DOCSLIB.ORG

Human-Computer Interaction 00V1 HCI FM I-Xliv.Qxd 8/16/04 5:58 PM Page Ii 00V1 HCI FM I-Xliv.Qxd 8/16/04 5:58 PM Page Iii

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Human-Computer Interaction 00V1 HCI FM I-Xliv.Qxd 8/16/04 5:58 PM Page Ii 00V1 HCI FM I-Xliv.Qxd 8/16/04 5:58 PM Page Iii 00v1_HCI_FM_i-xliv.qxd 8/16/04 5:58 PM Page i Berkshire Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction 00v1_HCI_FM_i-xliv.qxd 8/16/04 5:58 PM Page ii 00v1_HCI_FM_i-xliv.qxd 8/16/04 5:58 PM Page iii Berkshire Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction VOLUME1 William Sims Bainbridge Editor Great Barrington, Massachusetts U.S.A. www.berkshirepublishing.com 00v1_HCI_FM_i-xliv.qxd 8/16/04 5:58 PM Page iv Copyright © 2004 by Berkshire Publishing Group LLC All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, elec- tronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval sys- tem, without permission in writing from the publisher. Cover photo: Thad Starner sporting a wearable computer. Photo courtesy of Georgia Institute of Technology. Cover background image: Courtesy of Getty Images. For information: Berkshire Publishing Group LLC 314 Main Street Great Barrington, Massachusetts 01230 www.berkshirepublishing.com Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publishing Data Berkshire encyclopedia of human-computer interaction / William Sims Bainbridge, editor. p. cm. “A Berkshire reference work.” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-9743091-2-5 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Human-computer interaction--Encyclopedias. I. Bainbridge, William Sims. II. Title. QA76.9.H85B46 2004 004'.01'9--dc22 2004017920 00v1_HCI_FM_i-xliv.qxd 8/16/04 5:58 PM Page v BERKSHIRE PUBLISHING STAFF Project Director Karen Christensen Project Coordinators Courtney Linehan and George Woodward Associate Editor Marcy Ross Copyeditors Francesca Forrest, Mike Nichols, Carol Parikh, and Daniel Spinella Information Management and Programming Deborah Dillon and Trevor Young Editorial Assistance Emily Colangelo Designer Monica Cleveland Production Coordinator Janet Lowry Composition Artists Steve Tiano, Brad Walrod, and Linda Weidemann Composition Assistance Pam Glaven Proofreaders Mary Bagg, Sheila Bodell, Eileen Clawson, and Cassie Lynch Production Consultant Jeff Potter Indexer Peggy Holloway 00v1_HCI_FM_i-xliv.qxd 8/16/04 5:58 PM Page vi 00v1_HCI_FM_i-xliv.qxd 8/16/04 5:58 PM Page vii CONTENTS List of Entries,ix Reader’s Guide,xv List of Sidebars,xix Contributors, xxiii Introduction, xxxiii Publisher’s Note, xli About the Editor, xliii Entries Volume I: A–L 1–440 Vol II: M–W 441–826 Appendix 1: Glossary, 827 Appendix 2: Master Bibliography of Human-Computer Interaction, 831 HCI in Popular Culture, 893 Index, 931 • Index repeated in this volume, I-1 vii 00v1_HCI_FM_i-xliv.qxd 8/16/04 5:58 PM Page viii 00v1_HCI_FM_i-xliv.qxd 8/16/04 5:58 PM Page ix LIST OF ENTRIES Adaptive Help Systems Animation Artificial Intelligence Peter Brusilovsky Abdennour El Rhalibi Robert A. St. Amant Yuanyuan Shen Adaptive Interfaces Asian Script Input Alfred Kobsa Anthropology and HCI William Sims Bainbridge Allen W. Batteau Erika Bainbridge Affective Computing Ira Cohen Anthropometry Atanasoff-Berry Computer Thomas S. Huang Victor L. Paquet John Gustafson Lawrence S. Chen David Feathers Attentive User Interface Altair Application Use Strategies Ted Selker William Sims Bainbridge Suresh K. Bhavnani Augmented Cognition Alto Arpanet Amy Kruse William Sims Bainbridge Amy Kruse Dylan Schmorrow Dylan Schmorrow Allen J. Sears ix 00v1_HCI_FM_i-xliv.qxd 8/16/04 5:58 PM Page x X ❘❙❚ BERKSHIRE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION Augmented Reality Compilers Digital Divide Rajeev Sharma Woojin Paik Linda A. Jackson Kuntal Sengupta Computer-Supported Digital Government Avatars Cooperative Work Jane E. Fountain Jeremy Bailenson John M. Carroll Robin A. McKinnon James J. Blascovich Mary Beth Rosson Digital Libraries Beta Testing Constraint Satisfaction Jose-Marie Griffiths Gina Neff Berthe Y. Choueiry Drawing and Design Braille