accepted: 11 April 2018; Published: 16 April 2018 Abstract: Santiago Ramón y Cajal, the primary architect of the neuron doctrine and the law of dynamic polarization, is considered to be the founder of modern neuroscience. At the same time, many philosophers, historians, and neuroscientists agree that modern neuroscience embodies a mechanistic perspective on the explanation of the nervous system. In this paper, I review the extant mechanistic interpretation of Cajal’s contribution to modern neuroscience. Then, I argue that the extant mechanistic interpretation fails to capture the explanatory import of Cajal’s law of dynamic polarization. My claim is that the definitive formulation of Cajal’s law of dynamic polarization, despite its mechanistic inaccuracies, embodies a non-mechanistic pattern of reasoning (i.e., design explanation) that is an integral component of modern neuroscience. Keywords: Cajal; law of dynamic polarization; mechanism; utility; design 1. Introduction The Spanish microanatomist and Nobel laureate Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934), the primary architect of the neuron doctrine and the law of dynamic polarization, is considered to be the founder of modern neuroscience [1,2]. According to the neuron doctrine, the nerve cell is the anatomical, physiological, and developmental unit of the nervous system [3,4]. To a first approximation, the law of dynamic polarization states that nerve impulses are exactly polarized in the neuron; in functional terms, the dendrites and the cell body work as a reception device, the axon works as a conduction device, and the terminal arborizations of the axon work as an application device. -
The Churchlands' Neuron Doctrine: Both Cognitive and Reductionist
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231998559 The Churchlands' neuron doctrine: Both cognitive and reductionist Article in Behavioral and Brain Sciences · October 1999 DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X99462193 CITATIONS READS 2 20 1 author: John Sutton Macquarie University 139 PUBLICATIONS 1,356 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by John Sutton on 06 August 2014. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. All in-text references underlined in blue are added to the original document and are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately. The Churchlands’ neuron doctrine: both cognitive and reductionist John Sutton Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22 (1999), 850-1. [email protected] http://johnsutton.net/ Commentary on Gold & Stoljar, ‘A Neuron Doctrine in the Philosophy of Neuroscience’, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22 (1999), 809-869: full paper and commentaries online at: http://www.stanford.edu/~paulsko/papers/GSND.pdf Abstract: According to Gold and Stoljar, one cannot both consistently be reductionist about psychoneural relations and invoke concepts developed in the psychological sciences. I deny the utility of their distinction between biological and cognitive neuroscience, suggesting that they construe biological neuroscience too rigidly and cognitive neuroscience too liberally. Then I reject their characterization of reductionism: reductions need not go down past neurobiology straight to physics, and cases of partial, local reduction are not neatly distinguishable from cases of mere implementation. Modifying the argument from unification-as-reduction, I defend a position weaker than the radical, but stronger than the trivial neuron doctrine. -
Luigi Luciani (1840-1919) - the Italian Claude Bernard with German Shaping, and His Studies on the Cerebellum with Projections to Nowadays
Rev Bras Neurol. 55(3):33-37, 2019 NOTA HISTÓRICA Luigi Luciani (1840-1919) - the Italian Claude Bernard with German shaping, and his studies on the cerebellum with projections to nowadays. Luigi Luciani (1840-1919) - o italiano Claude Bernard com formação alemã, e seus estudos sobre o cerebelo com projeções na atualidade. RESUMO ABSTRACT Luigi Luciani (1840-1919) was an illustrious Italian citizen and physio- Luigi Luciani (1840-1919) foi um ilustre cidadão e fisiologista italia- logist whose research scope covered mainly cardiovascular subjec- no, cujo escopo de pesquisa abrangia principalmente assuntos car- ts, the nervous system, and fasting. He published in 1891 a modern diovasculares, sistema nervoso e jejum. Ele publicou em 1891 um landmark of the study of cerebellar physiology - “Il cervelletto: nuo- marco moderno do estudo da fisiologia do cerebelo - “Il cervelletto: vistudi di normal and pathología physiology” / “The cerebellum: new nuovistudi di fisiologia normale and patologica” / ”O cerebelo: novos studies on normal and pathological physiology.” In his experiment, estudos sobre fisiologia normal e patológica”. Em seu experimento, a dog survived after cerebellectomy, reporting a triad of symptoms um cão sobreviveu após a cerebelectomia, com o relatório de uma (asthenia, atonia, and astasia). In this way, the eminent neurophy- tríade de sintomas (astenia, atonia e astasia). Dessa maneira, o emi- siologist improved the operative technique and sterile processes to nente neurofisiologista aprimorou a técnica operatória e os proces- -
Richard Scheller and Thomas Südhof Receive the 2013 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award
