International the Escalating Trade Row Between Istence and Magnitude of the Dumping

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

International the Escalating Trade Row Between Istence and Magnitude of the Dumping REVIEW PHOTOVOLTAICS NEWS USA: Punitive duties for Chinese solar imports? International The escalating trade row between istence and magnitude of the dumping. Af- the US and China could soon also ter investigation is initiated, the Interna- NEWS reach the PV branch. While the Solar Pow- tional Trade Commission will decide er International (SPI) trade show was tak- whether the domestic industry is material- REC will close production ing place in Dallas, a group of companies, ly injured or threatened of the dumped in Norway organised as Coalition for American Solar and subsidiarised imports. As a result, du- Manufacturing, filed a petition claiming ties on Chinese panels could be imposed REC intends to permanently shut down a for the imposition of punitive duties on so- – earliest after 3 months – equal to the large part of its production capacity in Nor- lar imports from China. The seven peti- dumping margin and the subsidy rates. An way. At the end of September, the Board of Directors tioners accuse Chinese PV manufacturers interesting twist is that payments then are announced that the decision had been taken to hold of illegally dumping crystalline solar cells to be due also retrospectively for goods talks with employee representatives about the per- into the US market – at margins “well in delivered in the period since the petition manent closure of some of the company’s Norwe- excess of 100 %”. The petition also as- was filed. The mood among Chinese com- gian production sites – including redundancies. The serts that the Chinese producers receive panies at SPI was understandably sub- units to be closed are polysilicon wafer factories in massive illegal subsidies from their gov- dued. „We’re prepaired and have already Herøya and Glomfjord and the cell factory in Narvik. ernment. The US Department of Commerce taken attorneys on bord who will accom- In total, 700 members of staff may be affected. (DOC) now has to decide whether to inves- pany the procedure“, commented a lead- The reasons are the continuing difficult market tigate the case and then determine the ex- ing Chinese manufacturer. conditions and the prospect of substantial losses (“negative cash flow”). The implementation of the planned measures will reduce the production of sili- German solar installations undergo con wafers by about 775 MW annually, which repre- end-of-year resurgence sents 45 % of REC’s Norwegian wafer capacity. At the same time, 180 MW of solar cell production ca- The market research bureau IHS The rapid rise in demand is presenting pacity will be discontinued. Operations in Herøya iSuppli sees a rising demand for challenges for the leading solar suppliers, will continue at a level of 650 MW of wafers annual- PV systems in Germany at the end of this which are based in China. “Given the slug- ly, and monocrystalline wafer production in Glom- year. After slumping in July and August, gish demand in the third quarter, the ma- fjord will go on with an annual capacity of 300 MW. Germany’s orders for new photovoltaic jor Chinese suppliers reduced their factory The cell and module factory in Singapore (PV) systems are set to soar in October utilization levels in the third quarter,” said (700 MW) and polysilicon production in the US and November, generating a surge in de- Dr. Henning Wicht, Senior Director and (19,000 t/a) would continue to operate at full ca- mand that may be difficult for major sup- principal analyst for IHS. “Because of this, pacity. While REC President Ole Enger considers this pliers to accommodate. some Chinese suppliers may not be able “an unfortunate, but necessary step”, the Norwe- The boom is driven by the drop in the to ramp up production in time to capitalize gian public has started discussing whether, and in country’s feed-in-tariff (FIT) in January of on the demand surge in Germany. With which way, the solar industry could be kept in the next year. Investors and homeowners are delivery times of six weeks, these suppli- country. In the Norwegian edition of the business rushing to place orders for solar systems ers have a short window of opportunity to newspaper E24, Roar Flåthen, the President of the before this incentive decreases. The spike get their products shipped to Germany.” Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions and a in demand had been expected since July. Even with the fourth-quarter increase Labour Party politician, called for a public debate However, due to decreasing PV module in orders, Germany’s solar installations about the future of the solar industry. prices, buyers were compelled to post- are expected to decrease to 5.9 GW for the Flåthen pointed out that Norway has spent con- pone their orders until cost conditions full year of 2011 compared to 7.4 GW in siderable amounts of money in recent years on re- were more favourable. 