Converging Technologies Mark D. Gross Oleg Tretiakoff William Sims Bainbridge E-business Brain-Computer Interfaces Cybercommunities Norhayati Zakaria Melody M. Moore Lori Kendall Adriane D. Davis Education in HCI Brendan Z. Allison Cybersex Jan Stage David L. Delmonico Browsers Elizabeth Griffin Electronic Journals Andy Cockburn Carol Tenopir Cyborgs Cathode Ray Tubes William Sims Bainbridge Electronic Paper Technology Gregory P. Crawford Gregory P. Crawford Data Mining CAVE Mohammad Zaki Eliza Thomas DeFanti William H. Sterner Dan Sandin Data Visualization Kwan-Liu Ma E-mail Chatrooms Nathan Bos Amanda B. Lenhart Deep Blue Murray Campbell Embedded Systems Children and the Web Ronald D. Williams Dania Bilal Denial-of-Service Attack Adrian Perrig ENIAC Classrooms Abraham Yaar William Sims Bainbridge Chris Quintana Desktop Metaphor Ergonomics Client-Server Architecture Jee-In Kim Ann M. Bisantz Mark Laff Dialog Systems Errors in Interactive Behavior Cognitive Walkthrough Susan W. McRoy Wayne D. Gray Marilyn Hughes Blackmon Digital Cash Ethics Collaboratories J. D. Tygar Helen Nissenbaum Gary M. Olson 00v1_HCI_FM_i-xliv.qxd 8/16/04 5:58 PM Page xi LIST OF ENTRIES ❚❙❘ XI Ethnography Handwriting Recognition and Information Theory David Hakken Retrieval Ronald R. Kline R. Manmatha Evolutionary Engineering V. Govindaraju Instruction Manuals William Sims Bainbridge David K. Farkas Haptics Expert Systems Ralph L. Hollis Internet—Worldwide Diffusion Jay E. Aronson Barry Wellman History of Human-Computer Phuoc Tran Eye Tracking Interaction Wenhong Chen Andrew T. Duchowski Jonathan Grudin Internet in Everyday Life Facial Expressions Hollerith Card Barry Wellman Irfan Essa William Sims Bainbridge Bernie Hogan Fly-by-Wire Human-Robot Interaction Iterative Design C. M. Krishna Erika Rogers Richard Baskerville Jan Stage Fonts Hypertext and Hypermedia Thomas Detrie David K. Farkas Keyboard Arnold Holland Alan Hedge Icons Games Stephanie Ludi Language Generation Abdennour El Rhalibi Regina Barzilay Identity Authentication Gender and Computing Ashutosh P. Deshpande Laser Printer Linda A. Jackson Parag Sewalkar Gary Starkweather Geographic Information Systems Impacts Law and HCI Michael F. Goodchild Chuck Huff Sonia E. Miller Gesture Recognition Information Filtering Law Enforcement Francis Quek Luz M. Quiroga Roslin V. Hauck Martha E. Crosby Graphical User Interface Lexicon Building David England Information Organization Charles J. Fillmore Dagobert Soergel Grid Computing Liquid Crystal Displays Cavinda T. Caldera Information Overload Gregory P. Crawford Ruth Guthrie Groupware Literary Representations Timothy J. Hickey Information Retrieval William Sims Bainbridge Alexander C. Feinman Dagobert Soergel Machine Translation Hackers Information Spaces Katrin Kirchhoff Douglas Thomas Fionn Murtagh 00v1_HCI_FM_i-xliv.qxd 8/16/04 5:58 PM Page xii XII ❘❙❚ BERKSHIRE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION Markup Languages Online Education Programming Languages Hong-Gee Kim Robert S. Stephenson David MacQueen Glenn Collyer Mobile Computing Prototyping Dharma P.Agrawal Online Questionnaires Richard Baskerville James Witte Jan Stage Mosaic Roy Pargas William Sims Bainbridge Psychology and HCI Online Voting Judith S. Olson Motion Capture and Recognition R. Michael Alvarez Jezekiel Ben-Arie Thad E. Hall Recommender and Reputation Systems Mouse Ontology Cliff Lampe Shumin Zhai Christopher A. Welty Paul Resnick Movies Open Source Software Repetitive Strain Injury William Sims Bainbridge Gregory R. Madey Jack Tigh Dennerlein MUDs Optical Character Recognition Scenario-Based Design Richard Allan Bartle V. Govindaraju John M. Carroll Swapnil Khedekar Multiagent systems Search and Rescue Gal A. Kaminka Peer-to-Peer Architecture Howie Choset Julita Vassileva Multimodal Interfaces Search Engines Rajeev Sharma Pen and Stylus Input Shannon Bradshaw Sanshzar Kettebekov Alan Hedge Guoray Cai Security Personality Capture Bhavani Thuraisingham Multiuser Interfaces William Sims Bainbridge Prasun Dewan Semantic Web Physiology Bhavani Thuraisingham Musical Interaction Jennifer