Richard Scheller and Thomas Südhof receive the 2013 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award Jillian H. Hurst J Clin Invest. 2013;123(10):4095-4101. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI72681. News Neural communication underlies all brain activity. It governs our thoughts, feelings, sensations, and actions. But knowing the importance of neural communication does not answer a central question of neuroscience: how do individual neurons communicate? We know that communication between two neurons occurs at specialized cell junctions called synapses, at which two communicating neurons are separated by the synaptic cleft. The presynaptic neuron releases chemicals, known as neurotransmitters, into the synaptic cleft in which neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the surface of the postsynaptic neuron. Neurotransmitter release occurs in response to an action potential within the sending neuron that induces depolarization of the nerve terminal and causes an influx of calcium. Calcium influx triggers the release of neurotransmitters through a specialized form of exocytosis in which neurotransmitter-filled vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane of the presynaptic nerve terminal in a region known as the active zone, spilling neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. By the 1950s, it was clear that brain function depended on chemical neurotransmission; however, the molecular activities that governed neurotransmitter release were virtually unknown until the early 1990s. This year, the Lasker Foundation honors Richard Scheller (Genentech) and Thomas Südhof (Stanford University School of Medicine) for their “discoveries concerning the molecular machinery and regulatory mechanisms that underlie the rapid release of neurotransmitters.” Over the course of two decades, Scheller […] Find the latest version: https://jci.me/72681/pdf News Richard Scheller and Thomas Südhof receive the 2013 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award Neural communication underlies all Setting the stage um-driven action potentials elicited neu- brain activity. -
From the Neuron Doctrine to Neural Networks
LINK TO ORIGINAL ARTICLE LINK TO INITIAL CORRESPONDENCE other hand, one of my mentors, David Tank, argued that for a true understanding of a On testing neural network models neural circuit we should be able to actu- ally build it, which is a stricter definition Rafael Yuste of a successful theory (D. Tank, personal communication) Finally, as mentioned in In my recent Timeline article, I described existing neural network models have enough the Timeline article, one will also need to the emergence of neural network models predictive value to be considered valid or connect neural network models to theories as an important paradigm in neuroscience useful for explaining brain circuits.” (REF. 1)). and facts at the structural and biophysical research (From the neuron doctrine to neu- There are many exciting areas of progress levels of neural circuits and to those in cog- ral networks. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 16, 487–497 in current neuroscience detailing phenom- nitive sciences as well, for proper ‘scientific (2015))1. In his correspondence (Neural enology that is consistent with some neural knowledge’ to occur in the Kantian sense. networks in the future of neuroscience network models, some of which I tried to research. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. http://dx.doi. summarize and illustrate, but at the same Rafael Yuste is at the Neurotechnology Center and org/10.1038/nrn4042 (2015))2, Rubinov time we are still far from a rigorous demon- Kavli Institute of Brain Sciences, Departments of provides some thoughtful comments about stration of any neural network model with Biological Sciences and Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA. -
Flourens, Pierre
Thomas, R. K. (2012). Flourens, Pierre. In Encyclopedia of the history of psychological theories (Vol. 1, pp. 442-443. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag Manuscript Version. ©Springer-Verlag holds the Copyright If you wish to quote from this entry you must consult the Springer-Verlag published version for precise location of page and quotation Flourens, Pierre Roger K. Thomas1 ~ (1) Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 30602-3013 Athens, GA, USA ~ Roger K. Thomas Email: [email protected] Without Abstract Basic Biographical Information Flourens (1794-1867) was born in Maureilhan, France. Somewhat of a prodigy, he earned a medical degree at the age of 19 from the Faculte de Medecine at Montpelier. Subsequently, Flourens became a protege of Georges Cuvier (1769-1832), the eminent scientific paleontologist and leader of the comparative method in organismal biology. Under Cuvier's guidance, Flourens began the work for which he is most recognized, comparative experimental brain research. Flourens articles on brain research in 1822 and 1823 were presented to the Academie des Sciences by Cuvier. These were then assembled together with a newly written preface to become Flourens' first important book, Recherches experimentales sur les proprietes et les fonctions du systeme nerveux dans les animaux vertebres (1824). By 1828, with Cuvier's sponsorship, Flourens was admitted to the Academie des Sciences, and upon Cuvier's death in 1833 and by his recommendation, Flourens was appointed secretaire perpetual of the Academie. In 1840, he was elected over Victor Hugo to the Academie de France. Flourens soon had a professorship in comparative anatomy at the museum of the Jardin de Roi, and in 1855, he was appointed professor of natural history in the College de France where he remained until his death (Pearce 2008). -
