Rodenticides Labeled for Use to Control Meadow Voles and Pocket Gophers Updated June 13, 2016 MEADOW VOLE PRODUCTS
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Rattus Norvegicus Polymorphic For. Warfarin Resistance
Heredity (1979), 43(2), 239-246 RELATIVE FITNESS OF GENOTYPES IN A POPULATION OF RATTUS NORVEGICUS POLYMORPHIC FOR. WARFARIN RESISTANCE G. G. PARTRIDGE Department of Genetics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 38X* Received11 .iii.79 SUMMARY Resistance to warfarin and an increased vitamin K requirement appear to be pleiotropic effects of the same allele (Rw 2).Ina natural population containing resistant individuals where the use of warfarin is discouraged the change in the frequency of resistance should reflect the relative fitnesses of the three possible genotypes. A large polymorphic population of rats was extensively poisoned with warfarin and the level of resistance monitored regularly for a period of 18 months after withdrawal of the poison. During this period the proportion of resistant animals in live-capture samples decreased significantly from approxi-. mately 80 per cent to 33 per cent. This decline is consistent with a hypothesis of reduced fitness of both RwZRw2andRw'Rw2 genotypes relative to Rw'Rw' under natural conditions. The relative fitnesses of these genotypes were calculated using an optimisation method based on least squares analysis. These estimates were: Rw2Rw2 (0.46), Rw'Rw2 (077) and Rw1Rw' (100). Homozygous resistant individuals were found in some of the samples, confirm- log that the Rw2 allele does not act as a recessive lethal, although it must be extremely disadvantageous. Some heterogeneity was observed in the proportion of resistant animals in samples taken from different areas of the farm building complex. This could reflect stochastic processes influencing the Rw2 allele frequency in small peripheral populations. 1. INTRODUCTION THE anticoagulant rodenticide warfarin was introduced into Britain in 1953 (Greaves, 1971). -
Pharmacokinetics of Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Target and Non-Target Organisms Katherine Horak U.S
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Plant Publications Health Inspection Service 2018 Pharmacokinetics of Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Target and Non-target Organisms Katherine Horak U.S. Department of Agriculture, [email protected] Penny M. Fisher Landcare Research Brian M. Hopkins Landcare Research Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc Part of the Life Sciences Commons Horak, Katherine; Fisher, Penny M.; and Hopkins, Brian M., "Pharmacokinetics of Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Target and Non- target Organisms" (2018). USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications. 2091. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/2091 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff ubP lications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Chapter 4 Pharmacokinetics of Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Target and Non-target Organisms Katherine E. Horak, Penny M. Fisher, and Brian Hopkins 1 Introduction The concentration of a compound at the site of action is a determinant of its toxicity. This principle is affected by a variety of factors including the chemical properties of the compound (pKa, lipophilicity, molecular size), receptor binding affinity, route of exposure, and physiological properties of the organism. Many compounds have to undergo chemical changes, biotransformation, into more toxic or less toxic forms. Because of all of these variables, predicting toxic effects and performing risk assess- ments of compounds based solely on dose are less accurate than those that include data on absorption, distribution, metabolism (biotransformation), and excretion of the compound. -
Controlling Pocket Gopher Damage to Conifer Seedlings D.S
FOREST PROTECTION EC 1255 • Revised May 2003 $2.50 Controlling Pocket Gopher Damage to Conifer Seedlings D.S. deCalesta, K. Asman, and N. Allen Contents ocket gophers (or just plain Gopher habits and habitat.............. 1 P “gophers”) damage conifer seed- Control program ........................... 2 lings on thousands of Identifying the pest ......................2 acres in Washington, Assessing the need for treatment ...3 Idaho, and Oregon Damage control techniques ...........3 annually. They invade clearcuts and Applying controls .......................... 7 clip (cut off) roots or Figure 1.—Typical Oregon pocket gopher. Christmas tree plantations .............7 girdle (remove bark from) the bases of conifer seedlings and saplings, causing significant economic losses. Forest plantations ........................ 7 This publication will help you design a program to reduce or eliminate Summary .................................... 8 gopher damage to seedlings and saplings in your forest plantation or Christmas tree farm. Sources of supply ......................... 8 First, we describe pocket gophers, their habits, and habitats. Then we For further information .................. 8 discuss procedures for controlling pocket gopher damages—control techniques, their effectiveness and hazard(s) to the environment, and their use under a variety of tree-growing situations. Gopher habits and habitat Three species of pocket gopher can damage conifer seedlings. The two smaller ones, the northern pocket gopher and the Mazama pocket gopher, are 5 to 9 inches long and brown with some white beneath the chin and belly. The northern gopher is found east of the Cascade Mountains in Oregon and Washington and in Idaho; the Mazama lives in Oregon and Washington west of the Cascades. David S. deCalesta, former Exten- The Camas pocket gopher is similar looking, but larger (10 to 12 inches) sion wildlife specialist, and Kim than the two others. -
