Contributors

Abler, Thomas S. Amatea, Ellen Batchelor, Bob University of Waterloo University of Florida San Rafael, California Handsome Lake Family Leadership E-Commerce Russell, Bill Ahmed, Akbar Salahuddin Arnaud, Anke Watson, Thomas, Jr. American University University of Central Florida Saladin Organizational Justice Baugh, S. Gayle University of West Florida Alexandre, Laurien Asghar, Rob Majority and Minority Influence Antioch University Burbank, California Gender Gap Beasley, Maurine H. Optimism Goldman, Emma University of Maryland Patriarchy Avolio, Bruce J. Roosevelt, Eleanor Allen, Jessica Leary University of Nebraska, Lincoln Beggan, James K. Antioch University E-Leadership University of Louisville Sarnoff, David Theories X, Y, and Z Labeling Theory Transformational and Sociology Allen, Kathleen E. Transactional Leadership University of Saint Thomas Bekemeier, Betty Authenticity Ayman, Roya Turning Point National Program Networks and Networked Illinois Institute of Technology Office Organizations Gender Stereotypes Public Health Women’s Value Orientation Situational and Contingency Benavides, Amy J. Allen, Scott J. Approaches to Leadership National Institute of Justice Journal Tokugawa Ieyasu Antioch University Ayman-Nolley, Saba Beatles, The Truth and Reconciliation Northeastern Illinois University Sarnoff, David Commissions Children, Socialization and Xian Incident Allison, Scott T. Leadership Development in University of Richmond Benavides, Jaime L. Legacy Bainbridge, William Sims Silver Spring, Maryland Social Psychology National Science Foundation Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal Sociology Science and Technology Kroc, Ray Alston, Jr., Harry Barkeloo, Jason Bennis, Warren Antioch University DiscoverTek Research and University of Southern California Kenyatta, Jomo Consulting Management Robinson, Jackie Sociobiology of Leadership Optimism

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Berson, Yair Cherrey, Cynthia Couto, Richard A. Polytechnic University Tulane University Antioch University Dot-Com Meltdown International Leadership Narratives Association Sacred Texts Beyenbach, Johanna Networks and Networked Social Capital Theories University of Richmond Organizations Sociology Cracraft, Meredith Chia, Audrey George Mason University Bhawuk, Dharm P. S. National University of Singapore Efficacy University of Hawaii, Manoa Singapore, Founding of Individualism and Collectivism Crano, William D. Cho, Kisuk Claremont Graduate University Bishop, Elizabeth Ewha Womans University Conformity Austin, Texas Collective Action Nasser, Gamal Abdel Cuban Missile Crisis Crispo, Alexander W. Suez Crisis of 1956 Purdue University Christensen, Karen Resistance Boal, Kimberly B. Berkshire Publishing Group Texas Tech University Green Parties Crosby, Barbara C. Strategic Leadership Morgan, Arthur E. University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Leadership for the Common Good Brown, Douglas J. Christian, Diana Leafe University of Waterloo Communities Magazine Crosby, Faye J. Cognitive Structures Intentional Communities University of California, Santa Cruz Justice Brush, Candida G. Cianciolo, Anna T. Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly Boston University Yale University Women and Business Leadership Tacit Knowledge Claremont Graduate University Creativity Ciulla, Joanne B. Bryant, Thomas A. University of Richmond Curry, G. David Nicholls State University Aristotle University of Missouri, St. Louis Entrepreneurship Moral Imagination Gangs Bryson, John M. Plato Davis, John N. University of Strathclyde Clements, Carolyn Texas Tech University Leadership for the Common Good University of Richmond Organizational Dynamics Sociology Canak, William Day, David V. Middle Tennessee State University Colli, Andrea Pennsylvania State University Labor Movement Università Bocconi Leadership Development Family Businesses Caruso, David R. Dean, Kevin W. Yale University Collinson, David West Chester University Intelligence, Emotional Lancaster University Rhetoric Elizabeth I Caza, Arran Humor Deci, Edward L. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor University of Rochester Deep Change Collinson, Margaret Motivation, Intrinsic and Lancaster University Extrinsic Chandler, John W. Cromwell, Oliver Williams College Elizabeth I Decker, Scott H. Education, Higher University of Missouri, St. Louis Conger, Jay A. Gangs Chemers, Martin M. University of Southern California University of California, Santa Cruz Charismatic Theory Deerman, M. Eugenia Contingency Theories Transformational and Visionary University of Michigan Integrative Theory Leadership Christian Right Cheng, Baoyan Cook, David Den Hartog, Deanne N. Harvard University Rice University Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam Confucius Muhammad Power Distance Contributors———xxv