2010. search into environmentally sound energies. If the solar industry is weakened even further, there is a risk that research results and competence will leave Gujarati canal to be covered with solar panels the country and spur growth abroad, without any profit for Norway. “We need a debate about how we The state of Gujarat, India, in- working on the project have also been can prevent this from happening.” tends to develop a unique model asked to investigate the feasibility of to generate clean energy from the Narma- hanging micro-hydropower turbines from REC’s polysilicon wafer factory in da canals that is bound to draw the atten- the array of solar panels so that when wa- Glomfjord will be closed. Photo: REC tion of the world. The Narmada canals ter flows through the canal electricity is constitute one of the world’s largest canal generated.” networks. On a pilot basis, around 25 km of the Narendra Modi, Chief Minister of the Narmada branch canal network will be State said: “We have concluded that by covered with solar panels. Since the canal covering one kilometre of the Narmada network passes near villages, energy branch canal network with solar panels, could easily be distributed to them direct- 1 MW of power can be generated, and in ly without any risk of theft, and the sys- the process 10 million litres of water can tem would be a unique integrated model be saved from evaporation. The engineers of clean energy generation. 6 Sun & Wind Energy 11/2011 » Forget about oil. Solar electricity is the energy of the 21st century.*« Larry Hagman, also known as the oil tycoon from the TV series “Dallas”, always had an intuition for profi table businesses. Now he focuses on clean energy made from the sun and sand, and on solar electricity systems from SolarWorld – winner of the Photon performance test in 2008 and 2009. High performance, German technology. Find out more about our smart solar solutions at www.solarworld.com * On his farm in Ojai, California, Larry Hagman established the largest residential solar power system of the Unites States. REVIEW CSP NEWS Novatec creates solar thermal steam at 500 °C Novatec Solar has further developed electricity generation. “Through the use of su- operation with 1.4 MW of electrical capacity. the design of its receiver and can perheated steam, standard turbines with a The company is currently building its second now use solar thermal technology to produce high efficiency can now be used”, explains project, Puerto Errado 2, which will have a ca- superheated steam with a temperature of Martin Selig, Board Member for Market and pacity of 30 MW. Both power stations, how- over 500 °C. To do this, Novatec uses a linear Product Development at Novatec Solar. The ever, still work with significantly lower tem- Fresnel collector to focus the sunlight onto German Aerospace Centre (DLR) will carry out peratures. In Australia, the company has re- vacuum-insulated receiver tubes. These con- performance tests on the superheating equip- cently gained a contract for a solar field that tain water, which is heated and vaporized us- ment. The results will then form the basis for will be attached to an existing coal-fired pow- ing the solar energy. The development to future CSP projects using superheated steam. er station. This will not make the power sta- these higher temperatures was mainly moti- In March 2009, Novatec put its first com- tion CO2-neutral, but will reduce its fossil fuel vated by the resulting gain in efficiency of the mercial power station Puerto Errado 1 into requirement. Solar thermal molding The US Company LightManufactur- ing launched a new system for mold- ing of plastics that is based on concentrated solar irradiation. LightManufacturing’s “So- lar Rotational Molding” system uses a solar field with heliostats that track the sun and re- flect the sun’s irradiation onto a rotating hol- low mold, which heats to several hundreds degrees in a few seconds and molds the plastic. “Rotational molding has a long cycle time – e.g. 15 to 30 minutes, and an opera- tor can adjust cycle times to accommodate greater or lower levels of heat”, explains Karl von Kries, President of LightManufacturing. To adjust the temperature, it is possible to fo- At its California test facility, LightManufacturing has successfully made a range of plastic cus additional or less heliostats to the hol- parts, from water tanks to loudspeaker enclosures to household goods. low. Photo: LightManufacturing LLC In contrary to common rotational molding, Of course you can’t use the solar system facturing estimates that about 49 % of the the solar system heats the plastics directly. by night and need good solar irradiation. But earth’s surface affords feasible conditions. Normally, air is heated up by gas firing to the company states that the system can be Its system can work with traditional oil- 200 to 320 °C.
