Willow (Salix Spp.) the Problem
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Department of Planning and Zoning
Department of Planning and Zoning Subject: Howard County Landscape Manual Updates: Recommended Street Tree List (Appendix B) and Recommended Plant List (Appendix C) - Effective July 1, 2010 To: DLD Review Staff Homebuilders Committee From: Kent Sheubrooks, Acting Chief Division of Land Development Date: July 1, 2010 Purpose: The purpose of this policy memorandum is to update the Recommended Plant Lists presently contained in the Landscape Manual. The plant lists were created for the first edition of the Manual in 1993 before information was available about invasive qualities of certain recommended plants contained in those lists (Norway Maple, Bradford Pear, etc.). Additionally, diseases and pests have made some other plants undesirable (Ash, Austrian Pine, etc.). The Howard County General Plan 2000 and subsequent environmental and community planning publications such as the Route 1 and Route 40 Manuals and the Green Neighborhood Design Guidelines have promoted the desirability of using native plants in landscape plantings. Therefore, this policy seeks to update the Recommended Plant Lists by identifying invasive plant species and disease or pest ridden plants for their removal and prohibition from further planting in Howard County and to add other available native plants which have desirable characteristics for street tree or general landscape use for inclusion on the Recommended Plant Lists. Please note that a comprehensive review of the street tree and landscape tree lists were conducted for the purpose of this update, however, only -
Weeping Willow Salix Babylonica
Weeping willow Salix babylonica Description Introduced to North America as an ornamental. Habit Perennial tree to 40 ft tall; rounded crown; long, hanging branches; grayish-brown, irregularly furrowed bark. Leaves Alternate, simple, very narrowly lance-shaped, finely serrated margin, yellow-green above and milky green below, 3-6 inches in length, 3/8 to 1/2 inch in width. Stems Very slender; smooth; olive-green to pale yellowish brown; hanging or drooping for long distances; almost rope-like; buds are small, appressed and covered by a single, cap-like Source: MISIN. 2021. Midwest Invasive Species Information Network. Michigan State University - Applied Spatial Ecology and Technical Services Laboratory. Available online at https://www.misin.msu.edu/facts/detail.php?id=148. scale; terminal buds lacking. Flowers Dioecious, males and females appear as upright catkins and are quite fuzzy, 1 inch long, appearing before or with the leaves. Fruits and Seeds A 1 in long cluster of valve-like capsules, light brown in color, contains many fine, cottony seeds; ripen in late May to early June. Habitat Native to Asia. Reproduction By herbaceous stem cuttings, woody stem cuttings or softwood cuttings. Similar White Willow (Salix alba); Black Willow (Salix nigra); Corkscrew Willow (Salix matsudana Koidzumi ). Monitoring and Rapid Response Hand pull small seedlings; use machinery to remove larger trees and root systems in dry areas; effectively controlled using any of several readily available general use herbicides such as glyphosate. Credits The information provided in this factsheet was gathered from the USDA PLANTS Database and Virginia Tech Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation VTree. -
A New Record for Salix X Angusensis (Salicaceae) Rech. F. from Ainsdale Sand Dunes National Nature Reserve, S
Watsonia 23: 327-330 (2000) 327 A new record for Salix x angusensis (Salicaceae) Rech. f. from Ainsdale Sand Dunes National Nature Reserve, S. Lancs. v.c. 59 RD. MEIKLE Ranscombe Lodge, Wootton Courtenay, Minehead, Somerset TA24 8RA and N. A. ROBINSON 3 Abbey Drive, Natland, Kendal, Cumbria LA9 7QN ABSTRACT Salix x angusensis Rech. f. (S. cinerea subsp. oleifolia x S. repens var. argentea x S. viminalis), a very rare hybrid, previously known only from the type locality, has been found on Ainsdale Sand Dunes National Nature Reserve. Type material of the hybrid has been located, and an amended description drawn up from additional foliage and catkin