Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2020), 3 (4): 1183-1194
Egyptian Journal of Plant Protection Research Institute www.ejppri.eg.net
Toxicity of apricot seeds extracts as a rodenticide for climb rats Rattus rattus (Rodentia: Muridae) Eman, Abdelrazek Abdelhady Ahmed Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. ARTICLE INFO Abstract: Article History This study investigated the efficacy of the apricot seeds Received: 9 / 11 /2020 extracts in Rattus rattus L. (Rodentia: Muridae). The used of 28 Accepted: 22 / 12 /2020 rats has been selected to study acute and chronic toxicity to start a trial in the non-choice test. three animals for each of acetone, Keywords ethanol, hot water, cold water extract , and powder seeds. Five animals were used for hexane extract twice LD50 apricot seeds Apricot seeds extracts, crushed maize bait and seven animals were used for LD50 apricot Rattus rattus, toxicity seeds hexane extract crushed maize bait. The concentration used and histopathological for LD50 and twice LD50 were calculated 2.14 and 4.28%, changes. respectively. The experiment in a non-choice laboratory test, results indicated for an experiment that LD50 of hexane apricot seeds extract highest toxicity treatment after 48 hrs was recorded 71.43% and acceptability 48.87%, twice LD50 of apricot seeds hexane extract bait recorded mortality 60% and acceptability 41.47%. The most acceptable bait was cold water apricot extract recorded 92.76%. Histopathological changes after 28 days for twice hexane extract and seeds powder in kidney showing membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and the renal tubules some renal tubules showing costs, liver showing widely dilated hepatic sinusoids, ballooning degeneration and disorganization of hepatocytes. Testis showing undulation and buckling of basal laminae of the seminiferous tubules, there is maturation arrest at various stages of spermatogenesis. Ovary showing without any cellular content and atrophied.
Introduction cassava, almond, bamboo shoot, Many plant extracts show a sorghum, Japanese apricot, flaxseed broad spectrum of activity against pests among others have been consumed by and such products have long been humans worldwide either as food or as touted as attractive alternatives to herbal medicine. Cyanogenic synthetic chemical pesticides for pest glycosides are natural plant toxicants management because they pose little (Bolarinwa et al., 2015). Hydrogen threat to the environment, the Among cyanide (HCN) is a powerful and these extracts are bitter apricot seeds rapidly acting poison. There are various (Cho et al., 2013). The cyanogenic forms of cyanogenic compounds that compound is present mainly as release hydrogen cyanide upon glycoside in more than 2650 plant breakdown. Amygdalin is one of the species. Apricot kernel, peach kernel, nitriloside, natural cyanide-containing
1183 Ahmed, 2020 substances abundant in the seeds of safe and friendly to the environment plants of the prunasin family (Chang to ensure the future safety of et al., 2006). It is a major component agricultural food required for the of apricot kernels, bitter almonds, world population without destroying peach, plum, pear, and apple seeds the ecosystems. (Conn, 1974 and Tanyildizi, 1997). It The aim of this study is widely distributed in plants, developing a method to control the especially in the rosaceous plant seed, rats by using natural plant extracts for example, apricot, peach, cherry, environmentally safe that has no side plum. Side effects of amygdalin effect on non-target ( Human, animal, ingestion in humans mirror symptoms and plant ) in the environment. of cyanide poisoning which includes Materials and methods nausea, vomiting, headache, 1. Collection of apricot seed dizziness, bluish coloration of the samples: skin, liver damage, hypotension, Apricot seeds are self-collected nerve damage, fever, mental from apricot available on the market confusion, coma, and death (Howard- from different varieties. Seeds were Reuben and Miller,1984). Rodents are washed with water to remove one of the most dangerous pests in contaminating materials then left the Egypt. Among the common types of seeds in the air to dry completely until rodents (Climb and Norway rats). they are suitable for grinding. Vetter Rodents were also considered a (2000) recorded; apricot seeds contain serious