Journal of Neuropterology 3: 61-97, 2000 (2001)

New data on the Brown Lacewings from Asia (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae)

V. J. Monserrat Departamento de Biologia Animal I, Facultad de Biologia Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain E-mail: [email protected]

Key Words: Faunistical, Taxonomy, Systematics, Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae, Palaearctic, Oriental Regions.

SUMMARY

New data on the taxonomy, morphology, distribution or biology of 58 hardly known brown lacewing species from Asia are given. some new synonymies have been proposed as follow: Hemerobius harmandinus NavBs,1910 = (Hemerobius divisus NavBs,1931 n. syn. = Hemerobius lacunaris NavBs,1936 n. syn.), Hemerobius japonicus Nakahara,l915 = (Henzerobiusferox Tjeder,1936 n. syn.), Hemerobius poppii Esben-Petersen,1921 = (Heinerobius tunkunensis Navhs, 1933 n. syn. = Hemerobius xizangensis Yang,1981 n. syn.), Hemerobius tolimensis Banks, 19 10 = (Hemerobius sumatranus NavBs,1926 n. syn.), Hemerobius bispinus Banks,1940 = (Hemerobius montanus Kirnmis,l960 n. syn.), Hemerobius ckiangi Banks,1940 = (Hemerobius mangkamaizus Yang,I 981 n. syn.), Wesnzaelius navasi (Andreu,191 1) = (Wesm~eliusneimenica (Yang,1980) n. syn.), Wesmaelius vaillanti (NavBs,1927) = (Wesmaelius mongolicus (Steinmann,l965)n. syn.), Wesmaelius baikalensis (NavBs,1929) = (Wesnzaelius pseudofurcatus Makarkin,l986 n. syn.), Wesmaelius quettanus (NavBs,193 1) = (Wesmaelius sinicus (Tjeder,1937) n. syn. = Wesmaelius amseli (Aspock & Aspock, 1966) n. syn.), Sympherobius tessellatus Nakahara,l915 = (Sympherobius nzatsucocciphagus Yang,l980 n. syn. = Sympherobius weisong Yang,1980 11. syn. = Sympherobius l~iojiaensisYang,1980 n. syn.), Neuronema albostigma (Matsumura,l907) = (Neuronema nepalensis Nahakara,l971 n. syn. = Sineuronema gyirongana Yang,1981 n. syn.), Neuronema pielina (NavBs,1936) = (Neuronema kwanshiensis Kimmins, 1943 n. syn. = Neuronema tienrnuslzana Yang,1964 iz. syn. = Neuronema chungnanshana Yang,1964 n. syn. = Neuronema kulinga Yang,1964 n. syn.), Neuronema sinensis Tjeder,1937 = (Sineuronema bomeana Yang,1981 n. syn. = Sineuronema rnagmangana Yang,1981 n. syn. = Sineuronema ~adonganaYang,1981 n. syn.), Neuronema simi1i.s Banks,1940 = (Sineuronema shensiensis Yang,1964 n. syn.), Neuronema tjederi Kimmins,l943 = (Neuronema laminata jilinensis Yang,1964 n. syn. = Neuronema laminata tsinlinga Yang,1964 n. syn. = Neuronema laminata choui Yang,1964 n. syn.), Neuronema huangi Yang,1981 = (Sineuronema quxamana Yang,1981 n. syn.), Micromus timidus Hagen, 1853 = (Micromus kapuri (Nakahara,l97 1) n.syn.), Micromus calidus Hagen,1859 = (Micromus xia Yang,198 1 n. syn.), Micromus yunnanus (NavBs,1922) = (Micromus kanoi (Nakahara,1955)n.syn.), Psectra iniqua (Hagen,1859) = (Psectra afinis (Banks,1913) n. syn.). Neotype for Hemerobi~isexoterus Navis,1936, and lectotype and paralectotypes for Hemerobius ricarti NavBs,1925 and Hemerobius piceus NavBs,1925 have been designed. Some new combinations have been proposed as follows: Wesmaelius vaillanti (NavBs,1927) n. comb., Wesmaelius quettanus (NavBs,193 1 ) n. comb. and Henzerobius JZaveolus (Banks,1940) n. comb. Three species have been 62 MONSERRAT, V. J. proposed as nornina dubia: Hernerobius cercodes Navas 19 17 n. dub., Hemerobius baguiensis NavBs 1923 n. dub., and Hernerobius inversus Navis 1927 n. dub. The wings of Hemerobius sirnulans Walker, 1853, Hernerobius tolimensis Banks, 19 10, Hemerobius ricarti Navas, 1925, Hemerobius atrijrons McLachlan,1868, Hemerobius exoterus Navis,1936, Hernerobius friedeli Aspock & Aspijck,1966, Wesmaelius quettanus (Navas, 193I), Micrornus yunnanus (Navis,1922), Psectra iniqua (Hagen, 1859), and Psectra wilhelrnense New, 1988 are figured. The male genitalia of Hernerobius hyalinus Nakahara,l966, Hemerobius harmandinus Navis,1910, Hernerobius exoterus NavBs,1936, Hernerobius chiangi Banks,1940, Hernerobius friedeli Aspock & Aspock,1966, Hemerobius indicus Kimmis,1938, Hemerobius bispinus Banks,1940, Hemerobius vagans Banks,1937, Hernerobius atrijrons McLachlan, 1868, Psectra iniqua (Hagen, 1859), and Psectra wilhelrnense New,1988 are described, and the female subgenital plate of Wesrnaelius nubilus (Kimmins, 1929), Wesrnaelius altissimus (Ohm, 1967), Wesmaelius quettanus (Navis, 1931) and Wesrnaelius vaillanti (Navas, 1927) are figured. Hernerobius griseus Nakahara, 1956 (non Fabricius,l777, nec Retzius,1783) is proposed as nornen protecturn, and Hemerobius a p a t r i d u s n. sp. is described as a new species from Pakistan.

INTRODUCTION

The family Hemerobiidae is one of the more interesting ones within the order Neuroptera, due to its wide (almost cosmopolitan) geographical distribution, its high number of species and individuals of which its populations usually consist, and in particular because of its importance in the control of small phytophagous pests. The taxonomy and systematics of this family have been recently treated at the level of genera (OSWALD,1993a), however much remains to be studied and done. Frankly, work on global revision in the majority of the genera is scarce owing to the large quantity of inadequately described and typified species. Some species have never been cited after their initial description, and yet others are very poorly known. The fact that very little is known about their morphology, venation, genitalia and variability has brought about mistakes in identification, and invites confusion when determining actual geographical distribution. In the majority of the species, the biology and larval stages are unknown. Because of this, one can generalise that the taxonomic and systematic situation of the species of this family is very incomplete and fragmentary. In the second half of this century no many papers have been published on Central-East Palaearctic, and on the Oriental Hemerobiidae after the works of NAKAHARA (1954, 1955, 1956, 1960a,b, 1964, 1966, 1971), NAKAHARA & KUWAYAMA (1961), KUWAYAMA (1953, 1954, 1956a,b,c, 1957, 1961, 1962, 1964a,b, 1966a,b), KIMMINS (1960), STEINMANN (1965,1968, 1971), ASPOCK & ASPOCK (1966), OHM (1967), ZELENY (1972), GHOSH (1976,1977), GHOSH & SEN (1977), ZAKHARENKO (1979), etc., where so many species are simply recorded or listed, some species are more or less adequately described, and some of the old and abundant Central-East Palaearctic and Oriental poorly described species are revised or redescribed. Few biogeographic, taxonomic or faunistics list and records or re-descriptions of some poorly known species of these regions have been recently published (ZAKHARENKO, 1980,198 1, MONSERRAT, 1989, Journal of Neuropterology 3: 61-97, 2000 (2001) 63

1990a,b, 1993, MAKARKIN, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993a,b, 1994, 1995, 1996, MONSERRAT & HOLZEL,~~~~,HOLZEL,~~~~, 1995, ASPOCK, 1989, ZAKHARENKO & KRIVOKHATSKY, 1993, POGGI, 1993, ASPOCK & HOLZEL, 1996, PENNY & LEE,1996, HOLZEL,~~~~, 1998, MIRMOAYEDI,1998, MONSERRAT & DERETSKY,1999, etc.), and unfortunately, some very poor descriptions of many new species, as well as good descriptions (but hardly discussed and poorly documented in respect to previously described species) have been recently published making the general knowledge and the taxonomical situation of the Hemerobiidae in these regions even more confusing. In this current paper, we are specially attempting to contribute new data on taxonomy, geographical distribution, biology, morphology and 1 or variability of some poorly known, or increase the knowledge of other better known, as much as description of some new species of this family in this area.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Material from some collections and institutions has been studied. To indicate where this material is located and to which institution it belongs the following abbreviations are employed: (FMNH): Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago). (FSCA): Florida State Collection (Gainesville). (HNHM): Hungarian Natural History Museum (Budapest). (MP): Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris). (MZB): Museu de Zoologia (Barcelona). (NHM): The Natural History Museum (London). (NMW): Naturhistorisches Museum (Vienna). (VM): Author's collection, Universidad Complutense (Madrid). For the enumeration of the studied material, the contributed data are recorded alphabetically and chronologically with the following order: the country, the state, the county, the province or islands, locality of the capture, date of capture, number of dd and of 99 studied, data on biology, the collector and institution to which the material belongs (using aforementioned abbreviations). An asterisk (*) is used to indicate the countries where some of the included species where previously unknown, and with a male symbol (d), a female symbol (9) and (w) denote those specimens (B*,Q*) chosen to serve for figures of male genitalia, female genitalia or wing morphology respectively. For annotation of type material data, the data entered on each specimen's label will be separated with bars. The terminology used for the venation, terminalia and male and female genitalia of the different species studied is that which is used for this family by TJEDER (1961) and ASPOCK et al. (1980). The systematic order follows OSWALD (1993a) and subsequent contributions which appeared in OSWALD (1993b, 1994). MONSERRAT. V. J.

STUDIED SPECIES Hemerobiinae Latreille Hemerobius humulinus Linnaeus,1758 A well known Holarctic species.