Allanson Christopher S. Raphael Smart Homes Judy A. Franklin Planning Diane J. Cook Sven Koenig Michael Youngblood Natural-Language Processing Michail G. Lagoudakis James H. Martin Sociable Media Pocket Computer Judith Donath Navigation William Sims Bainbridge John J. Rieser Social Informatics Political Science and HCI Howard Rosenbaum N-grams James N. Danziger James H. Martin Michael J. Jensen Social Proxies Thomas Erickson Olfactory Interaction Privacy Wendy A. Kellogg Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna Jeffrey M. Stanton 00v1_HCI_FM_i-xliv.qxd 8/16/04 5:58 PM Page xiii LIST OF ENTRIES ❚❙❘ XIII Social Psychology and HCI Task Analysis Jenny Preece Susan R. Fussell Erik Hollnagel Diane Maloney-Krichmar Sociology and HCI Telecommuting Value Sensitive Design William Sims Bainbridge Ralph David Westfall Batya Friedman Socio-Technical System Design Telepresence Video Walt Scacchi John V. Draper Immanuel Freedman Software Cultures Text Summarization Video Summarization Vaclav Rajlich Judith L. Klavans A. Murat Tekalp Software Engineering Theory Virtual Reality Richard Kazman Jon May Larry F. Hodges Benjamin C. Lok Sonification Three-Dimensional Graphics David M. Lane Benjamin C. Lok Viruses Aniko Sandor J. D. Tygar S. Camille Peres Three-Dimensional Printing William Sims Bainbridge Visual Programming Spamming Margaret M. Burnett J. D. Tygar Touchscreen Joseph R. Ruthruff Andrew L. Sears Speech Recognition Rich Goldman Wearable Computer Mary P. Harper Thad Starner V. Paul Harper Ubiquitous Computing Bradley Rhodes Olufisayo Omojokun Speech Synthesis Prasun Dewan Website Design Jan P.H. van Santen Barbara S. Chaparro Unicode Michael
Load more

Recommended publications
  • INDIANA MAGAZINE of HISTORY Volume LI JUNE,1955 Number 2
    INDIANA MAGAZINE OF HISTORY Volume LI JUNE,1955 Number 2 Hoosier Senior Naval Officers in World War I1 John B. Heffermn* Indiana furnished an exceptional number of senior of- ficers to the United States Navy in World War 11, and her sons were in the very forefront of the nation’s battles, as casualty lists and other records testify. The official sum- mary of casualties of World War I1 for the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard, covering officers and men, shows for Indiana 1,467 killed or died of wounds resulting from combat, 32 others died in prison camps, 2,050 wounded, and 94 released prisoners of war. There were in the Navy from Indiana 9,412 officers (of this number, probably about 6 per- cent or 555 were officers of the Regular Navy, about 10 per- cent or 894 were temporary officers promoted from enlisted grades of the Regular Navy, and about 85 percent or 7,963 were Reserve officers) and 93,219 enlisted men, or a total of 102,631. In the Marine Corps a total of 15,360 officers and men were from Indiana, while the Coast Guard had 229 offic- ers and 3,556 enlisted men, for a total of 3,785 Hoosiers. Thus, the overall Indiana total for Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard was 121,776. By way of comparison, there were about 258,870 Hoosiers in the Army.l There is nothing remarkable about the totals and Indiana’s representation in the Navy was not exceptional in quantity; but it was extraordinary in quality.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf • Cynthia Breazeal
    © copyright by Christoph Bartneck, Tony Belpaeime, Friederike Eyssel, Takayuki Kanda, Merel Keijsers, and Selma Sabanovic 2019. https://www.human-robot-interaction.org Human{Robot Interaction An Introduction Christoph Bartneck, Tony Belpaeme, Friederike Eyssel, Takayuki Kanda, Merel Keijsers, Selma Sabanovi´cˇ This material has been published by Cambridge University Press as Human Robot Interaction by Christoph Bartneck, Tony Belpaeime, Friederike Eyssel, Takayuki Kanda, Merel Keijsers, and Selma Sabanovic. ISBN: 9781108735407 (http://www.cambridge.org/9781108735407). This pre-publication version is free to view and download for personal use only. Not for re-distribution, re-sale or use in derivative works. © copyright by Christoph Bartneck, Tony Belpaeime, Friederike Eyssel, Takayuki Kanda, Merel