Salix L.) in the European Alps
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Willows of Interior Alaska
1 Willows of Interior Alaska Dominique M. Collet US Fish and Wildlife Service 2004 2 Willows of Interior Alaska Acknowledgements The development of this willow guide has been made possible thanks to funding from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service- Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge - order 70181-12-M692. Funding for printing was made available through a collaborative partnership of Natural Resources, U.S. Army Alaska, Department of Defense; Pacific North- west Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, Department of Agriculture; National Park Service, and Fairbanks Fish and Wildlife Field Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior; and Bonanza Creek Long Term Ecological Research Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks. The data for the distribution maps were provided by George Argus, Al Batten, Garry Davies, Rob deVelice, and Carolyn Parker. Carol Griswold, George Argus, Les Viereck and Delia Person provided much improvement to the manuscript by their careful editing and suggestions. I want to thank Delia Person, of the Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge, for initiating and following through with the development and printing of this guide. Most of all, I am especially grateful to Pamela Houston whose support made the writing of this guide possible. Any errors or omissions are solely the responsibility of the author. Disclaimer This publication is designed to provide accurate information on willows from interior Alaska. If expert knowledge is required, services of an experienced botanist should be sought. Contents -
Nova Scotia Provincial Status Report on Hoary Willow Salix Candida
i Nova Scotia Provincial Status Report on Hoary Willow Salix candida Flűeggé ex Willd. prepared for The Nova Scotia Species at Risk Working Group by Ruth E. Newell E.C. Smith Herbarium K.C. Irving Environmental Science Centre Acadia University Wolfville, Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 Funding provided by the Nova Scotia Species at Risk Conservation Fund Submitted December 16th, 2010 ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Wildlife Species Description and Significance Salix candida (Hoary Willow) is a low, deciduous, dioecious shrub, densely white woolly on current season’s twigs and lower leaf surfaces. The mature medial leaves are narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate, usually at least 4x as long as wide. Leaf margins are entire and slightly to strongly rolled under. Flowering occurs concurrently with leaf emergence. Female flowers have stalks 0.1 to 1.2 mm long and tomentose pistils. The anthers of male flowers are purple later changing to yellow. The fruit is a tomentose, pear-shaped capsule. Reproduction is both sexual and asexual by layering. Salix candida is an extremely rare species in Nova Scotia occurring in a rare habitat type i.e., rich, calcareous fens or marshes. Distribution In Nova Scotia, Hoary Willow occurs within the Black River system at the northwest end of Lake Ainslie, Inverness County, Cape Breton Island. Here it is known from four rich calcareous fens in close proximity to the river floodplain plus a single plant in a calcareous graminoid marsh. Field work failed to confirm the presence of Salix candida in Huntington, Cape Breton County - a record based on a herbarium specimen from Cape Breton University herbarium. -
A Guide to the Identification of Salix (Willows) in Alberta
A Guide to the identification of Salix (willows) in Alberta George W. Argus 2008 Devonian Botanical Garden Workshop on willow identification Jasper National Park, Alberta 2 Available from: George W. Argus 310 Haskins Rd, Merrickville R3, Ontario, Canada K0G 1N0 email: [email protected] http://aknhp.uaa.alaska.edu/willow/index.html 3 CONTENTS Preface............................................................................................................................... 5 Salicaceae ...........…………………...........……........................................……..........…. 8 Classification ..........……………….…..….................................................….............…. 9 Some Useful Morphological Characters .......................................................….............. 11 Key to the Species.............................................................................................................13 Taxonomic Treatment .........................................................…..……….………............ 18 Glossary .....………………………………………....…..................………...........….... 61 Cited and Selected References ......................................................................................... 64 Salix Web Sites ...................……..................................……..................……............…. 68 Distribution Maps ............................................................................................................ 69 TABLES Table 1. Comparison of Salix athabascensis and Salix pedicellaris .............................. -
Cultivated Willows Would Not Be Appropriate Without Mention of the ‘WEEPING WILLOW’
