Salix Fragilis 'Bullata'
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Cultivated Willows Would Not Be Appropriate Without Mention of the ‘WEEPING WILLOW’
Alexander Robertson Notes on willows cultivated in Scotland and a few sketches of willows sampled from my clonal collection HISTORICAL NOTES Since the knowledge of willows is of great antiquity, it is with the ancient Greeks and Romans we shall begin, for among these people numerous written records remain. The growth habit, ecology, cultivation and utilization of willows was well— understood by Theophrastus, Ovid, Herodotus, Pliny and Dioscorides. Virgil was also quite familiar with willow, e.g. Damoetas complains that: “Galatea, saucy girl, pelts me with apples and then runs off to the willows”. ECLOGIJE III and of foraging bees: “Far and wide they feed on arbutus, pale-green willows, on cassia and ruddy crocus .. .“ GEORGICS IV Theophrastus of Eresos (370—285 B.C.) discussed many aspects of willows throughout his Enquiry into Plants including habitats, wood quality, coppicing and a variety of uses. Willows, according to Theophrastus are lovers of wet places and marshes. But he also notes certain amphibious traits of willows growing in mountains and plains. To Theophrastus they appeared to possess no fruits and quite adequately reproduced themselves from roots, were tolerant to flooding and frequent coppicing. “Even willows grow old and when they are cut, no matter at what height, they shoot up again.” He described the wood as cold, tough, light and resilient—qualities which made it useful for a variety of purposes, especially shields. Such were the diverse virtues of willow that he suggested introducing it for plant husbandry. Theophrastus noted there were many different kinds of willows; three of the best known being black willow (Salix fragilis), white willow (S. -
Salix L.) in the European Alps
diversity Review The Evolutionary History, Diversity, and Ecology of Willows (Salix L.) in the European Alps Natascha D. Wagner 1 , Li He 2 and Elvira Hörandl 1,* 1 Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants (with Herbarium), University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; [email protected] 2 College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The genus Salix (willows), with 33 species, represents the most diverse genus of woody plants in the European Alps. Many species dominate subalpine and alpine types of vegetation. Despite a long history of research on willows, the evolutionary and ecological factors for this species richness are poorly known. Here we will review recent progress in research on phylogenetic relation- ships, evolution, ecology, and speciation in alpine willows. Phylogenomic reconstructions suggest multiple colonization of the Alps, probably from the late Miocene onward, and reject hypotheses of a single radiation. Relatives occur in the Arctic and in temperate Eurasia. Most species are widespread in the European mountain systems or in the European lowlands. Within the Alps, species differ eco- logically according to different elevational zones and habitat preferences. Homoploid hybridization is a frequent process in willows and happens mostly after climatic fluctuations and secondary contact. Breakdown of the ecological crossing barriers of species is followed by introgressive hybridization. Polyploidy is an important speciation mechanism, as 40% of species are polyploid, including the four endemic species of the Alps. Phylogenomic data suggest an allopolyploid origin for all taxa analyzed Citation: Wagner, N.D.; He, L.; so far. -
Salix × Meyeriana (= Salix Pentandra × S
Phytotaxa 22: 57–60 (2011) ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ Correspondence PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2011 Magnolia Press ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) Salix × meyeriana (= Salix pentandra × S. euxina)―a forgotten willow in Eastern North America ALEXEY G. ZINOVJEV 9 Madison Ave., Randolph, MA 02368, USA; E-mail: [email protected] Salix pentandra L. is a boreal species native to Europe and western Siberia. In North America it is considered to have been introduced to about half of the US states (Argus 2007, 2010). In Massachusetts it is reported from nine of the fourteen counties (Sorrie & Somers 1999). Even though this plant may have been introduced to the