Denison, Rayna Erickson, Victoria Lee Gallagher, Eugene V. University of Nottingham Drew University Connecticut College Kurosawa, Akira Community Development Religion Risk Taking Deverick, David Gallant, Tricia Bertram University of Nottingham Eylon, Dafna University of San Diego Alexander the Great University of Richmond Organizational Theory Grant, Ulysses S. Legacy Ganz, Marshall Social Psychology Diaz Espino, Ovidio Harvard University Independent Author Farrar, Margery Gibbons Organizing Panama Canal, Building of University of Maryland Geirola, Gustavo Human Rights Diener, Ed Whittier College University of Illinois, Urbana- Figart, Deborah M. Guevara, Ernesto Che Champaign Richard Stockton College of Genovese, Michael A. Happiness New Jersey Loyola Marymount University Gender-Based Structure of Work Dolce, Lucia Political Science University of London Finkelstein, Barbara Gillett, Shirley Anne Nichiren University of Maryland University of Otago Education: Overview Dorfman, Peter Gender and Authority New Mexico State University Fischbein, Rebecca Glad, Betty GLOBE Research Program University of Akron University of South Carolina Implicit Leadership Theories Edgerton, Robert B. Tyrannical Leadership University of California, Los Angeles Flanagan, Richard M. Glanville, Priscilla Mau Mau Rebellion College of Staten Island, CUNY University of South Florida Nader, Ralph Eagly, Alice H. Stonewall Rebellion Roosevelt, Franklin Delano Northwestern University Glazier, Stephen D. Women and Men as Leaders Frame, Mark C. University of Nebraska, Lincoln University of Texas, Arlington Eisenmann, I. Roberto, Jr. Du Bois, W. E. B. Gender Stereotypes Independent Journalist Glickman, Harvey Free Press in Panama, Creation of Franco, Jamie L. Haverford College University of California, Santa Cruz Ejebe, Nnennia Nkrumah, Kwame Justice Massachusetts Institute of Technology Nyerere, Julius Personality and Group Roles Youth Leadership Goethals, George R. Frantz, David W. Engel, Kathy Williams College Purdue University MADRE Kennedy, John F. Change Management Women and Social Change Leadership Theories: Overview Leaderless Groups Leadership Phillips, Sam French, Robert B. Engel, Susan Goldstein, Donald M. University of the West of England, Williams College University of Pittsburgh Bristol Education, KÐ12 Pearl Harbor Friendship Engelman, Peter C. Negative Capability Goodnight, Ronald Margaret Sanger Papers Project Purdue University Gabriel, Yiannis Sanger, Margaret Laissez-Faire Leadership Imperial College Ensley, Michael Beethoven, Ludwig van Gordon, Jr., John L. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus University of Richmond Small Business Power of Ideas Parliament, British Entine, Jon Gagné, Marylène Gould, Karen RuffRun Concordia University Austin, Texas Body Shop, The Motivation, Intrinsic and Extrinsic Graham, Martha xxvi———ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LEADERSHIP

Gould, Lewis L. Hanna, William F. Hogan, Joyce University of Texas, Austin Taunton High School Hogan Assessment Systems Johnson, Lyndon Young, Brigham Big Five Personality Traits Presidential Leadership, U.S. Dominance and Submission Wilson, Woodrow Harter, Nathan Purdue University Hogan, Robert Graham, T. Scott Bureaucracy Hogan Assessment Systems Wright State University Elite Theory Big Five Personality Traits Teamwork History Dominance and Submission Spirituality Graybill, Lyn S. Hogg, Michael A. Systems Theory Center for the Study of Mind and University of Queensland Human Interaction Hartman, Erica L. Intergroup Processes Mandela, Nelson Illinois Institute of Technology Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Tutu, Desmond Situational and Contingency Theory Approaches to Leadership Obedience Green, Zachary Gabriel Social Dilemmas Alexander Institute and University Hartmann, Heidi I. Social Identity Theory of Maryland Institute for Women’s Policy