X REVISIOK OF THE NEARCTIC HEMEROBIIDAE, BEROTHIDAE, SISYRIDAE, POLYS'I'OECHOTIDAE AND DILARIDAE (NEUROPTERA)
Received February 28, 1940 Presented March 13, 1940
The insects treated in this revision are among and Professor H. 13. Hungerford, University of the most typical of the Seuroptera (Planipennia). Kansas. I am under special obligation to Pro- Khen the family Hemerobiidae was established by fessor R. C. Smith, of Kansas State College, for Leach (1815), it included nearly all of the insects the loan of his extensive private collection of these now comprising the order. Since the beginning of insects, and for the opportunity of seeing many the present century, however, and subsequent to small collections sent to him for identification dur- the publication of Banks' "Revision of the Ne- ing the preparation of this revision. I am deeply ~irctic Hemerobiidae" (1905b), various genera grateful to llr. D. E. Kimmins of the British have been removed from the Hemerobiidae and lluseum of Satural History for placing at my placed in separate families. The groips thus disposal the type specimens in the Lfuseum col- formed (Berothidae, Sisyridae, Polystoechotidae, lection, and for making detailed comparisons with Dilnridae) have little in common with the re- Illclachlan's types, which were received at the stricted family Hemerobiidae; but in order that RIuseum after my visit there in 1938. As on the scope of the present revision be kept identical previous occasions I am indebted to Professor nith that of Banks', these families have also been Banks for many helpful suggestions and criticisms. included. The morphology of the Xeuroptera in general During the course of this revisional study, I and of most of the families occurring in the Ne- have examined somewhat more than eight thou- arctic region has been extensively treated by Kil- sand individuals of the families mentioned. Apart lington, in his excellent monograph of the British from the specimens in the Museum of Comparative Neuroptera (1936). I have accepted in this re- Zoology, nearly all of these have been loaned to vision the terminology and homologies proposed rile by the following individuals, to whom I am by him for the abdominal structures and most indebted for their cooperation: RIr. E. P. Van other parts of the body. hly interpretation of Duzee, California Academy of Sciences; Dr. J. the wing venation, however, is slightly different. .\IcDunnough, Canadian Department of Agricul- Killington has followed Comstock's conclusions tme; hlr. A. B. Gurney, United States National (1918) in his account of the venation of the Yeur- .\Iuseum; Professor Franklin Sherman, Clemson optera; but I believe the evidence now available College, South Carolina; Dr. C. S. Brimley, North requires us to modify these. Martynov has dem- Carolina Department of Agriculture; Dr. Richard onstrated (1928) that in the existing Neuroptera Dom, Xew England hluseum of Katural History; the anterior branch of the media of both fore Dr. F. E. Lutz, American Museum of Natural and hind wings is part'ially coalesced with the History; Dr. H. H. Ross, Illinois St,ate Natural radius or with the stem of the radial sector (Rs), History Survey; Professor C. E. &lickel, University so that IT-hatappears to be the last (most proximal) of hlinnesota; Dr. Hugo Rodeck, University of branch of Rs is really part of the media, probably Colorado; Dr. C. B. Philip, Hamilton, hIont,ana; the anterior media of Lameere's terminology Dr. R. B. Friend, Connecticut Agriculture Experi- (1922). Martynov's views have been substantiated ment Station; Professor C. P. Alexander, Illnssa- by evidence secured during the past ten years chusetts State College, Mr. J. N.Knull, Ohio State and have been applied by Tillyard (1932) and Cniversity; Dr. L. P. TVehrle, University of Ari- Carpenter (1935) to several groups of Neurop- zona; Dr. Hugo Kahl, Carnegie hluseum; Mr. J. tera. Since I believe that Mart'ynov's interpreta- I.G. Rehn, Academy of Satural Sciences, Phila- tion will eventually be accepted by neuropterists delphia; Dr. W. T. XI. Forbes, Cornell University; in general, it has been used here. This interpreta- 194 CARPESTER tion, as applled to the Hemerobiidae and related this cross-vein has nearly or entirely disappeared families, may be summarlzed as follo~vs: by shortening, co that Rs is in actual contact Fore wing: the basal part of MA, as it leaves nith R1. The position of this cross-vein varies -1.I before coalescing with R1, can be seen in many greatly In the different genera; in Kimminsia it Hemerobiidae and related families; it 1s the faint, is proximal to the separation of ;\fA from Rs (or obliquely transverse vein ("basal cross-veln") of the connecting cross-vein), whereas in all other which has been used by Banks and others in the genera, so far as I am aware, it is distal to that taxonomy of certain genera. In some species (e.g. Hemerobius conjunctus Fitch, H. dorsatus iilthough the families treated in this paper do Banks) MA coalesces with R for a very short dis- not form a natural group by themselves, they do tance, the basal piece of MA joining R nearly as belong to one superfamily, Ilemerobioidea, as de- far distad as the point of separation of 11.4 from fined by Tillyard (1926). Since nearly all of the R. In other species (e.g. H. humulinus Linn.) Nearctic Neuroptera are referable to the Hemer- 1IA coalesces with R for a greater interval, the obioidea, I include here a key to the families. basal piece of hf-4 joining R near the base of the wing. In still other species, which apparently represent a more advanced state of this evolution, hlA coalesces with R from the very base of the 1. Fore legs raptorial ...... Mantispidae wing, no free part of RIA being discernible. In Fore legs cursorial ...... 