US and Canada, its naturalization in North America appears to be quite improbable. Unlike willows from the related section Salix, in S. pentandra twigs are not easily broken off and their ability to root is very low, 0–15% (Belyaeva et al. 2006). It is possible to propagate S. pentandra from softwood cuttings (Belyaeva et al. 2006) and it can be cultivated in botanical gardens, however, vegetative reproduction of this species by natural means seems less likely. In North America this willow is known only by female (pistillate) plants (Argus 2010), so for this species, although setting fruit, sexual reproduction should be excluded. It is difficult to imagine that, under these circumstances, it could escape from cultivation. Therefore, most of the records for this willow in North America should be considered as collections from cultivated plants or misidentifications (Zinovjev 2008–2010). Salix pentandra is known to hybridize with willows of the related section Salix. -
Irish Vegetation Classification (IVC) Community Synopsis
Irish Vegetation Classification (IVC) www.biodiversityireland.ie/ivc Community Synopsis Scientific name Salix cinerea – Urtica dioica woodland Common name Grey Willow – Common Nettle woodland Community code WL3D Vegetation This rather variable community comprises wet woodland dominated by Salix spp. There is usually a low canopy (mean canopy height = 12.4 m, n = 32) in which Fraxinus excelsior typically accompanies the willows while Alnus glutinosa and Acer pseudoplatanus are also frequent. In the diverse field layer Rubus fruticosus agg., Hedera helix, Filipendula ulmaria, Angelica sylvestris, Urtica dioica and Dryopteris dilatata are constants while frequently found plants include Ranunculus repens, Galium aparine, Cardamine flexuosa, Agrostis stolonifera, Carex remota, Galium palustre, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium and Mentha aquatica. The bryophyte layer is composed mostly of Kindbergia praelonga, Brachythecium rutabulum and Hypnum cupressiforme. Further variation is discussed under ‘Sub-communities’ below. Ecology This community mainly occurs on wet gley soils but also on basin peats and well-drained mineral soils (mean organic content = 40.5%, n = 33). It is found almost always on flat ground in the lowlands (mean slope = 0.5°, n = 33; mean altitude = 51 m, n = 33). Conditions are relatively base-rich and quite fertile. Sub-communities Two quite distinct sub-communities have been described for this community. The Salix fragilis – Calystegia sepium sub- community (WL3Di) differs chiefly in the presence of one or more species of willow that are regarded as archaeophytes in Ireland (Salix fragilis, Salix alba, Salix viminalis or Salix triandra), although Salix cinerea is still frequent. The field layer is usually a dense tangle including Calystegia sepium, Iris pseudacorus, Oenanthe crocata, Rumex sanguineus, Phalaris arundinacea, Valeriana officinalis and Solanum dulcamara. -
Logan River at Rendezvous Park, Channel and Floodplain Restoration: Crack Willow (Salix Fragilis) Issues and Management Strategi
Logan River at Rendezvous Park, Channel and Floodplain Restoration: Crack Willow (Salix fragilis) Issues and Management Strategies Prepared May 2, 2017 by Darren Olsen, BIO-WEST, Inc. Issues Crack willow is a deciduous multi-stem tree that grows 50 to 80 feet tall and 1 to 3 feet in diameter. Its name comes from the audible ‘crack’ that occurs when branches break and fall. Easily propagated from broken twigs, this species was brought to North America from Eurasia during Colonial times, and now is invading riverine habitats in Logan, Utah. It escaped cultivation (intended plantings) and spreads easily from twigs and root suckers. Crack willow is considered invasive in 9 States, including Utah. Originally grown as individual trees in parks for fast growing shade and firewood, crack willow has spread along Cache Valley waterways into monoculture thickets. Crack willow expansion is effectively replacing many native riparian species, dominating the form and function of river channels, and impacting floodplain functions in all Cache Valley rivers. Crack willow thickets appear naturalized because the trees look old and half dead, however most trees are only 30 to 50 years old. Top ten reasons why crack willow thickets are a problem along the Logan River: • Grows rapidly and consumes large quantities of water • Creates dense closed canopy monoculture thickets • Eliminates protective grasses, sedges, rushes, and forbs from growing on streambanks • Replaces smaller more functional native shrubs, including species such as coyote willow, yellow willow, -