Alexander Robertson Notes on willows cultivated in Scotland and a few sketches of willows sampled from my clonal collection HISTORICAL NOTES Since the knowledge of willows is of great antiquity, it is with the ancient Greeks and Romans we shall begin, for among these people numerous written records remain. The growth habit, ecology, cultivation and utilization of willows was well— understood by Theophrastus, Ovid, Herodotus, Pliny and Dioscorides. Virgil was also quite familiar with willow, e.g. Damoetas complains that: “Galatea, saucy girl, pelts me with apples and then runs off to the willows”. ECLOGIJE III and of foraging bees: “Far and wide they feed on arbutus, pale-green willows, on cassia and ruddy crocus .. .“ GEORGICS IV Theophrastus of Eresos (370—285 B.C.) discussed many aspects of willows throughout his Enquiry into Plants including habitats, wood quality, coppicing and a variety of uses. Willows, according to Theophrastus are lovers of wet places and marshes. But he also notes certain amphibious traits of willows growing in mountains and plains. To Theophrastus they appeared to possess no fruits and quite adequately reproduced themselves from roots, were tolerant to flooding and frequent coppicing. “Even willows grow old and when they are cut, no matter at what height, they shoot up again.” He described the wood as cold, tough, light and resilient—qualities which made it useful for a variety of purposes, especially shields. Such were the diverse virtues of willow that he suggested introducing it for plant husbandry. Theophrastus noted there were many different kinds of willows; three of the best known being black willow (Salix fragilis), white willow (S. -
Salix × Meyeriana (= Salix Pentandra × S
Phytotaxa 22: 57–60 (2011) ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ Correspondence PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2011 Magnolia Press ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) Salix × meyeriana (= Salix pentandra × S. euxina)―a forgotten willow in Eastern North America ALEXEY G. ZINOVJEV 9 Madison Ave., Randolph, MA 02368, USA; E-mail: [email protected] Salix pentandra L. is a boreal species native to Europe and western Siberia. In North America it is considered to have been introduced to about half of the US states (Argus 2007, 2010). In Massachusetts it is reported from nine of the fourteen counties (Sorrie & Somers 1999). Even though this plant may have been introduced to the US and Canada, its naturalization in North America appears to be quite improbable. Unlike willows from the related section Salix, in S. pentandra twigs are not easily broken off and their ability to root is very low, 0–15% (Belyaeva et al. 2006). It is possible to propagate S. pentandra from softwood cuttings (Belyaeva et al. 2006) and it can be cultivated in botanical gardens, however, vegetative reproduction of this species by natural means seems less likely. In North America this willow is known only by female (pistillate) plants (Argus 2010), so for this species, although setting fruit, sexual reproduction should be excluded. It is difficult to imagine that, under these circumstances, it could escape from cultivation. Therefore, most of the records for this willow in North America should be considered as collections from cultivated plants or misidentifications (Zinovjev 2008–2010). Salix pentandra is known to hybridize with willows of the related section Salix. -
The Vjosa (Vjosë) – the Floodplains of an Outstanding Gravel Bed River in Southern Albania 85-105 © Zool.-Bot
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien. Frueher: Verh.des Zoologisch-Botanischen Vereins in Wien. seit 2014 "Acta ZooBot Austria" Jahr/Year: 2018 Band/Volume: 155_1 Autor(en)/Author(s): Drescher Anton Artikel/Article: The Vjosa (Vjosë) – the floodplains of an outstanding gravel bed river in southern Albania 85-105 © Zool.-Bot. Ges. Österreich, Austria; download unter www.zobodat.at Acta ZooBot Austria 155, 2018, 85–105 The Vjosa (Vjosë) – the floodplains of an outstanding gravel bed river in southern Albania Anton Drescher The Vjosa floodplain is a unique example of an almost undisturbed gravelbed river in Southern Europe. The investigations discussed here refer to a river stretch between Kalivaçi and Poçemi. The great variety of habitats and vegetation types is documented with more than 60 relevés. An overview of the plant communities and plant assem- blages shows the attempt of a plant sociological classification. The diversity encom- passes a spectrum of ephemeral herbal pioneer assemblages to small remains of Platanus mixed woods. Largely unvegetated gravel beds in the active zone and wide Imperata cylindrical grasslands on higher niveaus of the floodplain have the highest areal share. The latter developed after cutting and repeatedly burning to gain pasture. Finally a succession scheme is presented and the importance of woody debris in the river chan- nel is discussed. DRESCHER A., 2018: Die Vjosa – Auen eines einzigartigen Wildflusses in Süd-Al- banien. Die Vjosa bildet eine in Südeuropa einzigartige Wildflußlandschaft von nahezu un- gestörter Natur. Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen betreffen den Flußabschnitt zwi- schen Kalivaçi und Poçemi. -
Trees, Shrubs, and Perennials That Intrigue Me (Gymnosperms First
