DOCSLIB.ORG

New Reports of Melampsora Rust (Pucciniomycetes) on the Salix Retusa Complex in Balkan Countries

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
New Reports of Melampsora Rust (Pucciniomycetes) on the Salix Retusa Complex in Balkan Countries (2020) 44 (1): 89-93 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/BOTSERB2001089S journal homepage: botanicaserbica.bio.bg.ac.rs Original Scientific Report New reports of Melampsora rust (Pucciniomycetes) on the Salix retusa complex in Balkan countries Miloš Stupar✳, Milica Ljaljević Grbić, Jelena Vukojević and Dmitar Lakušić University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden “Jevremovac”, Takovska 43, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia ✳ correspondence: [email protected] Keywords: ABSTRACT: plant pathogen, distribution, Melampsora epitea, known to cause rust on the complex of Salix retusa prostrate Melampsora epitea, basidiomycete, willows distributed in the subalpine and alpine belt of the mountains of Central snow willows Europe, is here documented for the first time in Montenegro and North Macedonia growing at six localities. It is not new for Serbia, but the records come from a newly reported host, namely Salix serpyllifolia. The pathogen’s distribution presumably is UDC: 528.28:582.681.81(234.42) wider than initially believed, and further surveys need to be conducted. Received: 09 January 2020 Revision accepted: 04 February 2020 During field investigation of the complex of Salix retusa were collected, placed in bags and transported to a labo- (family Salicaceae) on the Balkan Peninsula, six popula- ratory in the Department of Algology, Mycology and Li- tions with many individuals infected with rust fungus chenology of Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade for were documented (Fig. 1). proper screening of symptoms, documented and used for The complex of Salix retusa includes S. retusa L. (s.str), further analyses by light and scanning microscopy. Symp- S. kitaibeliana Willd. and S. serpillifolia Scop., prostrate toms were detected both in the field and on herbarium willows distributed in the subalpine and alpine vegeta- specimens. tion belts of the mountains of Europe: the Pyrenees, Alps, Apennines, Dinarides, Scardians, Carpathians and Rila. Chorological data: The systematic positions and geographical distribution Specimens examined and pathogen identified: of these taxa are not fully resolved and are still disputed (Kosiński 2017, 2019). Although he states that S. retusa is Salix retusa s. str. common on the Balkan Peninsula in the Dinarid, Scardian North Macedonia: Mt. Jakupica, Solunska glava and Rila Mts., a number of prostrate willows with smaller N41.715351, E21.398691, 2221 m a.s.l., alpine-subni- leaves than those of typical S. retusa are found commonly val snow-bed vegetation (Salicetea herbaceae), marble, and have been classified as S. serpyllifolia. Accordingly, for leg. Lakušić D., Kuzmanović N., Janković I., 22.07.2016, prostrate willows with small spathulate leaves, we here use BEOU-46336. the name “S. serpyllifolia”. According to Pei (2005), willow Montenegro: Prokletije Mts., Maja Karanfili, Skrožnje, and poplar (family Salicacea) around the world are infect- N42.501556, E19.79057, 1985 m a.s.l., alpine-subnival ed with rust fungus of the genus Melampsora. snow-bed vegetation (Salicetea herbaceae), limestone, The conducted field study took place in the summer leg. Lakušić D., Kuzmanović N., Janković I., 29.07.2016, periods from 2016 to 2018. Herbarium material of infected BEOU-46512. S. retusa collected in the field were deposited in the BEOU Montenegro: Durmitor, Gornja Ališnica, N43.143605, herbarium, while leaf samples with visible rust symptoms E19.032165, 2050.2 m a.s.l., alpine calcareous grasslands, © 2020 Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden Jevremovac, Belgrade 