Recommended publications
  • Trade Remedies, Targeting the Renewable Energy Sector
    Green Economy and Trade. Ad hoc Expert Group 2: Trade Remedies in Green Sectors: the Case of Renewables 3−4 April 2014 Salle XXVI, Palais des Nations Geneva Trade Remedies Targeting the Renewable Energy Sector Report by 1 Cathleen Cimino & Gary Hufbauer 1 Cathleen Cimino is a Research Analyst at the Peterson Institute for International Economics and Gary Hufbauer is the Reginald Jones Senior Fellow. The views expressed are their own. Table of Contents I. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 3 Clash between trade remedies and environmental goals ....................................................... 3 Outline of the report ............................................................................................................ 4 II. Overview of trade remedies ...................................................................................................... 5 III. Trade in renewable energy products affected by AD/CVD cases ............................................... 8 Methodology for the trade remedy survey ............................................................................ 9 Findings from the surveyt .................................................................................................. 10 IV. Renewable energy costs .......................................................................................................... 17 V. WTO disputes relating to renewable energy ...........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 2009 Annual Report
    1J`Q` QC:`8HQI +1-602-414-9400 FX: PH: +1-602-414-9300 AZ85281 Tempe, 600 Suite Street, Washington 350 West Q`]Q`: VV:R_%:` V` 1118` QC:`8HQI Cert no. SGS-COC-3028 Cert no. --------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------HINGEHINGEI---------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------HINGE---------E----------------------------------- ------- - _ o - JJ%:CV]Q` % :1J:GCV8 ``Q`R:GCV8 CV:J8 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------ Corporate Informa on Executive Management Michael J. Ahearn, Execu ve Chairman Robert J. Gille e, Chief Execu ve O cer Bruce Sohn, President ---------- Jens Meyerho , Chief Financial O cer HINGE Mary Beth Gustafsson, Execu ve Vice President, General Counsel, and Secretary Longuich, Germany (3MW); Phoenix Solar AG TK Kallenbach, Execu ve Vice President, Marke ng and Product Management David Eaglesham, Chief Technology O cer Carol Campbell, Execu ve Vice President, Human Resources James Zhu, Chief Accoun ng O cer About First Solar Board of Directors Michael J. Ahearn, Execu ve Chairman First Solar, Inc. (NASDAQ: FSLR) manufactures photovoltaic (PV) Robert J. Gille e, Chief Execu ve O cer solar modules with an advanced semiconductor technology, and First Solar is proud Craig Kennedy, Director designs and builds utility-scale PV solar systems. Our module -------------------------------------------------------------------------
    [Show full text]
  • Quality Solar Panel Production Brochure
    REAL VALUE QUALITY FROM SILICON TO SYSTEM Production www.solarworld.com Foreword I 3 Real Value you can count on. This is our promise to our customers. The use of solar power is noticeably increasing, and it has become the leader in renewable energies worldwide. Fortunately, a development that cannot be stopped – in favor of cleaner, safer and fairer energy production. But solar is not always solar! Where others stand still, SolarWorld takes the decisive step further, developing quality standards beyond the norm and driving the development of new technologies. We are now putting 40 years of production and technology know-how to use in all our processes worldwide. Our products must deliver what they promise. And under the real-world conditions that the modules are exposed to for at least 25 years. Our standards for the reliability of our products are defined and implemented globally at all production sites in equal measure. For our customers worldwide this means: “Quality made by SolarWorld.“ Real Value that pays off over the long term – this is our special commitment to our customers.“ Sunny regards, Dr.-Ing. E. h. Frank Asbeck CEO SolarWorld AG 4 I Company history Bill Yerkes founds Solar Technology Siemens Solar celebrates Solar cell manufacturing Robert Bosch GmbH acquires SolarWorld acquires Bosch Solar Energy in Arnstadt International with the vision of 100 megawatts of starts in Freiberg and expands ersol Solar Energy (700 MW solar cell production capacity and 200 MW manufacturing solar cells for use on Earth installed modules in
    [Show full text]
  • \\Ad.Local\System\Users\LAPR
    Energy Policy Update Energy and Environmental News NOVEMBER 28, 2011 This newsletter is published by the Governor’s Office of Energy Policy and is provided free of charge to the public. It contains verbatim excerpts from international and domestic energy and environment-related publications reviewed by the Education and Community Outreach personnel. For inquiries, call (602) 771-1143 or toll free (800) 352-5499. Compiled and edited by Gloria Castro, Special Projects Coordinator. To register to receive this newsletter electronically or to unsubscribe, email Gloria Castro. CONTENTS ARIZONA–RELATED ALTERNATIVE ENERGY AND EFFICIENCY ENERGY/GENERAL INDUSTRIES AND TECHNOLOGIES LEGISLATION AND REGULATION WESTERN POWER STATE INCENTIVES/POLICIES GRANTS For your convenience, Arizona-related titles are highlighted in blue. ARIZONA APS to Build Solar Plant in East Yuma [Yuma Sun, Nov. 22] Arizona Public Service plans to develop a new solar plant in Yuma that will provide 17 megawatts of power, enough for 4,250 homes. APS Vice President of Energy Delivery Daniel Froetzcher said while in Yuma Tuesday that APS is seeking proposals from solar developers and installers to build a solar photovoltaic facility. “We are soliciting bids. Once developed, the developer will turnkey it over to APS.” The plant site will be in east Yuma on property provided by the utility company. It consists of 357 acres, with about 200 acres designated for development of the 17-megawatt facility. Such a facility is appropriate for Yuma, according to APS officials. “Yuma is an important load pocket,” said Andrea Bereznak, APS southwest community relations manager. In monitoring the community's growth, APS foresees a need for additional capacity.
