19581 2bfcEnroe and Forgash: Formate Metabolism in the Cockroach 129

hydrofolic acid and its general involvement in trans- glycine to serine and glycogen in the intact rat. formylation. Biochim. et Biophys. Acta 17: 588-9. Jour. Biol. Chem. 176: 995-96. Kisliuk, R. L., and W. Sakami. 1955. A study of the Sakami, W. 1950. Formation of formate and labile mechanism of serine biosynthesis. Jour. Biol Chem., methyl groups from acetone in the intact rat. Jour. 214: 47-57. Biol. Chem. 187: 369-78. Levy, L., and M. J. Coon. 1951. The role of formate in 1955. The biochemical relationship between glycine the biosynthesis of histidine. Jour. Biol. Chem. 192: and serine. In: Amino acid metabolism. W. D. 807-15. McElroy and H. B. Glass, ed., pp. 658-83. McEnroe, W. 1956. Uric acid metabolism in the Sakami, W., and A. D. Welch. 1950. Synthesis of labile American roach Periplaneta americana (L.). Ph. D. methyl groups by the rat in vivo and in vitro. Jour. thesis. Rutgers University. Biol. Chem. 187: 37S84. McEnroe, W., and A. Forgash. 1957. The in vivo Sonne, J. C., J. M. Buchanan, and A. M. Delluva. 1948. incorporation of C14 formate in the ureide groups of Biological precursors of uric acid. I., The role of uric acid by Periplaneta americana (L.). Ann. Ent. lactate, acetate and formate in the synthesis of the Soc. America. 50: 429-31. ureide groups of uric acid. Jour. Biol. Chem., 173: Moore, S., and W. H. Stein. 1951. Chromatography of 69-79-- amino acids on sulfonated polystyrene resins. Jour. Spector, W. S., ed. 1956. Handbook of Biological Data. Biol. Chem. 192: 663-81. p. 200, Table 173. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. Pratt, J. J., Jr. 1950. A qualitative analysis of the free Vogel, H. J., and B. D. Davis. 1952. Glutamic -6- amino acids in insect blood. Ann. Ent. Soc. America. semialdehyde and A' pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid, 43: 573-80. intermediates in the biosynthesis of proline. Jour. Sakarni, W. 1948. The conversion of formate and Amer. Chem. Soc. 74: 109-12.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE LIFE HISTORY AND MORPHOLOGY OF AGULLA BRACTEA CARPENTER (NEUROPTERA : RAPHIDIODEA : RAPHIDIIDAE)