material. The paper includes notes on the population and ecology of the hybrid. KEYWORDS: willow, hybrid. INTRODUCTION In July 1993 N.A.R. sent RD.M. some freshly collected specimens of willows from Ainsdale Sand Dunes National Nature Reserve, S. Lancs. v.c. 59. Amongst these were Salix repens L. var. argentea (Srn.) Wimm. et Grab. and the rare S. x doniana G. Anderson ex Srn. (S. purpurea L. x S. repens L.), both of which were known to occur in the area. But a third specimen (Robinson 65) defied immediate identification, though it was evidently a hybrid, with S. repens as one of its parents. This puzzling specimen was successfully rooted and grown in RD.M.'s garden, and developed into a slender, erect shrub about 1 m high, with small, greyish, acuminate leaves, and numerous naJTow-cylindrical female catkins, with hairy ovaries, and remarkably elongate styles and stigmas, superficially not unlike the styles and stigmas of the arctic-alpine S. -
Updated GEST Catalogue Occuring Plant Species
Updated GEST catalogue Legend to colour and font code LIFE Peat Restore Red in column "GEST-Type" New GEST-Type Font size in "Occuring Plant Species" Frequency (qualitatively) New vegetation type (not included in the Blue font vegetation form-concept) Red font Extrapolated from other GEST Bold in columns "CO2/CH4 emissions/GWP" Values used in Peat Restore Data without considering wood biomass, partly Purple font extrapolated from other GEST [Value] in columns "CO2/CH4 emissions/GWP" Data considering wood biomass CO2 emissions (t CH4 emissions (t GWP estimate (t Water Occuring Plant Species CO -eq. CO -eq. CO2 eq. Aim/remarks number of references GEST-Type / (corresponding Vegetation form) level 2 2 /ha/year) /ha/year) /ha/year) Open Peatland areas (Unused) Moderately moist (forb) meadows Cirsium oleraceum-Arrhenatherum elatius- community Calamagrostis epigejos , Rubus caesius , Aegopodium podagraria, Agrimonia Gapfilling eupatoria, Agrostis tenuis, Alchemilla spp., Anthoxanthum odoratum, Anthriscus Molinia caerulea-Daucus carota-Deschampsia cespitosa -community sylvestris, Briza media, Carex hartmanii, C. nigra, Cirsium oleraceum, Cynosurus Cirsium oleraceum-Urtica dioica -community cristatus, Dactylis glomerata, Deschampsia cespitosa, Festuca rubra, Filipendula extrapolated from moderately moist grassland ulmaria, Galium album, G. boreale, G. uliginosum, Geranium palustre, Geum rivale, 2+ 20.0 0.0 20.0 COUWENBERG et al. 2011 Phragmites australis-Aegopodium podagraria-Urtica diocia -community Knautia arvensis, Leontodon hispidus, Listera -
Cultivated Willows Would Not Be Appropriate Without Mention of the ‘WEEPING WILLOW’
Alexander Robertson Notes on willows cultivated in Scotland and a few sketches of willows sampled from my clonal collection HISTORICAL NOTES Since the knowledge of willows is of great antiquity, it is with the ancient Greeks and Romans we shall begin, for among these people numerous written records remain. The growth habit, ecology, cultivation and utilization of willows was well— understood by Theophrastus, Ovid, Herodotus, Pliny and Dioscorides. Virgil was also quite familiar with willow, e.g. Damoetas complains that: “Galatea, saucy girl, pelts me with apples and then runs off to the willows”. ECLOGIJE III and of foraging bees: “Far and wide they feed on arbutus, pale-green willows, on cassia and ruddy crocus .. .“ GEORGICS IV Theophrastus of Eresos (370—285 B.C.) discussed many aspects of willows throughout his Enquiry into Plants including habitats, wood quality, coppicing and a variety of uses. Willows, according to Theophrastus are lovers of wet places and marshes. But he also notes certain amphibious traits of willows growing in mountains and plains. To Theophrastus they appeared to possess no fruits and quite adequately reproduced themselves from roots, were tolerant to flooding and frequent coppicing. “Even willows grow old and when they are cut, no matter at what height, they shoot up again.” He described the wood as cold, tough, light and resilient—qualities which made it useful for a variety of purposes, especially shields. Such were the diverse virtues of willow that he suggested introducing it for plant husbandry. Theophrastus noted there were many different kinds of willows; three of the best known being black willow (Salix fragilis), white willow (S. -
