Neuroptera : Raphidiodea : Raphidiidae)
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Neuroptera (Lacewings, Doodlebugs, Antlions)
Return to insect order home Page 1 of 2 Visit us on the Web: www.gardeninghelp.org Insect Order ID: Neuroptera (Lacewings, Doodlebugs, Antlions) Life Cycle–Complete metamorphosis. Adults lay eggs. Larvae eat, grow and molt. This stage is repeated a varying number of times, depending on species, until hormonal changes cause the larvae to pupate. Inside the pupal case, they change in form and color and develop wings. The adults look completely different from the larvae. Adults–Lacewings have clear membranous wings with numerous cells, hence the name Neuroptera "nerve wing." The forewing and hindwing are about the same size. The eyes are large in relationship to the head, like glittering beads. (Click images to enlarge or orange text for more information.) Colors vary Numerous cells in wings Bright beadlike eyes from brown to green Eggs–The eggs of many species are laid at the end of a hairlike stalk. (Click images to enlarge or orange text for more information.) Lacewing eggs laid on a stalk Lacewing egg Return to insect order home Page 2 of 2 Larvae–All are campodeiform, spiny and soft-bodied with large hollow mandibles used to skewer victims and suck them dry. Some species place the dried remains of their victims on the spines on their backs, giving them the appearance of walking trash heaps. (Click images to enlarge or orange text for more information.) Campodeiform Large, hollow mandibles Hidden beneath the spiny, soft-bodied Campodeiform remains of its victim Pupae–All have a pupal stage, usually a silken cocoon, during which the adult, winged form develops. -
Prey Recognition in Larvae of the Antlion Euroleon Nostras (Neuroptera, Myrrneleontidae)
Acta Zool. Fennica 209: 157-161 ISBN 95 1-9481-54-0 ISSN 0001-7299 Helsinki 6 May 1998 O Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board 1998 Prey recognition in larvae of the antlion Euroleon nostras (Neuroptera, Myrrneleontidae) Bojana Mencinger Mencinger, B., Department of Biology, University ofMaribor, Koro&a 160, SLO-2000 Maribor, Slovenia Received 14 July 1997 The behavioural responses of the antlion larva Euroleon nostras to substrate vibrational stimuli from three species of prey (Tenebrio molitor, Trachelipus sp., Pyrrhocoris apterus) were studied. The larva reacted to the prey with several behavioural patterns. The larva recognized its prey at a distance of 3 to 15 cm from the rim of the pit without seeing it, and was able to determine the target angle. The greatest distance of sand tossing was 6 cm. Responsiveness to the substrate vibration caused by the bug Pyrrhocoris apterus was very low. 1. Introduction efficient motion for antlion is to toss sand over its back (Lucas 1989). When the angle between the The larvae of the European antlion Euroleon head in resting position and the head during sand nostras are predators as well as the adults. In loose tossing is 4S0, the section of the sand tossing is substrate, such as dry sand, they construct coni- 30" (Koch 1981, Koch & Bongers 1981). cal pits. At the bottom of the pit they wait for the Sensitivity to vibration in sand has been stud- prey, which slides into the trap. Only the head ied in a few arthropods, e.g. in the nocturnal scor- and sometimes the pronotum of the larva are vis- pion Paruroctonus mesaensis and the fiddler crab ible; the other parts of the body are covered with Uca pugilator. -
Insects and Related Arthropods Associated with of Agriculture
USDA United States Department Insects and Related Arthropods Associated with of Agriculture Forest Service Greenleaf Manzanita in Montane Chaparral Pacific Southwest Communities of Northeastern California Research Station General Technical Report Michael A. Valenti George T. Ferrell Alan A. Berryman PSW-GTR- 167 Publisher: Pacific Southwest Research Station Albany, California Forest Service Mailing address: U.S. Department of Agriculture PO Box 245, Berkeley CA 9470 1 -0245 Abstract Valenti, Michael A.; Ferrell, George T.; Berryman, Alan A. 1997. Insects and related arthropods associated with greenleaf manzanita in montane chaparral communities of northeastern California. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-167. Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Dept. Agriculture; 26 p. September 1997 Specimens representing 19 orders and 169 arthropod families (mostly insects) were collected from greenleaf manzanita brushfields in northeastern California and identified to species whenever possible. More than500 taxa below the family level wereinventoried, and each listing includes relative frequency of encounter, life stages collected, and dominant role in the greenleaf manzanita community. Specific host relationships are included for some predators and parasitoids. Herbivores, predators, and parasitoids comprised the majority (80 percent) of identified insects and related taxa. Retrieval Terms: Arctostaphylos patula, arthropods, California, insects, manzanita The Authors Michael A. Valenti is Forest Health Specialist, Delaware Department of Agriculture, 2320 S. DuPont Hwy, Dover, DE 19901-5515. George T. Ferrell is a retired Research Entomologist, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 2400 Washington Ave., Redding, CA 96001. Alan A. Berryman is Professor of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6382. All photographs were taken by Michael A. Valenti, except for Figure 2, which was taken by Amy H. -
Pocket Guide to the Beneficial Insects of New Mexico