Adult raphidiids are moderate sized, slender, antagonistically, for 45 days and, at death, both predatory insects with elongate-cylindrical pro- had become variously mutilated from combat. thorax; head large, nearly horizontal, mandibles Eggs and hatching larvae of this raphidiid were strong, antennae long, threadlike; ovipositor long; removed from the jar, and rearing tests were cerci not developed; wings membranous, both started by the senior author at Pasadena, Calif., pairs similar, with numerous forkings, the costal under laboratory conditions. The resulting great cells with crossveins, subcosta not fused with the volume of material soon became so time-consum- first radial; legs similar, first pair attached at ing that the junior author was invited to cooperate base of prothorax, tarsi .5-jointed. Metamorpho- in the studies. The latter's rearings were con- sis complete; terrestrial. (Carpenter, 1936.) ducted at the U. S. D. A. laboratory at Whittier, While inspecting an orange orchard in North Calif., under room conditions. The conclusions Pomona, Calif., in late May, 1955, which was of workers who had previously given attention severely infested with black scale, the senior to the raphidiids, both in the United States and author observed unfamiliar white, elongated in Europe, mere that the complete life-cycle of larvae in the mature shells of these scales. Some snakeflies requires more than a single pear. The of these were held for observation, and they present authors desired, in part, to check on this proved to be raphidiids. Shortly afterwards belief, and to attempt to augment the information adult snakeflies were found in the same orchard. on raphidiid biology. Rearing activities were These proved to be of two species, one small and continued throughout 1956, and well into 1957. dark colored, the other a much larger species, and Before presenting the data on the rearing tests, somewhat paler. This was of considerable in- it would seem fitting to give a brief resume of the terest, since there appeared to be no previous developmental features as they have been ob- record of these insects from citrus orchards in served in the field. Southern California. A field collected male and By early September the larvae generally have a female of the large species, Agulla bractea car^.,^ completed feeding, at ~vhich time they seek were placed in a jar containing twigs infested with places for concealment and protection. These black scale in hatching condition. They soon locations include dry, rolled leaves; leaf-mold and Tvere observed to feed on the black scale crawlers, other trash under trees, as well as the trash and and on aphids. These adults lived together, dirt accumulation at the point of union of the main tree branches. In addition, the mature 'Accepted for publication June 21, 195i larvae may be found in the soil under trees, 2Identified by I?. M. Carpenter. beneath leaf accumulation or other protecting 130 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. 51 material. The larvae also form cells in rotten cast skin could be removed by the same process, wood. if carried further. Over-wintering occurs in the larval stage in the situations above described. When they are I11ORPHOLOGY disturbed during this period, they become active The Egg for the moment, but become quiescent when the The egg (fig. 19) of the present species of annoyance ceases. snakefly is banana-shaped, and of a pale-lemon In the orchards, pupation occurs during April color. Normally the shell appears smooth, but or May, and this may vary as much as 2 or 3 when cleared and viewed with transmitted light, weeks between years depending, probably, on the it is seen to be indistinctly punctate. The severity of the winter. The adults emerge micropyle protrudes as a prominent dome-shaped chiefly during May, and their life-span evidently process. X measured series of eggs averaged 1.72 is limited to two or three months, as they have mm. in length. The female, whose ovipositor is not been seen in orchards later than mid-August. nearly as long as her body, often inserts the egg The female has a pre-ovipositional period of a to a depth of one-half inch or more into the suit- week or ten days. Egg deposition appears to able material. Eggs are packed very closely cover a period from late May to mid-July. together, like cigars in a box. In the rearing Information is limited as to the exact location of work, it was found that females oviposited eggs deposited in the orchards. A few have been readily in ragged Eucalyptus bark, and in split found within mature black scales, but it is doubt- ends of twigs. ful that this is a preferred situation. Based on reports of earlier observers in other countries, The Larva and on the present laboratory experience, the First Instar. The first instar larva (fig. 4) is of indications are that snakefly eggs may be de- a rather unspecialized nature. It is universally posited under loose bark and cracks of wood, in pale, excepting the head which shows a weak porous sheltering material, and under mature beginning of pigmentation. All mouthparts are soft scales. From observations in the field, it present, but are greatly reduced in size, as if would appear that the major portion of egg- weakly functional. The mandibles are largely hatching occurs in June. hidden under the other mouthparts. The three When the foregoing chronological observations thoracic segments are well defined. The first are considered, it appears to be demonstrated five abdominal segments are subequal and similar; that a complete generation of this raphidiid takes the last five segments taper caudad. No pattern place in the period of a single year in Southern is visible on any of the segments. The legs are California. short and stubby; the tarsus is unsegmented, with no indication of the lobes which occur on REARING EQUIPMENT the third segment of the adult tarsus. The tip The exploratory rearings were at first con- of the tarsus (fig. 7) bears a pair of claws. The ducted by placing the insects in small glass vials, antennae (fig. 12) are short, stout, 4-segmented, and recording periodically the observations made the last three segments are subcylindrical. The through the side of the vial. This method made eyes are reduced to a pigmented blotch, close critical decisions difficult at times, and a rearing behind the base of the antenna. A series of first set-up was devised that proved to be highly instar larvae, 24 hours old, averaged 2.28 mm. satisfactory. in length. None was ever seen to feed, and they A cylindrical section was cut from the stem of did not increase noticeably in size. a semi-woody shrub, whose axial core was pithy. Second Instar. A series of second instar larvae, The pith was removed and the section was split when 2 days old, averaged 2.30 mm. in length, lengthwise, leaving hollow half-cylinders (fig. 16). and when 4 days old, averaged 2.90 mm. This The length of this unit was made somewhat stage closely resembles the first instar; the legs shorter than the inside diameter of the vial. The have lengthened slightly, the pigment has deep- surfaces, made in splitting, were painted lightly ened a little-both in the head and the other with adhesive, and the device was installed on the body segments. The mandibles are now clearly inside base of the vial, glued edges down, leaving visable. enough space at one end for access to the shelter thus formed. It was found that the raphidiid larva instinc- tively utilized this cell for its headquarters. By EXPLANATION OF PLATE I merely looking through the bottom of the vial, FIG.1.-Dorsal view of maturing larva. the insect and other contents could be observed FIG.2.-Six abdominal segments of a small species of easily. A single insect was used in each vial. Agulla (to be studied later), showing how the dorsal At the time of each inspection, the old food and pattern differs from the present species. FIG.3.-The ambulatory process on caudal tip of the excrement could be removed by inverting and larva. tapping the vial. If necessary, the larva, or a FIG.4.-Dorsal view of the first larval instar. Agulla bractea Carpenter Woglum and McGregor 132 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. 51