pest on crops and stored approximately 20 – 80 μmol/g and goods and have behavioral 100 μmol/g of amygdalin, phenomena such as high intelligence respectively. Amygdalin is also called and a strong sense of smell, which bitter apricot, laetrile, almond; it is a makes it difficult to control. cyanogenic compound and belongs to The repeated use of the aromatic cyanogenic glycoside chemical rodenticides, in agriculture group (Holzbecher et al., 1984 and pest control programs, led to the Santos Pimenta et al., 2014). development of many serious Molecular formula is: C20H27NO11, problems affecting the control the molecular weight is 457.42. The success. These problems are pest chemical structure is D- resistance to these rodenticides and mandelonitrile-β-D-glucoside-6-β- the pollution of the environment. glucoside. Therefore, there is a growing need to 2. Preparation of seed water find new natural extractions, which extracts: have a strong effect against pests but The method of Metspalu et al . (2001) was adopted for the extracts but by replacing the cold preparation of water extracts 200 gm. water with boiling water. Then, test of apricot fruit powder soak about 400 the raw materials to see the effect of ml water in a 1000 ml flask . The cold water and boiled water extracts powder is mixed with water in the on rats R. rattus. electric mixer; the solution is covered 3. Solvent extracts: and left for 72 hours. The solution is The extracts were prepared then filtered and used to obtain dry by grinding apricot seeds until raw materials. The same method was obtaining a fine powder, weighing followed with the remaining seed 250 g of powder sock about 400 ml,
1184 Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2020), 3 (4): 1183-1194 and placing it in a 1000 ml flask. The libitum. Inactive (Unhealthy) rats powder is soaked in a solvent (Ethanol were excluded. Choice of 28 rats has – Hexane – Acetone) for 72 hours. been selected to start the trial. Three The solution is then filtered and used animals for each treatment of extract to obtain dry raw materials .The acetone, ethanol, hot water, cold solution extracted by a rotary water, and powder seed twice LD50 evaporator is evaporated to full and used 5,7 animals of twice LD50 dryness, then weighed and dissolved and LD50 hexane extract. Studies were in a certain amount of ethanol to conducted on rats to test the effect of prepare the stock solution. apricot seeds extract toxicity/bait 4. Animals test: formulations and its histopathological Healthy animals elected effect. Studies were conducted on rats climbing rat’s R. rattus, from Abou- to test the effect of apricot seeds Rawash District, Giza governorate. . extract toxicity/bait formulations and Rats were individually caged in wire its histopathological effect. cages (50 x 30 x 20 cm), acclimatized 5. Study the effect of climb rats in for at least 2 weeks. Food (Dried non-choice feeding tests: bread) and water were provided ad A known amount (25g) of sacrificed by an overdose of crushed maize was placed in a buttery chloroform, kidney, liver, testis and dish in pre-treatment and a known ovary and, were dissected out for amount (Twice LD50, LD50) of gross as well as for histopathological amygdalin apricot seed extract bait examination. Males and females of mixing was provided daily to each of the group were sacrificed after 28 3,5,7 caged rats for 4 days in the days of treatment. treatment test. The concentration used The acceptability and mortality from the extract of apricot seeds and of rats were calculated. Finally, seed powder twice LD50, LD50 observation to period 4week with (0.15% / rat) were 4.28 and 2.14% plain bait (Crushed maize) ad libitum. respectively. Water was provided to The acceptability and mortality of rats rats ad libitum. Consumption has were calculated using the following been, a number of dead rats were daily equation (Mason et al., 1989). recorded. Rats of each treatment were Average daily consumption of treated gfood)( Acceptability % = X 100 Total average daily consumption of (treated + untreated gfood)() 6. Histopathological examination: kidney, liver testis, and ovary for For histopathological different treatments of apricot seeds examination, the collected extract. specimens were fixed in 10% neutral 7. Statistical analysis: buffered formalin for at least 24 The results were statistical hours and then routinely processed analyses using the standard by conventional method and finally statistical methods LSD- test was stained with heamatoxylene and applied in the analysis by SAS Eosin (Suvarna et al., 2013). (2003). The preparations were Results and discussion examined by the light microscope 1. The effect of climb rats in non- for identifying the presence of choice feeding tests: histopathological changes for
