DOCSLIB.ORG

Pesticides Used in the Management of Vertebrate Pests in Australia: a Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pesticides Used in the Management of Vertebrate Pests in Australia: a Review Pesticides used in the Management of Vertebrate Pests in Australia: A Review LYNETTE Mc LEOD & GLEN SAUNDERS www.dpi.nsw.gov.au Pesticides used in the Management of Vertebrate Pests in Australia: A Review Published by the NSW Department of Primary Industries Pesticides used in the Management of Vertebrate Pests in Australia: A Review Lynette McLeod and Glen Saunders First published August 2013 ISBN: 978 1 74256 546 0 More information Lynette McLeod and Glen Saunders, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Orange www.dpi.nsw.gov.au Acknowledgments This book was funded through the Australian Pest Animal Research Program through DAFF (ABARES). © State of New South Wales through the Department of Trade and Investment, Regional Infrastructure and Services, 2013. You may copy, distribute and otherwise freely deal with this publication for any purpose, provided that you attribute the NSW Department of Primary Industries as the owner. Disclaimer: The information contained in this publication is based on knowledge and understanding at the time of writing (August 2013). However, because of advances in knowledge, users are reminded of the need to ensure that information upon which they rely is up to date and to check currency of the information with the appropriate officer of the Department of Primary Industries or the user’s independent adviser. Always read the label Users of agricultural or veterinary chemical products must always read the label and any permit, before using the product, and strictly comply with the directions on the label and the conditions of any permit. Users are not absolved from compliance with the directions on the label or the conditions of the permit by reason of any statement made or not made in this publication. Pesticides used in the Management of Vertebrate Pests in Australia: A Review Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 1 Structure of the review ................................................................................................................................... 1 Acute toxins ................................................................................................................................................... 5 4-aminopyridine ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Alpha-chloralose ........................................................................................................................................ 9 Cholecalciferol ......................................................................................................................................... 15 Cyanide .................................................................................................................................................... 21 Fenthion ................................................................................................................................................... 29 Para-aminopropiophenone ...................................................................................................................... 34 Phosphorus .............................................................................................................................................. 39 Rotenone ................................................................................................................................................. 45 Sodium monofluoroacetate ...................................................................................................................... 54 Sodium nitrite ........................................................................................................................................... 74 Strychnine ................................................................................................................................................ 81 Zinc phosphide ........................................................................................................................................ 90 Anticoagulants - hydroxycouramins ............................................................................................................. 98 Brodifacoum ............................................................................................................................................. 98 Bromadiolone ......................................................................................................................................... 107 Coumatetralyl ......................................................................................................................................... 113 Difenacoum ............................................................................................................................................ 117 Flocoumafen .......................................................................................................................................... 122 Warfarin ................................................................................................................................................. 127 Anticoagulants - indandiones .................................................................................................................... 133 Diphacinone ........................................................................................................................................... 133 Pindone .................................................................................................................................................. 140 Anticoagulants - Hydroxyl-4-benzothiopyranones ..................................................................................... 145 Difethialone ............................................................................................................................................ 145 Fumigants .................................................................................................................................................. 149 Carbon monoxide .................................................................................................................................. 149 Chloropicrin ............................................................................................................................................ 154 Methyl bromide ...................................................................................................................................... 158 Phosphine .............................................................................................................................................. 