STUDIED MATERIAL: JAPAN: Mt. Norikura, 2.700 m, 27.VII. 1954, 1 d Townes (FSCA). NORTH KOREA: Changang Prov., Mt.Myohyang-san, 12-14.IX.1980, 1 d, 8 QQ Forri, & Topil (HNHM). Gang-von Prov., On- dzong, Kum-gang, 5.VIII.1975, 1 0, 1 Q, at light, Papp & Vojnits (HNHM). Kangwon Prov. Mt. Kumgang-san, 27-28.1X.1979, 7 99, at light, Steinmann & Visirhelyi (HNHM), 10-11 .X.1978, 1 9,3 QQ, at light, Vojnits & Zombori (HNHM), 26.V. 1985, 1 d,at light, Vojnits & Zombori (HNHM), 10.VI.1991, 1 9 Ronkay & Vojnits (HNHM), Samil-po Inlet, 13.X.1978, 1 9 Vojnits & Zombori (HNHM). Kum-gang Prov., Diamond Mts., 9.VII.1977 I 6, at light, Dely & Dely-Draskovits (HNHM). N. Pyongyang Prov, Mts.Myohyang-san, 24.V.1991, 1 d, at light Ronkay & Vojnits (HNHM), Pyongyang City, Mt.Daesong-san, 15.1X.1979, 1 d, at light, Steinmann & VBsirhelyi (HNHM), 15.V.1985, 1 0, 1 9 Vojnits & Zombori (HNHM), 3J.V.1985, 1 d Vojnits & Zombori (HNHM), 13.V1.1988, 1 OVojnits & Zombori (HNHM), 15.VI.1988, 1 dMerkl& Sze'l (HNHM). Hemerobius simulans Walker, 1853 A well known Holarctic species. One of the synonymies of this species is Hemerobius piceus, a species described from Karntchatka by NAVAS (19251) and synonymyzed by TJEDER (1960). Seven syntypes of this species where originally designated (3 00 and 4 99 in the Stockholm Museum and in the NavBs' personal collection, now in the Museum of Barcelona). We have only localised four syntypes and we designate a male of the Stockholm Museum (with the label no: 2573, RM 5448) as lectotype and the three others, two of the Museum of Barcelona and one of the Stockholm Museum (with the label no: 1152, RM 5449) as paralectotypes (Fig. 39).

STUDIED MATERIAL: NORTH KOREA*: Mt.Pektusan, 19.VII.1977. 1 9. on grass, Dely & Dely-Draskovits (HNHM). Pyongyang City. Mt.Daesong-san, 31.V.1985, 1 Q Vojnits & Zombori (HNHM). Ryanggang Prov., Samjiyon, 5.VI.1985, 1 0, 1 Q, at light, Vojnits & Zombori (VM). RUSSIA: / Kamtschatka, Malaise / 565 / Hernerobius piceus Nav. P. NavBs S.J. det. / Tipo / Hemerobius piceus N.,1925 Paralectotipo V.J.Monsenat 99 des. / 1 9" (w) (MZB), I Kamtschatka, Malaise I 235 1 Henzerobius piceus Nav. P. Navis S.J. det. / Typus / Hemerobius piceus N.,1925 Paralectotipo V.J.Monserrat 99 des. / 1 ej. (MZB). Hemerobius atrifrons McLachlan,1868 A Holarctic species with some problematic similar species such as the west Palaearctic or Palaearctic Hemerobius conturnax Tjeder,1932 and Hemerobius fenestratus Tjeder,1932 of dubious validity, as well as some other species described from Japan and Pakistan such as Hemerobius striatus Nakahara,1915, Hemerobius adelgivorus Kimmins,l960 or Hemerobius tateyamai Nakahara,l960. Probably new synonymies will appear in the future. The male genitalia and wings of the recorded specimen agree (Figs. 8, 42) with those which are known on this species. Journal of Neuropterology 3: 61-97,2000 (2001) 65

STUDIED MATERIAL: NORTH KOREA*: Mt.Pektusan, 19.VII.1977, 1 d* (0,w) in Malaise trap, Dely & Dely- Draskovits (VM).

Hemerobius harmandinus Navhs, 1910 A common Japanese species scarcely recorded outside Japan, but extended along the Southeast of Asia from Korea, China, Taiwan and Vietnam to India. The tip of the male ectoproct shows a certain range of variability, more acute in some specimens as NAKAHARA (1960a) reports, longer as MAKARKIN (1993a) reports, or more rounded in others (Fig. 2). The type of Hemerobius divisus described by NAVAS (1931a) from China (Shanghai) belongs to this species, and the description of Hemerobius lacunaris described by NAVAS (1936) from China (Kuling) leaves no doubt about the new synonymy now proposed. A lot of big arthropod fragments as well as pollen and fungi spores were present in the peritrophic membranes of some of the studied specimens. Hemerobius harmandinus NAVAS, 1910: 395 = Hemerobius divisus NAVAS,I~~I~:3 n. syn. = Hernerobius lacunaris NAVAS,~~~~:5 1 n. syn.

STUDIED MATERIAL: CHINA: 1 Shanghai, 30.111.1930 O.Piel / Hemerobius divisus 0 Nav. P.Nav&s S. J. det. / Typus / 1 d (MZB). INDIA: Shillong, Alugodown, 12.VII.1962, 1 d leg.? (NHM). JAPAN: Ibaraki Tsukuba, Niaes, 14-19.1V.1989, 1 d M.Sharkey (FSCA). Johnson AFB, 30 mi W. Tokio, 21.1V.1948, 1 Q H.T.Wright (FMNH). 1 Museum Paris, Japon, Nipppon Moyen, Env. de Tokio, J.Harmand, 1906 / Hemerobius harmandinus Nav. / Hemerobius harmandinus Nav&s,1910, Lectotype, J.Legrand des.1991 / Lectotype / 1 9 (MP). Pryer, 1 Q McLachlan (NHM). NEPAL*: Kathmandu, Britlsh Embassy, 20.V-23.VI.1983, 1 d*, Allen et al. (NHM). NORTH KOREA*: Changang Prov., Mt.Myohpang-san, 12.1X.1980, 2 QQ Fox6 & TopAl (HNHM). Gang-von, On- dzong, Kum-gang, 5.VIII.1975, 1 0, at light, Papp & Vojnits (HNHM). Kangwon Prov. Mt. Kumgang-san, 26.V.1985, 1 0, at light, Vojnits & Zombori (HNHM), 10.V1.1991, 1 Q, at light Ronkay & Vojnits (HNHM). Pyongyang City, Mt.Daesong-san, 15.V.1985, 2 6'0, 3 99 Vojnits & Zombori (HNHM), 16.V.1985, 1 Q Vojnits & Zombori (HNHM), 17.V.1985, 12 00, 8 99, at light, Vojnits & Zombori (HNHM, VM), 31.V.1985, 1 0, 3 QQ, at light, Vojnits & Zombori (HNHM). TAIWAN: Taichung Co., Chingshan, 1.100 0, 8-11.V.1989, 1 d J.B.Heppner & H.Wang (VM). Wushe, 1.150 m, 23,111,1983, 1 9 H. & M. Townes (VM).

Hemerobius japonicus Nakahara, 1915 Species known from Japan, Kurile Is., S. Korea, Sakhalin and Manchuria to China and Taiwan. The species seems to be orophylous and has a certain degree of variability in the shape and arching of terminal processus of the male ectoproct and developed its apical denticles are. The species Hemerobius ferox Tjeder,1936 described from China (Kansu) belongs to this species. Hemerobius japonicus NAKAHARA, 1915: 25 = Hemerobius,ferox TJEDER, 1936: 14 n. syn. 66 MONSERRAT, V. J.

STUDIED MATERIAL: JAPAN: Ibaraki. Tsukuba, NIAES, 14.1V.1989, 1 d, 1 Q M.Sharkey (VM). TAIWAN: Hsinchu Co., Kuangwu For. Sta., 2.000 m, 18-25.VIII.1988, 1 0 J.Heppner & H.Wang (FSCA). Ilan Co., 6 km S. Suao, 14.X.1984 1 d,1Q J.B.Heppner & H.Wang (VM). Meifeng, 2.150 m, 26.1V.1983,l 0, 15.V.1983, 1 d,22.V.1983, 1 0, 1 Q, at light, H. Townes (FSCA,VM). Nantou Co., Tayuling, 2.570 m, 1-17.VI.1982, 2 00 J.Heppner (FSCA). Taichung Co., Chingshan, 1.100 m, 8-11.V.1989, 1 Q J.B.Heppner & H.Wang (FSCA). Wushe, 1.150 m, 16.111.1983, 1 Q H. & M. Townes (VM). NORTH KOREA*: Chagang Prov., Mt. Myohyang-san, 12.1X.1980, 1 0, 1 9, on grass, Fox6 & Top61 (HNHM), 26.V.1985, 2 $29, at light, Vojnits & Zombori (HNHM). Kangwon Prov., Mt. Kumgang-san, 750 m, 19.1X.1980, 1 Q, at light, Fox6 & Top61 (HNHM), ll.VI.1991, 1 d, 1 Q, Merkl & Sz61 (HNHM). Pyongyang City, 10.IX.1980, 1 d,2QQ, at light, Fox6 & TopAl (HNHM). Hemerobius poppii Esben-Petersen, 1921 Species known from high mountainous areas of Central and East Asia (Siberia, Mongolia, Sakhalin and S.W. China). The inclusion of this species in subgenus Monorobius when it was described by MAKARKIN (1985) was rejected by OSWALD (1993a). The type of Hemerobius tunkunensis described by NAVAS (1933) from China (Tunkun) belongs to this species, and we have found no difference between this species and H. xizangensis described from Xizang (Tibet) by YANG (1981b) who also records H. poppii collected in some of the same localities. The known morphology and genitalia of this species (ESBEN- PETERSEN, 1921, MAKARKIN, 1985, TJEDER, 1936) agrees completely with YANG'S (1981b) description. The character that seems differ (3 and not 4 RS in forewings) is a not constant character and therefore not sustainable. Consequently two new synonymies are proposed. Hemerobius poppii ESBEN-PETERSEN, 1921: 40 = Hemerobius tunkunensis NAVAS,~~~~:77 n. syn. = Hemerobius xizangensis YANG, 1981 b: 3 12 n. syn.