1185 Ahmed, 2020
The mean lethal dose (LD50) liver of rats. Therefore, conclude of amygdalin in rats was reported to that co-administration of amygdalin be 880 mg/kg body weight (BW) by with hydroxocobalamin effectively oral administration (Adewusi and reduced the extent of cyanide Oke, 1985 and Park et al., 2005). poisoning arising from oral The number of cyanogenic amygdalin ingestion in rats. glycosides in plants varies with plant The results indicated in Table species and environmental effects (1) that the high acceptability of rats (Conn, 1979). After oral was recorded 92.76% of cold water administration, amygdalin is extract bait high than hot water, hydrolyzed by ruminal power seed, ethanol, acetone, and microorganisms and released as hexane extracts bait. The results are benzaldehyde, glucose, and cyanide. recorded 72.25, 55.43, 48.74, 42 and Both glycosides and released 39.22% apricot seeds extract cyanide have toxic effects on crushed maize baits, respectively. animals (Majak, et al., 1990 and Rats mortality was observed during Tanyildizi, 1997). the treatment and after 96 hrs.of This glycoside is absorbed treatment in the case of hexane unmetabolized in the jejunum of the extract bait recorded 60% death rates rat via the transport system of did not appear in the remaining glucose to the blood and is then treatments. concentrated in the spleen, liver, That the average daily kidney, stomach, and intestines consumption significant change (Strugala et al., 1995 and Adewusi between the pre-treatment and and Oke, 1985). Action by treatment test for rats in hexane endogenous plant enzymes can extract bait was 8.71 and 6.17g., release hydrogen cyanide causing acetone extract 9.49 and 6.87g., hot potential toxicity issues for animals water extract 4.96 and 6.90g, and including humans (Bolarinwa et al., powder seed apricot bait 5.44 and 2015) including cell death by 6.98g., respectively. Non- blocking cytochrome oxidase and significant change between the the arrest of ATP production. average daily consumption in pre- The acute toxicity treatment and treatment test for rats experiments of amygdalin have in ethanol extract bait 8.51 and proved that the toxicity of the oral 8.09g., cold water extract bait 6.36g administration route is far greater and 6.86g respectively. than the intravenous route ( Oyewole and Olayinka 2009). Oral administration of amygdalin at its therapeutic dose to rats for 14 days resulted in death and toxicity due to cyanide poisoning. Co- administration of amygdalin with hydroxocobalamin prevented mortality and significantly reduced amygdalin toxicity in the blood and
1186 Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2020), 3 (4): 1183-1194
Table (1): Effect of average for apricot seed extracts crush maize bait 4.28% for climb rats daily consumption (g+SD), acceptability, and mortality under laboratory conditions. Treatment Average daily consumption g/rat twice R M% A% (LD 50) Pre-treatment Treatment 1st day 2nd day 3rd day 4th day A 1st day 2nd day 3rd day 4th day A
Hexane 5 9.25±1.21 8.74± 8.59± 8.28± 8.71± 6.16±1.10 6.21±0.78 6.05±1.41 6.27± 6.17± 60 41.47 extract 0.81 0.87 1.10 0.19 A 1.29 0.28 B Acetone 3 9.66±1.36 9.34± 8.92± 10.05±0.82 9.49±0.31A 6.95±0.06 6.73±0.07 6.85±0.26 6.96±0.07 6.87± 0 42 Extract 1.05A 1.52 0.10B Ethanol 3 9.86±0.81 9.48±0.53 7.28±2.60 7.40±2.74 8.51±1.16A 6.17±2.92 7.86±4.20 7.21±5.34 11.12±7.18 8.09± 0 48.74 1.81A Hot 3 5.05±0.47 4.83±0.28 5.04±0.54 4.91±0.21 4.96±0.16B 6.94±0.05 6.83±0.15 6.88±0.19 6.93±0.07 6.90±0.07A 0 72.25 water extract Cold 3 6.36±1.02 6.04±1.12 6.86±11.13 6.36±1.07 6.36±0.05A 6.88±0.12 6.78±0.13 6.83±0.25 6.94±0.08 6.86±0.07A 0 92.76 water extract Powder 3 5.56±0.12 4.75±0.25 5.85±0.54 5.72±0.10 5.47±0.20B 7.61±1.21 6.73±0.20 6.80±0.35 6.77±0.39 6.98±0.45A 0 55.34 seed
The vertical columns marked with the same letters are not significantly different by SAS (2003). R: Replicate A: Average M%: Mortality A%: Acceptability.