Succeeding Instars. Only minor structural disc. The antennae are of the ault form-long, changes occur as the larval stages succeed filiform, with about 55 segments, extending back- one another. These include body growth, in- ward almost to the prothroax; the first 4 or 5 crease in the length of legs and antennae, and segments are of a fuscous-amber color. The head additional setae. The ocelli (fig. 9), situated is somewhat pale. The pupa bears a strong behind the base of the antennae, now become resemblance to the adult. noticeable as a group of G or 7 lenticular organs. The integument of the larva increases in tough- The Active Pupa ness. The pigment, especially of the head and Usually, about 24 hours prior to the emergence prothorax, has darkened, and by the 7th or 8th of the adult, the pupa enters a stage (fig. 17) instar (fig. 1) the mesothorax and metathorax now where it becomes active. The body straightens, have a dorso-median and two lateral whitish the legs become functional and presents much of stripes; all abdominal segments have a con- the adult appearance. The mobility of this stage tinuous white stripe dorso-medially. The larval is for the assumed purpose of finding a proper mouthparts (fig. 6) include the labial palpus, situation for the final ecdysis. ligula, mandibles, maxillae, and labrum. The basal segment of the maxillary galea is of interest, The Adult in that on its inner face there occurs a comblike The common names "snakefly" and "rubber- series of about 9 setae, each bulbous at its mid- neck" have been applied to the raphidiids, the point (fig. 5). former because of the tortuous crawling of the A larval structure of much interest is the ambu- larva, the latter because of the grotesque move- latory organ (fig. 3) at the caudal tip of the last ments of the long, necklike prothorax and head segment. It consists of a rosette of soft pads. of the adult (figs. 22 and 24). A measured This organ is of great value to the larva in its series of adults averaged 21.5 mm. from tip of movements. It functions effectively as a hold- head to tip of wings. fast when the insect has occasion to ascend a The Head. The head, normally held nearly smooth, vertical surface. Also, the well known horizontal, is almost black, subcyli~idrical,some- ability of snakefly larvae to change abruptly from what compressed dorso-ventrally, mostly devoid forward to backward travel, is due in no small of sutures. Basally the head has a short, collar- part to the ambulatory rosette. like section, imperfectly demarked. The mandi- Average measurements of various larval instars bles are strong, usually 3-toothed. The antennae were as follows: 4th, 3.78 mm.; 6th, 6.50 mm.; are long and threadlike; the first five segments 7th, S.06 mm. ; Sth, 9.35 mm. ; 9th, 11.28 mm. ; are rufous-amber in color, the remaining segments loth, 12.19 mm.; llth, 15.00 mm. Mature become progressively darker. The eyes are large larvae collected in orchards during the aestivating and conspicuous, each placed laterally below the period, averaged 23-24 mm. in length. base of the antenna. The upper surface of the head often with the color pattern as shown in The Pre-Pupa figure 23. At maturity the larva assumes a peculiar pos- The Thorax. The prothorax is tubular, about ture, with the head, and usually the three thoracic as long as head. The pronotum is elongate, segments, curled downward and backward, with saddlelike, carried downward over the pleural the mouthparts almost touching the venter of regions, with the ventral margins entirely free. the abdomen (fig. 15). Otherwise, the pre-pupa The pronotum (fig. 31) is darkest above and differs little from the mature larva. behind. The forelegs are borne ventro-caudally. The mesothorax and metathorax are much alike, The Quiescent Pupa being short, ringlike, deep, each with a spiracle As interpreted by Snodgrass (1954), the pupa anterolaterally. is of a relatively generalized nature, and may be considered an unfinished adult. Following the molting of the pre-pupa, the pupa's body (fig. 14) remains in the same curled position as that of the preceeding stage. This is EXPLANATION OF PLATE I1 an inactive stage. The 2nd and 3rd segments of STRUCTURALFEATURES OF THE LARVA the forelegs are "jack-knived" upward, then down- FIG.5.-Maxillary palpus and maxillary galea. ward; the second and third legs are extended. FIG.6.-Ventral view of the head appendages of mature larva. The body has changed to a more dusky color. FIG.7.-Tip of tarsus of an early instar. The whitish wing pads lie close to the body, FIG.8.-Dorsal view of the mandible. extending caudad to the 5th abodminal segment. FIG.9.-Group of ocelli near base of antenna, viewed In the female pupa, the ovipositor is bent upward dorsally. FIG.10.-Antenna of a late instar. and forward close to the body, extending about FIG.11.-Dorsal view of the head appendages of the to the fourth abdominal segment. The eye is first instar larva (to be compared with fig. 6). now well developed as a large, black, lenticular FIG.12.-Antenna of the first instar. Agulla bractea Carpenter Woglum and McGregor Agulla bractea Carpenter Woglum and McGregor