Keijsers, and Selma Sabanovic 2019. https://www.human-robot-interaction.org This material has been published by Cambridge University Press as Human Robot Interaction by Christoph Bartneck, Tony Belpaeime, Friederike Eyssel, Takayuki Kanda, Merel Keijsers, and Selma Sabanovic. ISBN: 9781108735407 (http://www.cambridge.org/9781108735407). This pre-publication version is free to view and download for personal use only. Not for re-distribution, re-sale or use in derivative works. © copyright by Christoph Bartneck, Tony Belpaeime, Friederike Eyssel, Takayuki Kanda, Merel Keijsers, and Selma Sabanovic 2019. https://www.human-robot-interaction.org Contents List of illustrations viii List of tables xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 About this book 1 1.2 Christoph
    [Show full text]
  • HC17.Computer History Museum Presentation
    John Mashey Trustee www.computerhistory.org The Museum • Mission – To Preserve the Artifacts & Stories of the Information Age • Vision - Exploring the Computing Revolution and Its Impact on the Human Experience • Moving Forward: • Collecting over 25 years; started at Digital Equipment • Boston Artifacts moved to Silicon Valley in 1996 • Independent 501(c)(3) in July 1999 • New Home in Mountain View, CA in 2002 1401 N. Shoreline Dr, next to 101, with purple “on button” • June 2003: Phase 1 opened • Sept 2005: major new exhibit - Computer Chess www.computerhistory.org Our (Successive) Homes The Collection Behind the scenes: Largest collection of computing artifacts. Over 25 years of collecting! www.computerhistory.org The Collection Media Software Documentation Ephemera Hardware A World-Class Collection Lobby Exhibits: People & Innovation “Innovation 101”— Silicon Valley’s Contributions to Computer History www.computerhistory.org Exhibition Galleries: Now, Future Input/Output Now Processors Networking Visible Storage Software Storage Computing History Timeline Rotating Topical Exhibits www.computerhistory.org Virtual Visible Storage Activities • Speaker Series – History, history-in-the-making, special topics, exec briefs • Preservation Activities – Oral Histories - Active Collection of the Past – Videos & Photos - Proactive Collection for the Future • Restorations – Understand and restore environments of the past – IBM 1620; PDP-1; IBM 1401; – Many PC’s from study collection • Initial CyberMuseum – Virtual Visible Storage • Events – Seminars,
    [Show full text]
  • Mastering Board Games
    INSIGHTS | PERSPECTIVES COMPUTER SCIENCE community, with much analysis and com- mentary on the amazing style of play that Al- phaZero exhibited (see the figure). Note that Mastering board games neither the chess or shogi programs could take advantage of the TPU hardware that A single algorithm can learn to play three hard board games AlphaZero has been designed to use, making head-to-head comparisons more difficult. Chess, shogi, and Go are highly complex By Murray Campbell value in chess or shogi programs. The stron- but have a number of characteristics that gest programs in both games have relied on make them easier for AI systems. The game rom the earliest days of the computer variations of the alpha-beta algorithm, used state is fully observable; all the information era, games have been considered impor- in game-playing programs since the 1950s. needed to make a move decision is visible to tant vehicles for research in artificial in- Silver et al. demonstrated the power of the players. Games with partial observability, telligence (AI) (1). Game environments combining deep reinforcement learning such as poker, can be much more challenging, simplify many aspects of real-world with an MCTS algorithm to learn a variety although there have been notable successes problems yet retain sufficient complex- of games from scratch. The training method- in games like heads-up no-limit poker (11, 12). Fity to challenge humans and machines alike. ology used in AlphaZero is a slightly modi- Board games are also easy in other important Most programs for playing classic board fied version of that used in the predecessor dimensions.