1187 Ahmed, 2020
Table (2) showed that the average hydrogen cyanide causing potential daily consumption and acceptability of toxicity issues for animals including hexane extract crush maize bait 2.14% humans after the incubation of of rats (LD50), was 48.87%. Rats amygdalin, the Amygdalin and laetrile mortality was recorded at 71.43% (a synthetic form of amygdalin) are during the treatment after 48h and commonly used as complementary or 72hrs.of treatment. Non-significant alternative medicine (CAM) for the change between the average daily treatment of cancer. Vitamin C is consumption in pre-treatment and known to increase the in vitro treatment test for rats of hexane apricot conversion of amygdalin to cyanide and seeds extract 7.02g and 6.70g reduce body stores of cysteine, which is respectively with 1.8 fold in crushed used to detoxify cyanide. Amygdalin maize. From the data mention above has been used for decades by patients the acceptability increased when with cancer who are seeking alternative decreased treatment and increased therapies, and severe reactions have not mortality of in case hexane from LD50 been reported with this dose. An from twice LD50 hexane extract bait. interaction with vitamin C is a plausible Amygdalin itself is non-toxic, but its explanation for this life-threatening production of HCN decomposed by response. The use of the drug was some enzymes is a poisonous substance discouraged when it was demonstrated (Suchard et al., 1998). Both glycosides that amygdalin is metabolized in the and released cyanide have toxic effects body to release a significant amount of on animals (Strugala et al., 1995 and cyanide thus leading to cyanide Adewusi and Oke, 1985). Action by poisoning (Bromley et al., 2005; endogenous plant enzymes can release Chandler et al., 1984) .
Table (2): Effect of average hexane apricot seed extract crush maize bait 2.14% for climb rats daily consumption ( g+SD), acceptability, and mortality under laboratory conditions. Treatment R Average daily consumption g/rat M% A%
(LD50) Pre-treatment Treatment
1st 2nd 3rd 4th A 1st 2nd 3rd 4th A day day day day day day day day
Hexane 7 7.06± 7.05± 7.07± 6.89± 7.02±0 6.14± 7.02± 6.51± 7.14± 6.70± 71.43 48.87 extract 2.20 2.48 2.94 2.44 .31A 1.14 2.14 1.13 0.97 0.53A The vertical columns marked with the same letters are not significantly different by SAS (2003). R: Replicate A: Average M%: Mortality A%: Acceptability.
2. Histological studies: powder seeds 4.28% apricot crush Histopathological changes in maize bait: liver, kidney, testis, and ovary in The kidney of rat treated with survived rat fed apricot seeds extract apricot seeds extraction with hexane crushed maize bait during 4 days in Figure (1), showing non-choice test after 28 days of membranoproliferative treatment in the following. glomerulonephritis and the tubules 2.1. The kidney of the rat was treated illustrating necrobiotic changes of the with apricot seeds hexane extract and renal tubular epithelium where the cells revealing deeply eosinophilic
1188
Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2020), 3 (4): 1183-1194 cytoplasm with pyknotic nuclei and dystrophy of rabbits fed apricot seeds some renal tubules showing renal costs (Kolesárová et al., 2017) Anyway, .The kidney of rat treated with apricot consumption of bitter apricot seeds (60 seeds power Figure (2), the glomeruli mg/kg bw) for 42 days had a significant showing membranoproliferative effect on amount of calcium excreted in glomerulonephritis and the renal human urine and significant changes tubules showing necrobiotic changes of were also observed in phosphorus renal tubular epithelium, some renal levels in urine after apricot seed tubules showing costs. Normal of ingestion. In another study, we kidney Figure (3) showed no alteration observed decrease in calcium in human observed and normal histological urine after 84 days of apricot seeds structure of the glomeruli and renal consumption. The same study showed tubules in cortex. Results of our decreasing tendency in urine urea previous apricot seeds/amygdalin (Tušimová, Kováčik et al., 2017). studies described variety of effects a slight increase in renal parenchyma