STUDIED MATERIAL: CHINA: Guilin, 7.1V.1962, 1 Q W.Wittmer (HNHM). / Tunkun, Sajan 1 Hemerobius tunkunensis Nav. NavAs S. J. det. /Type / 1 Q (MZR). Hemerobius baguiensis Navhs, 1923 This is a species described by NAVAS (1923) from Philippines (Luzon) and only known from a single (probably female) specimen. Since the type of this species is not to be found in his personal collection where it was placed originally, it is most likely that it was destroyed during the Spanish' civil war (MONSERRAT,1985). As the original description is ambiguous and does not contain valuable data, we prefer to considered this species as nomen dubium. Hemerobius baguiensis NAVAS, 1923: 14 n. dub.

Hemerobius ricarti Navhs,1925 This is a species described by NAVAS (1925b) from Philippines (Haightplace) based on two syntypes (a male and a female specimen) which were kept in his Journal of Neuropterology 3: 61-97,2000 (2001) 67 own collection. Only the female specimen has been located in his personal collection (MONSERRAT,1985) and has been designated as lectotype. On the basis of this specimen some new morphological data are given that add to the male genitalia scheme given by NavAs' description. With this information, new specimens could be assigned to the species clearing up the identity of this species, which is most likely the same as Hemerobius rizali Banks,1920 also known from the Philippines.

Redescription: The head has a dark brown vertex with paler irregular areas. The front and genae are a shiny dark brown. The clypeus and labrum are pale brown. The antennae has a pale brown scape which is darker in its external half. The pedicel and flagellum are pale brown. The thoracic tergum is brown without a pale median stripe. The pronotum is darker and the rest of the thorax and legs are pale brown caramel. Wings are as shown in figure 41.

STUDIED MATERIAL: PHILIPPINES: / Haightplace (Filipinas) 7.000 ft., 8.XII.1912 / Hemerobius Ricarti Nav. P.Navis S.J. det. / Typus / Hemerobius ricarti Navis,1925 Lectotipo, 1.999 V.J.Monserrat des. / 1 Q* (w) (MZB).

Hemerobius sumatranus NavAs, 1926 A species described by NAVAS (1926) from Sumatra, without any other data, and only known from a single female specimen. The type of this species remained in the author's collection (today in the Museum of Barcelona). Without any doubt this specimen belongs to Hemerobius tolimensis Banks,l910 an Andinian species known from N.W. of South America. The external and wing morphology (Fig. 40) and female genitalia of this specimen agree entirely with those described by MONSERRAT (1996) for the Southamerican species, and a mislabelling must be suggested. Consequently a new synonymy is proposed. Hemerobius tolinzensis BANKS, 1910: 158 = Hemerobius sumatranus NAVAS, 1926: 116 n. syn.

STUDIED MATERIAL: WDONESIA: / Sumatra / Hemerobius sumatranus Nav. P.Navis S.J. det. / Typus / 1 Q* (w) (MZB).

Hemerobius inversus NavAs, 1927 A species described by NAVAS (1927a) also from Philippines (Luzon) and only known from a single female specimen. The type of this species was located in his own collection and was most likely destroyed during the Spanish civil war because it is currently not to be found (MONSERRAT,1985). The original description is too general and does not contain valuable data (number of gradate veinlets in fore wings is a variable character). BANKS (1937) associates it with 68 MONSERRAT, V. J.

Hemerobius rizali Banks,1920 also described from Luzon, but we prefer to consider this species as nomen dubium. Hemerobius inversus N~V~s,1927a:21 n. dub.

Hemerobius amurensis Navas, 1929 This is a species described by NAVAS (1929) from Russia (Amur), and only known from a single male specimen. The type of this species remained in the Museum of Hamburg and was most likely destroyed during the World War I1 (WEIDNER,1972). Some data of its original description, especially the schematic male genitalia drawings make it possible to assign new specimens to this species and open the possibility to create a neotype. The single, elongate and blunt male ectoproct, without any dorsal preapical denticle is unusual and brings it closer to H. subacutus (Nakahara, 1966) or H. armandinus Navas, 1910, however, the wing morphology and pigmentation seem very different.

Hemerobius zernyi Esben Petersen, 1935 A pontomediterranean species very infrequently recorded, and known from Lebanon, Israel, Anatolia, Kriti, Bulgaria and Iran.

STUDIED MATERIAL: TURKMENISTAN*: Vanovskiy, 5 km N.E. Firyuza, Kopet Dagh Mts., 400 m, 27.1X.1991, 1 6' A.PodlussBny (VM).

Hemerobius exoterus Navas, 1936 A species described by NAVAS (1936) from China (Kuling). Later YANG (1981a) records it from China (Fujian) and presumptively was considered as synonymy of Hemerobius subacutus (Nakahara,1966) by MAKARKIN (1993a). The location of the type specimen is not known; it did not remain in his personal collection (MONSERRAT,1985) nor is it to be found in the old Museum of Heude in Shanghai, the depository of the initial material sent to L. Navas by its Director. Data on its external and genital morphology is not (as often was the case) precise in the description of NAVAS. However, on the basis of some characters given in the original description, MAKARKIN (1985,1991) assigns this species to some specimens collected in some other localities of the Russian East, and gives valuable characters to recognize the species. This species shows an external aspect (Fig. 43) similar to that of Hemerobius japonicus Nakahara,l915 or Hemerobius subacutus (Nakahara,l966), but the genitalia of the studied specimen is very different. Male genitalia is very similar to H. poppii Esben-Petersen,1921, but its conspicuous dark margin and the slightly convex margin of its forewings (Fig. 43), as well as some differences in the male genitalia (Fig. 3, and MAKARKIN,1985) differentiate both species. Hemerobius solanensis Ghosh,1976 described from India seems to be a closely related species, if not the same one. The studied specimen agrees very well with the original description and with Makarkin's data. We designate it as the neotype of this species. Journal of Neuropterology 3: 61-97, 2000 (2001) 69

STUDIED MATERIAL: CHINA: / Ship-y-Shan, China I McLachlan Coll. B.M.1938-674 / Hemerobius exoterus Nav. Neotype / des. 1999 by V. J. Monserrat 1 1 d* (d,w) (NHM). We think that the type locality may refer to Shihpao Shan, mountains at east of Sichuan Province (Central China).

Hemerobius vagans Banks, 1937 A species described from a single male collected in Philippines (Mindanao) and not recorded since then. The new specimens agree very well with the original description (BANKS,1937). Its scapus and pedicellus are dark brown on their ventral side and its male ectoproct is noted in figure 7.

STUDIED MATERIAL: INDONESIA* : Java, Mt. Pangrango, 7.000-10.000 ft, 1.1936 1 d* L.E.Cheesman, BM 1936-271 (NHM), 1 d L.E.Cheesman, BM 1936-27 1 (VM).

Hemerobius indicus Kimmis, 1938 A species only known from India. The Formosan specimens (Fig. 5) now studied agree very well with the type of this species.

STUDIED MATERIAL: INDIA: I Kodai Kanal, 7.000 ft, S.India 1 23.111.1936 I Hemerobius indicus TYPE / B. M. Expedn. to S.India 1936 1 I d (NHM). Waterfalls Estate, Anaimalai Hills, Tamil Nadu, 1.230 m, 31.111.1980, 1 Q G.Top61 (HNHM). TAIWAN*: Meifeng, 2.150 m, 22.V. 1983, 1 6, at light, H. Townes (FSCA). Nantou Co., Tayuling, 2.570 m, 1-17.VI.1982 1 d* J.B.Heppner (VM).

Hemerobius bispinus Banks, 1940 A species described from China (Szechwan) and recorded from Tibet and China (Xizang). In our opinion, the species H. montanus Kimmis,l960 described from Tibet and Pakistan, and recorded from India, Nepal, Khazahstan and Kirgiztan belongs to this species. Consequently a new synonymy is proposed. Hemerobius bispinus BANKS, 1940: 186 = Hemerobius montanus KIMMINS,1960: 337 n. syn. This species shows a certain degree of orophyly. Its male genitalia seems to have characters intermediate between H. japonicus Nakahara,l915 (with similar male ectoproct shape as shown in figure 6, species that also demonstrates a certain degree of variability in the shape and curvature of terminal processes of the male ectoproct, and of the degree of development of its apical denticles, even in the same individual) and H. indicus Kimmis,1938 with similar and paler external wings aspect, and male entoprocessus back curved (as studied specimens, and KIMMINS,1938, 1960 reports).

STUDIED MATERIAL: NEPAL: Kathmandu Dis., Phulcoki, 8.800', 20.V-23.VI.1983, 1 d A.Tuck (NHM), 27- 31.V.1983, 1 d* in primary montane oak forest, Allen et al. (VM). PAKISTAN: / Pakistan, MONSERRAT, V. J

Figs. 1-8. Male ectoproct in lateral view of: 1: Hemerobius hyalinus Nakahara,l966. 2: Hemerobius harmandinus NavAs, 1910, 3: Hemerobius exoterus Navhs, 1936, 4: Hemerobius friedeli Aspock & Aspock,l966, 5: Hernerobius indicus Kimmis,1938, 6: Hemerobius bispinus Banks,1940, 7: Hemerobius vagans Banks,1937, 8: Hemerobius atrifrons McLachlan,1868. Scale 0.5 mm. Journal of Neuropterology 3: 61 -97, 2000 (2001) 71

Changlagali, 21.VI.1959, M.A.Glani on A. (Abies) pindrow / 1 d / C.I.E. Coll.no.16849 / Hemerobius montunus Allotype / (NHM). TIBET: / Tibet, Rongshar Valley, 11.000 ft, 28.VI. 1924, R.W.G.Hingston / 1 0 / Everest Expd., Brit. Mus. 1924-386 / Hemerobius i japonicus Nakahara, D.E.Kimmins det. / Henzerobius wzontanus d Type 1 Type / (NHM). Hemerobius jlaveolus (Banks, 1940) n. comb. A species described from China (Szechwan) as type species of genus Allemerobius by BANKS (1940). Later it was recorded from Tibet (Xizang) and the genus was synonymyzed to Hemerobius by OSWALD (1993a). The species seems demonstrate a certain orophyly, and many fragments of small arthropods were found in the gut of some studied specimens. STUDIED MATERIAL: NEPAL*: Solu Khumbu Himalaya, 7 km E. of Lukla, 3.450 m, l.VI1.1993, 6 dd Hreblay & Csorba (HNHM,VM).

