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Assessing the Sustainability of Anticoagulant-Based Rodent Control for Wildlife Conservation in New Zealand

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Assessing the Sustainability of Anticoagulant-Based Rodent Control for Wildlife Conservation in New Zealand Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Assessing the sustainability of anticoagulant-based rodent control for wildlife conservation in New Zealand A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Conservation Biology at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand SUMAN PREET KAUR SRAN 2019 1 I dedicate this thesis to My Grandmother, Baljinder Kaur Sran who has loved and supported me unconditionally 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 7 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... 9 Glossary of Key Terms related to Anticoagulant Resistance ...................................................... 11 CHAPTER 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 13 Rodents in New Zealand ......................................................................................................... 14 Rattus rattus ........................................................................................................................... 14 Mus musculus .......................................................................................................................... 15 Anticoagulant rodenticides ..................................................................................................... 15 Mode of action of anticoagulant rodenticides ....................................................................... 17 Anticoagulant use in New Zealand ......................................................................................... 18 Brodifacoum as rodenticide .................................................................................................... 19 Clinical signs of brodifacoum poisoning.................................................................................. 21 Non-target poisoning .............................................................................................................. 22 Pathways of resistance to anticoagulants .............................................................................. 23 Pleiotropic effects of resistance .............................................................................................. 28 Methods to detect anticoagulant resitance in rodents .......................................................... 29 Aims and objectives .................................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER 2 Evaluating an effective dose of brodifacoum for ship rat (Rattus rattus) in New Zealand forests ............................................................................................................................ 39 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 40 Anticoagulant resistance ......................................................................................................... 40 Lethal feeding period test ................................................................................................... 42 Blood-clotting response test ............................................................................................... 43 International normalised ratio ............................................................................................ 44 Gap of knowledge ............................................................................................................... 45 2.2 Materials and methods ..................................................................................................... 46 Study site ............................................................................................................................. 46 Trapping .............................................................................................................................. 50 Maintenance of captive rats ............................................................................................... 50 Brodifacoum dose-preparation ........................................................................................... 51 Experimental design ............................................................................................................ 52 Tissue conservation ............................................................................................................. 53 Statistical analysis ............................................................................................................... 53 3 2.3 Results ............................................................................................................................... 54 Trapping ............................................................................................................................... 54 BCR test ............................................................................................................................... 54 Estimation of effective dose ................................................................................................ 57 2.4 Discussion .......................................................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER 3 Comparison of blood-clotting responses to brodifacoum between ship rat (Rattus rattus) populations captured from areas of low, medium and high brodifacoum use ............... 65 3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 66 3.2 Material and methods ....................................................................................................... 69 Study Sites ........................................................................................................................... 69 Trapping ............................................................................................................................... 70 Maintenance of captive rats ................................................................................................ 72 Brodifacoum dose-preparation ........................................................................................... 72 Experimental Design ............................................................................................................ 73 Tissue conservation ............................................................................................................. 74 Statistical Analysis ............................................................................................................... 74 3.3 Results ............................................................................................................................... 74 Trapping ............................................................................................................................... 74 BCR test ............................................................................................................................... 75 3.4 Discussion .......................................................................................................................... 78 BCR test ............................................................................................................................... 78 Male vs Female Responses to Brodifacoum ........................................................................ 78 Technical vs Practical resistance .......................................................................................... 79 Impact on current rodent pest management in New Zealand ............................................ 80 Cause of resistance .............................................................................................................. 81 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 82 CHAPTER 4 Comparison of blood-clotting responses to brodifacoum between house mice (Mus musculus) populations captured from areas of low, medium and high brodifacoum use ......... 85 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 86 4.2 Material and methods ....................................................................................................... 89 Study Sites ........................................................................................................................... 89 Trapping ............................................................................................................................... 90 Maintenance of captive mice .............................................................................................. 90 Experimental Design ............................................................................................................ 93 4 Laboratory methods............................................................................................................ 93 Tissue conservation ............................................................................................................
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