90 | vol. 44 (1) Fig. 2. Powdery pustules corresponding to uredinia documented on infected Salix retusa leaves collected in the Međukomlje Mts., Mon- tenegro (magnification, 51.2×). “Salix serpyllifolia” Montenegro: Komovi Mts., Kom Vasojevićki, N42.691946, E19.670435, 2163 m a.s.l., alpine-subnival snow-bed veg- etation (Salicetea herbaceae), limestone, leg. Lakušić D., Kuzmanović N., Janković I., 11.07.2016, BEOU-46257. Symptoms observed in the field: Salix retusa s. str. Montenegro: Durmitor Mts., Bobotov kuk, Velika Previja, [UTM: CN47] N43.126501, E19.037171, 2350 m a.s.l., al- pine limestone grassland Festuco-Seslerietea, limestone, leg. Lakušić D., 14.08.2017, BEOU-46656. Montenegro: Mt. Maganik, Kurozeb (Petrov vrh) 1800- 2100 m a.s.l., heaths above Pinus heldreichii H. Christ belt, on limestone, Niketić M., Tomović G. 19.08. 2010, BEOU- 31409. “Salix serpyllifolia” Serbia (Kosovo): Šara Mts., Piribeg, N42.177782, E21.048534, alpine-subnival snow-bed vegetation (Salicetea herbaceae), limestone, leg. Lazarević M., Lazarević P. 13.08.2018 (field observation, photo documented Fig. 1). Fig. 1. Melampsora epitea rust symptoms. a) infected Salix retusa On both sides of the leaves, formation of yellow to orange from Montenegro, Durmitor, Ališnica (photo: D. Lakušić, 6.8.2018); indistinguishable spots corresponding to orange powdery b) infected “Salix serpyllifolia” from Montenegro, Komovi (photo: pustules (uredinia), scattered or rarely grouped and cover- D. Lakušić, 11.07.2016); c) infected “Salix serpyllifolia” from Serbia ing approximately 10 to 50% of the leaf surface, was docu- (Kosovo: Šara Mts., Piribeg) (photo: M. Lazarević, 13.08.2018). mented (Fig. 2). Pustules originating from infected leaf surfaces sam- Scabioso silenifoliae-Caricetum laevis, limestone, leg. pled at all investigated localities were gently removed Lakušić, D., 06.08.2018, (field observation, photo docu- with the aid of adhesive tape and by scraping, mounted mented - Fig. 1). with Lactophenol Cotton Blue and observed under a light M. Stupar et al.: Melampsora on the Salix retusa complex | 91 Fig. 3. Melampsora epitea s. str. - morphological characteristics of pathogen uredial stage documented on Salix retusa. a, c) uredinium; b) urediniospore with capitate paraphyses dyed with Lactophenol Cotton Blue; d) urediniospore with dense spines and thick cell walls docu- mented. a, b – light microscopy; c, d – SEM. microscope (Nikon Eclipse E200 equipped with a Bresser mum symmetry, such as a perfect circle. Urediniospores MikroCam PROHDMI camera). To observe and analyse with documented CIRC values in the case presented here fungal structures present on S. retusa leaves using SEM, ranged from 0.7 to 0.8, indicating more ovoid to ellipsoidal sample fragments were taken from leaf surface with vis- shape of the pathogen spore (14–24×11–20 μm Ø). The ible symptoms by means of adhesive carbon tape on alu- cell wall of urediniospores was approximately 1 μm thick, minum cylinders. SEM images were obtained at the Fac- uniformly echinulate with dense spines. Mean SD ranged ulty of Mining and Geology, University of Belgrade, using from 1.5 to 2 μm. Paraphyses were capitate, with a thick- a JEOL JSM–6610 LVSEM instrument (Tokyo, Japan). ened wall, placed intermixed or peripherally in the uredin- Samples (d=15nm, ρ=19.2g/cm3) were gold-coated with ia (30–61×9–26 μm Ø) (Fig. 3). Documented structures a Leica EMS CD005 sputter coater (Wetzlar, Germany). of rust fungus, urediniospores and paraphyses, and their Both types of microscopy, light and SEM, revealed in all morphological characters (shape, dimensions, CIRC, SD) tested samples the presence of numerous urediniospores from all leaf samples analysed microscopically showed and paraphyses emerging from amphigenous uredinia. no significant variation in morphology and size, thereby Further morphological analyses of documented