Hemerobius chiangi Banks, 1940 A species known from China (Szechwan) that was not recorded after its original description. Some new data on its male genitalia are given (Figs. 15-18), and this species is the same species described as Hemerobius mangkamanus by YANG (1981b) from Tibet, and a new synonymy is proposed. Hemerobius chiangi BANKS, 1940: 184 = Hemerobius mangkamanus YANG, 198lb: 3 14 n. syn. The species seems to demonstrate a certain orophyly, and many fragments of small arthropods were found in the gut of some studied specimens.

STUDIED MATERIAL: NEPAL*: Chautara Dis., Hile Bhanjyang, 11.500', 13-16.VI.1983, 2 dcT, 4 QQ on Rhodo conifer moss forest, Allen et al. (NHM, VM). Ganes Himalaya, Jaisuli Kunda, 4.150 m, 16- 17.VI.1993, 10 66, 9 QQ Hreblay & Csorba (HNHM,VM). Solu Khumbu Himalaya, 7 km E. of Lukla, 3.450 m, 1 .VII.1993, 5 dd*, 3 99 Hreblay & Csorba (HNHM,VM).

Hemerobius griseus Nakahara, 1956 nomen protectum A species known from Japan. The name of this species could be considered as preoccupied because as such combination it was previously used by FABRICIUS (1777) describing Hemerobius griseus from western Africa [the species was later transfered to genus Acanthaclisis (Myrmeleontidae) by HAGEN (1866) and, as no type or useful description exists, it has been later proposed to be considered as nomen dubium by PROST (1998)], and also by RETZIUS (1783) describing Hemerobius griseus, a species later considered as a junior synonyme of Wesmaelius nervosus (Fabricius,l793) by HAGEN (1866), [its presumptive new combination as: Wesmaelius griseus (Retzius,1783) non (Zelenf ,197 1) is unnecesary] and according with Art. 23.9 Hemerobius griseus Retzius,1783 must be considered as nomen oblitum. Well as nomen dubium, nomen oblitum, or as junior synonyme, any replacement name is needed for any 72 MONSERRAT, V. J. species. Accordingly Hemerobius griseus Nakahara,l956 is proposed to be considered as a vallid name and nomen protectum. Hemerobius griseus Nakahara,l956 was considered synonymous to Hemerobius nigricornis Nakahara, 1915 by NAKAHARA (197 I), who did not find any differences between either species, and it was listed this way by MONSERRAT (1990~).In our opinion, if male genitalia is really very similar, some differences exist (NAKAHARA, 1960a), and its tegumentary coloration (general head and scapus black, blackish or fuscous black in H. nigricornis and yellow or yellowish in H. griseus) (NAKAHARA,1915, 1956, 1960a or KUWAYAMA, 1962) induce us to differentiate them as two different species.

STUDIED MATERIAL: TAIWAN*: Nantou Co., Tayuling, 2.570 m, 10-14.VI.1982, 1 0 J.Heppner (VM).

Hemerobius radialis Nakahara, 1956 A Japanese species hardly recorded. Two single female specimens has been assigned to this species on the basis of the NAKAHARA (1956) description.

STUDIED MATERIAL: NORTH KOREA*: Chagang Prov., Mt.Myohyang-san, 14.1X.1980, 1 $2, at light, Forr6 & Topil (VM), 23.V.1991, 1 9, at light, Ronkay & Vojnits (VM).

Hemerobius handschini Tjeder,1957 A holomediterranean species only recorded in Asia from Anatolia. Typical specimens of this species have been studied from N. Korea, and it is probable that records of Hemerobius nitidulus Fabricius,l777 in near determined areas can belong to this species.

STUDIED MATERIAL: NORTH KOREA*: Kangwon Prov. Mt. Kumgang-san, 28.1X.1979, 1 9, at light, Steinmann & Visirhelyi (HNHM), 26.V.1985, 2 00, at light, Vojnits & Zombori (HNHM). Pyongyang City, Mt.Daesong-san, ll.IX.1979, 1 0, Steinmann & Visirhelyi (HNHM), 17.V.1985, 4 00, 5 99, at light, Vojnits & Zombori (HNHM,VM).

Hemerobius hyalinus Nakahara, 1966 Species only known from a single specimen from Taiwan. The genitalia of the holotype described by NAKAHARA (1966) was dissected and mounted in balsam on a slide, and the abdomen was not later found by MAKARKIN (1994) when the specimen was redescribed. Probably this circumstance avoided to detect the presence of a small preapical and dorsal tooth in the inner margin of the male ectoproct, not observed by the author, but present in this species (Fig. l), as usual in similar species as H. lutescens Fabricius, 1793, H. gilvus Stein, 1863, H. exoterus NavBs, 1936, or H.poppii Esben-Petersen, 1921. The species seems to demonstrate a certain orophyly. Journal of Neuropterology 3: 61-97,2000 (2001) 73

STUDIED MATERIAL: TAIWAN: Nantou Co., Tayuling, 2.570 m, abundant material collected at light between 5-18.VI.1982 by J.Heppner (FSCA,VM).

Hemerobius subacutus (Nakahara, 1966) Species known from Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan and Vietnam and presumpty recorded from China (Fujian Province). It was described by NAKAHARA (1966) in the genus Mesohemerobius Nakahara,l966 and later transfered to Semohemerobius Yang,1983 by YANG (1983). Both genera were synonymyzed to Hemerobius simultaneously by OSWALD (1993a) and MAKARKLN (1993a). A male studied specimen from Indonesia agrees well with this species, but distal ectoproct is subparallel and rounded apically, not so acute as NAKAHARA (1966) and MAKARKIN (1993a) recorded. It is almost certain that Hemerobius cercodes described from China (Tonkin) by NAVAS (1917) is the same species. The type of this species remained in his own collection and was probably destroyed during the Spanish civil war, because it is not to be found now (MONSERRAT,l985). We prefer consider this species as nomen dubium. Hemerobius cercodes NAVAS,~~~~:14 n. dub.

STUDIED MATERIAL: INDONESIA*: N.Sulawesi, Lake Mooat, 1.050 m, 20 km N.E. Kotamobagu. 26-30.X.1985, 1 6' J.Heppner (FSCA). TAIWAN: Taoyuan Co., Upper Palin, 1.500 m, 7-9.VII.1985, 1 Q J.Heppner & H.Wang (FSCA). Wu-Feng, abundant specimens collected between 111-1V.1983, H. & M. Townes (FSCA,VM). Wushe, 1.150 m, abundant specimens collected between 111-V.1983, H. & M. Townes (FSCA,VM).

Hemerobius friedeli Aspock & Aspock,l966 Species described from Minor Asia (Anatolia and Kurdistan), and not recorded later. Some studied specimens agree well with ASPOCK & ASPOCK (1966) description, having a very variable intensity in the pigmentation on the gqadates and on the membrane of fore wings, which are figured for the first time (Fig. 44). The male ectoproct of these specimens (Fig. 4) has apical denticle, and not preapical as ASPOCK & ASPOCK (1966) figure suggests. The species seems to demonstrate a certain orophyly,

STUDIED MATERIAL: PAKISTAN*: Gupis, 2.000 m, 20.V1.1992, 1 d, 1 9, at light, Csorba & Hreblay (HNHM). Garam Gashma, 2.600 m, 23.V1.1992,2 00, at light, Csorba & Hreblay (HNHM). Naltar, 2.900 m, 19.V1.1992, 3 dd, at light, G.Csorba & M.Hreblay (HNHM). Sost, 2.800 m, 16.VI.1992, 2 dd* (d,w) at light, G.Csorba & M.Hreblay (VM).

Hemerobius a p a t r i d u s n. sp. Holotype: PAKISTAN, Garam Gashma, 2.600 m, 23.VI.1992, 1 O* (d,w), at light, Csorba & Hreblay (VM). Paratype: PAKISTAN, Garam Gashma, 2.600 rn, 23.VI.1992, 1 0,at light, Csorba & Hreblay (VM). MONSERRAT, V. J.

Figs. 9-14. Hemerobius upatridus asp. 0,9: ectoproct, lateral view, 10: ditto, scheme in dorsal view, 11: gonarcus-entoprocesus, dorsal view, 12: ditto, lateral view, 13: parameres, dorsal view, 14: hypandrium, ventral view. 15-18: Hemerobius chinngi Banks,1940 6' 15: ectoproct, lateral view, 16: ditto, scheme in dorsal view, 17: gonarcus-entoprocesus, dorsal view, 18: ditto, lateral view. Scale 0.5 mm. Journal of Neuropterology 3: 61-97, 2000 (2001) 75

Diagnosis: A pale wing species with a transverse veinlet after the Median fork (Fig. 45). Male ectoproct very elongate, with an inner long denticle (Figs. 9, 10) and arched entoprocessus (Fig. 12).