    [Show full text]
  • Summer 2018 Full Issue the .SU
    Naval War College Review Volume 71 Article 1 Number 3 Summer 2018 2018 Summer 2018 Full Issue The .SU . Naval War College Follow this and additional works at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review Recommended Citation Naval War College, The .SU . (2018) "Summer 2018 Full Issue," Naval War College Review: Vol. 71 : No. 3 , Article 1. Available at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol71/iss3/1 This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Naval War College Review by an authorized editor of U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Naval War College: Summer 2018 Full Issue Summer 2018 Volume 71, Number 3 Summer 2018 Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 2018 1 Naval War College Review, Vol. 71 [2018], No. 3, Art. 1 Cover The Navy’s unmanned X-47B flies near the aircraft carrier USS Theodore Roo- sevelt (CVN 71) in the Atlantic Ocean in August 2014. The aircraft completed a series of tests demonstrating its ability to operate safely and seamlessly with manned aircraft. In “Lifting the Fog of Targeting: ‘Autonomous Weapons’ and Human Control through the Lens of Military Targeting,” Merel A. C. Ekelhof addresses the current context of increas- ingly autonomous weapons, making the case that military targeting practices should be the core of any analysis that seeks a better understanding of the concept of meaningful human control.
    [Show full text]
  • Sci Tech Laywer As Published
    TRYING FOR THE TRIFECTA TELEHEALTH MEETS AI MEETS CYBERSECURITY By Thomas P. Keenan he social disruption of the COVID- and chest X-rays, after about five or six world—things like Wikipedia and so on— 19 pandemic has accelerated he’s getting tired, and after ten he’s “ready and used that data to learn how to answer Ttwo powerful trends in health to go the bar.” By contrast, the machine questions about the real world.”6 care—telemedicine (TM) and artificial treats each case with unbiased, fresh eyes, Today, we think nothing of saying, “Hey intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML). giving consistent results. “It [PUFF] also Google, turn off all the lights” or “Alexa, tell Advocates of digital transformation let out knows things I haven’t a clue about,” he me a joke about rabbits,” confident that our of collective “Yes!” as long-awaited changes added. One of the many experts who AI-enabled speakers will understand and happened almost overnight in early 2020. contributed knowledge to PUFF was a obey us. Because their knowledge base and Then, the ants of cybersecurity came along tropical medicine specialist. This contri- ML functionality reside in a remote com- to spoil the picnic! bution enabled the system to spot a rare puter, our virtual assistants will keep getting First, the good news. lung problem caused by breathing bat smarter and better informed. Perhaps • Suddenly, it became acceptable to guano in Central American caves. Alexa will have a joke about “one-legged “see” your doctor electronically; PUFF was an example of a rule-based rabbits” the next time I ask “her.”7 you could even send a picture of expert system.