structures suggesting that S. retusa specimens from all investigated of the uredial stage were conducted using ImageJ soft- populations suffer from the same pathogen. ware and included: characters of urediniospores (shape, Documented micromorphological features, as well as dimensions, cell wall thickness, circularity-CIRC, spine documented symptoms present on host plants identified distance-SD) and paraphyses (shape and dimensions). as S. retusa correnspond to the genus Melampsora (family The CIRC value was normalised and ranged from 0.0 to Melampsoraceae, order Pucciniales, class Pucciniomycetes, 1.0, where the value 1.0 represents an ideal case of maxi- division Basidiomycota). Species of the genus Melampsora 92 | vol. 44 (1) are biotrophic fungal pathogens of willows (Salix spp.) in REFERENCES the northern temperate zone (Bennet et al. 2011). Apart from M. amygdalinae Kleb, all Melampsora species that in- Bennett CM, Aime MC & Newcombe G. 2011. Molecular fect willows are heteroecious. Corresponding to the ploidy and pathogenic variation within Melampsora on Salix level of the fungus, Salix spp. are hosts for the dikaryotic in western North America reveals numerous cryptic stages of the fungus [uredinia (III) and telia (IV)], while species. Mycologia 103: 1004‒1018. the stages of spermogonia (0) and aecia (I) form on hosts Braun U. 1982. Die Rostpilze (Uredinales) der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik. Feddes Repertorium 93: in different lineages of seed plants, e.g., Abies, Euonymus, 213‒334. Larix, Ribes, Saxifraga, Tsuga, Viola and several genera of Damadi SM, Pei MH, Smith JA & Abbasi M. 2011. A new Orchidaceae (Pei 2005). For proper identification of docu- species of Melampsora rust on Salix elbursensis from mented Melampsora rust to the species level, awareness of Iran. Forest Pathology 41: 392‒397. teliospore morphology is required, as well as knowledge of Denchev CM. 1995. Bulgarian Uredinales. Mycotaxon 55: the hosts´ 0I stages of the pathogen. The conducted field in- 405‒465. vestigation and sampling occurred in the summer period, Farr DF & Rossman AY. 2016. Fungal Databases,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Molecular Evolution and Functional Divergence of Tubulin Superfamily In
    OPEN Molecular evolution and functional SUBJECT AREAS: divergence of tubulin superfamily in the FUNGAL GENOMICS MOLECULAR EVOLUTION fungal tree of life FUNGAL BIOLOGY Zhongtao Zhao1*, Huiquan Liu1*, Yongping Luo1, Shanyue Zhou2, Lin An1, Chenfang Wang1, Qiaojun Jin1, Mingguo Zhou3 & Jin-Rong Xu1,2 Received 18 July 2014 1 NWAFU-PU Joint Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, 2 Accepted Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West 3 22 September 2014 Lafayette, IN 47907, USA, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China. Published 23 October 2014 Microtubules are essential for various cellular activities and b-tubulins are the target of benzimidazole fungicides. However, the evolution and molecular mechanisms driving functional diversification in fungal tubulins are not clear. In this study, we systematically identified tubulin genes from 59 representative fungi Correspondence and across the fungal kingdom. Phylogenetic analysis showed that a-/b-tubulin genes underwent multiple requests for materials independent duplications and losses in different fungal lineages and formed distinct paralogous/ should be addressed to orthologous clades. The last common ancestor of basidiomycetes and ascomycetes likely possessed two a a a b b b a J.-R.X. (jinrong@ paralogs of -tubulin ( 1/ 2) and -tubulin ( 1/ 2) genes but 2-tubulin genes were lost in basidiomycetes and b2-tubulin genes were lost in most ascomycetes. Molecular evolutionary analysis indicated that a1, a2, purdue.edu) and b2-tubulins have been under strong divergent selection and adaptive positive selection.