2 most Hemerobiid genera (apparently all except 2. Fore wings with two or more branches of Rs aris- ing from the apparently fused stems of Rl and Henlerobius) there is a transverse vein present Rs ...... 3 bet~veen1IA and i\BP, shortly after the furcation Fore wings with all branches of Rs arising from of 11fP. It is my conviction that this is a true a single Rs stem ...... 4 cross-vein and not the basal part of 1IA, because 3. Antennae of male pectinate; ovipositor exserted in several such species the latter is often visible and long ...... Dilaridae at the very base of the wing. In certain genera Antennae of male moniliform or filiform; on- of Hemerobiidae and related families the proximal positor not exserted ...... Hemerobiidae branch of Rs has apparently migrated basally 4. Fore wing with recurrent humeral vein and has also become partially fused with RIA; this Polystoechotidae is the case in some species (and some specimens Fore wing without recurrent humeral vein ....5 of all species) of Sympherobius, ?\legalomus, Sisyra, 5. Cross-veins of costal area forked in fore wing Berothidae' Psectra, etc. Cross-veins of costal area not forked in fore Hind wing: the coalescence of MA with Rs is wing ...... 6 more obvious here than in the fore wing. The 6. Sc and R1 free distally; gradate veins present basal piece of MA (termed the r-m cross-vein by Chrysopidae Comstock) is usually longitudinally placed (except Sc and R1 coalesced distally; gradate veins in Berothidae) , not transversely. In many species absent ...... Sisyridae of nearly all genera of Hemerobiidae 1IA is not actually coalesced with Rs but is only joined to it by a cross-vein. This apparently represents a Antennae moniliform, multisegmented, usually more generalized condition than the true coales- nearly as long as the fore wing, the first segment cence, the latter being the result of the shortening enlarged; ocelli absent. Prothorax much broader and subsequent elimination of the cross-vein. In than long, with the lateral margins prolonged into certain genera of Hemerobioidea the coalescence a lobe. Legs cursorial; all coxae well developed of Rs and MA exhibits unusual features. In and free, the fore coxae especially long and slender Abdomen cylindrical or nearly so; tenth tergite of Climacia the coalescence takes place nearly at the male divided into two lateral plates, the ano! middle of the wing, instead of close to the base plates; tenth sternite forming an internal plate, of the wing; and in Lomamyia the basal part of hIA is transverse, as in the fore wing. In most Navas (1919) has described as a Berothid a species from Patagonia (Naizema patagonica) which has a of the true Hemerobiidae (apparently all except recurrent humeral vein in the hind wing as well Psectra) the radial sector, shortly after its origin, as in the fore. It is probable that further study of is joined to R1 by a cross-vein, termed in this this species will indicate that its affinities are really paper the basal radial cross-vein. In Hemerobius with another family. A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC HERIEROBIIDAE 195
consisting of a median bridge, connecting the two lasts from five to twelve days usually, but it may lateral, wing-like expansions (wings); the aedeagus extend over the winter in some species. The num- nttached to the bridge distally and supported by a ber of eggs deposited in nature by a single female liledian plate or two paired plates; parameres is not certainly known. Smith has noted that in nell developed, heavily sclerotized. Tenth tergite the laboratory most females lay from thirty to of female divided as in the male, but the plates forty eggs, but recorded one H. humulinus laying differently shaped; eighth sternite reduced, small 460 eggs. Normally the eggs are laid singly, on and heavily sclerotized. leaves, twigs, or bark. Kings subequal. Fore wing: usually having a The larvae are fusiform and look much like those broader costal area than the hind; Sc terminating of the Chrysopidae, but differ in having a smaller on the costal margin, with a series of forked vein- head, shorter body, and no pulvilli in the second lets connecting it to the costal margin; Rs and and third instars. They are not trash carriers R1 coalesced even beyond the points of origin of llke many Chr)-sopids.Vhe larvae are very several of the branches of Rs, these branches aris- active in all instars, and run rapidly, jerking the ing from the common stem of R1 and Rs head from one