Figure (1): Kidney apricot Figure (2) : Kidney apricot Figure (3): Normal kidney (H seeds extract with hexane (H seeds power (H and E X400) and E X100). and E X400). 2.2. Liver of the rat was treated with histological structure of liver with no apricot seeds hexane extract and alteration observed and normal powder seeds apricot 4.28% apricot histological structure of the center crush maize bait: veins, hepatic cords and Liver of rat treated with apricot sinusoids.Some reports indicate a seeds extraction with hexane Figure (4). toxicity problem after consumption of Showing widely dilated hepatic apricot and other fruit seeds represented sinusoids and most of the hepatocytes by elevated liver chemistry tests showing ballooning degeneration and (Seghers et al., 2013). Contrary, Abdel- others showing granular degeneration, Rahman (2011) suggested amygdalin to also the hepatocytes showing be a possible option in hepatic fibrosis disorganization. Liver of rat treated prevention. Increase in serum ALT with apricot seeds power Figure (5). indicates liver damage more The hepatocytes showing ballooning specifically than AST. It has been degeneration and disorganization of reported. hepatocytes with focal area individual cellular necrosis Figure (6) The normal
1189
Ahmed, 2020
Figure (4): Liver apricot Figure (5): Liver apricot Figure (6); Normal liver (H & seeds extract with hexane seeds power (H & E X400) E X100) (H & E X400)
2.3. The testis of rat treated with morphologically similar to abnormal apricot seeds powder crush maize sperm seen in some cases of human 4.28%: male infertility. The spermatozoa The testis of rat treated with apricot motility decreased very significantly seeds power Figure (8) showing (P<0.001) in a dose-dependent manner undulation and buckling of basal and all spermatozoa were immobile at laminae of the seminiferous tubules 10 min. Besides, the percentages of with interstitial edema decreased the morphological abnormalities did not number of germinal epithelium and also change in comparison with the control there is maturation arrest at various group. The control values were between stages of spermatogenesis. The testis of 4.21% and 6.87% (Tanyildizi and control showed Figure (7) normal Bozkurt, 2004). It is not known whether histological structure of the active the amygdalin crosses the blood-testes mature seminiferous tubules and barrier. It has been reported that the interstitial leydig cells. (Eduard et al., hyaluronidase enzyme plays an 2015). Describe the characteristics, important role in supporting metabolism, and possible effects of spermatozoa penetration into the amygdalin on reproductive processes. cumulus oophorus matrix (Meyers and Previous studies describe the effects of Rosenberger, 1999). Hyaluronidase natural compound amygdalin on female activities were inhibited significantly and male reproductive systems focused by amygdalin (P<0.01) (0.4 to 2 μM). on the process of steroidogenesis, The inhibition of spermatozoa spermatozoa motility, and hyaluronidase activity and spermatozoa morphological abnormalities of motility showed that these compounds spermatozoa. In accordance to the have deleterious effects on bull previous studies on amygdalin, its spermatozoa in vitro (Tanyildizi and benefit is controversial. The resulting Bozkurt, 2004). sperm are malformed and are
1190
Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2020), 3 (4): 1183-1194
Figure (7): Normal testis (H & E X400) Figure (8): Testis treated apricot seeds powder (H & E X400)
2.4. The ovary of the rat was treated ovaries was not affected by the with apricot seeds hexane extract amygdalin addition (1, 10, 100, 1000, crush maize bait 4.28%: 10 000 μg/mL). But on the other hand, Ovary of female rat treated with amygdalin (at 10 000 but not at 1, 10, apricot seeds extraction with hexane 100, 1000 μg/mL) combined with Figure (9) showing the graafian follicle mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) without any cellular content and (1000 ng/mL) significantly (P≤0.05) atrophied high power and necrosis of stimulated the release of steroid ova of ovary. Figure (10) cycling active hormones progesterone and estradiol by ovary female rat showing mature granulosa cells from non-cyclic porcine ovarian follicle secondary follicle with ovaries (Halenár et al., 2013b). Richard oocyst ant its nucleus in the center and et al. (2000) impaired reproductive antrum antrum. Previous studies function accompanies chronic renal examined the effects of natural insufficiency (uremia) in the compound amygdalin on female experimental animal. Clinical reproductive system concentrated on hypogonadism occurs in both genders secretion activity of porcine ovarian anti-ovulatory effects of uremia in the granulosa cells (GC) in vitro (Halenár et female rat were recorded. al., 2013a). The release of steroid hormone progesterone by granulosa cells from cyclic and non-cyclic porcine
Figure (9): Ovary treated apricot seeds power Figure (10): Normal ovary (H&EX400). (H&EX400).