    [Show full text]
  • Melampsora Medusae
    European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization PM 7/93 (1) Organisation Europe´enne et Me´diterrane´enne pour la Protection des Plantes Diagnostics Diagnostic Melampsora medusae Specific scope Specific approval and amendment This standard describes a diagnostic protocol for Melampsora Approved in 2009–09. medusae1 Populus trichocarpa, and their interspecific hybrids (Frey et al., Introduction 2005). In Europe, most of the cultivated poplars are P. · eur- Melampsora medusae Thu¨men is one of the causal agents of americana (P. deltoides · P. nigra)andP. · interamericana poplar rust. The main species involved in this disease in Europe (P. trichocarpa · P. deltoides) hybrids. In addition, Shain (1988) on cultivated poplars are Melampsora larici-populina and showed evidence for the existence of two formae speciales within Melampsora allii-populina. All three species cause abundant M. medusae and named them M. medusae f. sp. deltoidae and uredinia production on leaves, which can lead to premature M. medusae f. sp. tremuloidae according to their primary host, defoliation and growth reduction. After several years of severe Populus deltoides and Populus tremuloides, respectively. Neither infection leading to repeated defoliation, the disease may predis- the EU directive, nor the EPPO make the distinction between pose the trees to dieback or even death for the younger trees. these two formae speciales but only refer to M. medusae.Not- Melampsora rust is a very common disease of poplar trees, which withstanding, since M. medusae was only reported in Europe on can cause severe economic losses in commercial poplar cultiva- poplars from the sections Aigeiros and Tacamahaca,andin tion because of the emergence and spread of new pathotypes of respect with the host specialization, it can be stated that only M.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of Isoprenyl Diphosphate Synthase-Like Terpene
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Evolution of isoprenyl diphosphate synthase‑like terpene synthases in fungi Guo Wei1, Franziska Eberl2, Xinlu Chen1, Chi Zhang1, Sybille B. Unsicker2, Tobias G. Köllner2, Jonathan Gershenzon2 & Feng Chen1* Terpene synthases (TPSs) and trans‑isoprenyl diphosphate synthases (IDSs) are among the core enzymes for creating the enormous diversity of terpenoids. Despite having no sequence homology, TPSs and IDSs share a conserved “α terpenoid synthase fold” and a trinuclear metal cluster for catalysis, implying a common ancestry with TPSs hypothesized to evolve from IDSs anciently. Here we report on the identifcation and functional characterization of novel IDS-like TPSs (ILTPSs) in fungi that evolved from IDS relatively recently, indicating recurrent evolution of TPSs from IDSs. Through large-scale bioinformatic analyses of fungal IDSs, putative ILTPSs that belong to the geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS) family of IDSs were identifed in three species of Melampsora. Among the GGDPS family of the two Melampsora species experimentally characterized, one enzyme was verifed to be bona fde GGDPS and all others were demonstrated to function as TPSs. Melampsora ILTPSs displayed kinetic parameters similar to those of classic TPSs. Key residues underlying the determination of GGDPS versus ILTPS activity and functional divergence of ILTPSs were identifed. Phylogenetic analysis implies a recent origination of these ILTPSs from a GGDPS progenitor in fungi, after the split of Melampsora from other genera within the class of Pucciniomycetes. For the poplar leaf rust fungus Melampsora larici-populina, the transcripts of its ILTPS genes were detected in infected poplar leaves, suggesting possible involvement of these recently evolved ILTPS genes in the infection process.
    [Show full text]
  • Fungal Evolution: Major Ecological Adaptations and Evolutionary Transitions
    Biol. Rev. (2019), pp. 000–000. 1 doi: 10.1111/brv.12510 Fungal evolution: major ecological adaptations and evolutionary transitions Miguel A. Naranjo-Ortiz1 and Toni Gabaldon´ 1,2,3∗ 1Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain 2 Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain 3ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain ABSTRACT Fungi are a highly diverse group of heterotrophic eukaryotes characterized by the absence of phagotrophy and the presence of a chitinous cell wall. While unicellular fungi are far from rare, part of the evolutionary success of the group resides in their ability to grow indefinitely as a cylindrical multinucleated cell (hypha). Armed with these morphological traits and with an extremely high metabolical diversity, fungi have conquered numerous ecological niches and have shaped a whole world of interactions with other living organisms. Herein we survey the main evolutionary and ecological processes that have guided fungal diversity. We will first review the ecology and evolution of the zoosporic lineages and the process of terrestrialization, as one of the major evolutionary transitions in this kingdom. Several plausible scenarios have been proposed for fungal terrestralization and we here propose a new scenario, which considers icy environments as a transitory niche between water and emerged land. We then focus on exploring the main ecological relationships of Fungi with other organisms (other fungi, protozoans, animals and plants), as well as the origin of adaptations to certain specialized ecological niches within the group (lichens, black fungi and yeasts).