Description: The head, antennae and palps are pale brown. The thoracic tergum is brown uniform without a pale median stripe. Legs are pale brown, some darker in femur and tibia apex. The wings are as shown in figure 45. Forewing length: 8.4 mm, hindwing length: 7.4 mm. Forewing hyaline, light darker on gradates. Venation hyaline, some light dark striped on C, and some darker on gradates, distal third of Radial area and more conspicuously at beginning of M and A,, on CUa and on last transversal veinlet CUa-Mp Male 9thtergite narrow, dorsally fussed. Sternite IX trapecial shape, caudal margin bilobed. Ectoproct very tight and long (Fig. 9), blunt apex in lateral view and with an apical tooth and another long inner denticle with an apical seta (Figs. 9, 10). Gonarcus tenuous, rounded (Figs. 11, 12). Entoprocessus well sclerified and very curved distally (Figs. 11, 12), gonosetae scarces (Fig. 11). Parameres tenuous, somewhat arched, associated with a membrane and with a little preapical denticle (Fig. 13). Hypandrium triangular (Fig. 14). Female unknown. Many arthropods fragments, pollen grain (some of coniferous), fungi spores and abundant siliceous material have been found in the gut of the specimens.

Discussion: The pale general aspect and the presence of a transverse veinlet after median fork in fore wings (Fig. 45) is not usual in the species of this genus. The ectoproct of the male genitalia (Figs. 9, 10) is very similar to some other Asiatic species as Hemerobius poppii Esben-Petersen, 1921, Hemerobius exoterus Navds, 1936, Hemerobius flaveolus (Banks, 1940), Hemerobius chiangi Banks, 1940, Hemerobius friedeli Aspock & Aspock, 1966, Hemerobius solanensis Ghosh, 1976 or Hemerobius hengduanus Yang, 198 1, but wings venation and pigmentation aspects, and the male genitalia are different at all (BANKS,1940, NAKAHARA,1971, YANG,198 lb, and figures 3,4,9-14, 15- 18,43 and 44). We dedicate this new species to all those ethnic and cultural groups which the course of history has left without their own homeland.

Wesmaelius nervosus (Fabricius, 1793) A common and well known Palaearctic species widely distributed from Greenland to Japan. This species is exactly the same as the one described from N.E. China (Liaoning) by YANG (1980) as Kimminsia acuminata, and transfered to genus Wesmaelius by MONSERRAT (1990~).The synonymy was proposed by MAKARKIN (1986). 76 MONSERRAT, V. J.

STUDIED MATERIAL: NORTH KOREA*: Chagang Prov., Mt.Myohyang-san, 14.1X.1980, 1 Q, at light, Forr6 & Topal (VM). Kangwon Prov., Mt. Kumgang-san, 28.1X.1979, 1 9, at light, Steinmann & VBsarhelyi (HNHM). Ryanggang Province, Samjiyon, 5.VI.1985, 1 9, at light, Vojnits & Zombori (HNHM). PAKISTAN*: Sost, 2.800 m, 16.VI.1992, 1 Q, at light, Csorba & Hreblay (VM). RUSSIA: Moscow, 4.VIII.1968, 1 Q H. & M. Townes (FSCA).

Wesmaelius subnebulosus (Stephens,l836) A common widely distributed western Palaearctic species, scarcely recorded so far east (Azerbaijan, Turkmenia, Tadjikistan, Iran).

STUDIED MATERIAL: TURKMENISTAN: Firyuza, Kopet Dagh Mts., 400 m, 13.X.1991, 1 9 A.PodlussBny (HNHM).

Wesmaelius concinnus (Stephens,1836) A common widely distributed western palaearctic species never having been previously recorded so far east.

STUDIED MATERIAL: NORTH KOREA*: Mt.Pektusan, 19.VII.1977, 1 9 Dely & Dely-Draskovits (VM).

Wesmaelius navasi (Andreu, 191 1 ) A well known and somewhat variable species widely distributed in dry and arid zones of the southern Palaearctic from Madeira to Arabian Peninsula and Central Asia. Some of the specimens currently examined had many pollen grains in the gut. We haven't found any (0,9) significant differences between this species and that described from Mongolia by YANG (1980) as Kimminsia neimenica later transfered to genus Wesmaelius by MONSERRAT (1990~).A new synonymy is proposed: Wesmaelius navasi (ANDREU, 1911 : 58) Described as Boriomyia navasi Andreu, 1911 = Wesmaelius neimenica (YANG, 1980: 60) n. syn. Described as Kimminsia neimenica Yang, 1980

STUDIED MATERIAL: PAKISTAN: 20 km E. of Gupis, 2.000 m, 20.VI.1992, 1 0, at light, Csorba & Hreblay (HNHM). Garam Gashma, 2.600 m, 23.VI.1992, 1 0, 1 9, at light, Csorba & Hreblay (HNHM). Hushe, 2.900 m, 13.VI.1992, 1 9 Csorba & Hreblay (HNHM). Shandurp, 3.600 m, 21.VI.1992, 2 00, 1 9, at light, Csorba & Hreblay (HNHM), 1 0, 1 Q, at light, Csorba & Hreblay (VM). TURKMENISTAN*: Firyuza, Kopet Dagh Mts., 400 m, 25.1X.1991, 1 Q A.Podlussiny (HNHM), 13.X.1991, 2 00, 1 9 A.Podlussiny (HNHM), 25.VI.1992, 2 00, 2 QQ A.PodlussBny (HNHM, VM). Kara Kala, Kopet Dagh Mts., 300 m, 7.X.1991, 1 9 A.Podlussiny (HNHM). Sayvana Valley, 10 km N.Sayvana, Kopet Dagh Mts., 1.300 m, 12.X.1991, 1 0 A.Podlussany (HNHM), 29.VI.1992, 1 6' A.Podlussiny (HNHM). Valley of Ipay Kala, Kopet Dagh Mts., 800-1.500 m, 2.VII.1992, 3 QQ A.PodlussAny (HNHM). Vanovskiy, 5 km N.E. Firyuza, Kopet Dagh Mts., 400 m, 27.IX. 1991, 1 0 A.Podlussiny (HNHM). Journal of Neuropterology 3: 61-97, 2000 (2001)

Figs. 19-23. Female subgenital plate in ventral view of: 19: Wesmaelius nubilus (Kimmins,1929) from Yemen, 20: Wesmaelius altissimus (Ohm,1967) from Kashmir, 21: ditto, from Pakistan, 22: Wesmaelius quettanus (NavBs,1931) from Pakistan, 23: Wesmaelius vaillant~(Navis,1927) from Iran. Scale 0.5 mm.

Wesmaelius vaillanti (NavAs,1927) n. comb. A species described into the genus Hemerobius by NAVAS (1927b) from W. China (Kansu) and later recorded also from China (Tu-pa-keo). The type of this species (9) has been studied belonging to genus Wesmaelius and a new combination is proposed. Its general morphology and subgenital plate agrees well with other new studied specimens (Fig. 23) and with those is known on Wesmaelius mongolicus a species described by STEINMANN (1965) from Mongolia and its synonyme Wesmaelius arenatus a species described by ASPOCK & ASPOCK (1966) from Turkey and Kurdistan, later recorded from Mongolia by MAKARKIN (1984). The species have been also recorded from Mongolia, Iran, Ukraine, Turkey and Romania. A new synonymy is proposed: Wesmaelius vaillanti (NAVAS, 1927b: 25) Described as He~nerobiusvaillanti Navis, 1927 = Wesmaelius mongolicus (STEINMANN, 1965: 187) n. syn. Described as Boriomyia mongolica Steinmann, 1965 The Chinese specimen has a light brown shadow on the last veinlet Mp-CUa and on the gradates between the 1"-3"' RS. Data on the morphology and female subgenital plate of this species can also be found in KIS (1972), ASPOCK & ASPOCK (1966), ASPOCK et al. (1980) and MAKARKIN (1986).

STUDIED MATERIAL: CHINA: I Museum Paris Chine occidentale, Kan Sou et Chen Si, Dr. L.Vaillant 1909 / Hemerobius Vaillanti Nav.P.Nav5s S.J. det. 1 Type I Hemerobius vaillanti Navis 1927 Lectotype, J.Legrand des.1991 / Lectotype / 1 Q (MP). IM:Ghilan Gharb, 13.VII. 1992 1 Q* M.Moayedi (VM).

Wesmaelius nubilus (Kimmins, 1929) A widely known Afrotropical species extended to Arabian Peninsula. The general morphology and coloration, and specially the subgenital plate in female genitalia seems very variable (MONSERRAT & DERETSKY,1999) and the now 78 MONSERRAT. V. J. recorded specimen from Yemen increases such variability (Fig. 19). The identity of W saudiarabicus Holze1,1988 described from Saudi-Arabia, and recorded from Iran by MIRMOAYEDI (1998), and its relationship with this species seems very conflictive. STUDIED MATERIAL: YEMEN: Saanna, ca.7.900 ft, 1-7.111.1938, 1 Q* from Lucerne Fields, B.M. exped. S. W. Arabia, H.Scott & E.B.Britton (NHM).

Wesmaelius baikalensis (NavAs,1929) Species described into the genus Hemerobius by NAVAS (1929) from Central Siberia (Turan), recorded from China (Tianshan), first transfered to Kimminsia by YANG (1985), and later to Wesmaelius by MONSERRAT (1990~).The type of this species remained in his own collection and was probably destroyed during the Spanish civil war because it is not to be found there now (MONSERRAT,1985). According to the data of the original description and male genitalia given by NAVAS (1929) it is possible to assign new specimens to the species in order to create a neotype. There is no doubt that this is the same species as the one described and recorded from Central and East Russia (Magadanskaya, Buryatia, Yakutia and Altai) by MAKARKIN (1986,1987,1996) as Wesmaelius pseudofurcatus. A new synonymy is proposed: Wesmaelius baikalensis (NAVAS,~~~~:36) Described as Hemerobius baikalensis NavBs, 1929 = Wesmaelius pseudofurcatus MAKARKIN,1986: 608 n. syn. The synonymy between Wesmaelius pseudofircatus and the Nearctic W fircatus (Banks,1935) given by MAKARKIN (1990) would need a further confirmation.