Floral Scent in Salix L. and the Role of Olfactory and Visual Cues for Pollinator Attraction of Salix Caprea L
Floral Scent in Salix L. and the Role of Olfactory and Visual Cues for Pollinator Attraction of Salix caprea L. Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades Vorgelegt der Fakultät für Biologie, Chemie und Geowissenschaften der Universität Bayreuth von Ulrike Füssel Bayreuth, im Oktober 2007 II Die Arbeit wurde von August 2004 bis Oktober 2007 am Ökologisch-Botanischen Garten der Universität Bayreuth in der Arbeitsgruppe von Herrn PD Dr. Gregor Aas angefertigt. Gefördert wurde die vorliegende Arbeit durch ein Stipendium der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (Graduiertenkolleg 678 – Ökologische Bedeutung von Wirk- und Signalstoffen bei Insekten – von der Struktur zur Funktion). Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät für Biologie, Chemie und Geowissenschaften der Universität genehmigten Disseration zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.). Tag der Einreichung: 24. Oktober 2007 Tag des Kolloquiums: 09. Januar 2008 Prüfungsausschuss PD Dr. G. Aas (Erstgutachter) Prof. Dr. K. H. Hoffmann (Zweitgutachter) Prof. Dr. K. Dettner (Vorsitzender) Prof. Dr. S. Liede-Schumann Prof. Dr. R. Schobert III This dissertation is submitted as a “Cumulative Thesis“ that includes four (4) publications: two (2) published articles, one (1) submitted article, and one (1) article in preparation for submission. The publications are listed in detail below. Published: • Dötterl S., Füssel U., Jürgens A., and Aas G. (2005): 1,4-Dimethoxybenzene, a floral scent compound in willows that attracts an oligolectic bee. Journal of Chemical Ecology 31:2993-2998 (Part B, Chapter 3). • Füssel U., Dötterl S., Jürgens A., and Aas G. (2007): Inter- and intraspecific variation in floral scent in the genus Salix and its implication for pollination. Journal of Chemical Ecology 33:749-765 (Part B, Chapter 1). -
Salix Diversity in Belgium and the Netherlands: the Use of Traditional Basketry As a Key Factor
Skvortsovia: 5(3): 42-55 (2020) Skvortsovia ISSN 2309-6497 (Print) Copyright: © 2020 Russian Academy of Sciences http://skvortsovia.uran.ru/ ISSN 2309-6500 (Online) Symposium proceedings Salix diversity in Belgium and the Netherlands: the use of traditional basketry as a key factor Arnout Zwaenepoel WVI (West-Vlaamse Intercommunale), Baron Ruzettelaan 35, 8310 Bruges, Belgium [email protected] Received: 14 August 2019 | Accepted by Irina Belyaeva: 8 January 2020 | Published online: 10 January 2020 Edited by: Irina Kadis, Irina Belyaeva and Keith Chamberlain Abstract In Belgium and the Netherlands more than 60 willow species, hybrids and varieties are found, of which only a limited number are native species. The majority were introduced, mainly in the 19th century, as osiers for basketry or hoop-making purposes. Since 1997 the author has tried to identify the willow diversity in Belgium and the Netherlands. In 2019 we have a good idea of the diversity, but a number of names are still uncertain due to taxonomical discussions typical for this difficult genus, with many hybrids, back-crosses and clonal cultivars. Genetic research in the future will probably resolve some of these problems. Keywords: basketry, Belgium, native and escaped willows, Netherlands, Salix diversity Introduction In Belgium and the Netherlands more than 60 willow species, hybrids and varieties are found, of which only a limited number are native species. The majority were introduced, mainly in the 19th century, as osiers for basketry or hoop-making purposes. This article gives a rough overview of the wild or escaped willow taxa in both countries. The diversity of clonal cultivars is not considered in detail. -
CHECKLIST for CULTIVARS of Salix L. (Willow)