162 Glossary ..................................................................................................................................................... 167 Appendix 1 ................................................................................................................................................. 168 i NSW Department of Primary Industries, August 2013 Pesticides used in the Management of Vertebrate Pests in Australia Introduction The management of Australia’s vertebrate pests such as rabbits, foxes and wild dogs has historically relied heavily on the use of a variety of pesticides. In 1982, Hone and Mulligan1 published their book Vertebrate Pesticides to bring together the considerable scientific information on the pesticides in use at the time, and make it more readily available to researchers and end users. Thirty years on, although vertebrate pest management still relies on a variety of pesticides their use has come under increasing scrutiny, with a growing attention to ethics, efficacy, environmental safety and best practices within Australia. At the same time there has been a growing public demand for more effective management of the impacts of vertebrate pests. Many of the pesticides included in Hone and Mulligan (1982) are no longer registered or endorsed for use in Australia and several new pesticides have been introduced. These changes and the increase in scientific knowledge of many of these compounds made it timely to produce an updated and relevant source of information on vertebrate pesticides currently or about to be registered in Australia. The information presented includes the basic physical and chemical properties of the pesticide, along with physiological and toxicological data. Included is information on the mode of action, acute and chronic symptoms, antidote, and treatment. This guide details the environmental and non-target risks, including potential primary and secondary poisoning, and user safety information. The use of vertebrate pesticides has come under increasing public scrutiny and it is hoped that this publication will provide a significant contribution to the public accountability of vertebrate pest management by demonstrating the depth of knowledge that applies to the registration and use patterns of vertebrate pesticides in Australia. The listing of any pesticide or trade name of any pesticide does not constitute or imply endorsement of that pesticide by the authors or the publisher. The approved use of pesticides is dependent on State and Federal legislation which may vary across location and time. Structure of the review The pesticides are referred to by their common names as recommended in Australian Standards AS 1719-1994 or, if not published in this reference, by the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • “Baits and Baiting Strategies for Multi-Species Pest Control and Feral
    Baits and baiting strategies for multi-species pest control and feral cats SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION: 40 D.R. Morgan, J. Innes, C. Ryan, L. Meikle Published by Department of Conservation P.O. Box 10-420 Wellington, New Zealand 1 Science for Conservation presents the results of investigations contracted to science providers outside the Department of Conservation. Reports are subject to peer review within the Department and, in some instances, to a review from outside both the Department and the science providers. November 1996, Department of Conservation ISSN 1173-2946 ISBN 0-478-01855-X This publication originated from work done under Department of Conservation contract 1748 carried out by D.R. Morgan, J. Innes and C. Ryan, Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, P.O. Box 69, Lincoln; and contract 617, carried out by D.R. Morgan and L. Meikle, Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, P.O. box 31-011, Christchurch. It was approved for publication by the Director, Science and Research Division, Department of Conservation, Wellington. Cataloguing-in-Publication data Baits and baiting strategies for multi-species pest control and feral cats / D.R. Morgan ... {et al.} Wellington, N.Z. : Dept. of Conservation, 1996. 1 v. ; 30 cm. (Science for conservation, 1173-2946 ; 40.) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 047801855X 1. Pests- -Control- -New Zealand. I. Morgan, D.R. (David Rowland), 1950- II. Series: Science for conservation (Wellington, N.Z.) ; 40. 632.9510993 20 zbn96-124202 2 CONTENTS PART 1: DEVELOPMENT OF MULTI-SPECIES BAITING (D.R. Morgan, J. Innes, C. Ryan) Abstract 5 1. Introduction 5 2. Background 6 3. Objectives 6 4.
    [Show full text]
  • The Persistence and Secondary Poisoning Risks of Sodium Monofluoroacetate (1080), Brodifacoum, and Cholecalciferol in Possums
    THE PERSISTENCE AND SECONDARY POISONING RISKS OF SODIUM MONOFLUOROACETATE (1080), BRODIFACOUM, AND CHOLECALCIFEROL IN POSSUMS C. T. EASON, G. R. WRIGHT, and L. MEIKLE, Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, P.O. Box 69, Lincoln, New Zealand. P. ELDER, Steroid and Immunobiochemistry Unit, Christchurch Health Laboratories, Christchurch Hospital, P.O. Box 151, Christchurch, New Zealand. ABSTRACT: To determine the risk of secondary poisoning for animals preying on sub-lethally poisoned brushtail possums, captive possums were treated with near-lethal doses of sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) or brodifacoum, and toxicant concentrations in blood and tissue were monitored over time. Sodium monofluoroacetate was rapidly eliminated from the blood (within three days). Brodifacoum was retained in the liver and, to a lesser extent, the muscle of possums for eight months after dosing. To determine the potential risk for animals scavenging on the carcasses of possums poisoned with cholecalciferol, cats were fed poisoned carcasses for six days. No changes in behavior, appetite, or body weight were observed. Serum calcium concentrations increased slightly, but remained within the normal range for cats. KEY WORDS: vertebrate pest control, secondary poisoning, sodium monofluoroacetate, brodifacown, cholecalciferol Proc. 17th Yertebr. Pest Conf. (R.M. Timm & A.C. Crabb, Eds.) Published at Univ. of Calif., Davis. 1996. INTRODUCTION 1995), and toxic amounts of brodifacoum may be retained Sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) has been used for in a carcass. vertebrate pest control in New Zealand since 1954. It is The existence of an effective antidote to brodifacoum currently used most frequently in aerially sown baits and in the form of vitamin Kl means that dogs that have eaten in baits in bait stations for the control of the Australian carcasses containing brodifacoum residues can usually be brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) (Livingstone saved.