1191
Ahmed, 2020
This study indicates that cancer cells. Biol. Pharm. Bull.., Amygdalin itself is non-toxic, but HCN 29(8): 1597-1602. production decomposed by some Chandler, R.F.; Anderson, L.A. and enzymes is a toxic substance. The Phillipson, J.D. (1984): possible effects of natural compound Laetrile in perspective. Can. amygdalin on reproduction were shown Pharm. J. , 117 (11): 517-520. in previous studies. The mechanism of Cho, H. J.; Do, B. K .; Shim, S. M.; action of amygdalin is unknown. The Kwon, H.; Lee, D. H.; Nan, A. toxic effect of amygdalin or its benefit H.;Choi, Y. J. and Lee, S. Y.( is controversial, and the realization of in 2013): Determination of vivo and vitro experiments is necessary. cyanogenic compounds in References edible plants by ion Abdel‐Rahman, M. K. (2011): Can chromatography. Toxicol. Res., apricot kernel fatty acids delay 29(2): 143-147. the atrophied hepatocytes from Conn, E. E. (1974): Biosynthesis of progression to fibrosis in cyanogenic glycosides. dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)‐ Naturwissenschaften induced liver injury in rats? , 66: 28-34. Lipids in Health and Disease, Conn, E.E. (1979): Cyanide and 10: 114. cyanogenic glycosides. In Adewusi, S. R. and Oke, O.L.( 1985): Rosenthal, G.A. & Janzen, On the metabolism of D.H. (eds.), Herbivores: Their amygdalin. 2. The distribution interaction with secondary of beta-glucosidase activity and plant metabolites, Academic orally administered amygdalin Press, Inc., New York-London, in rats. Can. J. Physiol. 387-412. Pharmacol., 63: 1084-1087. Eduard, K.; Marek, H.; Adriana,K. Bolarinwa, I. F.; Orfila, C. and and Peter, M. (2015): Natural Morgan, M. R.( 2015): plant toxicant cyanogenic Determination of amygdalin in glycoside amygdalin: apple seeds, fresh apples, and characteristic metabolism and processed apple juices. Food the effect on animal Chem., 170: 437-442. reproduction. doi: Bromley, J.; Hughes, B.G.; Leong, 10.15414/jmbfs.,4(2);49-50. D.C. and Buckley, N.A. Halenár, M.; Maruniakova, N.; (2005): Life-threatening Medvedova, M. and interaction between Kolesarova, A. (2013a): The complementary medicines: effect of amygdalin on porcine cyanide toxicity following ovarian granulosa cells in vitro. ingestion of amygdalin and Journal of Microbiology, vitamin C. Ann. Pharmacother. , Biotechnology and Food 39(9): 1566-1569. Sciences, 2: 14-17. Chang, H. K.; Shin, M. S.; Yang, H. Halenár, M.; Maruniakova, N.; Y.; Lee, J. W.; Kim, Y. S.; Medvedova, M. and Lee, M. H.; Kim, J.; Kim, K. Kolesarova, A. (2013b): H. and Kim, C. J. (2006): Possible effect of amygdalin in Amygdalin induces apoptosis combination with through the regulation of Bax deoxynivalenol on secretion and Bcl-2 expressions in human activity of porcine ovarian DU145 and LNCaP prostate granulosa cells in vitro. Animal
1192
Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2020), 3 (4): 1183-1194