Research Group Process Gender-Based Structure of Work Hollander, Edwin P. Baruch College Grint, Keith Harvey, Gordon E. Idiosyncrasy Credit Oxford University University of Louisiana Upward Influence Actor Network Theory Civil Rights Act of 1964 Constructivism Environmental Protection Agency Honig, Meredith Hitler, Adolf University of Maryland Harvey, Michael Machiavelli, Niccolo Education: Overview Nelson, Horatio Lord Washington College Ford, Henry House, Robert Gronn, Peter Literature University of Pennsylvania Monash University Moses GLOBE Research Program Distribution of Leadership Sloan, Alfred Howell, Jane Methodologies of Leadership Total Quality Management Research University of Western Ontario Hazlett, Maril Charismatic Theory Guevara Mann, Carlos University of Kansas Howell, Jon P. Panama City, Panama Carson, Rachel Panama Canal Treaties New Mexico State University Heifetz, Ronald A. Substitutes for Leadership Gunn, Geoffrey C. Harvard University Hung, Eric H. Nagasaki University Adaptive Work University of Montana East Timor, Founding of Self-Management Music Gustainis, J. Justin Hewitson, James Hunt, James G. (Jerry) Plattsburgh State University of University of Toronto Texas Tech University New York Whitefield, George Organizational Dynamics Autocratic Leadership Hickman, Gill Robinson Task Leadership D-Day University of Richmond Jonestown Mass Suicide Ianeva, Emilia Invisible Leadership California State University, Hayward Guttmann, Allen Transformistic Theory Human Rights Amherst College Hicks, Douglas A. Modern Olympics Movement Immergluck, Daniel University of Richmond Women’s Olympics Grand Valley State University Economic Justice Alinsky, Saul Hanges, Paul J. Globalization University of Maryland Jesus Irvin, Dale GLOBE Research Program Poverty and Inequality New York Theological Seminary Path-Goal Analysis Religious Studies Lee, Ann Contributors———xxvii

Iyer, Aarti Kets de Vries, Manfred Levinson, David University of California, Santa Cruz INSEAD Berkshire Publishing Group Justice Dysfunctional Leadership Freud, Sigmund Traditional Societies Jablin, Fredric M. Kibbe, Jennifer D. University of Richmond The Brookings Institution Lewis, James G. Communication Bay of Pigs Falls Church, Virginia Lombardi, Vince Kinni, Theodore B. Jakobsh, Doris R. Mayer, Louis B. The Business Reader Renison College, University of Paul, St. Waterloo Bank of America Barriers to Women’s Leadership Disney, Walt Linsky, Marty Kirkpatrick, Shelley A. Harvard University Javidan, Mansour Self-Management University of Calgary Psynapse Technologies and The GLOBE Research Program American Institutes for Research Lipman-Blumen, Jean Visionary Leadership Theory Claremont Graduate University Jensen, Knud Hot Groups Danish University of Education Knight, Andrew P. Power Sharing University of Maryland Locke, Edwin A. Path-Goal Analysis University of Maryland Johnson, Denise R. Knudsen, Christian Self-Interest Southern Illinois University, Copenhagen Business School Welch, Jack Carbondale Distinctive Competence Approach Anthony, Susan B. Loh, Anthony Birth Control Kouzes, James M. Vanderbilt University Women’s Suffrage TPG Learning Systems Tiananmen Square Follower-Oriented Leadership Johnson, Russell E. London, Kellan University of Akron Küpers, Wendelin M. Claremont Graduate University Leader Categorization Theory University of Hagen Ethics, Contemporary Arts Johnstone, Robert M. Long, Thomas L. Learning Organization Thomas Nelson Community College Earlham College Socio-Emotional Leadership Jefferson, Thomas Utopian Leaders Lacassagne, Marie-Francoise Lord, Robert G. Jones, Jeffrey W. University of Bourgogne University of Akron University of North Carolina, Intergroup Processes Greensboro Attribution Processes Stalin, Josef Lammers, Matt Implicit Leadership Theories University of Missouri, Columbia Leader Categorization Theory Jones, Michelle D. Farm Worker Movement Schemata, Scripts, and Mental Providence College Models Connective Leadership Langman, Lauren Loyola University of Chicago Lowe, Kevin B. Kahai, Surinder S. Alienation University of North Carolina, Binghamton University Marx, Karl Greensboro E-Leadership Cross-Cultural Leadership Leavitt, Harold J. Keeping, Lisa M. Stanford Graduate School of Luker, Ralph E. Wilfrid Laurier University Business Atlanta, Georgia Cognitive Structures Hot Groups King, Martin Luther, Jr. Kelley, Robert E. Lefebure, Leo D. Luthans, Fred Carnegie Mellon University Fordham University University of Nebraska, Lincoln Followership Buddha Resiliency Kessler, Paul R. Leonard, Herman B. Malen, Betty The Syncretics Group Inc. Harvard University University of Maryland Race to the South Pole Crisis Education: Overview xxviii———ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LEADERSHIP