    [Show full text]
  • The Regental Laureates Distinguished Presidential
    REPORT TO CONTRIBUTORS Explore the highlights of this year’s report and learn more about how your generosity is making an impact on Washington and the world. CONTRIBUTOR LISTS (click to view) • The Regental Laureates • Henry Suzzallo Society • The Distinguished Presidential Laureates • The President’s Club • The Presidential Laureates • The President’s Club Young Leaders • The Laureates • The Benefactors THE REGENTAL LAUREATES INDIVIDUALS & ORGANIZATIONS / Lifetime giving totaling $100 million and above With their unparalleled philanthropic vision, our Regental Laureates propel the University of Washington forward — raising its profile, broadening its reach and advancing its mission around the world. Acknowledgement of the Regental Laureates can also be found on our donor wall in Suzzallo Library. Paul G. Allen & The Paul G. Allen Family Foundation Bill & Melinda Gates Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Microsoft DISTINGUISHED PRESIDENTIAL LAUREATES INDIVIDUALS & ORGANIZATIONS / Lifetime giving totaling $50 million to $99,999,999 Through groundbreaking contributions, our Distinguished Presidential Laureates profoundly alter the landscape of the University of Washington and the people it serves. Distinguished Presidential Laureates are listed in alphabetical order. Donors who have asked to be anonymous are not included in the listing. Acknowledgement of the Distinguished Presidential Laureates can also be found on our donor wall in Suzzallo Library. American Heart Association The Ballmer Group Boeing The Foster Foundation Jack MacDonald* Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Washington Research Foundation * = Deceased Bold Type Indicates donor reached giving level in fiscal year 2016–2017 1 THE PRESIDENTIAL LAUREATES INDIVIDUALS & ORGANIZATIONS / Lifetime giving totaling $10 million to $49,999,999 By matching dreams with support, Presidential Laureates further enrich the University of Washington’s top-ranked programs and elevate emerging disciplines to new heights.
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Masters of an Ancient Game
    AI Magazine Volume 18 Number 4 (1997) (© AAAI) Modern Masters of an Ancient Game Carol McKenna Hamilton and Sara Hedberg he $100,000 Fredkin Prize for on Gary Kasparov in the final game of tute of Technology Computer Science Computer Chess, created in a tied, six-game match last May 11. Professor Edward Fredkin to encourage T1980 to honor the first program Kasparov had beaten the machine in continued research progress in com- to beat a reigning world chess champi- an earlier match held in February 1996. puter chess. The prize was three-tiered. on, was awarded to the inventors of The Fredkin Prize was awarded un- The first award of $5,000 was given to the Deep Blue chess machine Tuesday, der the auspices of AAAI; funds had two scientists from Bell Laboratories July 29, at the annual meeting of the been held in trust at Carnegie Mellon who in 1981 developed the first chess American Association for Artificial In- University. machine to achieve master status. telligence (AAAI) in Providence, The Fredkin Prize was originally es- Seven years later, the intermediate Rhode Island. tablished at Carnegie Mellon Universi- prize of $10,000 for the first chess ma- Deep Blue beat world chess champi- ty 17 years ago by Massachusetts Insti- chine to reach international master status was awarded in 1988 to five Carnegie Mellon graduate students who built Deep Thought, the precur- sor to Deep Blue, at the university. Soon thereafter, the team moved to IBM, where they have been ever since, working under wraps on Deep Blue. The $100,000 third tier of the prize was awarded at AAAI–97 to this IBM team, who built the first computer chess machine that beat a world chess champion.
    [Show full text]
  • II. Die Amerikanische Deutschlandkonzeption Und -Politik 1918-1919
    202 II. Die amerikanische Deutschlandkonzeption und -politik 1918-1919 10. Amerikanische Friedensziele. Neue Weltordnung und globale Sicherheit 10. 1. Kollektive Sicherheit statt Kräftegleichgewicht. Präsident Wilson und die amerikanischen Friedensziele in der Phase der Neutralität Die Vereinigten Staaten traten am 6. April 1917 unter Präsident Thomas Woodrow Wilson in den Ersten Weltkrieg ein. Wilson, bis 1910 Professor und Präsident der Princeton-Universität, danach Gouverneur im Staat New Jersey, war 1912 als demokra- tischer Kandidat zum US-Präsidenten gewählt worden.1 Rhetorisch hochbegabt, legte er während des Krieges mit Idealismus und Sendungsbewußtsein die Grundlagen für eine führende Rolle der USA in der Weltpolitik, schuf die politische und ideologische Vor- aussetzung für das "amerikanische Jahrhundert".2 In seinen Reden der Jahre 1916 und 1917 und in den sogenannten Fourteen Points, Four Principles und Five Particulars des Jahres 1918 entwarf Wilson sein Friedensziel einer freiheitlichen Friedensordnung glo- baler Reichweite. Wilsons Friedensplan bildete formal und inhaltlich die Grundlage und den Maßstab für die Anrufung der USA durch die deutsche Regierung am 3. Oktober 1918, mit Abstri- chen auch für die Friedensziele der Ententemächte sowie schließlich für die letzte Note der US-Regierung an Deutschland vom 5. November 1918. Diese nach dem amerikani- schen Außenminister benannte Lansing-Note, häufig als Vorwaffenstillstandsabkom- men ("pre-Armistice-agreement") bezeichnet, bahnte den Weg zum Waffenstillstand am 11. November