    [Show full text]
  • Occurrence, Elimination, and Risk of Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Wastewater and Sludge
    Occurrence, elimination, and risk of anticoagulant rodenticides in wastewater and sludge Silvia Lacorte, Cristian Gómez- Canela Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona Rats and super-rats Neverending story 1967 Coumachlor 1 tn rodenticides /city per campaign “It will be the LAST ONE” Rodenticides Biocides: use regulated according to EU. Used mainly as bait formulations. First generation: multiple feedings, less persistent in tissues, commensal and outdoor use. Second generation: single feeding (more toxic), more persistent in tissue, commensal use only. Toxic: vitamin K antagonists that cause mortality by blocking an animal’s ability to produce several key blood clotting factors. High oral, dermal and inhalation toxicity. Origin and fate of rodenticides Study site: Catalonia (7.5 M inhabitants) 1693 km of sewage corridor 13 fluvial tanks (70.000 m3) 130,000,000 € / 8 YEARS 32,000 km2 378,742 kg/y AI 2,077,000 € Objectives 1. To develop an analytical method to determine most widely used rodenticides in wastewater and sludge. 2. To monitor the presence of rodenticides within 9 WWTP receiving urban and agricultural waters. 3. To evaluate the risk of rodenticides using Daphnia magna as aquatic toxicological model. 4. To study the accumulation of rodenticides in sludge. Compounds studied Coumachlor* Pindone C19H15ClO4 C14H14O3 Dicoumarol Warfarin C19H12O6 C19H16O4 Coumatetralyl Ferulenol FGARs C19H16O3 C24H30O3 Acenocoumarol Chlorophacinone • Solubility C19H15NO6 C23H15ClO3 0.001-128 mg/L • pKa 3.4-6.6 Flocoumafen Bromadiolone C H F O C H BrO 33 25 3 40 30 23 4 • Log P 1.92-8.5 Brodifacoum Fluindione C H BrO 31 23 3 C15H9FO2 SGARs Difenacoum Fenindione C31H24O3 C15H10O2 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Wastewater-Borne Exposure of Limnic Fish to Anticoagulant Rodenticides
    Water Research 167 (2019) 115090 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Water Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/watres Wastewater-borne exposure of limnic fish to anticoagulant rodenticides * Julia Regnery a, , Pia Parrhysius a, Robert S. Schulz a, Christel Mohlenkamp€ a, Georgia Buchmeier b, Georg Reifferscheid a, Marvin Brinke a a Department of Biochemistry, Ecotoxicology, Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany b Unit Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Microbial Ecology, Bavarian Environment Agency, Demollstr. 31, 82407 Wielenbach, Germany article info abstract Article history: The recent emergence of second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (AR) in the aquatic environment Received 18 June 2019 emphasizes the relevance and impact of aquatic exposure pathways during rodent control. Pest control Received in revised form in municipal sewer systems of urban and suburban areas is thought to be an important emission 12 September 2019 pathway for AR to reach wastewater and municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), respectively. Accepted 13 September 2019 To circumstantiate that AR will enter streams via effluent discharges and bioaccumulate in aquatic or- Available online 14 September 2019 ganisms despite very low predicted environmental emissions, we conducted a retrospective biological monitoring of fish tissue samples from different WWTP fish monitoring ponds exclusively fed by Keywords: fl Bioaccumulation municipal ef uents in Bavaria, Germany. At the same time, information about rodent control in asso- Biocides ciated sewer systems was collected by telephone survey to assess relationships between sewer baiting Monitoring and rodenticide residues in fish. In addition, mussel and fish tissue samples from several Bavarian surface PBT-Substances waters with different effluent impact were analyzed to evaluate the prevalence of anticoagulants in Sewer baiting indigenous aquatic organisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Calaby References
    Abbott, I.J. (1974). Natural history of Curtis Island, Bass Strait. 5. Birds, with some notes on mammal trapping. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 107: 171–74. General; Rodents; Abbott, I. (1978). Seabird islands No. 56 Michaelmas Island, King George Sound, Western Australia. Corella 2: 26–27. (Records rabbit and Rattus fuscipes). General; Rodents; Lagomorphs; Abbott, I. (1981). Seabird Islands No. 106 Mondrain Island, Archipelago of the Recherche, Western Australia. Corella 5: 60–61. (Records bush-rat and rock-wallaby). General; Rodents; Abbott, I. and Watson, J.R. (1978). The soils, flora, vegetation and vertebrate fauna of Chatham Island, Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 60: 65–70. (Only mammal is Rattus fuscipes). General; Rodents; Adams, D.B. (1980). Motivational systems of agonistic behaviour in muroid rodents: a comparative review and neural model. Aggressive Behavior 6: 295–346. Rodents; Ahern, L.D., Brown, P.R., Robertson, P. and Seebeck, J.H. (1985). Application of a taxon priority system to some Victorian vertebrate fauna. Fisheries and Wildlife Service, Victoria, Arthur Rylah Institute of Environmental Research Technical Report No. 32: 1–48. General; Marsupials; Bats; Rodents; Whales; Land Carnivores; Aitken, P. (1968). Observations on Notomys fuscus (Wood Jones) (Muridae-Pseudomyinae) with notes on a new synonym. South Australian Naturalist 43: 37–45. Rodents; Aitken, P.F. (1969). The mammals of the Flinders Ranges. Pp. 255–356 in Corbett, D.W.P. (ed.) The natural history of the Flinders Ranges. Libraries Board of South Australia : Adelaide. (Gives descriptions and notes on the echidna, marsupials, murids, and bats recorded for the Flinders Ranges; also deals with the introduced mammals, including the dingo).
    [Show full text]
  • BROMADIOLONE 0,05G/Kg
    BROMADIOLONE 0,05g/kg Ratimor Wax blocks When the product is being used in public areas, the areas treated must be marked during the treatment Wax blocks period and a notice explaining the risk of primary or secondary poisoning by the anticoagulant as well Active substance: Bromadiolone 0.05 g/kg Rodenticide as indicating the first measures to be taken in case of poisoning must be made available alongside (CAS no.: 28772-56-7) the baits. When tamper resistant bait stations are used, they should be clearly marked to show that Contains the human aversive agent denatonium benzoate, Bitrex. 20 g they contain rodenticides and that they should not be disturbed.EFFECT: Bromadiolone prevents the Ready-for-use bait for the control of rats and mice indoors and outdoors (around formation of prothrombin in blood and this causes haemorrhage and the death of a rodent. The product buildings only) and in sewers. is effective soon after swallowing. The death of individual rodents does not influence the resistance to For use only as a rodenticide. baits among other rodents that are still alive. It is effective against rodents resistant to anticoagulant For professional use only. rodenticides of the first generation. PRECAUTIONS AND CONDITIONS FOR SAFE USE The Safety phrases: Keep locked up and out of the reach of children. Keep away from food, resistance status of the target population should be taken into account when considering the choice drink and animal feedingstuffs. When using do not eat, drink or smoke. Wear suitable gloves. of rodenticide to be used. Avoid all contact by mouth.
    [Show full text]
  • First Evidence of Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Fish in German
    Environmental Science and Pollution Research https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1385-8 ADVANCEMENTS IN CHEMICAL METHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH First evidence of anticoagulant rodenticides in fish and suspended particulate matter: spatial and temporal distribution in German freshwater aquatic systems Matthias Kotthoff1 & Heinz Rüdel2 & Heinrich Jürling1 & Kevin Severin1 & Stephan Hennecke1 & Anton Friesen3 & Jan Koschorreck3 Received: 27 September 2017 /Accepted: 24 January 2018 # The Author(s) 2018. This article is an open access publication Abstract Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) have been used for decades for rodent control worldwide. Research on the exposure of the environment and accumulation of these active substances in biota has been focused on terrestrial food webs, but few data are available on the impact of ARs on aquatic systems and water organisms. To fill this gap, we analyzed liver samples of bream (Abramis brama) and co-located suspended particulate matter (SPM) from the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB). An appropriate method was developed for the determination of eight different ARs, including first- and second-generation ARs, in fish liver and SPM. Applying this method to bream liver samples from 17 and 18 sampling locations of the years 2011 and 2015, respectively, five ARs were found at levels above limits of quantifications (LOQs, 0.2 to 2 μgkg−1). For 2015, brodifacoum was detected in 88% of the samples with a maximum concentration of 12.5 μgkg−1. Moreover, difenacoum, bromadiolone, difethialone, and flocoumafen were detected in some samples above LOQ. In contrast, no first generation AR was detected in the ESB samples. In SPM, only bromadiolone could be detected in 56% of the samples at levels up to 9.24 μgkg−1.A temporal trend analysis of bream liver from two sampling locations over a period of up to 23 years revealed a significant trend for brodifacoum at one of the sampling locations.