Wesmaelius quettanus (NavAs, 1931) n. comb. Species described into the genus Hemerobius by NAVAS (1931b) from N.W. India and only known by its type. This specimen agrees in every respect with those described from Afghanistan and Nepal by ASPOCK & ASPOCK (1966) as Boriomyia amseli, a species later recorded from Kazakhstan, Altai, Mongolia, Far West of URRS and China and transfered to genus Wesmaelius by MAKARKIN (1984). After having studied new material from this area (Figs. 22, 46), we conclude that this species is the same as those described as Boriomyia sinica by TJEDER (1937), known from China and Mongolia, and transfered to genus Wesmaelius by POPOV (1986). Two new synonymies are proposed and wings of this species are figured for the first time (Fig. 46). Wesmaelius quettanus (NAVAS, 193lb: 86) Described as Hemerobius quettanus NavBs, 1931 = Wesmaelius sinicus (TJEDER,1937: 10) n. syn. Described as Boriomyia sinica Tjeder,1937 = Wesmaelius amseli (ASPOCK & AS POCK,^^^^: 77) n. syn. Described as Boriomyia amseli Aspock & Aspock,1966 Journal of Neuropterology 3: 61-97, 2000 (2001) 79

STUDIED MATERIAL: INDIA: / Quetta (N.O.India) 4.V1.1930 / Museum Paris Longin NAVAS Legit.19 / Hemerobius quettanus Nav.P.Navis S.J. det. / Typus / Hemerobius quettanus Navis 1931 Lectotype, J.Legrand des.1991 / Lectotype / 1 d (MP). PAKISTAN*: 20 km E. Gupis, 2.000 m, 20.VI.1992, 1 0,at light, Csorba & Hreblay (VM). Buni, 2.200 m, 23.VI.1992, 1 9 at light, Csorba & Hreblay (HNHM). Shandurp, 3.600 m, 21.VI.1992, 2 CTd* (w), 1 Q* at light, Csorba & Hreblay (VM), 1 6, 1 Q, at light, Csorba & Hreblay (HNHM).

Wesmaelius ogatai (Nakahara, 1956) A scarcely recorded and poorly known Japanese species. Two new female specimens from N. Korea have been asigned to this species, but its forewings are paler than those indicated by NAKAHARA (1956), and none is really adequate to describe correctly its subgenital plate. The recent synonymy given by MAKARKIN (1996) between this Far East species and the West Palaearctic M? ravus (Withycombe,1923) would need a further confirmation. A lot of small arthropod fragments were present in the peritrophic membranes of the studied specimens.

STUDIED MATERIAL: NORTH KOREA*: Pyongyang, Mt.Daesong-san, 11.M.1979,2 QQ Steinmann & Visirhelyi (VM).

Wesmaelius altissimus (Ohm, 1967) A variable species described into the genus Boriomyia and known from Nepal, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kirgyzstan, China, and S.Korea, without any (0, Q) significant differences from those described from China by YANG (1980) as Kimminsia bihamita, later transfered to the genus Wesmaelius by MONSERRAT (1990c), and synonymized by MAKARKIN (1984). The subgenital plate of the studied specimens (Figs. 20, 21) shows intermediate characters between this species and Wesmaelius zhiltzovae Makarkin,l986 described on the basis of a single female from Kazakhstan, and it is most likely the same species.

STUDIED MATERIAL: INDIA*: Kashmir, Gulmar, 20.VII.1931, 1 Q* (20), Fletcher (NHM). PAKISTAN*: Naltar, 2.900 m, 19.VI.1992, 1 Q* (21), at light, Csorba & Hreblay (VM).

Sympherobiinae Comstock Sympherobius pygmaeus (Rambur, 1842) A common western Palaearctic species, hardly having been previously recorded so far east.

STUDIED MATERIAL: IRAN: Bander Palevi, Kaspischen Meer, 24.VII.1961. 1 6' J.Klapperich (HNHM). Golhak, nr. Teheran, 1.400 m, 10-14.VI.1961, very abundant material, J.Klapperich (HNHM,VM). Kermanshah, I0.VI.1992, 1 9 M.Moayedi (VM), 24.VI.1992, 1 d M.Moayedi (VM), 7.V11.1992, 2 cTcT M.Moayedi (VM). LEBANON*: Aley, 2.700 ft, VII-VIII.1945, 1 CT A.Sandison (NHM). TURKMENISTAN*: Firyuza, Kopet Dagh Mts., 400 m. 25.V1.1992, 1 9 A.Podlussiny (HNHM). 80 MONSERRAT. V. J.

Sympherobius tessellatus Nakahara, 1915 A common species known from Japan and Ryukyu Is., without any significant differences with those described from central and east China by YANG (1980). Three new synonymies are proposed: Sympherobius tessellatus NAKAHARA, 1915 : 22 = Sympherobius matsucocciphagus YANG,1980: 88 n. syn. = Sympherobius weisong YANG, 1980: 89 n. syn. = Sympherobius luojiaensis YANG,1980: 90 n. syn.

STUDIED MATERIAL: NORTH KOREA*: Pyongyang City, Mt.Daesong-san, 30-31 .V.1985, 2 QQ, at light, Vojnits & Zombori (HNHM).

Sympherobius domesticus Nakahara, 1954 A Japanese species. The new specimens agree well with NAKAHARA (1954, 1960a) reported data.

STUDIED MATERIAL:

SOUTH KOREA*: Suweon, near Seoul, 11.111.1974, 1 cf, 9.VI.1974, 1 Q, 9.VII.1974, 1 Q, P.E.S. Whalley (NHM).

Sympherobius wuyianus Yang,198 1 Species described from China (Fujian Province) never recorded later. The male genitalia of the currently recorded Formosan specimens agree well with the description made by YANG (1981a) and their fore wings have a basal dark brown stripe along the CUa vein. The species seems to demonstrate a certain orophyly (found at 1.100-2.570 m). A lot of pollen, fungal hyphae and small arthropod fragments were present in the peritrophic membranes of some studied specimens.

STUDIED MATERIAL:

TAIWAN*: Hsinchu Co., Kuangwu For. Sta., 2.000 m, 18-25.V111.1988, 1 cf J.Heppner & H.Wang (VM). Meifeng, 2.150 m, 22.V.1983, 1 9, at light, H. Townes (FSCA). Nantou Co., Tayuling, 2.570 m, 15.VI.1982, 1 Q J.H.Heppner (FSCA). Taichung Co., Chingshan, 1.100 m, 8-11.V.1989, 1 Q J.B.Heppner & H.Wang (VM). Wushe, 1 .I50 m, abundant material collected (some one at light) between 111-IV.1983, H. & M. Townes (FSCA).

Drepanepteryginae Kriiger Neuronema albostigma (Matsumura, 1907) Species only known from Japan, Kurile Islands and S. Sakhalin, that seems to have a much wider distribution. Among the series of studied specimens a large variability in the shape of the male ectoproct, development of its inner caudal denticles, and development degree of the dorsal denticles of parameres have been observed. The species Neuronema nepalensis described from Nepal by Journal of Neuropterology 3: 6 1-97, 2000 (200 1) 8 1

NAKAHARA (197 1) and Sirzeuronerna gyirongana described from China (Xizang) by YANG (1981b) are proposed as synonymies. Neuronema albostigma (MATSUMURA, 1907: 17 1) Described as Herzzerobius albostigma Matsumura, 1907 = Neuronelnu aepalensis NAKAHARA, 197 1: 13 n. syn. = Sineuronema gyironguna YANG, 198 1b: 309 n. syn. A lot of arthropod fragments, specially of aphids, were present in the peritrophic membranes of some of the studied specimens.

STUDIED MATERIAL: NEPAL*: Solu Khumbu Himalaya, 7 km E. of Lukla, 3.200 m, 27.VI.1993, 2 dd,2 QQ Hreblay & Csorba (HNHM), 3.450 ni, i.VII.1993, 21 dd,3 QQ Hreblay & Csorba (HNHM,VM). NORTH KOREA*: Kangwon Prov., Mt. Kumgang-san, 28.1X.1979, 1 9, at light, Steinmann & Vrisfirhelyi (HNHM).

Neuronema pielina (Navri "4.. Species described by \Vlt ti9361 from China (Kuling) as type species of his genus Kulinga, later synonymized to Neuronema by NAKAHARA (1960a), and transfered to Neuronema by YANG (1964). The studied type is in worst conditions cause of infestation of Anthrenus, and only the complete head, legs, and wings remain. It has a different capture date those indicated by NAVAS (1936), and some other syntype can be presumpted. We agree with NAKAHARA (1960a) which suggested that this species is the same that Neuronema kwan.rhiensis, a species described from China (Kwanshien) by KIMMINS (1 943). This species has not any significative differences from other species as N. tienmuslzana, N. chungnuashana and N. kulirzga described from China (Chekiang, Shensi and Kiangsi respectively) by YANG (1964). Four new synonymies are proposed: Neuronelna pielinu (NAVAS,1936: 50) Described as K~tlingupielina NavBs, 1936 = Ne~lronernrrkwan.shiensis KIMMMINS, 1943: 52 n. syn. = Neurorzema tienmushana YANG, 1964: 266 rz. syn. = Ne~lronemachungnanshana YANG,1964: 267 n. syn. = Neuronema kulinga YANG,1964: 268 n. sqln.

STUDIED MATERIAL: CHINA: 1 Kuling (China). 20.VII1.1935 / Culingu pielinu Nav. P.Nav6s S.J. det. / Tipo / (MZR). / Kwanshien, China, 13.VII.1920 / G.M.Franck / Type 1 Neuronema kwanshiensis Kimmins Type / I d (NHM).

Neurorzenza sinensis Tjeder, 1937 Species recorded from China. There are not any significative difference between this species and other specie5 recently described from China. Three new synonymies are proposed: 82 MONSERKAT. V. J.