side to the other as they do so. (R1+ Rs) ; Rs with from two to many branches; The terminal segment of the abdomen is often anterior media (MA) coalescing with stem uhed to aid in walking and especially in climbing. Rl + Rs for a short distance and arising from The head is very small in proportion to the rest rliis stem as a branch of Rs. Hind wing: with a of the larva; the eyes contain six elements and narrow c,ostal space, containing unbranched vein- are located directly behind the antennae; both lets; Rs not coalesced with R1 beyond the origin antennae and labial palpi are three-segmented; all of any branches of Rs, as in fore wing; MA thoracic segments are large, the larva being coalesced with Rs for a short interval, usually broadest across the metathorax and first abdominal oiily touching it; Rs, shortly after it's separation segment; the abdomen consists of ten segments; from M.4 is connected with R1 by a cross-vein, the legs are subequal and have a single tarsal which is somet'imes so very short that Rs itself segment. As in all other Seuropterous larvae is in actual brief contact with Rl. (Planipennia) the mandibles and maxillae are Tery few observations have been made on the elongate and grooved, and are fitted together so life history and general biology of the Searctic as to form a canal leading to the pharynx. The Hemerobiidae. Of the fifty Nearctic species of true mouth is non-functional; in fact, immediately rhe family t'he life-history of only six is known: after the larva has hatched from the egg, the Hemerobius pacificus Banks (Yloznette, 1915); integument of the head extends over the mouth H, humulinus Linn. (Smith, 1923; Killington, and is subsequently withdrawn into the oral cavity, 1937); lllicromus posticus Hagen (Smith, 1923); which is then permanently closed by the inter- JI, subanticus Walker (Smith, 1934) ; Sym- locking of the roof with the floor of the cavity. pherobius amiculus Fit'ch (Smith, 1923) ; S. barberi Liquid food is drawn up through the mandibular Banks (Smith, 1934). Fortunately, t,he life-his- canal into the pharynx by the pumping action lory of the European species has been more of the pharyngeal region. There is no evidence of :horoughly investigated, chiefly by Killington, extra-oral digestion. The digestive tract is blind, ~~ithycombe,and Kimmins. Of the twenty-nine being closed at the posterior end of the mesenteron. species of Hemerobiidae included in Killington's The minute amount of solid food taken in through monograph of the British Neuroptera, t'he life- the mandibular canals is not eliminated until the liietory of eighteen is completely known, while nnnginal stage is reached, ~vhenit is ejected from rhnt of most of the others is partially known. The the anus as a hard pellet, enclosed in a peritrophic iolloning brief account of the biology of the membrane. Liquid excretion in the larva is ac- complished by the Malpighian tubules (usually Henierobiidae is based mainly on the investiga- eight). Some of these are attached to the hind :Ions of Smith in this country and those of Killing- +on, JYithycombe and a few others in Europe. 'The statement made by Sharp (1895) that some The eggs of the Hemerobiidae are elongate-oval, Hemerobius larvae carry trash has been accepted by Comstock in his Introduction to Entomology iron1 .5 mm. to 1 min. long, and usually about tn-ice (1935. p. 297). It is obvious from Sharp's figure of :.long as vvide. In most genera (~.g.,Hemerobius, tlie lal.va, which was reproduced by Comstock, that Iiimiiiinsin) the cllorion is light]!- acl~ll~turetl,but ,I,, insect concerned really a id, not a in llicromus it is smooth. The incubation period Hemerobiid. 190 CARPENTEH
Intestine near the silk reservoir, which is a thln- the head, prothorax and end of the abdomen bend walled sac, opening into the rectum. The fluid do\vnward, and the legs are drawn up. The secreted by the Alalpighian tubules apparently irepupa is entirely unable to walk, or to spin dlffuses through the walls into the silk reservoir another cocoon if it is removed from the first and thence passes into the rectum and anus. one. The re pupal stage may last from several As in nearly all other Neuroptera there are three daya to several months; it is the condition in larval instars, the third being the longest. The which many species hibernate. The pupal stage larval period is usually very short, extending from also may last from ten days to several months twelve to tn-enty-four days; but in the late fall (in hibernation). Just before the adult is ready to the third instar alone may last three weeks. The Issue, the pupa pushes its way out of one end of number of broods annually varies specifically, as the cocoon and climbs to a place suitable for well as geographically in one species. Killington emergence. has found that the number is from one to four in The adults are usually crepuscular or even noc- the British Hemerobiids. One European species turnal, so that light traps provide an effective of Hemerobius (stigma) has a succession of broods, means of collecting them. They live for several ~v~thoutany definite break between them, the