Pocket Guide to the Beneficial Insects of New Mexico Tessa R. Grasswitz, New Mexico State University Agricultural Science Center, Los Lunas, NM David R. Dreesen, Natural Resources Conservation Service Plant Materials Center, Los Lunas, NM 1 Contents Introduction ...........................................................3 Attracting and retaining beneficial insects .................4 Suggested insectary plants for New Mexico ...............5 Other ways to conserve beneficial insects .................7 Common beneficial insects of New Mexico 1. Beetles (Order: Coleoptera) .............................9 (i) Ladybeetles/Ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae) .......9 (ii) Ground beetles (Carabidae)......................11 (iii) Rove beetles (Staphylinidae) .....................12 (iv) Soft-winged flower beetles (Melyridae) .......13 2. True bugs (Order: Hemiptera) ........................14 (i) Big-eyed bugs (Georcoris species) ..............14 (ii) Minute pirate bugs (Anthocoridae) .............15 (iii) Damsel or nabid bugs (Nabidae) ..............16 (iv) Spined soldier bug (Podisus maculiventris) ...... 17 (v) Assassin bugs (Reduviidae) ........................18 3. Lacewings (Order: Neuroptera) .....................19 4. Beneficial flies (Order: Diptera) ......................20 (i) Hoverflies (Syrphidae) ................................20 (ii) Tachinid flies (Tachinidae) ......................21 5. Wasps (Order: Hymenoptera) ........................22 (i) Parasitic wasps (various families) ................22 (ii) Predatory wasps (various families) -
Preference of Antlion and Wormlion Larvae (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae; Diptera: Vermileonidae) for Substrates According to Substrate Particle Sizes
Eur. J. Entomol. 112(3): 000–000, 2015 doi: 10.14411/eje.2015.052 ISSN 1210-5759 (print), 1802-8829 (online) Preference of antlion and wormlion larvae (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae; Diptera: Vermileonidae) for substrates according to substrate particle sizes Dušan DEVETAK 1 and AMY E. ARNETT 2 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 160, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Center for Biodiversity, Unity College, 90 Quaker Hill Road, Unity, ME 04915, U.S.A.; e-mail: [email protected] Key words. Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae, Diptera, Vermileonidae, antlions, wormlions, substrate particle size, substrate selection, pit-builder, non-pit-builder, habitat selection Abstract. Sand-dwelling wormlion and antlion larvae are predators with a highly specialized hunting strategy, which either construct efficient pitfall traps or bury themselves in the sand ambushing prey on the surface. We studied the role substrate particle size plays in these specialized predators. Working with thirteen species of antlions and one species of wormlion, we quantified the substrate particle size in which the species were naturally found. Based on these particle sizes, four substrate types were established: fine substrates, fine to medium substrates, medium substrates, and coarse substrates. Larvae preferring the fine substrates were the wormlion Lampromyia and the antlion Myrmeleon hyalinus originating from desert habitats. Larvae preferring fine to medium and medium substrates belonged to antlion genera Cueta, Euroleon, Myrmeleon, Nophis and Synclisis and antlion larvae preferring coarse substrates were in the genera Distoleon and Neuroleon. In addition to analyzing naturally-occurring substrate, we hypothesized that these insect larvae will prefer the substrate type that they are found in. -
Perspectives in Phycology
Entomologia Generalis, Vol. 37 (2018), Issues 3–4, 197–230 Article Published in print July 2018 The Phenomenon of Metathetely, formerly known as Prothetely, in Raphidioptera (Insecta: Holometabola: Neuropterida)** Horst Aspöck1, Viktoria Abbt2, Ulrike Aspöck3,4 and Axel Gruppe2* 1 Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical Parasitology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria 2 Chair of Zoology – Entomology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Hans-Carl- von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany 3 Natural History Museum Vienna, Department of Entomology, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria 4 Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria * Corresponding author: [email protected] With 36 figures and 4 tables Abstract: For completion of their life cycle, most snakefly species require two years, some only one, and others (at least single specimens) three years or more. In most species, the larvae of the final stage hibernate in a state of quiescence, pupate in spring and emerge as adults shortly thereafter. Hibernation starts when the temperature decreases, thus inducing quiescence in the larva. If the temperature decrease is withheld during the last hibernation, the larvae remain active and usually continue to molt, but will not pupate successfully in spring. Moreover, most of them will die prematurely and prior to that will often develop considerable pathomor- phological alterations of the eyes, sometimes also the antennae, some develop wing pads and occasionally even pathomorphological modifications of the last abdominal segments. Until now, this phenomenon in Raphidioptera has been inaccurately referred to as “prothetely”; how- ever, in reality, it represents “metathetely”. -
INSECTS of MICRONESIA Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae*