A California Without Rodenticides: Challenges for Commensal Rodent Management in the Future
Human–Wildlife Interactions 13(2):212–225, Fall 2019 • digitalcommons.usu.edu/hwi A California without rodenticides: challenges for commensal rodent management in the future Niamh Quinn, University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources, South Coast Research and Extension Center, Irvine, CA 92618, USA [email protected] Sylvia Kenmuir, BASF, 26 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA Laura Krueger, Orange County Mosquito and Vector Control District, Garden Grove, CA 92843, USA Abstract: Rodenticides are an essential tool in the integrated pest management of infestations of commensal rodents (Rattus norvegicus, R. rattus, and Mus musculus). With the introduction of Assembly Bill 1788, the California Ecosystems Protection Act of 2019, California is potentially facing a future with new restrictions on the use of anticoagulant rodenticides to manage commensal rodents in urban areas. Assembly Bill 1788 has been proposed specifically to protect predators from anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning and seeks to restrict the application of second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs) for use in many urban and non-urban areas of California, USA. Exclusion and cultural practices, such as landscape management and sanitation (i.e., cleaning of property including but not limited to trash containment and removal, and drain sanitation), remain important and successful tools for managing rodent populations. However, increased exposure of wildlife to anticoagulant rodenticides has been detected California. Several animal species have been documented as having succumbed to rodenticide toxicosis. When rodents are killed by SGARs and consumed by predators, SGAR residues have been detected in the livers of predatory species. However, the effects of chronic, sublethal exposure to predators are not well understood. -
RRAC Guidelines on Anticoagulant Rodenticide Resistance Management Editor: Rodenticide Resistance Action Committee (RRAC) of Croplife International Aim
RRAC guidelines on Anticoagulant Rodenticide Resistance Management Editor: Rodenticide Resistance Action Committee (RRAC) of CropLife International Aim This document provides guidance to advisors, national authorities, professionals, practitioners and others on the nature of anticoagulant resistance in rodents, the identification of anticoagulant resistance, strategies for rodenticide application that will avoid the development of resistance and the management of resistance where it occurs. The Rodenticide Resistance Action Committee (RRAC) is a working group within the framework of CropLife International. Participating companies include: Bayer CropScience, BASF, LiphaTech S. A., PelGar, Rentokil Initial, Syngenta and Zapi. Senior technical specialists, with specific expertise in rodenticides, represent their companies on this committee. The RRAC is grateful to the following co-authors: Stefan Endepols, Alan Buckle, Charlie Eason, Hans-Joachim Pelz, Adrian Meyer, Philippe Berny, Kristof Baert and Colin Prescott. Photos provided by Stefan Endepols. Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2 2. Classification and history of rodenticide compounds ..............................................................................................3 3. Mode of action of anticoagulant rodenticides, resistance mechanisms, and resistance mutations ......................................................................................................6 -
Northern Cape Provincial Gazette Vol 15 No
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The Naked Mole-Rat As an Animal Model in Biomedical Research: Current Perspectives