months in nature, the females surviving for a adults being found on the wing during all months longer time that the males. Both Klllington and of the year. In the case of the Nearctic species Wlthycombe have had representatives of several of TI-hich there are extensive collecting data, I genera alive in the laboratory for two months. have been unable to find any breaks (exclusive There are no definite records of inactive hiberna- of the minter months) in the records of the adult tion in the adult condition. The imagines are captures; this is true even of the data obtained predaceous, feeding essentially on the same food from any one state or similar area. I am inclined as taken by the larvae; the jaws, however, are to believe, therefore, that there is a succession of fitted for chewing, so that solid food is consumed. broods in most of our species of Hemerobiids, the Three specimens of a RIegalomus studied by Kil- adults emerging continuously from the spring lington consumed an average of 315 female aphid- through the fall. ids each during the nine weeks of their existence. All Hemerobiid larvae are carnivorous, feeding The adults of Hemerobius stigma were found by on a variety of small, soft-bodied insects, especially Laidlow (1936) to devour on the average fifteen plant-lice. Some larvae show a definite host thousand eggs and nymphs of Adelges in about preference; this is indicated by the fact that such two 'months. Copulation takes place usually at larvae are found only (or chiefly) on certain species night, the two insects being arranged in a linear of plants, with which particular species of aphidids position. Klllington has described in some detail are associated. The larvae are capable of de- the process of mating in Sympherobius fuscescens vouring a surprisingly large number of such small (1931a) : when in the presence of the female, the insects. One larva of Hemerobius reared by male runs actively about, with antennae vibrating Withycombe (1925) consumed 79 aphidids during and with the fore wings extended horizontally; on its development; and larvae of Kimminsia and actually meeting the female, the male beats 111s r\legalomus were found by Killington to eat from antennae against hers for a moment, then swings 75 to 96 of the plant-lice. The highest record of about in a semi-circle and effects copulation. I11 food consumed is given by Laidlow (1936), who this species the female regularly eats the spermato- estimates from several experiments that one larva phore extracted from the male after pairing. The of Hemerobius stigma devoured on the average same behavior has been observed in other families three thousand eggs and nymphs of an adelgid. of Neuroptera (e.g., Sisyridae) by Withycombe At the end of the last (3rd) instar the larva (1923). In most Hemerobiidae the female, after seeks a sheltered place, such as a crevice in bark, mating, usually curves the abdomen forward be- and there spins a cocoon. The silk is exuded from tween the legs and brings the tip of it in contact the anus, the three terminal segments of the ab- ~vith her mouth, suggesting the presence of a domen being greatly stretched during this process. spermatophore, though none has been observed A very loose, outer frame of the cocoon is first except in Sympherobius. Nost of the Hemer- made, and then the inner cocoon, which is com- obiidae, and perhaps all, respond to a disturbaii~e posed of an open mesh of strands. The prepupal during the day by feigning death. stage begins shortly after the cocoon is completed; Nothing is known of the parasites of the Kearc- A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC HEMEROBIIDAE 197 tic Heinerobiidae. Killingt'on, however, has ac- peculiarity exists in about 9570 of the specimens of cumulated much informat,ion about parasitism in the species mentioned and it is a convenient one rhe European species. Kearly all of the parasites to use in a speclfic key; but it is certainly not Jre Hymenoptera, these attacking the larvae. constant enough for generic purposes. H. neva- The degree of parasitism varies considerably in densis furnishes a case in point. Thls specles is rlie different species. Killington records that six a synonym of H. simulans Walker (which Kruger hundred Hemerobius larvae collected in 1932 places in Hemerobius) ; the unique type of neva- .honed only .5C/, parasitism, whereas two hundred densis has the basal piece of LIA half-way be- ;)repupae of Wesmaelius collected during the same tween the basal position (as in humulinus) and the !e.ir had a parasitism of 6%. The larvae are distal posltlon (as in conjunctus). ,ilso attacked by a disease similar to flacherie 3. Reuterobius (genotype, Hemerobius pini I K~thycombe,1923). Stephens, European) included several Palaearctic The generic classification of the Hemerobiidae and one Nearctic species, H. cockerelli Banks. iv,r,< originally based upon their wing venation and The latter is a synonym of conjunctus (var. pini- the genera vihich have been long-established show dumus) which Kruger places in Hagenobius. The 111'1rked venational differences. It is significant genus was apparently