INSECTS OF MICRONESIA Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae* By F. M. CARPENTER HARVARD UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION This account is based mainly on about 150 specimens of Hemerobiidae from Micronesia. All of this material was placed at my disposal through the courtesy of Dr. J. L. Gressitt, to whom I am indebted for the opportunity of making this study. The United States Office of Naval Research, the Pacific Science Board (National Research Council), the National Science Foundation, and Bernice P. Bishop Museum have made this survey and publication of the results pos sible. Field research was aided by a contract between the Office of Naval Re search, Department of the Navy, and the National Academy of Sciences, NR 160-175. In the course of this study I have made much use of specimens in the Mu seum of Comparative Zoology and I have been helped to an inestimable extent by my examination of a type of Micromus navigatorum Brauer, sent to me by Dr. Beier of the Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna. Specimens are deposited at the following institutions: Bernice P. Bishop Museum (BISHOP), United States National Museum (US), and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (MCZ). Only three species are represented in this Micronesian collection, two in Annandalia and the third in Micromus. The third species, M. navigatorum, has now acquired a very wide distribution, in part, at least, through the agency of man. The two species of Annandalia are, so far as now known, endemic to Micronesia. Annandalia and Micromus are only distantly' related within the family Hemerobiidae and they can readily be distinguished: Annandalia has a broad costal area basally, with a well developed recurrent vein; Micromus has a narrow costal area basally and lacks entirely the recurrent vein. -
The Little Things That Run the City How Do Melbourne’S Green Spaces Support Insect Biodiversity and Promote Ecosystem Health?
The Little Things that Run the City How do Melbourne’s green spaces support insect biodiversity and promote ecosystem health? Luis Mata, Christopher D. Ives, Georgia E. Garrard, Ascelin Gordon, Anna Backstrom, Kate Cranney, Tessa R. Smith, Laura Stark, Daniel J. Bickel, Saul Cunningham, Amy K. Hahs, Dieter Hochuli, Mallik Malipatil, Melinda L Moir, Michaela Plein, Nick Porch, Linda Semeraro, Rachel Standish, Ken Walker, Peter A. Vesk, Kirsten Parris and Sarah A. Bekessy The Little Things that Run the City – How do Melbourne’s green spaces support insect biodiversity and promote ecosystem health? Report prepared for the City of Melbourne, November 2015 Coordinating authors Luis Mata Christopher D. Ives Georgia E. Garrard Ascelin Gordon Sarah Bekessy Interdisciplinary Conservation Science Research Group Centre for Urban Research School of Global, Urban and Social Studies RMIT University 124 La Trobe Street Melbourne 3000 Contributing authors Anna Backstrom, Kate Cranney, Tessa R. Smith, Laura Stark, Daniel J. Bickel, Saul Cunningham, Amy K. Hahs, Dieter Hochuli, Mallik Malipatil, Melinda L Moir, Michaela Plein, Nick Porch, Linda Semeraro, Rachel Standish, Ken Walker, Peter A. Vesk and Kirsten Parris. Cover artwork by Kate Cranney ‘Melbourne in a Minute Scavenger’ (Ink and paper on paper, 2015) This artwork is a little tribute to a minute beetle. We found the brown minute scavenger beetle (Corticaria sp.) at so many survey plots for the Little Things that Run the City project that we dubbed the species ‘Old Faithful’. I’ve recreated the map of the City of Melbourne within the beetle’s body. Can you trace the outline of Port Phillip Bay? Can you recognise the shape of your suburb? Next time you’re walking in a park or garden in the City of Melbourne, keep a keen eye out for this ubiquitous little beetle. -
Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae)
TranSacTionS of The KanSaS Vol. 114, no. 1-2 acadeMy of Science p. 77-87 (2011) A new snakefly from the Eocene Green River Formation (Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae) Michael S. engel Division of Entomology (Paleoentomology), Natural History Museum, and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 1501 Crestline Drive – Suite 140, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66049-2811 [email protected] Agulla protomaculata, new species (Raphidiidae: Raphidiinae), is described and figured from a series of males and females preserved as fine compressions in middle Eocene shale from the Green River Formation of Colorado. The specimens are exquisitely preserved, complete with integumental color patterns. The species is compared with other Tertiary snakeflies. Keywords: Neuropterida, Raphidioptera, Raphidiidae, taxonomy, paleontology, Tertiary. inTroducTion be undertaken on the North American species of Raphidioptera and it is possible some new The snakeflies (Raphidioptera) of North species will yet be discovered in the mountains America are one of the lesser encountered of Mexico. orders and, along with the equally infrequent Grylloblattodea (Notoptera) and Timematodea Most North American fossil snakeflies (Phasmatodea), are restricted to the western documented to date have come from the part of the continent, albeit more ‘widespread’ prolific Eocene-Oligocene deposits around than the latter two groups and typically more Florissant in central Colorado, with single southerly than the ice crawlers. Presently species recorded from all other localities (Table there are 31 recognized species of North 2). Interestingly, the most abundant material of American Raphidioptera, mostly of the Tertiary snakeflies occurs in the middle Eocene family Raphidiidae but with some interesting deposits of the Green River Formation in Utah, Inocelliidae (Carpenter, 1936, 1958, 1960; Wyoming, and Colorado and yet this species Woglum and McGregor, 1964; Aspöck and has not been characterized to date. -