Neuron: Electrolytic Theory & Framework for Understanding Its
Neuron: Electrolytic Theory & Framework for Understanding its operation Abstract: The Electrolytic Theory of the Neuron replaces the chemical theory of the 20th Century. In doing so, it provides a framework for understanding the entire Neural System to a comprehensive and contiguous level not available previously. The Theory exposes the internal workings of the individual neurons to an unprecedented level of detail; including describing the amplifier internal to every neuron, the Activa, as a liquid-crystalline semiconductor device. The Activa exhibits a differential input and a single ended output, the axon, that may bifurcate to satisfy its ultimate purpose. The fundamental neuron is recognized as a three-terminal electrolytic signaling device. The fundamental neuron is an analog signaling device that may be easily arranged to process pulse signals. When arranged to process pulse signals, its axon is typically myelinated. When multiple myelinated axons are grouped together, the group are labeled “white matter” because of their translucent which scatters light. In the absence of myelination, groups of neurons and their extensions are labeled “dark matter.” The dark matter of the Central Nervous System, CNS, are readily divided into explicit “engines” with explicit functional duties. The duties of the engines of the Neural System are readily divided into “stages” to achieve larger characteristic and functional duties. Keywords: Activa, liquid-crystalline, semiconductors, PNP, analog circuitry, pulse circuitry, IRIG code, 2 Neurons & the Nervous System The NEURONS and NEURAL SYSTEM This material is excerpted from the full β-version of the text. The final printed version will be more concise due to further editing and economical constraints. -
History of Alzheimer's Disease
Print ISSN 1738-1495 / On-line ISSN 2384-0757 Dement Neurocogn Disord 2016;15(4):115-121 / https://doi.org/10.12779/dnd.2016.15.4.115 DND REVIEW History of Alzheimer’s Disease Hyun Duk Yang,1,2 Do Han Kim,1 Sang Bong Lee,3 Linn Derg Young,2,4,5 1Harvard Neurology Clinic, Yongin, Korea 2Brainwise Co. Ltd., Yongin, Korea 3Barun Lab Inc., Yongin, Korea 4Department of Business Administration, Cheongju University, Cheongju, Korea 5Boston Research Institute for Medical Policy, Yongin, Korea As modern society ages rapidly, the number of people with dementia is sharply increasing. Direct medical costs and indirect social costs for dementia patients are also increasing exponentially. However, the lack of social awareness about dementia results in difficulties to dementia patients and their families. So, understanding dementia is the first step to remove or reduce the stigma of dementia patients and promote the health of our community. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia. The term, ‘Alzheimer’s disease’ has been used for over 100 years since first used in 1910. With the remarkable growth of science and medical technologies, the techniques for diagnosis and treat- ment of dementia have also improved. Although the effects of the current symptomatic therapy are still limited, dramatic improvement is ex- pected in the future through the continued research on disease modifying strategies at the earlier stage of disease. It is important to look at the past to understand the present and obtain an insight into the future. In this article, we review the etymology and history of dementia and pre- vious modes of recognizing dementia. -
Recherches Sur Diderot Et Sur L'encyclopédie
Recherches sur DIDEROT et sur l’ENCYCLOPÉDIE Revue annuelle ¢ no 49 ¢ 2014 publiée avec le concours du Centre national du Livre, du conseil général de la Haute-Marne ISSN : 0769-0886 ISBN : 978-2-9520898-7-6 © Société Diderot, 2014 Toute reproduction même partielle est formellement interdite Diffusion : Amalivre 62, avenue Suffren 75015 Paris Présentation Diderot penseur politique et critique d’art sont les thèmes sur lesquels s’ouvre cette livraison des RDE. Sur ce qu’il nomme « les limites du politique », on lira la réflexion majeure de Georges Benre- kassa, retraçant les voies qui, de la question frumentaire à l’expérience russe et aux derniers écrits, l’Histoire des deux Indes et l’Essai sur Sénèque, menèrent Diderot vers une conception critique complexe de l’espace et de l’action politiques. La critique d’art ensuite ¢ et nous sommes heureux, à cette occasion, d’offrir des planches en couleurs à nos lecteurs. L’Accordée de village... On croyait que tout avait été dit sur le célèbre tableau de Greuze et sur son commentaire dans le Salon de 1761 ; à tort, car Jean et à Antoinette Ehrard, questionnant de façon neuve le propos de Diderot, font surgir de l’étude rigoureuse des mots employés et de leur sens à l’époque, une réflexion sur la paternité qui engage profondément la sensibilité diderotienne. Quelles œuvres Diderot a-t-il réellement vues lors de ses visites aux galeries de Dusseldorf et de Dresde ? Daniel Droixhe, tout en soulignant la singulière sensibilité de Diderot à la construction pictu- rale, corrige certaines des erreurs d’identification commises par le voyageur lui-même ou par ses commentateurs; l’identité des visiteurs de ces galeries signale, en outre, l’existence d’un véritable réseau de sociabilité franco-hollando-germanique.