Salix L.) in the European Alps
diversity Review The Evolutionary History, Diversity, and Ecology of Willows (Salix L.) in the European Alps Natascha D. Wagner 1 , Li He 2 and Elvira Hörandl 1,* 1 Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants (with Herbarium), University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; [email protected] 2 College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The genus Salix (willows), with 33 species, represents the most diverse genus of woody plants in the European Alps. Many species dominate subalpine and alpine types of vegetation. Despite a long history of research on willows, the evolutionary and ecological factors for this species richness are poorly known. Here we will review recent progress in research on phylogenetic relation- ships, evolution, ecology, and speciation in alpine willows. Phylogenomic reconstructions suggest multiple colonization of the Alps, probably from the late Miocene onward, and reject hypotheses of a single radiation. Relatives occur in the Arctic and in temperate Eurasia. Most species are widespread in the European mountain systems or in the European lowlands. Within the Alps, species differ eco- logically according to different elevational zones and habitat preferences. Homoploid hybridization is a frequent process in willows and happens mostly after climatic fluctuations and secondary contact. Breakdown of the ecological crossing barriers of species is followed by introgressive hybridization. Polyploidy is an important speciation mechanism, as 40% of species are polyploid, including the four endemic species of the Alps. Phylogenomic data suggest an allopolyploid origin for all taxa analyzed Citation: Wagner, N.D.; He, L.; so far. -
Floristic Quality Assessment Report
FLORISTIC QUALITY ASSESSMENT IN INDIANA: THE CONCEPT, USE, AND DEVELOPMENT OF COEFFICIENTS OF CONSERVATISM Tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) the State tree of Indiana June 2004 Final Report for ARN A305-4-53 EPA Wetland Program Development Grant CD975586-01 Prepared by: Paul E. Rothrock, Ph.D. Taylor University Upland, IN 46989-1001 Introduction Since the early nineteenth century the Indiana landscape has undergone a massive transformation (Jackson 1997). In the pre-settlement period, Indiana was an almost unbroken blanket of forests, prairies, and wetlands. Much of the land was cleared, plowed, or drained for lumber, the raising of crops, and a range of urban and industrial activities. Indiana’s native biota is now restricted to relatively small and often isolated tracts across the State. This fragmentation and reduction of the State’s biological diversity has challenged Hoosiers to look carefully at how to monitor further changes within our remnant natural communities and how to effectively conserve and even restore many of these valuable places within our State. To meet this monitoring, conservation, and restoration challenge, one needs to develop a variety of appropriate analytical tools. Ideally these techniques should be simple to learn and apply, give consistent results between different observers, and be repeatable. Floristic Assessment, which includes metrics such as the Floristic Quality Index (FQI) and Mean C values, has gained wide acceptance among environmental scientists and decision-makers, land stewards, and restoration ecologists in Indiana’s neighboring states and regions: Illinois (Taft et al. 1997), Michigan (Herman et al. 1996), Missouri (Ladd 1996), and Wisconsin (Bernthal 2003) as well as northern Ohio (Andreas 1993) and southern Ontario (Oldham et al. -
Salix × Meyeriana (= Salix Pentandra × S