    [Show full text]
  • Solar PV Installation Statistics
    Bolungarvik Reykjavik Kristiansund Averøya Sandøy Ålesund Bolungarvik Bergen Helsinki Espoo (0.924MW) Espoon kaupunki + Oslo + Solcellsparken Mossberg (1.04MW) Arvika Fastighets AB + Solparken i Vsters (1.05MW) Kraftpojkarna i Vsters AB Stockholm Tallinn Karmøy Reykjavik Larvik Stavanger Strömstad Kirkwall Norrköping Scrabster NORWAY Egersund Arendal Kinlochbervie Pärnu Flekkefjord Stornaway Lochinver Kristiansand Kristiansund Ullapool EUROPE 2016 Averøya Fraserburgh Göteborg Gairloch SKAGERRAK Skagen Västervik Visby Hirtshals 1.Stokes Marsh Farm Peterhead Sandøy A SWEDEN Ventspils Major Solar PV Installations E LATVIA Aberdeen Ålesund Mallaig Riga Listed PV - Farms in UK, 10 - 49.99 (MW) Listed PV - Farms in Germany, 10 - 49.99 (MW) >1.0MW* 5. Black Peak Farm 1. Seegebiet Mansfelder Land (28.35MW Borgholm 7. Odell Glebe SF 2. Amsdorf (28.3MW) Gero Solarpark GmbH) KATTEGAT S 8. Glebe FS 3. Kabelsketal (16.07MW) 9. Manor Farm Pertenhall 4. Sietzsch Wattner/Landsberg (12MW) Wattner Compiled, Designed and Produced by La Tene Maps in association with SolarPower Europe 10. Caldecote Manor Farm 5. Salzatal (14.11MW) Halmstad Kalmar + West Mains of Kinblethmont 11. Castle Combe Circuit 6. Roitzsch (12.68MW) Solarpark Roitzsch 12. Castle Eaton Farm 7. Petersberg (10.01MW) and with assistance from pvresources.com and several national associations. Oban 13. Spittleborough Farm 8. Bitterfeld (20.91MW) La Tene Maps Liepaja RUSSIA 14. Goose Willow Fm 9. Zrbig/ Heideloh (5.21MW) 15. Water Eaton Farm / Port Farm 10. Pritzen (10MW) Trianel 353 EnergiMidt Net Vest A/S (1.2MW) Grenå Tel: +353-12847914 Email: [email protected] Website: www.latenemaps.com 16. Pentylands Farm 11. Bronkow Luckaitztal (11.4MW) Emmvee 17.
    [Show full text]
  • Press Release – for Immediate Use
    Press Release – for immediate use Clean energy index closes 2006 up 33% London, 10 January 2007, New Energy Finance The WilderHill New Energy Global Innovation index (ticker NEX) of quoted clean energy companies powered ahead in 2006, ending the year up 33.3% at 288.25. The top sector was wind, up by 65.0%, followed by Biofuels, Biomass and Waste-to-Energy, up 60.7%. The weakest sector was Hydrogen & Fuel Cells, down 12.3%. The ‘Kyoto Effect’, first documented by New Energy Finance in 2005, continues, with quoted clean energy companies based in countries which have ratified the Protocol outperforming those based in non-ratifying countries by 41.3%. The performance of the NEX during 2006 was driven by the continuing strong fundamentals of the clean energy industry. Energy prices remained near to historic highs, despite easing in the second half of the year. Another driver was the increased political support for renewable energy from sources as diverse as the US – where President Bush started the year by declaring that his country was “addicted to oil” – and China, whose 11th 5-year plan called for a cut in energy intensity per unit of GDP of 20% by 2010. In Europe, the publication of the Stern Report, which outlined that it was cheaper to deal with climate change now than to deal with it later, cemented the consensus that action on global warming was well overdue. This strong political support translated into a number of important legislative developments, including China’s first Renewable Energy Law, under which it plans to spend $180bn on renewables by 2020 – New Energy Finance believes the figure will have to be $270bn to hit NDRC targets – and California’s $3.2bn ‘Million Solar Roofs’ initiative.