CHECKLIST for CULTIVARS of Salix L. (willow) International Salix Cultivar Registration Authority FAO - International Poplar Commission FIRST VERSION November 2015 Yulia A. Kuzovkina ISBN: 978-0-692-56242-0 CHECKLIST for CULTIVARS of Salix L. (willow) CONTENTS Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………….3 Glossary………………………………………………………………………………………...5 Cultivar names in alphabetical order………………………………………………………..6 Cultivar names by species…………………………………………………………………...32 Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………157 References……………………………………………………………………………………157 AGM = UK Award of Garden Merit plant and other awards made by the RHS Council CPVO = Community Plant Variety Office database (https://cpvoextranet.cpvo.europa.eu/ ) IPC FAO = International Poplar Commission of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations LNWP = List of Names of Woody Plants: International Standard ENA (European Nurserystock Association) 2010–2015 or 2005–2010 by M. Hoffman. PIO = Plant Information Online (University of Minnesota) PS= PlantScope (www.plantscope.nl) RHS HD= Royal Horticultural Society Horticultural Database RHS PF = Royal Horticultural Society Plant Finder Page 2 CHECKLIST for CULTIVARS of Salix L. (willow) Introduction The Checklist for Cultivars of Salix L. includes all possible cultivar names with comments. The cultivar name entry may include the following: Epithet. Accepted names are given in bold type. Bibliography. This is presented in parentheses after the epithet whenever available and includes the original botanical name to -
Diversity and Evolution of Rosids
Oxalidales • small, heterogeneous, novel group Diversity and of 6 families - seed character? Oxalidaceae Evolution of Rosids Wood sorrels . violets, willows, and spurges . Cephalotaceae Australian pitcher plant Oxalidaceae - wood sorrels Oxalidaceae - wood sorrels 6 genera, 770 species in the tropics and temperate areas - 700 6 genera, 770 species in the tropics and temperate areas - 700 belong to Oxalis (wood sorrel) belong to Oxalis (wood sorrel) • plants are herbaceous creepers or woody Oxalis corniculata - creeping yellow wood sorrel • typically 3-foliate vines leaves (the real shamrock) • leaves are acidic to taste due to oxalic acid in the form of calcium oxalate Oxalidaceae - wood sorrels Oxalidaceae - wood sorrels CA 5 CO 5 A 5+5 G (5) • 5 merous flowers CA 5 CO 5 A 5+5 G (5) • 5 merous flowers Oxalis corniculata Oxalis • fruits are 5 locular & Oxalis corniculata Oxalis • fruits are 5 locular & winged capsules or berries winged capsules or berries • tristyly common (3 levels at which 2 sets of anthers and 1 set of styles position) U U U Oxalidaceae - wood sorrels Oxalidaceae - wood sorrels • common native and introduced wood-sorrels • tropical fruit - carambola or star fruit: note 5 carpellate structure Oxalis stricta - Oxalis violaceae - tall wood-sorrel violet wood-sorrel Averrhoa carambola Oxalis acetosella - wood-sorrel *Malpighiales *Malpighiales • large and diverse group of 38 • unresolved! “novel” clade families - many of them • leaf margin teeth contributing importantly to tropical • “Parietales” subclade (placentation) forest diversity • hosts for Cymothoe butterflies *Malpighiales *Violaceae - violets • unusual life forms 23 genera, 800 species of herbs (temperate) to vines and small trees (tropics). 400-600 of them are violets (Viola). -
Willow (Salix Spp.) the Problem
weeds of nation al sig nificance Willow – Salix spp. G Current G Potential Willow (Salix spp.) The problem Most species of willow are Weeds of National Significance. They are among the worst weeds in Australia because of their invasiveness, potential for spread, and economic and environmental impacts. They have invaded riverbanks and wetlands in temperate Australia, occupying thousands of kilometres of streams and numerous wetland areas. Willow Unlike most other vegetation, willows spread their roots into the bed of a watercourse, slowing the flow of water – Salix and reducing aeration. They form thickets which divert water outside the main watercourse or channel, causing flooding spp. and erosion where the creek banks are Willows shade out and displace native vegetation, potentially leading to erosion and poor water quality. Photo: Kate Blood vulnerable. Willow leaves create a flush of organic matter when they drop in autumn, reducing water quality and concern because they can hybridise Key points available oxygen, and directly threatening with other species that would otherwise aquatic plants and animals. This, together not produce seeds, so they should not • Early detection and control are essential with the amount of water willows use, be planted near other willows. to prevent the spread of new infestations. damages stream health. • Most willows are easily spread by stems and The replacement of native vegetation The weed twigs breaking off and taking root. (eg river red gums) by willows reduces Willows are deciduous trees or shrubs. • Some varieties of willow can also spread by habitat (eg nesting hollows, snags) for They have small seeds with long, silky seed, which can be carried up to 100 km by both land and aquatic animals. -
