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INTERNATIONAL CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC CHART www.stratigraphy.org International Commission on Stratigraphy v 2019/05

numerical numerical numerical numerical

Series / / Age Series / Epoch Stage / Age Series / Epoch Stage / Age

GSSP

GSSP

GSSP GSSP EonothemErathem / Eon / / Period age (Ma) EonothemErathem / Eon System/ Era / Period age (Ma) EonothemErathem / Eon System/ Era / Period age (Ma) Eonothem / EonErathem / Era System / Period GSSA age (Ma) present ~ 145.0 358.9 ±0.4 541.0 ±1.0 U/L 0.0042 M 0.0082 L/E 152.1 ±0.9 ~ 635 Upper 0.0117 Neo- 0.126 Upper Middle 157.3 ±1.0 Upper ~ 720 0.773 372.2 ±1.6 1.80 163.5 ±1.0 1000

Quaternary 166.1 ±1.2 2.58 382.7 ±1.6 168.3 ±1.3 Middle 1200 3.600 170.3 ±1.4 387.7 ±0.8 Meso- Middle proterozoic 5.333 174.1 ±1.0 1400 393.3 ±1.2 7.246 182.7 ±0.7 1600 11.63 Lower 407.6 ±2.6 13.82 190.8 ±1.0 Lower 1800 410.8 ±2.8 Proterozoic

Neogene 15.97 199.3 ±0.3 Paleo- proterozoic 2050 20.44 201.3 ±0.2 419.2 ±3.2 Pridoli 23.03 ~ 208.5 423.0 ±2.3 2300 425.6 ±0.9

Cenozoic Ludlow 27.82 Upper 427.4 ±0.5 2500 Wenlock 430.5 ±0.7 Neo- 33.9 ~ 227 433.4 ±0.8 2800 37.8 riassic ~ 237 Llandovery 438.5 ±1.1 Meso- 41.2 T archean ~ 242 440.8 ±1.2 Middle 3200 443.8 ±1.5 47.8 247.2 445.2 ±1.4 Paleo-

Olenekian Archean Lower 251.2 archean 251.902 ±0.024 Upper 56.0 3600 254.14 ±0.07 453.0 ±0.7 59.2 Eo- 259.1 ±0.5 458.4 ±0.9 archean 61.6 Phanerozoic Phanerozoic 4000 265.1 ±0.4 Middle 66.0 467.3 ±1.1 268.8 ±0.5 470.0 ±1.4

Ordovician ~ 4600 72.1 ±0.2 272.95 ±0.11 Lower 477.7 ±1.4 Units of all ranks are in the process of being defined by Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points (GSSP) for their lower boundaries, including

83.6 ±0.2 283.5 ±0.6 those of the Archean and Proterozoic, long defined by Global Standard 485.4 ±1.9 Upper 86.3 ±0.5 Stratigraphic Ages (GSSA). Italic fonts indicate informal units and 290.1 ±0.26 Stage 10 placeholders for unnamed units. Versioned charts and detailed information ~ 489.5 on ratified GSSPs are available at the website http://www.stratigraphy.org. 89.8 ±0.3 293.52 ±0.17 The URL to this chart is found below. ~ 494 Numerical ages are subject to revision and do not define units in the 93.9 298.9 ±0.15 ~ 497 Phanerozoic and the Ediacaran; only GSSPs do. For boundaries in the Upper 303.7 ±0.1 Phanerozoic without ratified GSSPs or without constrained numerical 100.5 ~ 500.5 ages, an approximate numerical age (~) is provided.

Paleozoic 307.0 ±0.1

aceous Middle Moscovian ~ 504.5 Ratified Subseries/Subepochs are abbreviated as U/L (Upper/Late), M 315.2 ±0.2 (Middle) and L/E (Lower/Early). Numerical ages for all systems except Mesozoic ~ 113.0 , upper Paleogene, , , Permian and

Cre t ~ 509 Lower Precambrian are taken from ‘A 2012’ by Gradstein

Aptian Stage 4 323.2 ±0.4 et al. (2012), those for the Quaternary, upper Paleogene, Cretaceous, ~ 125.0 Series 2 ~ 514

Cambrian Triassic, Permian and Precambrian were provided by the relevant ICS Upper Stage 3 Barremian 330.9 ±0.2 subcommissions. Lower ~ 129.4 ~ 521 Colouring follows the Commission for the ~ 132.9 Middle Visean Stage 2 Geological Map of the World (www.ccgm.org) 346.7 ±0.4 ~ 529 ~ 139.8 Chart drafted by K.M. Cohen, D.A.T. Harper, P.L. Gibbard, J.-X. Fan Lower (c) International Commission on Stratigraphy, May 2019 ~ 145.0 358.9 ±0.4 541.0 ±1.0 To cite: Cohen, K.M., Finney, S.C., Gibbard, P.L. & Fan, J.-X. (2013; updated) The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart. Episodes 36: 199-204.

URL: http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2019-05.pdf