welfare, etológia és spermatozoa function. Biol. tartástechnológia, 9(3): 471- Reprod., 61: 444-451. 476. Oyewole O. I. and Olayinka E. T. Holzbecher, M. D.; Moss, M. A. and (2009): Hydroxocobalamin (vit Ellenberger, H. A. (1984): The b12a) effectively reduced the cyanide content of laetrile extent of cyanide poisoning preparations, apricot, peach, arising from oral amygdalin and apple seeds. J. Toxicol. Clin ingestion in rats. Journal of Toxicol., 22: 341-347. Toxicology and Environmental Howard-Ruben, J. and Miller, N.J. Health Sciences, 1 (1) : 008- (1984):Unproven methods of 011. cancer management. Part II: Park, H. J.; Yoon, S. H.; Han, L. S.; Current trends and implications Zheng, L. T.; Jung, K. H.; for patient care.Oncol. Nurs. Uhm, Y. K., et al.( 2005): Forum., 11 (1): 67-73. Amygdalin inhibits genes Kolesárová, A.; Pivko, J.; Halenár, related to the cell cycle in SNU- M.; Zbyňovská, K.; C4 human colon cancer cells. Chrastinová, Ľ.; Ondruška, World J. Gastroenterol., 11: Ľ. and Kolesárová, A. (2017): 5156-5161. Effect of apricot seeds on renal Richard, J. K. Jr.; Keiko T.; James, structure of rabbits. C.M. C. and Johannes, D. V. Potravinárstvo: Slovak Journal (2000): Impact of uremia on of Food Sciences, 11: 309–314. female reproductive cyclicity, Majak, W.; Mcdiarmid, R. E.; Hall, ovulation, and luteinizing J. W. and Cheng, K. J. (1990): hormone in the rat.Hormones – Factors that determine rates of Cytokines – Signaling. Kidney cyanogenesis in bovine ruminal International, 58 (2): 569-574. fluid in vitro. J. Anim. Sci., 68: Santos Pimenta, L. P.; Schilthuizen, 1648-1655. M.; Verpoorte, R. and Choi, Mason, J. R.; Avery, L. and Ots, D. Y. H. (2014): Quantitative L. (1989): Standard protocol analysis of amygdalin and for evaluation repellent prunasin in Prunus serotina effectiveness with birds. Birds Ehrh. using (1) H-NMR Section Res. No.20, B, DWRC, spectroscopy. Phytochem. pp.1-20. Anal., 25: 122-126. Metspalu, L.; Hiiesaar, K .; Joudu, J SAS ( 2003): SAS Statistics and .and Kuusik, A . (2001 ): The graphics guide, release 9.1. SAS effects of the certain toxic plant Institute, Cary, North Carolina extract on the larvae of 27513, USA. Colorado Potato beetle Seghers, L.; Walenbergh‐van Veen, Leptinotarsadecemlineala(Say. M.; Salome, J. and Hamberg, Institute of plant protection, P. (2013): Cyanide intoxication Estonian Agriculture by apricot kernel ingestion as University, 93-100. complimentary cancer therapy. Meyers, S.A. and Rosenberge, A. E. The Netherland Journal of (1999): A plasma membrane- Medicine, 71: 496–498. associated hyaluronidase is Strugala, G. J.; Stahi, R.; ELsenhans, localized to the posterior B.; Rauws, A. G. and Fort, W. acrosomal region of stallion (1995): Small-intestinal transfer sperm and is associated with mechanism of prunasin, the
1193
Ahmed, 2020
primary metabolite of the Tanyildizi, S. and Bozkurt, T. (2004): cyanogenic glycoside In Vitro Effects of Linamarin, amygdalin. Hum. Exp. Toxicol., Amygdalin, and Gossypol 14: 895-901. Acetic Acid on Hyaluronidase Suchard, J. R.; Wallace, K. L. and Activity, Sperm Motility and Gcrkin, R. D. (1998): Acute Morphological Abnormality in cyanide toxicity caused by Bull Sperm.Turk JVet Anim apricot kernel ingestion. Ann. Sci., 28: 819-824. Emerg. Med., 32: 742-744. Tušimová, E.; Kováčik, A.; Halenár, Suvarna, S.K.; Layton, C. and M.; Michalcová, K.; Bancroft, J.D. (2013): Zbyňovská, K. and "Bancroft's Theory and Practice Kolesárová, A. (2017): Does of Histological Technique” 7th apricot seeds consumption Churchill Livingstone, cause changes in human urine? Edinburgh. Potravinárstvo: Slovak Journal Tanyildizi, S. (1997): The of Food Sciences, 11: 244–251. determination of HCN levels in Vetter, J. (2000): Plant cyanogenic experimentally poisoned mice glycosides. Toxicon, 38: 11–36. with cyanide. J. Vet. Sci., 13: 29-42.
1194