Phytotaxa 22: 57–60 (2011) ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ Correspondence PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2011 Magnolia Press ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) Salix × meyeriana (= Salix pentandra × S. euxina)―a forgotten willow in Eastern North America ALEXEY G. ZINOVJEV 9 Madison Ave., Randolph, MA 02368, USA; E-mail: [email protected] Salix pentandra L. is a boreal species native to Europe and western Siberia. In North America it is considered to have been introduced to about half of the US states (Argus 2007, 2010). In Massachusetts it is reported from nine of the fourteen counties (Sorrie & Somers 1999). Even though this plant may have been introduced to the US and Canada, its naturalization in North America appears to be quite improbable. Unlike willows from the related section Salix, in S. pentandra twigs are not easily broken off and their ability to root is very low, 0–15% (Belyaeva et al. 2006). It is possible to propagate S. pentandra from softwood cuttings (Belyaeva et al. 2006) and it can be cultivated in botanical gardens, however, vegetative reproduction of this species by natural means seems less likely. In North America this willow is known only by female (pistillate) plants (Argus 2010), so for this species, although setting fruit, sexual reproduction should be excluded. It is difficult to imagine that, under these circumstances, it could escape from cultivation. Therefore, most of the records for this willow in North America should be considered as collections from cultivated plants or misidentifications (Zinovjev 2008–2010). Salix pentandra is known to hybridize with willows of the related section Salix. -
3.2.2.11. Familia Salicaceae (Incluyendo a Flacourtiaceae) 3.2.2.11.A
97 3.2.2.11. Familia Salicaceae (incluyendo a Flacourtiaceae) 3.2.2.11.a. Características ¾ Porte: arbustos o árboles. ¾ Hojas: alternas, simples, con estípulas, en general caducas. ¾ Flores: pequeñas, imperfectas, diclino-dioicas, en amentos erguidos o péndulos. En Azara, Cassearia, Banara, Xylosma pequeñas, solitarias, axilares o en cimas, perfectas o imperfectas, hipóginas, raro períginas o epíginas. ¾ Perianto: aperiantadas, protegidas por una bráctea, con un cáliz vestigial, en Salix se reduce a nectarios. En Azara, Cassearia, Banara, Xylosma cáliz con 3-15 sépalos libres; corola, 3-15 pétalos, disco nectarífero intrastaminal o extraestaminal. ¾ Estambres: 2-varios. En Azara, Cassearia, Banara, Xylosma 4-∞, libres, anteras ditecas. ¾ Gineceo: ovario súpero, 2-10 carpelos unidos, unilocular, pluriovulado, óvulos 1-∞, parietales, estilos libres, parcialmente soldados o estilo único, estigmas. ¾ Fruto: cápsula dehiscente conteniendo semillas lanosas. En Azara, Cassearia, Banara, Xylosma baya, cápsula loculicida o drupa. ¾ Semillas: con pelos, sin endosperma y con embrión recto. Azara, Cassearia, Banara, Xylosma semillas ariladas. Flor estaminada, flor pistilada, brácteas y nectario de la flor estaminada de Salix caroliniana Flor estaminada y flor pistilada de Azara microphylla (Dibujos adaptados de Boelcke y Vizinis, 1987 por Daniel Cian) Diversidad Vegetal Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura (UNNE) EUDICOTILEDONEAS ESCENCIALES-Clado Rosides-Eurosides I-Malpighiales: Salicaceae (inc. Flacourtiaceae) 98 3.2.2.11.b. Biología floral y/o Fenología La polinización puede ser anemófila, en Populus, o por insectos atraídos por el néctar, que producen los nectarios, ubicados en la base de la flor. Especies del género Salix son polinizadas por abejas melíferas. En las especies entomófilas los órganos nectaríferos son foliares, residuos del perianto que desapareció (Vogel, com. -
Name Clarification: Salix Babylonica L. Vs. S. Matsudana Koidz
Name clarification: Salix babylonica L. vs. S. matsudana Koidz. Fact Sheet No 4 July 2018 Yulia A. Kuzovkina1 and Irina V. Belyaeva2 1Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, Unit-4067, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-4067, USA 2Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3AE, UK The two binominals – S. babylonica L. vs. S. matsudana Koidz. – are frequently used interchangeably in references, scientific publications and catalogs. This discrepancy stems from a difference of opinion on the circumscription or the relationships of the taxa among taxonomists who fall into two camps. In some cases S. matsudana is considered to be the synonym of S. babylonica, and in other cases, these two names denote two different species. Salix babylonica ‘Tortuosa’, dragon’s claw willow or curly willow, an ornamental cultivar with contorted stems. Photo courtesy of M. Dodge, Vermont Willow Nursery. 