Phylogeny of Endopterygote Insects, the Most Successful Lineage of Living Organisms*
REVIEW Eur. J. Entomol. 96: 237-253, 1999 ISSN 1210-5759 Phylogeny of endopterygote insects, the most successful lineage of living organisms* N iels P. KRISTENSEN Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen 0, Denmark; e-mail: [email protected] Key words. Insecta, Endopterygota, Holometabola, phylogeny, diversification modes, Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Neuroptera, Coleóptera, Strepsiptera, Díptera, Mecoptera, Siphonaptera, Trichoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera Abstract. The monophyly of the Endopterygota is supported primarily by the specialized larva without external wing buds and with degradable eyes, as well as by the quiescence of the last immature (pupal) stage; a specialized morphology of the latter is not an en dopterygote groundplan trait. There is weak support for the basal endopterygote splitting event being between a Neuropterida + Co leóptera clade and a Mecopterida + Hymenoptera clade; a fully sclerotized sitophore plate in the adult is a newly recognized possible groundplan autapomorphy of the latter. The molecular evidence for a Strepsiptera + Díptera clade is differently interpreted by advo cates of parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of sequence data, and the morphological evidence for the monophyly of this clade is ambiguous. The basal diversification patterns within the principal endopterygote clades (“orders”) are succinctly reviewed. The truly species-rich clades are almost consistently quite subordinate. The identification of “key innovations” promoting evolution -
Neuropterida of the Lower Cretaceous of Southern England, with a Study on Fossil and Extant Raphidioptera
NEUROPTERIDA OF THE LOWER CRETACEOUS OF SOUTHERN ENGLAND, WITH A STUDY ON FOSSIL AND EXTANT RAPHIDIOPTERA A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of PhD in the Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences 2010 JAMES EDWARD JEPSON SCHOOL OF EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES TABLE OF CONTENTS FIGURES.......................................................................................................................8 TABLES......................................................................................................................13 ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................14 LAY ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................15 DECLARATION...........................................................................................................16 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT...........................................................................................17 ABOUT THE AUTHOR.................................................................................................18 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..............................................................................................19 FRONTISPIECE............................................................................................................20 1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................21 1.1. The Project.......................................................................................................21 -
Arboreal Arthropod Predation on Early Instar Douglas-Fir Tussock Moth Redacted for Privacy
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Becky L. Fichter for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Entomologypresented onApril 23, 1984. Title: Arboreal Arthropod Predation on Early Instar Douglas-fir Tussock Moth Redacted for privacy Abstract approved: William P. StOphen Loss of early instar Douglas-fir tussock moth( Orgyia pseudotsugata McDunnough) (DFTM) has been found to constitute 66-92% of intra-generation mortality and to be a key factor in inter-generation population change. This death has been attributed to dispersal and to arthropod predation, two factors previously judged more important to an endemic than an outbreak population. Polyphagous arthropod predators are abundant in the forest canopy but their predaceous habits are difficult to document or quantify. The purpose of the study was to develop and test a serological assay, ELISA or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, for use as an indirect test of predation. Development of this assay involved production of an antiserum reactive with DFTM but not reactive with material from any coexisting lepidopteran larvae. Two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis was used to select a minimally cross-reactive fraction of DFTM hemolymph as the antigen source so that a positive response from a field-collected predator would correlate unambiguously with predation on DFTM. Feeding trials using Podisus maculiventris Say (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) and representative arboreal spiders established the rate of degredation of DFTM antigens ingested by these predators. An arbitrary threshold for deciding which specimens would be considered positive was established as the 95% confidence interval above the mean of controls. Half of the Podisus retained 0 reactivity for 3 days at a constant 24 C.