Neuronema sirlensis TJEDER, 1937: 6 = Sineuronema bomeana YANG,1981b: 302 n. syn. = Sineuronema magmangana YANG, 1981 b: 307 n. syn. = Sineuronema yadorzgarza YANG, 1981 b: 308 n. syn. Neuronema similis Banks,1940 Species known from China (Songpan). It is identical those described from China (Shensi) by YANG (1964) as Sineuroizenza shensiensis. A new synonymy is proposed: Neuronema similis BANKS, 1940: 183 = Siizeurorzema shensiensis YANG,1964: 277 n. syn. Neuronema tjederi Kimmins, 1943 Species recorded from China, Russia and Manchuria. The description of some subspecies from China have not any systematic value according to the similarity of the described male genitalia subspecies and the variability of the species (TJEDER, 1937, KIMMINS, 1943, MAKARKIN, 1986). Three new synonymies are proposed: Neuronema tjederi KIMMMINS,1943: 49 = Neuronema laminata jilinensis YANG, 1964: 27 1 n. syn. = Neuronema laminata tsinlinga YANG, 1964: 272 n. syn. = Neuronema laminata choui YANG,1964: 273 n. syn. Neuronema omeishana Yang, 1964 Species from China (Szechwan) not later recorded.

STUDIED MATERIAL: CHINA: Szechwan, Mt. Pehlui King, 6.000', 50 m1s.N.N.W. of Chengtu, VII-VIII.1931, 3 6'6' G.M.Franck (NHM). Neuronerna huangi Yang, 1981 Species from China (Xizang) not later recorded. Among the studied specimens a large variability in the shape of the male ectoproct, development of its inner caudal denticles and development of the dorsal denticles of parameres have been observed. The species Sineuronemn quxamana described also from China (Xizang) by YANG (1 981b) is proposed as synonyme. Neuronema huangi YANG, 198lb: 305 = Sine~cronemaquxainana YANG, 1981 b: 3 10 n. syn.

STUDIED MATERIAL: NEPAL*: Solu Khumbu Himalaya, 12 km E. of Lukla, Yak Karka, 4.000 m, 30.VI.1993, 2 6'0, 1 9 Hreblay & Csorba (HNHM, VM). 7 km E. of Lukla, 3.450 m, 1.VII.1993, 4 cf0 Hrcblay & Csorba (HNHM,VM), Lamjura Pass, 3.500 m, S.VII.1993, 2 QQ Hreblay & Csorba (HNHM), Tragsindha Pass, 3.000 m, 4.VII.1993, 1 0 Hreblay & Csorba (VM). Journal of Neuropterology 3: 61-97, 2000 (2001)

Microminae Kriiger Micromus paganus (Linnaeus, 1767) A well known Holarctic species.

STUDIED MATERIAL: NORTH KOREA*: Kangwon Prov., Mt. Kumgang-san, 28.1X.1979, 1 0, 5 99 at light, Steinmann & Visirhelyi (HNHM,VM). Micromus variegatus (Fabricius,l793) A well known Holarctic species.

STUDIED MATERIAL: NORTH KOREA*: Chagang Prov., Mt.Myohyang-san, 14.IX.1980, 1 0, at light, Forr6 & Top61 (HNHM). Kangwon Prov., Mt. Kumgang-san, 28.1X.1979, 1 9, at light, Steinmann & VisArhelyi (HNHM), 28.1X.1979, 6 00, 1 9,at light, Steinmann & Vgs6rhelyi (VM), 26.V.1985, 1 9, Vojnits & Zombori (HNHM), 28.V.1985, 1 d,1 9, Vojnits & Zombori (HNHM), Samil-po Inlet, 13.X.1978, 1 9, Vojnits & Zomhori (HNHM). Pyongyang, Mt.Daesong-san, 31.V.1985, 1 Q,Vojnits & Zombori (HNHM). Micromus angulatus (Stephens, 1 836) A well known Holarctic species.

STUDIED MATERIAL: NORTH KOREA*: Chagang Prov., Mt. Myohyang-san, 12.1X.1980, 1 9, on grass, Forr6 & Top61 (HNHM). Kaesong City, 29.V11.1982, 1 0, Forr6 & Ronkay (HNHM). Kangwon Prov., Mt. Kumgang-san, 28.1X.1979, 1 9,Steinmann & VAsChelyi (HNHM). Kum-gang, Diamond Mts., 9.VII.1977 1 d, at light, Dely & Dely-Draskovits (HNHM). Pyongyang, Mt.Daesong-san, 17.V.1985, 1 d,1 9, at light, Vojnits & Zombori (HNHM), Ryongak-san, 31.V.1985, 1 d,Vojnits & Zombori (HNHM). South Hwanghae Prov., Haeju, Mt. Suyong-san, 16.X.1987, 1 0, at light, Korsos & Ronkay (HNHM). South Pyongan Prov., Mt. Lyong-ak-san, 15 km W. Pyongyang, 9.IX. 1980, 1 d Ford & Top61 (HNHM). Micromus timidus Hagen, 1853 A very widely distributed species in the Afrotropical, Oriental, Australian and Pacific regions. The recent redescription of the holotype of Micromus kapuri (Nakahara, 1971) reported by MAKARKIN (1994) shows that this Indian species is conspecific, and a new synonymy is proposed: Micromus timidus HAGEN,1853: 48 1 = Micromus kapuri (NAKAHARA, 197 1: 11) n.syn. Described as Eumicromus kapuri Nakahara, 197 1

STUDIED MATERIAL: CHINA: Kanton, Hotel Nanhu, 6.1V.1962, 1 d W.Wittmer (HNHM). MALASYA: Sarawak, Batang Ai Nat.Park, Engkari River, E.Bandar Sri Amman, 19-20.11, 1 Q H.Zette1 (NMW). PHILIPINNES: Mindoro or., Baco S.W., Calapan, Hidden Paradise, 20-21.XI. 1992, 1 Q H.Zette1 84 MONSERRAT. V. J.

(NMW), Pto. Galera, Sabanng, 10.XI-1.XII.1992, 1 9 H.Zette1 (NMW). TAIWAN: Pingtung Co., Kenting Park, 255 m, 9-15.111.1990, 1 d J.Heppner & H.Wang (FSCA). Wu -Feng, 13.111.1983, 1 d, 1 9, 28.111.1983, 1 9, 3.1V.1983, 1 Q,6.1V.1983, 1 Q, 10.1V.1983, 2 dd,1 9, 14.IV.1983, 1 Q, 18.1V.1983, 1 0,1 9, collected by H. & M. Townes (FSCA, VM). VIETNAM: Mai lam, N.E. Hanoi, 16.1V.1966, 2 dd G.TopB1 (HNHM). Micromus Einearis (Hagen, 1858) A species known from the Southeast of Asia from Sri Lanka to Japan. A lot of arthropod fragments, specially of aphids were present in the peritrophic membranes of many of the studied specimens.

STUDIED MATERIAL: CHINA: Guilin, 7.1V.1962, 4 00, 1 9 W.Wittmer (HNHM). INDIA: Chum, 2.200 m, 12.1V.1967, I d,in wet moss on tree, G.TopiI (HNHM). Kashmir, Srinagar, Ruins of Pari Mahal, 28.V.1967, 1 9, on bushes along a creek, G.Topbl (HNHM). PAKISTAN*: Sost, 2.800 m. 16.VI.1992, 2 99 at light, Csorba & Hreblay (HNHM). TAIWAN: llan Co., 6 km S.Suao, 14.X.1984, 1 9 J.B.Heppner & H.Wang (FSCA). Kaohsiung Co., Liukuei, Shanpin For., 750 m, 16-23.111.1990, 1 d J.B.Heppner & H.Wang (FSCA). Meifeng, 2.150 m, 15.V.1983, 1 9, 22.V.1983, 2 dd,2 99, 29.V.1983, 1 d,H. & M. Townes (FSCA). Nantou Co., Tayuling, 2.570 m, 15.VI.1982, 1 d J.B.Heppner (FSCA). Taichung Co., Chingshan, 1.100 m. 8-1 1 .V.1989, 1 0,1 9 J.B.Heppner & H.Wang (FSCA). Wu-Feng, 16. 111.1983, 5 dd, 3.1V.1983, 2 66, 1 9, 14.1V.1983, 1 d,299, 18.1V.1983, 1 d H. & M. Townes (FSCA,VM). Wushe, 1.150 m, abundant specimens collected between 111-V.1983, H. & M. Townes (FSCA, VM). PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Mt. S. Tomas, nr.Baguio, 6.5001, 23.XI.1952, 1 9 Townes (FSCA). Micromus calidus Hagen, 1859 A variable species known from the Southeast of Asia from India and Sri Lanka to the Philippines and Japan. It seems to be rather orophylous. A lot of arthropod fragments, especially of aphids were present in the peritrophic membranes of many of the studied specimens. According to the original description (YANG,198lb), the Tibetan species Micromus xia Yang,1981 is conspecific with this species and a new synonymy is proposed: Micromus calidus HAGEN, 1859: 207 = Micromus xia YANG, 198lb: 302 n. syn.

STUDIED MATERIAL: INDIA: Karikal, Pondicherry, XII.1962, 1 d P.S.Nathan (VM). TAIWAN*: Kaohsiung Co., Liukuei, Shanpin For., 750 m, 16-23.111.1990, 1 9 J.B.Heppner & H.Wang (VM). Meifeng, 2.150 m, 3.1V.1983, 1 9 H.Townes (FSCA). Wushe, 1.150 m, 2.1V.1983, 1 d, 19.1V.1983, 1 9, 26.1V.1983, 1 9 H.Townes (FSCA). Micromus numerosus NavBs, 1910 This species is known from Japan, Ryukyu Is., S. Korea, Formosa and China. It is sympatric with M. timidus Hagen,1853 in Taiwan, but differences between both species noted by MONSERRAT (1993) and MONSERRAT & DERETSKY (1999) seem constant. A lot of arthropod fragments, especially of aphids were present in the peritrophic membranes of many of the studied specimens. Journal of Neuropterology 3: 61-97,2000 (2001) 85

STUDIED MATERIAL: TAIWAN: Wufeng, 6.1V.1983, 1 9 H. Townes (FSCA). Wushe, 1.150 m, 23. 111.1983, 1 9 H. & M. Townes (FSCA).

Micromus dissimilis (Nakahara, 1915) This species is known from Japan, Kurile Is., and Sakhalin Is.