    [Show full text]
  • Company Presentation FCF Fox Corporate Finance Gmbh
    FCF Fox Corporate Finance GmbH Growth & Multiple Regression Analysis Supporting Document to FCF Valuation Monitor German Small- / Midcap Companies Q1 2017 Data as of March 31, 2017 Published as of April 26, 2017 Executive Summary I. FCF Overview II. Sector Overview III. Sector Regression Analysis a) Automotive Supply b) Communications Services c) Construction Products / Services d) Consumer Products / Services e) H i g h t e c h / Advanced Machinery f) Industrial / Business Services g) Industrial Machinery h) Industrial Materials i) Industrial Products j) Internet Products / Services k) IT Services l) Media & Entertainment m) P h a r m a & Healthcare n) Renewable Products / Services o) S o f t w a r e p) T e c h n o l o g y q) Transportation & Logistics 2 Executive Summary I. FCF Overview II. Sector Overview III. Sector Regression Analysis a) Automotive Supply b) Communications Services c) Construction Products / Services d) Consumer Products / Services e) H i g h t e c h / Advanced Machinery f) Industrial / Business Services g) Industrial Machinery h) Industrial Materials i) Industrial Products j) Internet Products / Services k) IT Services l) Media & Entertainment m) P h a r m a & Healthcare n) Renewable Products / Services o) S o f t w a r e p) T e c h n o l o g y q) Transportation & Logistics 3 Executive Summary The Growth & Executive Summary Multiple Regression . The Growth & Multiple Regression Analysis is a standardized publication and a supporting document to the FCF Valuation Monitor Analysis is a supporting document . The analysis offers further information of the current valuation levels of German listed small and midcap companies to the FCF Valuation .
    [Show full text]
  • Vorhaben Iic – Solare Strahlungsenergie IV Inhaltsverzeichnis
    Vorbereitung und Begleitung der Erstellung des Erfah- rungsberichts 2014 gemäß § 65 EEG im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Energie Vorhaben IIc Solare Strahlungsenergie Wissenschaftlicher Bericht Projektleitung: Tobias Kelm Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg Juli 2014 Aufraggeber: Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie Scharnhorststr. 34-37 10115 Berlin Projektleitung: Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg Fachgebiet Systemanalyse Industriestr. 6 70619 Stuttgart Tobias Kelm [email protected] 0711 – 7870 250 Bearbeiter: Tobias Kelm, Maike Schmidt, Michael Taumann, Andreas Püttner, Hen- ning Jachmann, Michael Capota Kapitel 1, 2, 3.1 bis 3.7, 3.11, 3.12, 5 Unterauftragnehmer: Fraunhofer-Institut für Windenergie und Energiesystemtechnik Königstor 59 34119 Kassel Bearbeiter: Johannes Dasenbrock, Heike Barth, Raphael Spiekermann, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Martin Braun, Dr.-Ing. Stefan Bofinger Kapitel 3.8 bis 3.12, 5 Bosch & Partner GmbH Lister Damm 1 30163 Hannover Bearbeiter: Dr. Dieter Günnewig, Michael Püschel, Daniel Hochgürtel, Sheila Fett Kapitel 4, 5 GfK SE Nordwestring 101 90419 Nürnberg Katja Sporer Stuttgart, 20. Mai 2014 Vorhaben IIc – Solare Strahlungsenergie IV Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis ....................................................................................................... IV Abbildungsverzeichnis .................................................................................................. VII Tabellenverzeichnis
    [Show full text]
  • Report Profundo
    Undermining our future A study of banks’ investments in selected companies attributable to fossil fuels and renewable energy A Fair Finance Guide International case study Ward Warmerdam Alexandra Christopoulou Anniek Herder Charissa Bosma Joeri de Wilde Michel Riemersma Jan Willem van Gelder With contributions by: Victoria Fanggidae, Evert Hassink, Petra Hamers, Soren Henriksen, Jakob König, Yann Louvel, Jesper Stegmann, Alexandre Naulot, Yuki Tanabe, Guilherme Teixeira, Frank Vanaerschot, Gine Zwart 2 November 2015 Contents Summary ..................................................................................................................... i Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 Chapter 1 Background ...................................................................................... 2 1.1 What is at stake? ....................................................................................... 2 1.2 International initiatives ............................................................................. 4 Chapter 2 Methodology ..................................................................................... 9 2.1 Approach ................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Selected financial institutions .................................................................. 9 2.3 Selected companies ................................................................................ 12 2.3.1
    [Show full text]