    [Show full text]
  • CS415 Human Computer Interaction
    CS415 Human Computer Interaction Lecture 11 – Advanced HCI Part-2 November 4, 2015 Sam Siewert Assignments Assignment #5 – Explore HCI’s, Propose Group Project (Groups of 3) Assignment #6 – Proof-of-Concept or Evaluation with Final Report Final Oral Exam – Presentation of Project Myself, Jim Weber, Dr. Davis, Dr. Bruder Emily and Adam Molson – Controls Lab Monitors – 9-5 on Sat, 12 noon – 9pm Sun Sam Siewert 2 Reality – Hybrid of 3 Models and … HCI – GOMS + Linguistic + Physical + Intelligence Newell and Simon [CMU, AI] Power of Recursion, 1958 NSS Chess – E.g. Minimax Search Herbert Alexander Simon, (June 15, 1916 – February 9, 2001) was an American scientist and artificial intelligence pioneer, economist and psychologist. Professor, most notably, at the Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, which became an important center of AI and computer chess, ...Herbert Simon received many top-level honors, most notably the Turing Award (with Allen Newell) (1975) for his AI- contributions [1] and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations (1978) [2 Allen Newell, (March 19, 1927 - July 19, 1992) was a American researcher in computer science and pioneer in the field of artificial intelligence and chess software [1] at the Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In 1958, Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, and Herbert Simon developed the chess program NSS [2]. It was written in a high-level language. Allen Newell and Herbert Simon were co-inventors of the alpha- beta algorithm, which was independently approximated or invented by John McCarthy, Arthur Samuel and Alexander Brudno [3].
    [Show full text]
  • American Culture and Submarine Warfare in the Twentieth Century
    The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Master's Theses Summer 8-2011 Beneath the Surface: American Culture and Submarine Warfare in the Twentieth Century Matthew Robert McGrew University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/masters_theses Part of the Cultural History Commons, Military History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation McGrew, Matthew Robert, "Beneath the Surface: American Culture and Submarine Warfare in the Twentieth Century" (2011). Master's Theses. 209. https://aquila.usm.edu/masters_theses/209 This Masters Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The University of Southern Mississippi BENEATH THE SURFACE: AMERICAN CULTURE AND SUBMARINE WARFARE IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY by Matthew Robert McGrew A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Approved: Andrew A. Wiest ____________________________________ Director Andrew P. Haley ____________________________________ Michael S. Neiberg ____________________________________ Susan A. Siltanen ____________________________________ Dean of the Graduate School August 2011 ABSTRACT BENEATH THE SURFACE: AMERICAN CULTURE AND SUBMARINE WARFARE IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY by Matthew Robert McGrew August 2011 Cultural perceptions guided the American use of submarines during the twentieth century. Feared as an evil weapon during the First World War, guarded as a dirty secret during the Second World War, and heralded as the weapon of democracy during the Cold War, the American submarine story reveals the overwhelming influence of civilian culture over martial practices.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Navy Fleet Problems and the Development of Carrier
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Texas A&M Repository UNITED STATES NAVY FLEET PROBLEMS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF CARRIER AVIATION, 1929-1933 A Thesis by RYAN DAVID WADLE Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS August 2005 Major Subject: History UNITED STATES NAVY FLEET PROBLEMS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF CARRIER AVIATION, 1929-1933 A Thesis by RYAN DAVID WADLE Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Approved by: Chair of Committee, James Bradford Committee Members, R.J.Q. Adams James Olson Head of Department, Walter Buenger August 2005 Major Subject: History iii ABSTRACT United States Navy Fleet Problems and the Development of Carrier Aviation, 1929-1933. (August 2005) Ryan David Wadle, B. A., Iowa State University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. James Bradford The U.S. Navy first took official notice of aviation in 1910, but its development of carrier aviation lagged behind Great Britain’s until the 1920s. The first American aircraft carrier, the Langley, commissioned in 1919, provided the Navy with a valuable platform to explore the potential uses of carrier aviation, but was usually limited to scouting and fleet air defense in the U.S. Navy’s annual interwar exercises called fleet problems. This began to change in 1929 with the introduction of the carriers Lexington and Saratoga in Fleet Problem IX.
    [Show full text]