PIG.13.-Exuviae of the head and prothorax of the 7th instar. FIG.14.-The inactive stage of the pupa. Agulla b~acteaCarpenter Woglum and McGregor

FIG.15.-Lateral view of the pre-pupa. FIG>17.-The active pupa, dorsal view. FIG. 16.-The cell used in rearing the snakeflies. FIG. 18.-Dorsal view of male. FIG. 19.-A cluster of eggs, deposited in bark. 136 Annals Entomotogical Society of America [Vol. 51

The legs are 5-segmented; the femur and tibia maturity. In efforts to anesthetize or kill indi- are long and tubular; the tarsus (figs. 26 and 30) viduals, they have survived considerable exposures is 5-segmented, with a pair of claws terminally; to ether, chloroform, and hydrocyanic acid. In segment I11 is strongly bilobed; segment IV is orchards their numbers have been only partially greatly reduced. reduced by standard applications of organic The forewing (fig. 20) is about 15 mm. in phosophates or oil sprays. This attests to the length, considerably longer than in most species tenacity of the present species. of Agulla. The pterostigma is fully 6 times as Food Habits. The literature has few references long as wide, containing either one or two cross- to the food habits of raphidiid larvae. As stated veins. The thyridia, mentioned by Carpenter, earlier, eggs and crawlers of the black scale have were not detected. been the basic food in rearing the larvae, and they The hindwing (fig. 21) is roughly similar to the have been carried to maturity on this diet. In forewing, except for certain differences in the the orchards, however, the diet is doubtless more venation. diversified. This assumption is supported by The Abdomen. Ferris and Pennebaker (1939) the fact that laboratory reared individuals are state that the abdomen is 11-segmented, but their somewhat dwarfed, and require much more time eleventh may be merely a process of the tenth. for growth to maturity than has been found to In the present species the abdomen is sub- be the case in orchards. conical, tapering caudad, in length somewhat The abundance of snakeflies in orchards infested more than half as long as the wings. A spiracle with black scale may be explained by the fact occurs laterally on each of the first eight seg- that such orchards usually support a varied com- ments. The ovipositor is about as long as the plex of insects, spiders, and mites-dead and alive body caudad of the prothorax. -as well as honeydew and fungi, any of which, The terminal abdominal segment of the male presumably, may constitute food for the raphidiids. (fig. 32) has been described by Carpenter and by When confronted by a large insect, the larva Ferris and Pennebaker. They agree that the instinctively retreats, but small forms, such as interpretation of the homology and terminology scale crawlers, small aphids, and spider mites are of the structure of this male segment is not clear. eaten. Snakeflies, as recorded by other students, Carpenter states that the genitalia in Agulla are do not hesitate to devour any insect that has covered dorsally by the hood-shaped epiproct, been killed or injured. The exposed body fluids and are confined laterally and partly ventrally by appear to be the factor overcoming fear. In the the harpogones, the latter terminating distally rearing tests, the larvae have eaten scrambled in a long, flat, tooth-like process (fig. 27). Car- egg, ground beef, shells of dead scales, and cast penter states that the only strongly chitinous skins of their own species. First instar larvae structures enclosed within the genital chamber have apparently existed for three weeks on are the parameres (fig. 25), which he employed Eucalyptus bark. In a sense, they may be con- for specific recognition. sidered partly as scavengers. The feeding by raphidiid larvae at a given time BEHAVIOR-HABITS - is of moderate amount and duration. Each feed- Larva ing is followed by a period of resting, amounting In the first instar the larva is quite helpless. almost to stupor, which may be of considerable Its somewhat glutinous integument makes travel duration. difficult, and movement is restricted to a sort of tumbling about. The individuals tend to live Ecdysis of the Larva in tight clusters. In subsequent instars, larvae In the process of molting, certain cleavage are very motile. In seeking food they chew a sutures in the exoskeleton play a vital part. This variety of substances, such as wood, cork, bark, may be better understood by comparing the and may tunnel into porous bark, much as ter- maturing larva (fig. 1) with the illustration of the mites do. cast skin (fig. 13). In figure 1, certain lines may Few insects are more agile than the later stages be seen forming a ('Y" on the top of the head, of snakeflies, and few are more rugged. Equipped the stem of the "Y" continuing backward on the with the ambulatory rosette caudally, which pronotum. In the process of ecdysis, considering enables quick backward or forward movement; only the head and prothorax, the exoskeleton a tough integument, stout legs and jaws, they are splits at the suture between the head and pro- powerful antagonists. Though at first timid if thorax, and along the lines of the "Y", as well as disturbed, they battle wildly when opposed in along the sides of the submentum. As the new close quarters, and often survive after suffering instar frees itself, the old "shell" of the head serious body mutilations. The larvae prefer a semi-arid environment, and may succumb if exposed to continuing wet condi- EXPLANATION OF PLATE V tions. However, one larva completely submerged FIG.20.