1 Salix matsudana was described by Koidzumi (1915) referring to the non-weeping taxon from China. This segregation was followed by Rehder (1927, 1940, 1949) who treated “less weeping selections” from China as S. matsudana. Fang et al. (1999), Ohashi (2001) also remarked that the unique characteristics of S. matsudana merit recognition as a distinct species apart from S. babylonica. Another group of botanists, including Skvortsov (1999), Santamour and McArdle (1988) believe that there is little evidence to substantiate the notion of the separation of the two species, and that it is biologically more sensible to regard S. matsudana as synonymous with S. babylonica. In their recent publication Ohashi and Yonekura (2015) regarded S. matsudana as conspecific with S. babylonica and treated it newly as a variety, S . -
Phylogeny of Rosids
Wind-pollinated Rosids Fabids Part I Announcements Lab Quiz today. Lecture review Tuesday, 3-4pm, HCK 320. Lecture Exam Wednesday. Arboretum Field Trip Wednesday. Phylogeny of angiosperms Angiosperms “Basal angiosperms” Parallel venation scattered vascular bundles 1 cotyledon Tricolpate pollen vessels (Jansen et al. 2007) Phylogeny of Eudicots (or Tricolpates) Eudicots (or Tricolpates) “Basal eudicots” (Soltis et al. 2011) Phylogeny of Rosids Rosids Saxifragales Saxifragaceae Crassulaceae Fabids: Malvids: Malpighiales Brassicales Salicaceae Brassicaceae Violaceae Malvales Euphorbiaceae Fabales Malvaceae Sapindales Fabaceae Rosales Aceraceae Myrtales Rosaceae Fagales Onagraceae Betulaceae Geraniales Fagaceae Geraniaceae (The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2009) Crassulaceae (Stonecrop family) http://www.blankees.com/house/plants/image/kalanchoe.jpg Kalanchoe sp. Echeveria derenbergii Echeveria sp. http://www.smgrowers.com/imagedb/Echeveria_derenbergii.JPG http://micheleroohani.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/07/succulent-echeveria-michele-roohani-huntington.jpg Crassulacean Acid Metabolism http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/phoc.html#c4 Green Roofs http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedum Sedum acre biting stonecrop http://ecobrooklyn.com/extensive-green-roof/ Crassulaceae (Stonecrop family) 35 genera, 1500 species (Crassula, Echeveria, Kalanchoe, Sedum) Habit: Stem: Leaves: Tim Hagan 2006 Crassulaceae (Stonecrop family) Inflorescence: Flowers: Tim Hagan 2003 Sex of plant: Rod Gilbert 2006 Crassulaceae (Stonecrop family) Textbook -
Which Willow? Non-Native Gray Willow (Salix Cinerea)
Which Willow? Non-native gray willow (Salix cinerea) Amanda Weise Ecological Programs Coordinator Willows, sallows and osiers (Salix) Willow Forms • Salicaceae family • Deciduous trees and shrubs • Dioecious • Upright catkins (aments) • Insect pollinated, wind dispersed • Winter buds = single scale • Often prefer wet soils • Species can be difficult to ID Willow bud = Birch bud = one scale many scales Vetrix…Cinerella…Salix cinerea subgenus section species Salix cinerea ssp. oleifolia ssp. cinerea (S. atrocinerea) (S. cinerea) salicicola.com salicicola.com salicicola.com salicicola.com salicicola.com salicicola.com salicicola.com Vetrix…Cinerella…Salix cinerea subgenus section species Salix cinerea ssp. oleifolia ssp. cinerea (S. atrocinerea) (S. cinerea) salicicola.com salicicola.com Both are non-native salicicola.com Both are invasive salicicola.com salicicola.com LUMPING IS OK HERE! salicicola.com salicicola.com Salix cinerea: the problem NY Invasiveness Ranking: 84.44 >80.00 = very high Celastrus orbiculatus = 86.67 Seed dispersed by wind Outcompetes / hybridize with native willows Local extinction of native genotypes? A+B=AB salicicola.com Salix cinerea distribution European willows (S. cinerea ssp. oleifolia and ssp. cinerea) and their hybrids with American willow salicicola.com Salix cinerea habitat preferences • Man-made or disturbed habitats • Fort Meadow Brook road edge • Meadows and fields • Feeley Field-Landham Brook complex • Shores of rivers, ponds or lakes • Callahan SP- Eagle Pond ww.tripadvisor.com • Flood plain/wetlands