  • Local Manufacturing Potential for Solar Technology Components in Egypt Public Disclosure Authorized
    MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MENA) | ENERGY AND EXTRACTIVES GLOBAL PRACTICE | THE WORLD BANK GROUP Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized MENA ENERGY SERIES | REPORT NO. 95144-EG Public Disclosure Authorized Local Manufacturing Potential for Solar Technology Components in Egypt Public Disclosure Authorized MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA ENERGY AND EXTRACTIVES GLOBAL PRACTICE THE WORLD BANK GROUP Local Manufacturing Potential for Solar Technology Components in Egypt MENA ENERGY SERIES | REPORT NO. 95144-EG MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA ENERGY AND EXTRACTIVES GLOBAL PRACTICE THE WORLD BANK GROUP Copyright © 2015 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK GROUP 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing July 2015 This is a publication by the Middle East and North Africa Energy and Environment Unit (MENA). The materials in this publication are copyrighted, and requests for permission to reproduce portions of it should be sent to the MENA Program Manager at the address shown above. Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readily available. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this report are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, or its affiliated organizations, or to members of its board of executive directors for the countries they represent, to donors, or MENA. The World Bank and MENA do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use.
    [Show full text]
  • Photovoltaics from Wikipedia
    Photovoltaics from Wikipedia PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Mon, 15 Jul 2013 14:32:21 UTC Contents Articles Photovoltaics 1 Solar cell 13 List of photovoltaic power stations 29 References Article Sources and Contributors 45 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 47 Article Licenses License 48 Photovoltaics 1 Photovoltaics Photovoltaics (PV) is a method of generating electrical power by converting solar radiation into direct current electricity using semiconductors that exhibit the photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels composed of a number of solar cells containing a photovoltaic material. Materials presently used for photovoltaics include monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper indium gallium selenide/sulfide. Due to the increased demand for renewable energy sources, the manufacturing of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has Nellis Solar Power Plant at Nellis Air Force Base advanced considerably in recent years. in the USA. These panels track the sun in one axis. Solar photovoltaics is a sustainable energy source.[1] By the end of 2011, a total of 71.1 GW[2] had been installed, sufficient to generate 85 TWh/year.[] And by end of 2012, the 100 GW installed capacity milestone was achieved.[3] Solar photovoltaics is now, after hydro and wind power, the third most important renewable energy source in terms of globally installed capacity. More than 100 countries use solar PV. Installations may be ground-mounted (and sometimes integrated with farming and grazing) or built into the roof or walls of a building (either building-integrated photovoltaics or simply rooftop).
    [Show full text]
  • Solar Thermal
    THE STATE OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN EUROPE EDITION 2019 19th EurObserv’ER Report This barometer was prepared by the EurObserv’ER consortium, which groups together Observ’ER (FR), TNO Energy Transition (NL), RENAC (DE), Frankfurt School of Finance and Management (DE), Fraunhofer ISI (DE) and Statistics Netherlands (NL). THE STATE OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN EUROPE Funded by the EDITION 2019 19th EurObserv’ER Report This document has been prepared for the European Commission however it reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. 2 3 EDITORIAL by Vincent Jacques le Seigneur 4 Investment Indicators 157 Indicators on innovation International Trade 252 and competitiveness 213 All RES 254 Investment in Renewable Wind Energy 256 Energy indicators 6 Energy Capacity 159 Photovoltaics 258 R&D Investments 214 Biofuels 260 Wind power 160 Wind power 8 • Public R&D Investments Hydropower 262 Photovoltaic 164 Wind Energy 216 Photovoltaic 14 • Conclusion 264 Biogas 168 Solar Energy 217 Solar thermal 20 Renewable municipal waste 170 Hydropower 26 Hydropower 218 Geothermal energy 172 Geothermal energy 219 Indicators on the flexibility Geothermal energy 30 Solid biomass 174 Biofuels 220 of the electricity system 267 Heat pumps 36 International comparison Biogas 42 Ocean energy 221 of investment costs 178 Biofuels 50 Renewable Energy Renewable municipal waste 56 Public finance programmes Technologies in Total 222 Solid biomass 62 for RES investments 182
    [Show full text]