Malone, David B. Meschke, Amy Norris-Watts, Christina Wheaton College Southern Methodist University University of Akron Graham, Billy Pueblo Revolt Attribution Processes Manning, Tracey T. Metcalf, William J. Norton, Sydney Jane University of Maryland Griffith University St. Louis Art Museum Modeling and Leading by Intentional Communities Picasso, Pablo Example Miller, Charles E. O’Connor, Karen Marcy, Richard T. Northern Illinois University American University University of Oklahoma Group Decision Rules Women and Political Leadership Malcolm X Monroe, Theresa Offermann, Lynn R. Markham, J. David University of San Diego George Washington University International Napoleonic Society Boundaries and Authority Empowerment Napoleon Leader-Follower Relationships Moore, Justin Markus, Michael J. O’Shea, Patrick Gavan Williams College University of Richmond American Institutes for Research Coaching Legacy Altruism Social Psychology Morillo, Stephen Ospina, Sonia Marty, Martin E. Wabash College Wagner Graduate School of Public University of Chicago Charlemagne Service Luther, Martin Morrell, Kelley E. Qualitative Methods Matthew, Cynthia Trapani Harvard University Palazzolo, Daniel J. Yale University Lee, Robert E. University of Richmond Intelligence, Verbal Motivational Contagion Congressional Leadership Matthews, Jeffrey J. Morrell, Stephen O. Park, Jacob University of Puget Sound Barry University Green Mountain College Lewis and Clark Expedition Lee, Robert E. Winfrey, Oprah Matusak, Larraine R. Mukherjee, Anup Parks, Craig D. LarCon Associates Jabalpur, India Washington State University Leading from Within Akbar Group Cohesiveness May, Timothy Lenin, Vladimir Group Effectiveness University of Wisconsin, Madison Group Norms Mumford, Michael D. Genghis Khan Group Satisfaction University of Oklahoma Groupthink Mayo, Margarita Malcolm X Instituto de Empresa Parry, Ken W. Romance of Leadership Neider, Linda L. Griffith University University of Miami Grounded Theory McBride, David W. Power: Overview University of Nottingham Pastor, Juan Carlos Manhattan Project Neumann, Caryn E. Instituto de Empresa Ohio State University Romance of Leadership McCarthy, Catherine Chanel, Coco The Syncretics Group Inc. Friedan, Betty Pearce, Craig L. Race to the South Pole Gompers, Samuel Claremont Graduate University Shared Leadership McNutt, Mindy S. Wells-Barnett, Ida B. Wright State University Perkins, Dennis N. T. Nirenberg, John Teamwork The Syncretics Group Inc. Shinawatra University Race to the South Pole Meindl, James R. Corporate Social Responsibility State University of New York, Eupsychian Management Phillips, Julie Buffalo Leadership Effectiveness Rutgers University Romance of Leadership Theories X, Y, and Z Systems Theory Contributors———xxix

Phillips, Robert Ritter, Barbara A. Savage, Grant T. University of San Diego University of Akron Texas Tech University Organizational Theory Schemata, Scripts, and Mental Conflict Models Popper, Micha Scandura, Terri A. University of Haifa Rodgers, Diane University of Miami Israel, Founding of University of Missouri, Columbia Mentoring Psychological Substructures Civil Rights Movement Women’s Movement Schaeffer, Jill Posner, Barry Z. Ridgewood, New York Santa Clara University Roell, Craig H. Lee, Ann Follower-Oriented Leadership Georgia Southern University September 11th Price, Terry L. Carnegie, Andrew University of Richmond Rockefeller, John D. Schein, Edgar H. Dirty Hands Sears, Roebuck & Co. Catalogue Massachusetts Institute of Ethics: Overview Technology Roland, Jon Philosophy Organizational Climate and The Constitution Society Culture Prince II, Howard T. United States Constitution University of Texas, Austin Schminke, Marshall Military Rondinelli, Dennis A. University of Central Florida University of North Carolina, Organizational Justice Quinn, Robert E. Chapel Hill University of Michigan Management, Business Schriesheim, Chester A. Deep Change University of Miami Rosenbaum, Arthur Lewis Power: Overview