Big-picture, evolutionary view of trees and shrubs (and a few of my favorite herbaceous perennials), ver. 2007-11-04 Descriptions of the trees and shrubs taken (stolen!!!) from online sources, from my own observations in and around Greenwood Lake, NY, and from these books: • Dirr’s Hardy Trees and Shrubs, Michael A. Dirr, Timber Press, © 1997 • Trees of North America (Golden field guide), C. Frank Brockman, St. Martin’s Press, © 2001 • Smithsonian Handbooks, Trees, Allen J. Coombes, Dorling Kindersley, © 2002 • Native Trees for North American Landscapes, Guy Sternberg with Jim Wilson, Timber Press, © 2004 • Complete Trees, Shrubs, and Hedges, Jacqueline Hériteau, © 2006 They are generally listed from most ancient to most recently evolved. (I’m not sure if this is true for the rosids and asterids, starting on page 30. I just listed them in the same order as Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II.) This document started out as my personal landscaping plan and morphed into something almost unwieldy and phantasmagorical. Key to symbols and colored text: Checkboxes indicate species and/or cultivars that I want. Checkmarks indicate those that I have (or that one of my neighbors has). Text in blue indicates shrub or hedge. (Unfinished task – there is no text in blue other than this text right here.) Text in red indicates that the species or cultivar is undesirable: • Out of range climatically (either wrong zone, or won’t do well because of differences in moisture or seasons, even though it is in the “right” zone). • Will grow too tall or wide and simply won’t fit well on my property. -
Irish Vegetation Classification (IVC) Community Synopsis
Irish Vegetation Classification (IVC) www.biodiversityireland.ie/ivc Community Synopsis Scientific name Salix cinerea – Urtica dioica woodland Common name Grey Willow – Common Nettle woodland Community code WL3D Vegetation This rather variable community comprises wet woodland dominated by Salix spp. There is usually a low canopy (mean canopy height = 12.4 m, n = 32) in which Fraxinus excelsior typically accompanies the willows while Alnus glutinosa and Acer pseudoplatanus are also frequent. In the diverse field layer Rubus fruticosus agg., Hedera helix, Filipendula ulmaria, Angelica sylvestris, Urtica dioica and Dryopteris dilatata are constants while frequently found plants include Ranunculus repens, Galium aparine, Cardamine flexuosa, Agrostis stolonifera, Carex remota, Galium palustre, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium and Mentha aquatica. The bryophyte layer is composed mostly of Kindbergia praelonga, Brachythecium rutabulum and Hypnum cupressiforme. Further variation is discussed under ‘Sub-communities’ below. Ecology This community mainly occurs on wet gley soils but also on basin peats and well-drained mineral soils (mean organic content = 40.5%, n = 33). It is found almost always on flat ground in the lowlands (mean slope = 0.5°, n = 33; mean altitude = 51 m, n = 33). Conditions are relatively base-rich and quite fertile. Sub-communities Two quite distinct sub-communities have been described for this community. The Salix fragilis – Calystegia sepium sub- community (WL3Di) differs chiefly in the presence of one or more species of willow that are regarded as archaeophytes in Ireland (Salix fragilis, Salix alba, Salix viminalis or Salix triandra), although Salix cinerea is still frequent. The field layer is usually a dense tangle including Calystegia sepium, Iris pseudacorus, Oenanthe crocata, Rumex sanguineus, Phalaris arundinacea, Valeriana officinalis and Solanum dulcamara. -
And Betula Nana (Betulaceae)
Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae Journal homepage: pbsociety.org.pl/journals/index.php/asbp ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER Received: 2010.09.06 Accepted: 2010.12.29 Published electronically: 2012.10.01 Acta Soc Bot Pol 81(3):153–158 DOI: 10.5586/asbp.2012.027 Calculated characters of leaves are independent on environmental conditions in Salix herbacea (Salicaceae) and Betula nana (Betulaceae) Katarzyna Marcysiak* Department of Botany, Kazimierz Wielki University, Ossolińskich 12, 85–093 Bydgoszcz, Poland Abstract The goal of the study was to check if the shape-describing characters, calculated as ratios of the morphological measured traits are more stable, compared to the latter, and can be treated as independent on environmental conditions. The test was based on the example of leaves of Salix herbacea and Betula nana. The individuals of the two populations ofS. herbacea from Tatra Mts. were divided into two groups: with bigger and smaller leaves. The two populations of B. nana came from different substrata: the first one, collected from the mire on the lower altitude, had bigger leaves, and the second, collected from the granite plateau and higher altitude, had smaller leaves. For both species, the measured traits were generally more variable than the ratios calculated on their basis, as expressed by the variation coefficients. The results of Students' t-test analyses showed statistically significant differences between the two groups of S. herbacea and the two populations of B. nana with respect to almost all the measured characters, and no such differences for the calculated traits, reflecting the leaf shape. As the differentiation of the leaf size was probably bound to the environmental factors, the lack of the dependence of the leaf shape on the leaf size could lead to a conclusion of independence of the leaf shape on the environment conditions. -
Isoprenoid Emission in Hygrophyte and Xerophyte European Woody Flora: Ecological and Evolutionary Implications
