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3.2.2.11. Familia Salicaceae (Incluyendo a Flacourtiaceae) 3.2.2.11.A

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3.2.2.11. Familia Salicaceae (Incluyendo a Flacourtiaceae) 3.2.2.11.A 97 3.2.2.11. Familia Salicaceae (incluyendo a Flacourtiaceae) 3.2.2.11.a. Características ¾ Porte: arbustos o árboles. ¾ Hojas: alternas, simples, con estípulas, en general caducas. ¾ Flores: pequeñas, imperfectas, diclino-dioicas, en amentos erguidos o péndulos. En Azara, Cassearia, Banara, Xylosma pequeñas, solitarias, axilares o en cimas, perfectas o imperfectas, hipóginas, raro períginas o epíginas. ¾ Perianto: aperiantadas, protegidas por una bráctea, con un cáliz vestigial, en Salix se reduce a nectarios. En Azara, Cassearia, Banara, Xylosma cáliz con 3-15 sépalos libres; corola, 3-15 pétalos, disco nectarífero intrastaminal o extraestaminal. ¾ Estambres: 2-varios. En Azara, Cassearia, Banara, Xylosma 4-∞, libres, anteras ditecas. ¾ Gineceo: ovario súpero, 2-10 carpelos unidos, unilocular, pluriovulado, óvulos 1-∞, parietales, estilos libres, parcialmente soldados o estilo único, estigmas. ¾ Fruto: cápsula dehiscente conteniendo semillas lanosas. En Azara, Cassearia, Banara, Xylosma baya, cápsula loculicida o drupa. ¾ Semillas: con pelos, sin endosperma y con embrión recto. Azara, Cassearia, Banara, Xylosma semillas ariladas. Flor estaminada, flor pistilada, brácteas y nectario de la flor estaminada de Salix caroliniana Flor estaminada y flor pistilada de Azara microphylla (Dibujos adaptados de Boelcke y Vizinis, 1987 por Daniel Cian) Diversidad Vegetal Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura (UNNE) EUDICOTILEDONEAS ESCENCIALES-Clado Rosides-Eurosides I-Malpighiales: Salicaceae (inc. Flacourtiaceae) 98 3.2.2.11.b. Biología floral y/o Fenología La polinización puede ser anemófila, en Populus, o por insectos atraídos por el néctar, que producen los nectarios, ubicados en la base de la flor. Especies del género Salix son polinizadas por abejas melíferas. En las especies entomófilas los órganos nectaríferos son foliares, residuos del perianto que desapareció (Vogel, com. pers.). 3.2.2.11.c. Distribución y hábitat Esta familia distribuida en los trópicos y subtrópicos, con algunas especies en las regiones templadas de ambos hemisferios. (Stevens, 2001) 3.2.2.11.d. Especies de la Familia Salicaceae Está constituida por 55 géneros y 1010 especies (Stevens, 2009). En Argentina viven 8 géneros, con 31 especies nativas (http://www.darwin.edu.ar/Proyectos/FloraArgentina). Distribución Nombre vulgar Especies nativas Abatia stellata (Fig. 1) Catamarca, Jujuy, Salta Tucumán Azara salicifolia Catamarca, La Rioja, Jujuy, Salta sacha duraznillo Banara arguta Chaco, Corrientes, Formosa, Santa Fe granadillo Casearia sylvestris (Fig. 2) Chaco, Corrientes, Formosa, Jujuy, Misiones Salix humboldtiana (Fig. 3) Bs. As., Catamarca, Chaco, Chubut, Corrientes, Córdoba, sauce criollo Entre Ríos, Misiones, Jujuy, Misiones Xilosma tweediana Chaco, Corrientes, Entre Ríos Xilosma venosa (Fig. 4) Chaco, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Formosa, Misiones, Santa Fe Especies exóticas Populus alba (Fig. 5) Europa, Asia y África álamo plateado Populus nigra Europa, Asia y África álamo negro Salix babylonica Asia sauce llorón Observaciones: según el APG II (2003), la familia Salicaceae es ampliada, incluyendo algunos géneros (como Casearia y Xylosma), ubicados anteriormente en Flacourtiaceae. 3.2.2.11.e. Importancia Salix humboldtiana Wild. (sauce criollo): árbol ampliamente difundido desde el norte hasta Chubut. La madera blanda y liviana es excelente para la elaboración de celulosa, para cajonería, envases y embalajes, fabricación de juguetes, mates, bancos rústicos, tirantes para galpones, bateas, palas para horno, remos y fósforos. La decocción de la corteza se bebe como sucedáneo de la quinina: febrífuga, analgésica, sedativa, tónica, antirreumática, astringente y digestiva. La ceniza de la corteza, en macerados, se aplican sobre diversas afecciones cutáneas. Contiene salicina, oxidasa, taninos y Guía de Consultas Diversidad Vegetal. FACENA (UNNE) EUDICOTILEDÓNEAS ESCENCIALES-Clado Rosides-Eurosides I-Malpighiales: Salicaceae (inc. Flacourtiaceae) 99 resinas. Las hojas tienen flavonas y hervidas con shampoo revitalizan al cabello (Lahitte et. al., 1997, Dimitri et al., 1997). Contiene ácido salicílico, ingrediente principal de la aspirina. La infusión preparada con las ramas contiene alto contenido de la hormona auxina que estimula el desarrollo de raíces de estaca (López et al., 1984). Xilosma venosa N.E. Br. (espina colorada): proporciona excelente madera utilizada para combustible. Muy poco cultivado. Hydnocarpus pentandra (Buch.