Open Access Animal Physiology Dovepress open access to scientific and medical research Open Access Full Text Article REVIEW The naked mole-rat as an animal model in biomedical research: current perspectives Laura-Nadine Schuhmacher Abstract: The naked mole-rat (NMR) is a subterranean rodent that has gained significant Zoé Husson attention from the biomedical research community in recent years as molecular mechanisms Ewan St. John Smith underlying its unusual biology start to be unraveled. With very low external mortality, NMRs have an unusually long lifespan while showing no signs of aging, such as neuro- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK degeneration or cancer. Furthermore, living underground in large colonies (100 to 300 animals), results in comparatively high carbon dioxide and low oxygen levels, from which NMRs have evolved extreme resistance to both hypoxia and hypercapnia. In this paper we have summarized the latest developments in NMR research and its impact on biomedical research, with the aim of providing a sound background that will inform and inspire further For personal use only. investigations. Keywords: naked mole-rat, longevity, cancer, hypoxia, nociception, pain Introduction The naked mole-rat (NMR) (Heterocephalus glaber) is a subterranean mammal, which has recently gained interest from scientists across a variety of research fields. Unlike the majority of mammals, NMRs are poikilothermic and eusocial, ie, are cold-blooded and have a single breeding female within a colony.1 In addition to these features, which have limited biomedical translatability, NMRs have also evolved several physiological adaptations to habituate to their extreme environmental conditions, which have led researchers to study this mammal with the hypothesis Open Access Animal Physiology downloaded from https://www.dovepress.com/ by 131.111.184.102 on 07-Sep-2017 that by understanding the extreme biology of NMRs, more will be understood about normal mammalian physiology. -
Appendix B. Brodifacoum Papers That Were Accepted for ECOTOX
Appendix B. Brodifacoum Papers that Were Accepted for ECOTOX Acceptable for ECOTOX and OPP 1. Abou El-Khear, R. K. (2005). Evaluation and Records of Rome Anticoagulant Rodenticides Against Wild Rats Under the Reclaimed Lands Conditions. Alexandria Sci. Exch. 26: 142-147. EcoReference No.: 153588 Chemical of Concern: BDF,CPC,DFM,PPCP,WFN; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Code: LITE EVAL CODED (BDF,CPC), NO SURVEY (PPCP,WFN). 2. Ahmad, M. S. and Munir, S. (1990). Comparative Evaluation of Three Anticoagulants Brodifacoum, Bromadialone and Flucoumafen Against Indian Gerbil, Tatera indica. Pak.J.Zool. 22: 421-426. EcoReference No.: 75417 Chemical of Concern: BDF,BDL; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR,BEH; Rejection Code: LITE EVAL CODED(BDF,BDL). 3. Ahmad, N. and Parshad, V. R. (1991). Evaluation of Rodenticidal Baits in Fields of Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum). Indian J.Agric.Sci. 61: 281-284. EcoReference No.: 75653 Chemical of Concern: ZnP,BDF,BDL; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Rejection Code: LITE EVAL CODED(ZnP,BDF,BDL). 4. Ahmad, N., SHEIKHER, C., and Guraya, S. S. (1989). Rodenticidal Baitings in Wheat Fields of the Garhwal Himalayas. Trop.Pest Manag. 35: 282-285. EcoReference No.: 75606 Chemical of Concern: ZnP,BDF,BDL; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Rejection Code: LITE EVAL CODED(ZnP,BDF,BDL). 5. Alterio, N., Brown, K., and Moller, H. (1997). Secondary Poisoning of Mustelids in a New Zealand Nothofagus Forest. J.Zool.(London) 243: 863-869. EcoReference No.: 75652 Chemical of Concern: BDF; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP,MOR; Rejection Code: LITE EVAL CODED(BDF). 6. Alterio, N. and Moller, H. -
Persistent Organic Pollutants
PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS An Assessment Report on: DDT-Aldrin-Dieldrin-Endrin-Chlordane Heptachlor-Hexachlorobenzene Mirex-Toxaphene Polychlorinated Biphenyls Dioxins and Furans Prepared by: L. Ritter, K.R. Solomon, J. Forget Canadian Network of Toxicology Centres 620 Gordon Street Guelph ON Canada and M. Stemeroff and C.O'Leary Deloitte and Touche Consulting Group 98 Macdonell St., Guelph ON Canada For: The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) within the framework of the Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC) This report is produced for the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS). The work is carried out within the framework of the Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC). The report does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, or the World Health Organization. The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) is a joint venture of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization. The main objective of the IPCS is to carry out and disseminate evaluations of the effects of chemicals on human health and the quality of the environment. Supporting activities include the development of epidemiological, experimental laboratory, and risk-assessment methods that could produce internationally comparable results, and the development of human resources in the field of chemical safety. Other activities carried out by the IPCS include the development of know-how for coping with chemical accidents, strengthening capabilities for prevention of an response to chemical accidents and their follow-up, coordination of laboratory testing and epidemiological studies, and promotion of research on the mechanisms of the biological action of chemicals. -
Soil Movement by Burrowing Mammals: a Review Comparing Excavation Size and Rate to Body Mass of Excavators