Global Ecology and Biogeography, (Global Ecol. Biogeogr.) (2014) 23, 334–345 bs_bs_banner RESEARCH Isoprenoid emission in hygrophyte and PAPER xerophyte European woody flora: ecological and evolutionary implications Francesco Loreto1*, Francesca Bagnoli2, Carlo Calfapietra3,4, Donata Cafasso5, Manuela De Lillis1, Goffredo Filibeck6, Silvia Fineschi2, Gabriele Guidolotti7, Gábor Sramkó8, Jácint Tökölyi9 and Carlo Ricotta10 1Dipartimento di Scienze Bio-Agroalimentari, ABSTRACT Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazzale Aim The relationship between isoprenoid emission and hygrophily was investi- Aldo Moro 7, 00185 Roma, Italy, 2Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale gated in woody plants of the Italian flora, which is representative of European delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, diversity. 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy, Methods Volatile isoprenoids (isoprene and monoterpenes) were measured, or 3 Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e data collected from the literature, for 154 species native or endemic to the Medi- Forestale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, terranean. The Ellenberg indicator value for moisture (EIVM) was used to describe Via Marconi 3, Porano (Terni), Italy, plant hygrophily. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out at a broader taxonomic scale 4Global Change Research Centre – CzechGlobe, on 128 species, and then refined on strong isoprene emitters (Salix and Populus Belidla 4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic, species) based on isoprene synthase gene sequences (IspS). 5Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II, Complesso Results Isoprene emitters were significantly more common and isoprene emis- Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia, sion was higher in hygrophilous EIVM classes, whereas monoterpene emitters were 80126 Napoli, Italy, 6Dipartimento di Scienze more widespread and monoterpene emission was higher in xeric classes. -
Assembly and Comparative Analysis of Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequence of an Economic Plant Salix Suchowensis
Assembly and comparative analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequence of an economic plant Salix suchowensis Ning Ye1, Xuelin Wang1, Juan Li2, Changwei Bi3, Yiqing Xu1, Dongyang Wu4 and Qiaolin Ye1 1 College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 2 School of Electrical and Automatic Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 3 School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 4 College of Forest Resources and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China ABSTRACT Willow is a widely used dioecious woody plant of Salicaceae family in China. Due to their high biomass yields, willows are promising sources for bioenergy crops. In this study, we assembled the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome sequence of S. suchowensis with the length of 644,437 bp using Roche-454 GS FLX Titanium sequencing technologies. Base composition of the S. suchowensis mt genome is A (27.43%), T (27.59%), C (22.34%), and G (22.64%), which shows a prevalent GC content with that of other angiosperms. This long circular mt genome encodes 58 unique genes (32 protein-coding genes, 23 tRNA genes and 3 rRNA genes), and 9 of the 32 protein-coding genes contain 17 introns. Through the phylogenetic analysis of 35 species based on 23 protein-coding genes, it is supported that Salix as a sister to Populus. With the detailed phylogenetic information and the identification of phylogenetic position, some ribosomal protein genes and succinate dehydrogenase genes are found usually lost during evolution. As a native shrub willow species, this worthwhile research of S. -
Diversity and Evolution of Rosids
*Malpighiales • large and diverse group of 39 families - many of them Diversity and contributing importantly to tropical Evolution of Rosids forest diversity . willows, spurges, and maples . *Salicaceae - willows, poplars *Salicaceae - willows, poplars Chemically defined by salicins (salicylic acid). Many 55 genera, 1000+ species of shrubs/trees - 450 are willows members of the tropical “Flacourtiaceae” with showy flowers (Salix), less numerous are poplars, aspens (Populus). also have salicins and are now part of the Salicaceae Populus deltoides - Salix babylonica - Dovyalis hebecarpa Oncoba spinosa American cottonwood weeping willow 1 *Salicaceae - willows, poplars *Salicaceae - willows, poplars Willows (Salix) are dioecious trees of temperate regions with female male • nectar glands at base of bract allows reduced flowers in aments - both insect and wind pollinated insect as well as wind pollination • fruit is a capsule with cottony seeds for wind dispersal female male Salix babylonica - weeping willow *Salicaceae - willows, poplars *Salicaceae - willows, poplars • species vary from large trees, shrubs, to tiny tundra subshrubs • many species are “precocious” - flower before leaves flush in spring Salix discolor - pussy willow Salix herbacea - Salix pedicellaris - Salix fragilis - dwarf willow bog willow crack willow 2 *Salicaceae - willows, poplars *Salicaceae - willows, poplars Populus - poplars, cottonwood, aspens male • flowers possess a disk • cottony seeds in capsule female Populus deltoides American cottonwood Populus deltoides - American cottonwood *Salicaceae - willows, poplars *Salicaceae - willows, poplars Populus balsamifera Balsam poplar, balm-of-gilead P. tremuloides P. grandidentata trrembling aspen bigtooth aspen • aspens are clonal from root sprouts, fast growing, light Populus alba wooded, and important for White poplar pulp in the paper industry Introduced from Europe 3 *Euphorbiaceae - spurges *Euphorbiaceae - spurges Euphorbiaceae s.l.