-A mesothoracic wing. in water for 9 hours recovered and lived to FIG.21.-A metathoracic wing. Agulla bvactea Carpenter PLATEV Woglum and McGregor 138 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. 51 swings forward 180°, pivoting at the front region when every opportunity was afforded. In the of the submentum. This procedure is followed act of ovipositing it was noted that so many almost universally. The molting of the remainder eggs were crowded into a small space, that many of the body is rather similar to that of many other became malformed, and at times seemed to be insects. mere shells. The data might suggest that, under favorable conditions in the field, the female could The Adult deposit upward to 800 or more eggs. Egg The emergence of the ault is relatively rapid, deposition by females 1, 2, and 3 in Table I, requiring from a few minutes to an hour. It then covered periods of 7, 6, and 4 weeks, respectively. rests with its mealy wings drooping until they unfold, dry and clear. The adult snakefly soon TABLE I begins its search for food, and no belligerency is yet exhibited. Unlike the larva, it does not avoid bright light. The adult appears to fly but little. and for only short distances. The adults are'usually seen in orchards crawling about on the outer, tender citrus foliage, where aphids are common at that time. Other workers, Lyle (1913) for example, have commented on the combativeness of adult raphidiids. This characteristic is attested to by the experience of the present writers. On one occasion where males and females were con- fined together for breeding, a female killed three successive males and, in turn, died from injuries sustained. Such an attitude toward one another is in marked contrast with their preying habits, Average no. Eggs per Female...... ,463 which are limited to very small or injured forms. The females of Agulla bractea are slightly larger than the males, and seem to outnumber Incubation them. Copulation was never observed, even From an analysis of the data in Table 11, the when both sexes were confined together. During incubation period varied from 7 to 11 days, with fecundity the abdomen becomes greatly distended, an average of 9.5 days. even to two or three times its normal size. In the current studies the longevity of adults was Larval Stages normally from one to one and one-half months, Since the interval between examinations of with a maximum record of two and one-half the reared larvae, in the majority of cases, was months. about a week or slightly more, it is obvious that LIFE HISTORY the day starting, and the day terminating a given instar could each have been missed by a day or At the time of the publication of Carpenter's more. The date when no cast skin was found in revision, almost nothing was known of the life- a particular vial, is not included in Table 11. history and general biology of the Nearctic snake- However, the original notes have been evaluated flies. Campion (1915) kept adults under obser- to assist in determining the length of an instar vation for feeding and molting, but his success for each larva, with a minimum of error. evidently was very limited. As mentioned pre- viously, following the preliminary observations in 1955, serious rearing tests were begun in 1956. The data obtained from these studies are pre- FXPLANATION OF PLATE VI sented in the following pages. STRUCTURALFEATURES OF THE ADULT Oaiposition FIG. 22.-A lateral view of the female. FIG. 23.-Dorsal view of the head. The records on egg production in Table I FIG. 24.-Lateral view of the head and the prothorax. were started in June, 1956, under laboratory con- FIG. 25.-The paramere of the male. ditions at Pasadena, Calif. It will be seen that FIG. 26.-The five tarsal segments. FIG. 27.-The toothlike tip of the harpogone. the maximum number per female was 792, the FIG. 28.-Antenna1 segments enlarged. minimum was 174, and the average number of FIG. 29.-A sample pattern of the minute spines whlch eggs per female was 463. The percentage of occur throughout the surface of the paramere. non-hatching eggs was high, considering all eggs FIG. 30.-Four terminal segments of the tarsus, ventral view. observed. In some lots none hatched; in other FIG. 31 .-Dorsal view of the prothorax. lots a rather high percentage hatched. As else- FIG. 32.-Lateral view of the last five segments of the where noted, copulation was not observed, even