    [Show full text]
  • Mammals of Fleurieu Peninsula This List of Mammals of Fleurieu Peninsula Was Applied by the Late P.F
    Mammals of Fleurieu Peninsula This list of mammals of Fleurieu Peninsula was applied by the late P.F. Aitken, onetime Curator of Mammals at the South Australian Museum. Additional information was obtained from surveys of Deep Creek Conservation Park in December 1971, January 1972, January 1980 and January 1984 by the Mammal Club, Field Naturalists Society of South Australia (R. Thomas, personal communication). Introduced species are indicated by an asterisk. RECORDED IN SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME HABITAT DEEP CREEK CONS. PARK Antechinus Flavipes Yellow-footed Antechinus Woodland, eucalypt forest Yes Cercartetus concinnus South western Pigmy Possum Scrub to eucalypt forest No Chalinolobus gouldii Gould's wattled Bat Scrub to open-forest (mainly tree spouts) Yes Chalinolobus moria Chocolate Wattled Bat Scrub to open-forest (tree spouts) No Eptesicus sp. Eptesicus Scrub to open-forest (tree spouts) Yes *Felis calus Cat (feral) Cosmopolitan Yes Hydromys chrysogaster Water Rat Creeks No Isoodon obesulus Southern Brown Bandicoot Dense understorey Yes *Lepus capensis Brown Hare Grasslands Yes Macropus fuliginosus Western Grey Kangaroo Heath to eucalypt forest Yes Miniopterus schreibersii Common Bent-wing Ba Eucalypt forest (caves) No *Mus musculus House Mouse Disturbed areas and early fire succession Yes Nyctophilus geoffroy Lesser Long-eared Bat Scrub to forest, semi cleared pasture (tree spouts, buildings) Yes *Oryctolagus cuniculus Rabbit Grasslands and disturbed areas Yes Pseudocheirus peregrinus Common Ringtail Coastal scrub to eucalypt
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmacokinetics of Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Target and Non-Target Organisms Katherine Horak U.S
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Plant Publications Health Inspection Service 2018 Pharmacokinetics of Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Target and Non-target Organisms Katherine Horak U.S. Department of Agriculture, [email protected] Penny M. Fisher Landcare Research Brian M. Hopkins Landcare Research Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc Part of the Life Sciences Commons Horak, Katherine; Fisher, Penny M.; and Hopkins, Brian M., "Pharmacokinetics of Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Target and Non- target Organisms" (2018). USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications. 2091. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/2091 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff ubP lications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Chapter 4 Pharmacokinetics of Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Target and Non-target Organisms Katherine E. Horak, Penny M. Fisher, and Brian Hopkins 1 Introduction The concentration of a compound at the site of action is a determinant of its toxicity. This principle is affected by a variety of factors including the chemical properties of the compound (pKa, lipophilicity, molecular size), receptor binding affinity, route of exposure, and physiological properties of the organism. Many compounds have to undergo chemical changes, biotransformation, into more toxic or less toxic forms. Because of all of these variables, predicting toxic effects and performing risk assess- ments of compounds based solely on dose are less accurate than those that include data on absorption, distribution, metabolism (biotransformation), and excretion of the compound.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural History of the Eutheria
    FAUNA of AUSTRALIA 35. NATURAL HISTORY OF THE EUTHERIA P. J. JARMAN, A. K. LEE & L. S. HALL (with thanks for help to J.H. Calaby, G.M. McKay & M.M. Bryden) 1 35. NATURAL HISTORY OF THE EUTHERIA 2 35. NATURAL HISTORY OF THE EUTHERIA INTRODUCTION Unlike the Australian metatherian species which are all indigenous, terrestrial and non-flying, the eutherians now found in the continent are a mixture of indigenous and exotic species. Among the latter are some intentionally and some accidentally introduced species, and marine as well as terrestrial and flying as well as non-flying species are abundantly represented. All the habitats occupied by metatherians also are occupied by eutherians. Eutherians more than cover the metatherian weight range of 5 g–100 kg, but the largest terrestrial eutherians (which are introduced species) are an order of magnitude heavier than the largest extant metatherians. Before the arrival of dingoes 4000 years ago, however, none of the indigenous fully terrestrial eutherians weighed more than a kilogram, while most of the exotic species weigh more than that. The eutherians now represented in Australia are very diverse. They fall into major suites of species: Muridae; Chiroptera; marine mammals (whales, seals and dugong); introduced carnivores (Canidae and Felidae); introduced Leporidae (hares and rabbits); and introduced ungulates (Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla). In this chapter an attempt is made to compare and contrast the main features of the natural histories of these suites of species and, where appropriate, to comment on their resemblance to or difference from the metatherians. NATURAL HISTORY Ecology Diet. The native rodents are predominantly omnivorous.