    [Show full text]
  • Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve Management Plan 2011-2016
    Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve Management Plan 2011-2016 April 1981 Revised, May 1982 2nd revision, April 1983 3rd revision, December 1999 4th revision, May 2011 Prepared for U.S. Department of Commerce Ohio Department of Natural Resources National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Division of Wildlife Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management 2045 Morse Road, Bldg. G Estuarine Reserves Division Columbus, Ohio 1305 East West Highway 43229-6693 Silver Spring, MD 20910 This management plan has been developed in accordance with NOAA regulations, including all provisions for public involvement. It is consistent with the congressional intent of Section 315 of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, and the provisions of the Ohio Coastal Management Program. OWC NERR Management Plan, 2011 - 2016 Acknowledgements This management plan was prepared by the staff and Advisory Council of the Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve (OWC NERR), in collaboration with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources-Division of Wildlife. Participants in the planning process included: Manager, Frank Lopez; Research Coordinator, Dr. David Klarer; Coastal Training Program Coordinator, Heather Elmer; Education Coordinator, Ann Keefe; Education Specialist Phoebe Van Zoest; and Office Assistant, Gloria Pasterak. Other Reserve staff including Dick Boyer and Marje Bernhardt contributed their expertise to numerous planning meetings. The Reserve is grateful for the input and recommendations provided by members of the Old Woman Creek NERR Advisory Council. The Reserve is appreciative of the review, guidance, and council of Division of Wildlife Executive Administrator Dave Scott and the mapping expertise of Keith Lott and the late Steve Barry.
    [Show full text]
  • The Flora Mycologica Iberica Project Fungi Occurrence Dataset
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal MycoKeys 15: 59–72 (2016)The Flora Mycologica Iberica Project fungi occurrence dataset 59 doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.15.9765 DATA PAPER MycoKeys http://mycokeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research The Flora Mycologica Iberica Project fungi occurrence dataset Francisco Pando1, Margarita Dueñas1, Carlos Lado1, María Teresa Telleria1 1 Real Jardín Botánico-CSIC, Claudio Moyano 1, 28014, Madrid, Spain Corresponding author: Francisco Pando ([email protected]) Academic editor: C. Gueidan | Received 5 July 2016 | Accepted 25 August 2016 | Published 13 September 2016 Citation: Pando F, Dueñas M, Lado C, Telleria MT (2016) The Flora Mycologica Iberica Project fungi occurrence dataset. MycoKeys 15: 59–72. doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.15.9765 Resource citation: Pando F, Dueñas M, Lado C, Telleria MT (2016) Flora Mycologica Iberica Project fungi occurrence dataset. v1.18. Real Jardín Botánico (CSIC). Dataset/Occurrence. http://www.gbif.es/ipt/resource?r=floramicologicaiberi ca&v=1.18, http://doi.org/10.15468/sssx1e Abstract The dataset contains detailed distribution information on several fungal groups. The information has been revised, and in many times compiled, by expert mycologist(s) working on the monographs for the Flora Mycologica Iberica Project (FMI). Records comprise both collection and observational data, obtained from a variety of sources including field work, herbaria, and the literature. The dataset contains 59,235 records, of which 21,393 are georeferenced. These correspond to 2,445 species, grouped in 18 classes. The geographical scope of the dataset is Iberian Peninsula (Continental Portugal and Spain, and Andorra) and Balearic Islands. The complete dataset is available in Darwin Core Archive format via the Global Biodi- versity Information Facility (GBIF).
    [Show full text]
  • Diseases of Trees in the Great Plains
    United States Department of Agriculture Diseases of Trees in the Great Plains Forest Rocky Mountain General Technical Service Research Station Report RMRS-GTR-335 November 2016 Bergdahl, Aaron D.; Hill, Alison, tech. coords. 2016. Diseases of trees in the Great Plains. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-335. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 229 p. Abstract Hosts, distribution, symptoms and signs, disease cycle, and management strategies are described for 84 hardwood and 32 conifer diseases in 56 chapters. Color illustrations are provided to aid in accurate diagnosis. A glossary of technical terms and indexes to hosts and pathogens also are included. Keywords: Tree diseases, forest pathology, Great Plains, forest and tree health, windbreaks. Cover photos by: James A. Walla (top left), Laurie J. Stepanek (top right), David Leatherman (middle left), Aaron D. Bergdahl (middle right), James T. Blodgett (bottom left) and Laurie J. Stepanek (bottom right). To learn more about RMRS publications or search our online titles: www.fs.fed.us/rm/publications www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/ Background This technical report provides a guide to assist arborists, landowners, woody plant pest management specialists, foresters, and plant pathologists in the diagnosis and control of tree diseases encountered in the Great Plains. It contains 56 chapters on tree diseases prepared by 27 authors, and emphasizes disease situations as observed in the 10 states of the Great Plains: Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming. The need for an updated tree disease guide for the Great Plains has been recog- nized for some time and an account of the history of this publication is provided here.