Annals Entomological Society of America

TABLE I1

I~CCBATIOXAXD LIRVALSTAGES OF Agulla bractea Carp. (1956-1957) I I I

LOT DATE D ITE 1 EGGS EGGS - No. DEPOSITED1 HATCHED 1 1 2nd / 3rd 1 4th i 5th 6th 7th 1 8th I 9th 10th 11th

As revealed in Table 11, three larvae molted A point of much interest concerns the status of 11 times; 50 percent molted 10 times; and only the larvae following early September, when indi- 18 percent had not completed a tenth molt. viduals reared in the laboratory are compared The mortality among all larvae studied approxi- with those in the orchards. At that time in the mated 10 percent. field, larvae have matured, and seek places for overwintering. By late April the following year, TABLE I11 they enter the prepupal stage, and by early May they are entering the true pupal phase. Later in May adults are emerging in the orchards. With those held under room temperatures, however, they continue in the larval stage, and a few Incubation 7-11 days 9.5 d$ys molted as late as mid-May. At this time in the 1st Instar ...... 1.O orchards they are, as above stated, emerging as 2nd " 3-4 days 3.5 " adults. 3rd " 1 8-12 From examinations of individuals at intervals during the winter months in the field, where freezing conditions, and rains, occur at times, it is obvious that true hibernation occurs. Under laboratory conditions such low temperatures were lacking. It appears to be indicated that hiber- llth / 62-68 " nation is necessary to condition the snakeflies for the performance of their normal life-history. *Usually from a few hours to one day. In order to complete the record of the complete