Soil movement by burrowing mammals: a review comparing excavation size and rate to body mass of excavators Natalie S Haussmann Department of Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, South Africa Corresponding author: Natalie S Haussmann, Department of Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, South Africa. Email: [email protected] Tel: +27 (21) 420 4049 Abstract Mammal burrowing plays an important role in soil translocation and habitat creation in many environments. As a consequence, many burrowing mammals have at some point been studied in an ecosystem engineering context. From a geomorphological point of view, one of the focus areas of burrowing mammal research is on the amount of soil that is excavated and the rate at which this happens. As such, reviews exist on the volumes and rates of sediment removal by burrowing mammals in specific environments or for specific groups of species. Here a standardised comparison of mammal burrowing across a broad range of burrowing mammal species and environments is provided, focussing on both burrow volume and excavation rate. Through an ISI Web of Science-based literature search, articles presenting estimates of burrow volumes and/or excavation rate were identified. Relationships between species body size and burrow volume/excavation rate were explored and the influence of sociality and method of burrow volume estimation was assessed. The results show that, although bigger species construct 1 bigger burrows, it is the smaller species that remove more sediment per unit time at larger, site- level spatial scales. Burrow volume estimates are, however, independent of species sociality (solitary vs group-living) and method of burrow volume estimation (excavation-based vs mound- based). -
Additional Mitigation Measures for Rodenticides
Questions and Answers – Additional Mitigation Measures for Rodenticides About the Evaluation of Rodenticides 1. What are rodenticides? Rodenticides are pest control products registered for controlling mice, rats and other rodents that pose threats to public health, critical habitats, native plants and animals, crops, and food supplies. 2. Why did Health Canada re-evaluate rodenticides? As required under the Pest Control Product Act, Health Canada’s Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) conducts re-evaluations of older pesticides to ensure they meet modern health and safety standards. As scientific knowledge evolves and new information becomes available, the PMRA requires that registered pesticides be re-evaluated according to modern risk assessment approaches. The PMRA re-evaluated six rodenticides (brodifacoum, bromadiolone, chlorophacinone, diphacinone, warfarin and zinc phosphide) and published Re-evaluation Decision Documents (RRD2006-11 and RVD2007-01) in 2006 and 2007, respectively. The public was consulted prior to finalizing these decision documents (PACR2004-27 and PACR2006-08). 3. Why are additional mitigation measures required following re-evaluation? In 2010, the PMRA required additional protective measures for several rodenticides containing the following active ingredients: brodifacoum, bromadiolone, bromethalin, chlorophacinone, diphacinone, difethialone, warfarin and zinc phosphide, as part of an overall risk-reduction strategy for rodenticides in Canada. The name of the active ingredient contained in a rodenticide product is listed on the product label under “guarantee”. Rodenticides are highly acutely toxic compounds, and can be used in residential and agricultural settings. Additional protective measures are warranted in order to prevent exposure of children, pets and non-target wildlife to these chemicals. Manufacturers have until December 31, 2012 to have new labelling in place. -
Defending Nature Against Rodenticides
Defending Nature Against Rodenticides LAW 391D Topics in Environmental Law Green Rights & Warrior Lawyers Marie Turcott December 18, 2019 Page 12 I. INTRODUCTION: RATS, RODENTICIDES, AND RIGHTS OF NATURE .................... 2 II. THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR PESTICIDE REGULATION IN CANADA ............ 5 A. Federal Regulations ............................................................................................................................ 6 1. Developments in Federal Regulation of Rodenticides ...................................................................... 8 B. Provincial Regulation ....................................................................................................................... 10 C. Municipal Role .................................................................................................................................. 13 III. THE USE OF SECOND-GENERATION ANTICOAGULANT RODENTICIDES IS INCONSISTENT WITH THE CURRENT REGULATORY FRAMEWORK .................... 14 A. There is Reasonable Certainty that Harm Results from SGAR Use ........................................... 16 1. Risks to Nature: Wildlife and the Environment .............................................................................. 16 i. Direct poisoning of non-target primary consumers .................................................................................... 16 ii. Indirect poisoning of secondary consumer predator and scavenger species .............................................. 18 iii. Poisoning of the environment