    [Show full text]
  • Population Biology of Switchgrass Rust
    POPULATION BIOLOGY OF SWITCHGRASS RUST (Puccinia emaculata Schw.) By GABRIELA KARINA ORQUERA DELGADO Bachelor of Science in Biotechnology Escuela Politécnica del Ejército (ESPE) Quito, Ecuador 2011 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE July, 2014 POPULATION BIOLOGY OF SWITCHGRASS RUST (Puccinia emaculata Schw.) Thesis Approved: Dr. Stephen Marek Thesis Adviser Dr. Carla Garzon Dr. Robert M. Hunger ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For their guidance and support, I express sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Marek, who has supported thought my thesis with his patience and knowledge whilst allowing me the room to work in my own way. One simply could not wish for a better or friendlier supervisor. I give special thanks to M.S. Maxwell Gilley (Mississippi State University), Dr. Bing Yang (Iowa State University), Arvid Boe (South Dakota State University) and Dr. Bingyu Zhao (Virginia State), for providing switchgrass rust samples used in this study and M.S. Andrea Payne, for her assistance during my writing process. I would like to recognize Patricia Garrido and Francisco Flores for their guidance, assistance, and friendship. To my family and friends for being always the support and energy I needed to follow my dreams. iii Acknowledgements reflect the views of the author and are not endorsed by committee members or Oklahoma State University. Name: GABRIELA KARINA ORQUERA DELGADO Date of Degree: JULY, 2014 Title of Study: POPULATION BIOLOGY OF SWITCHGRASS RUST (Puccinia emaculata Schw.) Major Field: ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY Abstract: Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a perennial warm season grass native to a large portion of North America.
    [Show full text]
  • Salix L.) in the European Alps
    diversity Review The Evolutionary History, Diversity, and Ecology of Willows (Salix L.) in the European Alps Natascha D. Wagner 1 , Li He 2 and Elvira Hörandl 1,* 1 Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants (with Herbarium), University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; [email protected] 2 College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The genus Salix (willows), with 33 species, represents the most diverse genus of woody plants in the European Alps. Many species dominate subalpine and alpine types of vegetation. Despite a long history of research on willows, the evolutionary and ecological factors for this species richness are poorly known. Here we will review recent progress in research on phylogenetic relation- ships, evolution, ecology, and speciation in alpine willows. Phylogenomic reconstructions suggest multiple colonization of the Alps, probably from the late Miocene onward, and reject hypotheses of a single radiation. Relatives occur in the Arctic and in temperate Eurasia. Most species are widespread in the European mountain systems or in the European lowlands. Within the Alps, species differ eco- logically according to different elevational zones and habitat preferences. Homoploid hybridization is a frequent process in willows and happens mostly after climatic fluctuations and secondary contact. Breakdown of the ecological crossing barriers of species is followed by introgressive hybridization. Polyploidy is an important speciation mechanism, as 40% of species are polyploid, including the four endemic species of the Alps. Phylogenomic data suggest an allopolyploid origin for all taxa analyzed Citation: Wagner, N.D.; He, L.; so far.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Health Conditions in Alaska 2020
    Forest Service U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Alaska Region | R10-PR-046 | April 2021 Forest Health Conditions in Alaska - 2020 A Forest Health Protection Report U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, State & Private Forestry, Alaska Region Karl Dalla Rosa, Acting Director for State & Private Forestry, 1220 SW Third Avenue, Portland, OR 97204, [email protected] Michael Shephard, Deputy Director State & Private Forestry, 161 East 1st Avenue, Door 8, Anchorage, AK 99501, [email protected] Jason Anderson, Acting Deputy Director State & Private Forestry, 161 East 1st Avenue, Door 8, Anchorage, AK 99501, [email protected] Alaska Forest Health Specialists Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, http://www.fs.fed.us/r10/spf/fhp/ Anchorage, Southcentral Field Office 161 East 1st Avenue, Door 