0 life-history cycle of the snakefly, it became neces- On the basis of the rearing tests, the life of the sary to utilize data that had been obtained from first instar is from a few hours to one day; of the material collected as larvae and pre-pupae during 2nd instar, 3 to 4 days; the larval periods of the the late winter of 1956. These individuals were 3rd to 7th instars, inclusive, averaged close to carried to maturity in the laboratory, and their 10 days. Following the 7th instar, the develop- development paralleled that of corresponding mental periods became progressively longer, as stages in the orchards. These data are presented the overwintering period was approached. The in Table IV. duration of the 9th instar averaged 23 days; the 10th instar, 41 days; and the 11th instar averaged The Pre-Pupa 65 days. The time of the beginning of the pre-pupal Woglum and McGregor: Agulla bractea Carpenter

TABLE IV

DGRATIOXOF THEPOST-LARVAL STAGES OF Agulla bractea

I

No. Pre-Pupall Quiescent 1 Active 1 Mature Larva Stage Pupal Stage Pupal Stage To Adult April 21 May 3 " 22 " 1 ;; " 22 li 3 " 21 " 21 " 22 i, 5 " 22 " 23 " 21 " 11 " 29 " 30 " 26 9 " 26 " 27 " 26 (' 8 " 26 " 27 " 29 " 16 June 2 Juy 2 May 3 " 15 May 31 1 " 5 " 16 " 30 1 " 5 " 16 June 1 " I " 6 " 16 ' 1 1 Average.

I I I &Periodwas less than one day. stage varied from April 21 to May 6; its termina- and one-half months, with a maximum life of tion date varied from May 1 to May 16. The two and one-half months. length of the pre-pupal period averaged 12.6 days Since almost no information has been obtained in the rearing tests. previously on the biology and life history of the raphidiids in North America, the present study The Quiescent Pupa may be considered as an exploratory effort in As explained earlier, the pupal period is divided this field. It will be noted that the biological into a strictly quiescent stadium, and a crawling interrelations of this snakefly with the arthropod stage of short duration, shortly preceding molting complex present in the orchards has been barely to the adult. This immobile stage varied in its touched upon in this research. The need of such beginning from May I to May 16; its termination a study is indicated, and it would constitute an date varied from May 21 to June 2. The dura- intriguing field of investigation for students tion of the quiescent pupal stage averaged 17.1 interested in determining the predatory potential days. of the raphidiids. It is hoped that others may undertake this phase of the problem. The Active Pupa The time of beginning of the active pupal stage REFERENCES CITED varied from May 21 to June 2; its termination Campion, H. 1915. Some observations on the life- ranged from May 21 to June 2. The duration history of snakeflies. Ent. Month. Mag. 51: 24-26. of this stage varied from a few hours to two days, Car~enter. F. M. 1936. Revision of the nearctic averaging one day. *~a~hidiodae(recent and fossil). Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci. 71(2) : 89-157. With the reared material, the dates of the Ferris, G. F., and Phyllis Pennebaker. 1939. The emergence of the adults ranged from May 21 to morphology of Agulla adnixa (Hagen). (Neuroptera; June 2. As explained earlier, the imago rests Raphidiidae). Microentomology 4(5) : 121-42. briefly until its wings unfold, dry, and become Lyle. G. T. 1913. New Forest notes. 1912. Ento- clear, when it begins its search for food. The ~nod~rass,R. E. 1954. Insect metamorphosis. Smith- reared adults usually have lived from one to one sonian Misc. Coll. 122(9): 108, 109.

NEW PUBLICATIONS Index XV to the Literature of American Economic Entomology, 1955, and the 12th Edition of the Pest Control Directory, Entoma, 1957-1958 are now available. All entomologists need these publications for ready reference. Bibliography of the Neuropterida

Bibliography of the Neuropterida Reference number (r#): 6324

Reference Citation: Woglum, R. S.; McGregor, E. A. 1958 [1958.??.??]. Observations on the life history and morphology of Agulla bractea Carpenter (Neuroptera: Raphidiodea: Raphidiidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 51:129-141.

Copyrights: Any/all applicable copyrights reside with, and are reserved by, the publisher(s), the author(s) and/or other entities as allowed by law. No copyrights belong to the Bibliography of the Neuropterida. Work made available through the Bibliography of the Neuropterida with permission(s) obtained, or with copyrights believed to be expired.

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