Raven, Bertram H. Claremont McKenna College University of California, Los Angeles Gandhi, Mohandas K. Schwartz, Howard S. Power, Six Bases of Long March Elliott School of Business Reaume, Greg Mao Zedong Administration University of California, Santa Cruz Narcissistic Leadership Personality and Group Roles Ruscio, Kenneth P. University of Richmond Shamir, Boas Rechtman, Janet Trust Hebrew University Rechtman Consulting Group Followers, Motivation of Coalitions Russell, Megan S. University of Miami Shelton, Christine Renehan, John P. Mentoring Smith College Envision Leadership King, Billie Jean Youth Leadership Salamone, Frank A. Iona College Sher, Mannie Reymers, Kurt Eddy, Mary Baker Tavistock Institute State University of New York, Gregory I, St. Group and Systems Theory Morrisville Harris, William Wade Psychoanalytic Theory Ben & Jerry’s Ice Cream Mead, Margaret Shorey, Hal S. Rhodes, James R. Riverside, California National Graduate Institute for Policy Satterfield, George Hope Studies State University of New York, Morita, Akio Morrisville Suleyman the Magnificent Shteynberg, Gary Riggio, Ronald E. University of Maryland Claremont McKenna College Saucier, Paul Khalil Path-Goal Analysis Charisma Rhode Island College Sicilia, David B. Intelligence, Social Lumumba, Patrice University of Maryland Intelligences, Other Saunders, Christopher Business Riggs, Donald E. Harvard University Edison, Thomas Nova Southeastern University Apartheid in South Africa, Enron Scandal Libraries Demise of Trust Busting xxx———ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LEADERSHIP

Skowronek, Stephen Tumlin, Geoffrey R. Williams, Frank J. Yale University University of Texas Supreme Court of Rhode Island Reconstructive Leadership Military Lincoln, Abraham Smith, David A. Uhl-Bien, Mary Williams, Kim M. Baylor University University of Central Florida Harvard University Eisenhower, Dwight David Relational Leadership Racial Minorities Patton, George S. Approaches Washington, George Wilson, III, Ernest J. Useem, Michael University of Maryland Smith, Taggart University of Pennsylvannia Leadership in the Digital Age Purdue University Decision Making Wilson, Jeffrey Innovative Leadership van Engen, Marloes L. Virginia Department of Health Sneh, Itai Tilburg University Public Health John Jay College Women and Men as Leaders Castro, Fidel Vance-Trembath, Sally M. Winter, David G. Iranian Hostage Crisis University of San Francisco University of Michigan Snyder, C. R. John XXIII, Pope Achievement Motivation University of Kansas, Lawrence Coercion Vardaman, Jr., James M. Power Motivation Hope Waseda University Solomon, Robert C. Hiroshima Wirtz, Derrick University of Texas Shibusawa Eiichi University of Illinois, Urbana- Champaign Nietzsche, Friedrich Vincent, Fay Happiness Sorenson, Georgia J. Independent author University of Richmond and Sports Wood, Gabrielle M. University of Maryland von Heyking, John George Mason University Leadership Succession University of Lethbridge Mental Models Leadership Theories: Overview Politics Woodward, George Sorenson, Ritch L. Vroom, Victor H. Berkshire Publishing Group Texas Tech University Yale University Hitchcock, Alfred Conflict Decision Making: The Yanus, Alixandra B. Vroom/Yetton/Jago Models Sternberg, Robert J. American University Yale University Warshaw, Shirley Anne Woman and Political Leadership Intelligence, Verbal Gettysburg College Tacit Knowledge War on Terrorism Youssef, Carolyn M. University of Nebraska, Lincoln Strock, James M. Washington, Sylvia Hood Mother Teresa James Strock & Co. Northwestern University Resiliency Churchill, Winston Environmental Justice Reagan, Ronald Yukl, Gary Weibler, Jürgen Roosevelt, Theodore State University of New York, Albany University of Hagen Influence Tactics Thompson, Scott Democratic Leadership Team Leadership Bali, India Discourse Ethics Haile Selassie Leading at a Distance Zaccaro, Stephen J. Thorne, Diana Weir, Jennifer George Mason University Claremont McKenna College Monash University Efficacy Intelligence, Social Shaka Zulu Mental Models Tjosvold, Dean Werther, Jr., William B. Zalatan, Katrina A. Lingnan University University of Miami Hartwick College Competition Nonprofit Organizations Team Leadership Topping, Jenno White, Anita Zhu, Yuelin Independent Author Great Britain Sports Council Harvard University Film Industry Brighton Declaration Confucianism