STUDIED MATERIAL: JAPAN: Kamikochi, 23.VII.1954, 1 6 H.Townes (VM). Micromus igorotus Banks, 1920 A species known from the Southeast of Asia: Philippines, China, Taiwan, Ryukyu, Thailand and Indonesia. The new specimens agree very much with data reported by MONSERRAT (1993). A lot of arthropod fragments, especially of aphids were present in the peritrophic membranes of many of the studied specimens.

STUDIED MATERIAL: MALAYSIA*: Pasoh Forest Res., Negri Sembilan, 31.1.1980, 1 cf P. & M. Becker (FSCA). TAIWAN: Kaohsiung Co., Liukuei For. Sta., 750 m, 29.IV-3.V.1989, I 6 J.B.Heppner & H.Wang (FSCA). Wu-Feng, 16.111.1983, 1 9, 28.111.1983, 1 @, 2 99, 3.1V.1983, 1 9, 14.1V. 1983, 1 B, 1 9 H. & M. Townes (FSCA,VM). THAILAND: Chiengmari, 24.X.1955, 1 cf leg.? (FSCA). PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Manila P.I., 10.1.1953, 1 $2 H. Townes (FSCA).

Micromus yunnanus (Navhs, 1922) This species is known from China (Yunnan-Fou) and Tibet. The studied specimen agrees very well with the redescription given by MONSERRAT (1990b), and its wings (Fig. 47) and male genitalia agrees with those described by MAKARKIN (1994) for the holotype of Micromus kanoi (Nakahara,1955), a Formosan species previously suggested as synonymy by MONSERRAT (1990b) and MAKARKIN (1994). A new synonymy is proposed: Micromus yunnanus (NAVAS,1922: 25) Described as Phlebiomus yunnanus Navhs, 1922 = Micromus kanoi (NAKAHARA, 1955: 8) n.syn. Described as Idiomicromus kanoi Nakahara, 1955

STUDIED MATERIAL: NEPAL*: Solu Khumbu Himalaya, 5 km E. of Lukla, 3.200 m, 27.VI.1993, 1 cf* (w) Hreblay & Csorba (VM).

Notiobiellinae Nakahara Psectra iniyua (Hagen, 1859) Species widely recorded from Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia (Bali), S. China, Taiwan and Ryukyu lslands. This species seems to have a large degree of variability, not only in the wings pigmentation, but also in the male genitalia 86 MONSERRAT, V. J.

(NAKAHARA,1960a, MAKARKIN, 1993a, MONSERRAT & DERETSKY, 1999). The here mentioned specimens show a paler wings (Fig. 49), and a great variability in the shape and development of the caudal portion of the 9thtergite and in its spiniform processes, even in the same specimen (Fig. 24 a-d). One of these has a extremely particular shape of the caudal portion of the 9'h tergite (Fig. 27) into a similar general genitalia (Figs. 25-32), and forewings are paler and only the first M-CU veinlet is shaded (Fig. 50), not also first subcostal veinlet and adjacent R forming a characteristic triradius (Fig. 49). Sincerely it is

Figs. 24-32. 24: Male caudal processus of Yh tergite in dorsal view of Psectra spp. a: Riniquu (Hagen, 1859) from India, adapted from Monserrat, 1999. b, c, d: Riniqua from Indonesia (Sulawesi). e: Roblicua (Banks,1909) from Indonesia (Flores) adapted from Monserrat, 1989. f: Rdecorata (Nakahara, 1966) from Taiwan. g: flrnaculosa (Carpenter, 1961) from Micronesia (Palau Islands), adapted from Carpenter,l961. h: Rlatilobata New,1988 from New Guinea, adapted from New,1988. 25-32: Psectra sp. (probably Riniquu), male. 25: tip of the abdomen, dorsal, 26: ectoproct, dorsal, 27: caudal processus of 91h tergite, dorsal, 28: IX stemite and apodemes, ventral, 29: parameres, ventral, 30: ditto, lateral, 31: gonarcus, caudal, 32: hypandrium, ventral. Scale in mm. Journal of Neuropterology 3: 61-97,2000 (2001) 87 difficult to describe a new species on the basis of a single specimen, and it is better to wait for new specimens in order to know if such characteres are constant or not. On this particular, some of the described species in this area as: P. externa (Banks, 1909), P. minima (Banks, 1920), P. franzeni (Kimmins, l940), P. mac~llosa(Carpenter, 196l), R irregularis (Carpenter, 196I), or P. latilobata New,1988, and even other better known species as P. obliqua (Banks,1909) or P. decorata (Nakaharql966) show a very similar external and wing characteristics with a very similar male genitalia (Fig. 24 e-h), and probably some of them are no more than variations of the same species induced by the insularity, and surely new synonymies will be proposed in a future. In this line, the species Psectra aflinis described on the basis of a single female from Philippines (Luzon) by BANKS (191 3) agrees at all with the specimens now studied of this species (Fig. 49), and a new synonymy is proposed as follows: Psectra iniqua (HAGEN, 1859: 208) Described as Hemerobius iniquus Hagen, 1859 = Psectra afinis (BANKS, 1913: 219) n.syn. Described as Notiobiella afinis Banks,l913 A lot of arthropod fragments, pollen and fungi spores were present in the peritrophic membranes of some of the studied specimens.

STUDIED MATERIAL: INDONESIA: Sulawesi Utara*, Dumoga Bone N.P., 230 m, 11.1985, I d* (0 24b, w 49) P.Wallace (VM), 8.11.1985, 1 d* (d 25-32, w 50) P.Wallace (VM), ll.VII.1985, 1 d* (24c) P.Wallace (VM),2.XII. 1985, 1 d* (24d) P.Wallace (VM).

Psectra decorata (Nakahara, 1966) Species only known from Taiwan. Only the holotype is known in this species and recently a redesciption of this specimen has reported by MAKARKIN (1994). The characteristic large fuscous black spots over the lower part of the gradate cross vein in forewings (NAKAHARA,1966, MAKARKIN,1994) seems to be a highly variable character. The new specimens do not have such spots and the wings are similar to those of P iniqua (Hagen, 1859). However the presence of preapical dark spots in fore and mid tibiae, and internal preapical projection in the lateral processes of the 9" tergite of the male genitalia (Fig. 24f) seems to distinguish both for the moment as different species. A lot of arthropod fragments were present in the peritrophic membranes of some of the studied specimens.

STUDIED MATERIAL: TAIWAN: Wufeng, 10.IV. 1983, 1 9 H. Townes (FSCA). Wushe, 1.150 m, 16.111.1983, 1 9 H. & M.Townes (VM), 23.111.1983, 1 d H. & M. Townes (FSCA), 29.V.1983, 1 d*H. Townes (VM).

Psectra wilhelmense New, 1988 A Papua New Guinean species, only known by a female specimen, and other female specimen tentatively referred to this species (NEW,1988). Some new 88 MONSERRAT. V. J. studied specimens have been asigned to this species, cause agree well with their external and wings morphology (Fig. 48). The general wings coloration has a certain degree of variability and the male genitalia is reported for the first time (Figs. 33-38). The species has a peculiar venation (Fig. 48) and belongs to the group of Psectra iniqua (Hagen,1859), and it seems specially close to Pdecorata (Nakahara, 1966) 'and P. maculosa (Carpenter, 1961) having their male caudal processus of 9Ih tergite bifurcated (Fig. 34). The caudal processus of ectoproct has 12-13 spiniform setae (Figs. 33, 34). A lot of arthropod fragments, pollen and fungi spores were present in the peritrophic membranes of some of the studied specimens.

STUDIED MATERIAL:

PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Wau, 14.1X.1972, I 0 L.M6czL (HNHM), 17.1X.1972, 1 cf L.M6czL (VM),19.IX.1972, 1 O* ( 0,w) L.M6czBr (HNHM).

Figs. 33-38. Psectra wilhelmense New,1988, male. 33: left half tip of the abdomen, dorsal, 34: ditto, lateral, 35: parameres, ventral, 36: ditto, lateral, 37: gonarcus, caudal, 38: hypandrium, ventral. Scale 0.5 mm.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to extend our most sincere thanks to all the curators and institutions which have allowed us and made possible the sending and study of the examined material. Also, to Jose Luis Gonzhlez, Eulogio Martin and Eduardo Ruiz for the realisation of the included photographs, to J. D. Oswald, H.Holze1 and M.A.Zarazaga for his information and help about nomenclatorial questions, and to Z.Deretsky for her linguistic improvement. Journal of Neuropterology 3: 61-97,2000 (2001)

Figs. 39-41. 39: wings of Henzerohius simulans Walker,1853 (paralectotype of Hemerobius piceus Navis,1925), 40: Hemerobius tolimensis Banks,l910 (type of Hemerobius sumatrunus Navas,1926), 41: Hetnerobiils ricarti NavBs,1925 (type). Graphic scale in mm. MONSERRAT, V. J.

Figs. 42-44.42: wings of Hemerobirrs atrifrons McLachlan,1868, 43: Hemelabi us e-xoterus NavBs, 1936 (neotype), 44: Hemerobius friedeli Aspijck & Aspock, 1966. Graphic scale in mm. Journal of Neuropterology 3: 61-97,2000 (2001)

Figs. 45-47.45:wings of Hemrrobius npatrid~isn.sp. (type), 46: Wesmuelius quettartus (NavBs, 1931), 47: Micronzus yunnurzus (Navas, 1922). Graphic scale in mm. MONSERRAT, V. J

Figs. 48-50.48: wings of Psectra wilhelmense New,1988, 49: Psectra iniqua (Hagen,1859), 50: specimen asigned to Psectra irziqua (Hagen, 1859). Graphic scale in mm. Journal of Neuropterology 3: 61-97, 2000 (2001) 93

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Received: 14.VIII.2000 Accepted: 12.XI.2000 Bibliography of the Neuropterida

Bibliography of the Neuropterida Reference number (r#): 9976

Reference Citation: Monserrat, V. J. 2000 [2001.04.30]. New data on the brown lacewings from Asia (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae). Journal of Neuropterology 3:61-97.

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File: File produced for the Bibliography of the Neuropterida (BotN) component of the Global Lacewing Digital Library (GLDL) Project, 2008.