Willows Beyond Wetlands: Use of Salix L. Species for Environmental
WILLOWS BEYOND WETLANDS: USES OF SALIX L. SPECIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECTS YULIA A. KUZOVKINA and MARTIN F. QUIGLEY∗ Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, 2001 Fyffe Court, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A. (∗author for correspondence, e-mail: [email protected], Tel: 407-823 3146, Fax: 407-823-3569) (Received 7 July 2003; accepted 27 October 2004) Abstract. Species of Salix characterized by particular physiological adaptations and ecological re- silience are predisposed to use in conservation and environmental projects in many climatic zones and adverse microsite conditions. The economic importance of Salix is currently increasing and emerging in a wide array of practical applications to restore damaged ecosystems. Here we describe the ecology, physiological characteristics and agricultural requirements of Salix and present an inte- grated picture based on literature review, of current uses for willows well beyond wetland and riparian situations. These uses include ecosystem restoration, phytoremediation (phytoextraction, phytodegra- dation, rhizofiltration and phytostabilization), bioengineering (water and wind erosion, and protective structures), and biomass production for both fuel and fiber. Keywords: biofiltration, biological engineering, ecological restoration, erosion control, phytoremediation, Salix, willow Introduction The history of human use of willows predates stone-age technology. In northern Europe and the Pacific northwest of America, willows represented the most common structural component of wattle/daub construction for shelter and fencing. Flexible willow stems were also the primary material for basket production and straight willow branches were used for arrow shafts and fish traps. Indigenous peoples in North America and Eurasia used willow bark infusions as analgesics and for at least two centuries before the development of the synthetic production of aspirin, salicin extracted from Salix bark was commercially exploited. -
Salix Xfragilis
Salix xfragilis COMMON NAME Crack willow SYNONYMS Salix alba L. x S. euxina I.V. Belaeva; S. fragilis L. FAMILY Salicaceae AUTHORITY Salix fragilis L. FLORA CATEGORY Vascular – Exotic STRUCTURAL CLASS Trees & Shrubs - Dicotyledons BRIEF DESCRIPTION Deciduous tree up to 25 m tall, branches not drooping but breaking easily, Salix fragilis. Photographer: John Smith- often with an audible crack (hence the common name), leaves narrow and Dodsworth lance-shaped, often with bright red swellings on them, flowers produced in spring about the same time as emergence of leaves, with long and narrow (up to 7.5 cm long and 1 cm across) yellow green in colour. DISTRIBUTION Widespread and often abundant throughout New Zealand. HABITAT Riparian margins of water bodies. FEATURES Tree to 25m high, sometimes only a shrub; bark rough and fissured. Branches spreading but not pendulous. Shoots dark or brownish green, Salix fragilis. Photographer: John Smith- readily and audibly snapping when bent, not slender. Bud scales dark Dodsworth shining brown, becoming glabrous. Shoots and leaves somewhat silky when very young, but quickly glabrous. Petiole of leaves on reproductive shoots < 1cm long. Lamina 5~15 x 1~2.5cm, sometimes larger on water shoots, lanceolate, glaucous beneath, mainly shining above, glandular- serrulate; apex acuminate. Stipules minute. Catkins usu. male, rarely female, appearing with or after leaves. Male catkins 4~7.5cm long, spreading or curving downwards, narrow-cylindric; rachis villous. Bracts 2~2.5mm long, oblong-elliptic, incurved and generally cucullate when fresh, pale green or yellowish, densely clothed in antrorse hairs; apex rounded. Glands 2, .4~.6mm long, elliptic-oblong, rectangular to square.