-Ham.) Oken, H. kurzii (King) Warb.: estas especies y otras del mismo género se utilizan en diferentes partes del mundo para extraer de sus semillas aceites que encierran ácidos del grupo chalmoágrico, que se consideran valiosas para combatir la lepra. 3.2.2.11.f. Ilustraciones Fig. 1: Abatia stellata a. Detalle de las hojas Fotos: R. Salas y W. Medina b. Detalle de las inflorescencias estaminadas c. Detalle de las inflorescencias Fig. 2: Casearia sylvestris pistiladas b. Detalle de la rama con flores a. Aspecto general de la planta Fotos: R. Salas y W. Medina c. Detalle de las flores Guía de Consultas Diversidad Vegetal. FACENA (UNNE) EUDICOTILEDÓNEAS ESCENCIALES-Clado Rosides-Eurosides I-Malpighiales: Salicaceae (inc. Flacourtiaceae) 100 Fig. 3: Salix humboldtiana c. Detalle de las inflorescencias estaminadas b. Detalle de rama fértil a. Porte Fotos: R. Salas Fig. 4: Xylosma venosa a. Detalle de las flores b. Detalle de la rama con frutos Fotos: R. Salas y W. Medina Fig. 5: Populus alba c a. Porte; b. Detalle de la corteza; c. Detalle de las hojas http://www.arbolesornamentales.com/Populusalba.htm a b Guía de Consultas Diversidad Vegetal. FACENA (UNNE) EUDICOTILEDÓNEAS ESCENCIALES-Clado Rosides-Eurosides I-Malpighiales: Salicaceae (inc. Flacourtiaceae) 101 3.2.2.11.g. Bibliografía y sitios de internet visitados -APG II. The Angiosperm Phylogenetic Group. 2003. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141 (4): 399–436. -Bernardi, L. 1984. Contribución a la dendrología paraguaya. I. Boissiera 35: 1-341. -Bremer, K., B. Bremer y M. Thulin. 2003. Introduction to Phylogeny and Systematics of Flowering Plants. Department of Systematic Botany Evolutionary Biology Centre. Uppsala University. USA. -Burkart, A. 1987. Flora Ilustrada de Entre Ríos (Argentina). III: Dicotiledóneas Arquiclamídeas: A. Salicales a Rosales (incluso Leguminosas). Colección Científica del I.N.T.A. VI. Buenos Aires, Argentina 763 p. -Correa, M.N. 1984e. Salicaceae. En M.N. Correa (ed.), Fl. Patagónica, Colecc. Ci. Inst. Nac. Tecnol. Agropecu. 8(4a): 1-3. -Cronquist, A. 1981. An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants. Ed. Columbia University Press. 1062 p. -Dimitri, M. J. et al. 1997. El Nuevo Libro del Árbol. Especies forestales de la Argentina oriental. Ed. El Ateneo. 2: 1-119 p. -Digilio, a.p.l. y P.R. Legname. 1966. Los árboles indígenas de la provincia de Tucumán. Opera Lilloana 15: 1-283. -Judd, W., C.S. Campbell, E.A. Kellog y P.F. Stevens. 1999. Plant Systematics. A Phylogenetic Approach. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers Sunderland. Massachussetts, U.S.A. 464 p. -Lahitte, H. B.; J. A. Hurrell; M. J. Belgrano; L. S. Jankowski, K. Mehltreter y otros. 1997. Plantas de la Costa. Las plantas nativas y naturalizadas más comunes de las costas del Delta del Paraná, Isla Martín García y Ribera Platense. Literature of Latin America (L.O.L.A.). Buenos Aires, Argentina. 200 p. -Moraes, M.R. 1993. Flacourtiaceae. En T.J. Killeen, E. García E. & S.G. Beck (eds.), Guía de Arboles de Bolivia: 315-327. Herbario Nacional de Bolivia & Missouri Botanical Garden. -Ragonese, A.E. 1987. Salicaceae. En N.S. Troncoso y N.M. Bacigalupo (eds.), Fl. Il. Entre Ríos, Colecc. Ci. Inst. Nac. Tecnol. -Sleumer, H.O. 1950. Algunas Flacourtiáceas sudamericanas. Lilloa 23: 247-251. -Sleumer, H.O. 1953. Las Flacourtiáceas Argentinas. Lilloa 26: 5-56. -Sleumer, H.O. 1977. Revision der Gattung Azara R. et P. (Flacourtiaceae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 98: 151-175. -Sleumer, H.O. 1980. Flacourtiaceae. Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 22: 1-499. -Sleumer, H.O. 1988. Flacourtiaceae. En M.N. Correa (ed.), Fl. Patagónica, Colecc. Ci. Inst. Nac. Tecnol. Agropecu. 8(5): 190-193. -Soltis, D.E., P.S. Soltis, P.K. Endress y M.W. Chase. 2005. Phylogeny and Evolution of Angiosperms. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers, U.S.A. -Souza, V.C. y H. Lorenzi. 2005. Botânica Sistemática. Guia ilustrado para identificação das famílias de Angiospermas da flora brasileira, basado em APG II. Editora Plantarum. Nova Odessa, San Pablo, Brasil. 640 p. -Stevens, P.F. 2009. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/. -http://www.arbolesornamentales.com/Populusalba.htm -http://www.arbolesornamentales.com/Populusnigra.htm -http://www.arbolesornamentales.com/Salixbabylonicahtm Guía de Consultas Diversidad Vegetal. FACENA (UNNE) EUDICOTILEDÓNEAS ESCENCIALES-Clado Rosides-Eurosides I-Malpighiales: Salicaceae (inc. Flacourtiaceae) .
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