    [Show full text]
  • Authorisation of Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Germany FAQ on Environmental Risks, Risk Mitigation Measures and Best Practice
    background // december 2019 Authorisation of Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Germany FAQ on Environmental Risks, Risk Mitigation Measures and Best Practice For our environment Imprint Publisher: Image sources: German Environment Agency Front page: Fotolia/tomatito26 Section IV 1.2 Biocides Page 3: UBA/Agnes Kalle & Susanne Hein Section IV 1.4 Health Pests and their Control Page 7: Alex Yeung PO Box 14 06 Page 8: Taton Moïse/Unsplash 06813 Dessau-Roßlau Page 10: autark – Photocase Tel.: +49 340-2103-0 Page 11: UBA/Figure 1 [email protected] Page 12: Fotolia/silvioheidler/Figure A Internet: www.umweltbundesamt.de/en Page 12: Fotolia/Jolanta Mayerberg/Figure B Page 12: Fotolia/Erni/Figure C /umweltbundesamt.de Page 12: Fotolia/Hans and Crista Ede/Figure D /umweltbundesamt Page 12: Fotolia/Sergey Ryzhkov/Figure E /umweltbundesamt Page 12: Fotolia/phototrip.cz/Figure F /umweltbundesamt Page 14: Fotolia/Loveleen/Silhouette of a rat Page 17: Photocase/marsj/Mouse in building Authors: Page 17: UBA/Erik Schmolz/Bait station Juliane Fischer, Anton Friesen, Anke Geduhn, Susanne Page 17: Fotolia/SB/Rat burrow in open area Hein, Stefanie Jacob, Barbara Jahn, Agnes Kalle, Anja Page 18: Mella/Photocase Kehrer, Ingrid Nöh, Eleonora Petersohn, Caroline Page 20: Fotolia/fotocejen/Barn owl Riedhammer, Ricarda Rissel, Annika Schlötelburg, Erik Page 21: Fotolia/Stefan/Kestrel Schmolz, Beatrice Schwarz-Schulz, Christiane Stahr, Ute Page 21: Fotolia/Romuald/Stoat Trauer-Kizilelma, Kristina Wege, Stefanie Wieck Page 22: Fotolia/Valeriy Kirsanov/Red fox Page
    [Show full text]
  • Sound Management of Pesticides and Diagnosis and Treatment Of
    * Revision of the“IPCS - Multilevel Course on the Safe Use of Pesticides and on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Presticide Poisoning, 1994” © World Health Organization 2006 All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgement Part I. Overview 1. Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Objectives 2. Overview of the resource tool 2.1 Moduledescription 2.2 Training levels 2.3 Visual aids 2.4 Informationsources 3. Using the resource tool 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Training trainers 3.2.1 Organizational aspects 3.2.2 Coordinator’s preparation 3.2.3 Selection of participants 3.2.4 Before training trainers 3.2.5 Specimen module 3.3 Trainers 3.3.1 Trainer preparation 3.3.2 Selection of participants 3.3.3 Organizational aspects 3.3.4 Before a course 4.
    [Show full text]