8, Anchorage, AK 99501 Phone: (907) 743-9451 Fax: (907) 743-9479 Betty Charnon, Invasive Plants, FHM, Pesticides, [email protected]; Jessie Moan, Entomologist, [email protected]; Steve Swenson, Biological Science Technician, [email protected] Fairbanks, Interior Field Office 3700 Airport Way, Fairbanks, AK 99709 Phone: (907) 451-2799, Fax: (907) 451-2690 Sydney Brannoch, Entomologist, [email protected]; Garret Dubois, Biological Science Technician, [email protected]; Lori Winton, Plant Pathologist, [email protected] Juneau, Southeast Field Office 11175 Auke Lake Way, Juneau, AK 99801 Phone: (907) 586-8811; Fax: (907) 586-7848 Isaac Dell, Biological Scientist, [email protected]; Elizabeth Graham, Entomologist, [email protected]; Karen Hutten, Aerial Survey Program Manager, [email protected]; Robin Mulvey, Plant Pathologist, [email protected] State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources Division of Forestry 550 W 7th Avenue, Suite 1450, Anchorage, AK 99501 Phone: (907) 269-8460; Fax: (907) 269-8931 Jason Moan, Forest Health Program Coordinator, [email protected]; Martin Schoofs, Forest Health Forester, [email protected] University of Alaska Fairbanks Cooperative Extension Service 219 E.
    [Show full text]
  • Whole Genome Comparative Analysis Of
    Whole genome comparative analysis of transposable elements provides new insight into mechanisms of their inactivation in fungal genomes Joelle Amselem, Marc-Henri Lebrun, Hadi Quesneville To cite this version: Joelle Amselem, Marc-Henri Lebrun, Hadi Quesneville. Whole genome comparative analysis of trans- posable elements provides new insight into mechanisms of their inactivation in fungal genomes. BMC Genomics, BioMed Central, 2015, 16 (1), pp.141. 10.1186/s12864-015-1347-1. hal-01142763 HAL Id: hal-01142763 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01142763 Submitted on 15 Apr 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Amselem et al. BMC Genomics (2015) 16:141 DOI 10.1186/s12864-015-1347-1 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Whole genome comparative analysis of transposable elements provides new insight into mechanisms of their inactivation in fungal genomes Joëlle Amselem1,2*, Marc-Henri Lebrun2 and Hadi Quesneville1 Abstract Background: Transposable Elements (TEs) are key components that shape the organization and evolution of genomes. Fungi have developed defense mechanisms against TE invasion such as RIP (Repeat-Induced Point mutation), MIP (Methylation Induced Premeiotically) and Quelling (RNA interference). RIP inactivates repeated sequences by promoting Cytosine to Thymine mutations, whereas MIP only methylates TEs at C residues.
    [Show full text]
  • [Puccinia Striiformis F. Sp. Tritici] on Wheat
    314 Review / Synthèse Epidemiology and control of stripe rust [Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici ] on wheat X.M. Chen Abstract: Stripe rust of wheat, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is one of the most important diseases of wheat worldwide. This review presents basic and recent information on the epidemiology of stripe rust, changes in pathogen virulence and population structure, and movement of the pathogen in the United States and around the world. The impact and causes of recent epidemics in the United States and other countries are discussed. Research on plant resistance to disease, including types of resistance, genes, and molecular markers, and on the use of fungicides are summarized, and strategies for more effective control of the disease are discussed. Key words: disease control, epidemiology, formae speciales, races, Puccinia striiformis, resistance, stripe rust, wheat, yellow rust. Résumé : Mondialement, la rouille jaune du blé, causée par le Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, est une des plus importantes maladies du blé. La présente synthèse contient des informations générales et récentes sur l’épidémiologie de la rouille jaune, sur les changements dans la virulence de l’agent pathogène et dans la structure de la population et sur les déplacements de l’agent pathogène aux États-Unis et autour de la planète. L’impact et les causes des dernières épidémies qui ont sévi aux États-Unis et ailleurs sont examinés. La synthèse contient un résumé de la recherche sur la résistance des plantes à la maladie, y compris les types de résistance, les gènes et les marqueurs moléculaires, et sur l’emploi des fongicides, et un examen des stratégies pour une lutte plus efficace contre la maladie.
    [Show full text]