based upon a more distal ,iLo that such genera likewise exhibit striking dif- positlon of the basal piece of -1IA than was sup- wrences in genital structure. A few neuropterists, posed to occur in Hagenobius. Such a position of notably Kruger (1922b), have subsequently at- this vein, however, does occur frequently in both raiipted to divide these into many other genera, dorsatus and conjunctus. but In nearly all cases the peculiarities indiqated 4. Pleomegalomus (genotype, Megalomus pictus .ire e~thervery trivial or variable within the spkcies Hagen, European) included one Nearctic species, concerned. Of Kruger's nine genera which in- Af. latus Banks. The latter, however, is a synonym clude Searctic species, the following eight are of Megalomus moestus Banks, which Kruger places clearly not valid : in ilIegalomus. There is no mention in Kruger's 1. Schneiderobius (genotype, Hemerobius nitidu- paper of the reason for the new genus, but it lirs Fabr., European) was established to include obviously involves another variable characteristic. .everdl Palaearctic and three Nearctic species, 5. Eurobius (genotype, Sympherobius elegans itioestus Banks, simplex Banks, and kolzaneeanus Stephens, European) was erected for several Euro- Currie. It is not obvious just what characteristics pean and one Nearctic species, perparvus -1IcLach- rrere supposed to be peculiar to these ~pecies;~Ian. These \yere separated from the other but since moestus and simplex are synonyms of Sympherobius apparently on the basis of the at~grnaterusFitch, which Kruger placed in Hem- structure of the radial sector, which is very vari- erobius, it is certain that these characteristics do able, however, in all the species of the genus. not hold. 6. Stenomicromus (genotype, Micromus paganus L Hagenobius was based upon five Kearctic Linn., European) included, in addition to the geno- zpecies: Hemerobius citrinus Hagen (genotype), type, one Xearctic species, M. montanus Hagen. H. hyalinatus Fitch, H. conjunctus Fitch, H. dor- Although it is true that paganus and montanus sattts Banks and H. nevadensis Banks. These resemble each other more than they do other :pecies were apparently segregated because the llicromus, there are no genital or other marked had piece of MA (as int,erpreted above) is closer differences common to them. to the point of separation of MA from R than it 7. Pseudomicron~us was established for the IS in most other species of Hemerobius. This single Holarctic species, Micromus angulatus Stephens. There are minor venational differences 31iriiger's '(monograph" of the Hemerobiidae was between this and the other Nearctic and Palaearc- never completed, though the published part (Stett. Ent. Zeit.! 1922. 83: 138-172) bears the subtitle, "1. tic species of hlicromus, but they are no greater Yergleichende Untersuchung des Geaders und Tor- than those existing between other species of the liiufige ffbersicht und Mitteilung", and ends with genus. The same statement applies to the genitalia. the statement. "Fortsetzung im nachsten Band." 5. Paramicromus was erected for the Nearctic Formal descriptions of his new Hemerobiid genera ;lIicromus posticus Hagen, though Kruger took nwe not included in the published section, and it is for the genotype insipidus Hagen, tvhich has long iiifficult to determine from his anatomical discussion on what characteristics he intended to base his been recognized ns a synonym of posticus. There eenera. is no explanation given for this generic change, apart from the indication that the number of inner at llumeral angle; txo branches of Rs arising gradate veins differs by one or two from the num- from the stem of R1 + Rs, one proximally and ber in other 1Iicromus. Kruger apparently had one distally ...... Psectra (p. 251) only one specimen of posticus, or at most only a Genus Hemerobius Linn. very small series, for the number of inner gradate veins is very unstable and far exceeds the generic Hemerobius Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Sat., 1: 29; limits set by him. In addition to these invalid Ranks, 1905, Trans. hmer. Ent. Soc., 32: 29; genera Kruger also erected the genus Wesmaelius Killington, 1937, Alonogr. Brit. Neuropt., 2: 1. for several European species and the Nearctic Schneiderobius Icriiger, 1922, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 83: Iongifrons Banks and its synonym transversus 171. Banks, all of which had previously been placed in Hagenobius Kruger, 1922, ibid., 171. Boriomyia Banks (1905b, nec 1904a). As Killing- Reuterobius Kruger, 1922, ibid., 171. ton points out, Wesmaelius is separated from Borio- Fore wing: oval or suboval, sometimes almost myia not only by the wing differences mentioned subtriangular; costal area usually broadened a by Kruger, but also by differences in the genitalia short distance from the base; recurrent humeral and immature stages. I have accordingly fol- vein present; costal veinlets forked; 2 or eome- lowed Killington in accepting this genus as valid. times 3 branches of Rs arising from stem R1 + RB The family Hemerobiidae has a world wide dis- (not including MA); basal part of MA usuall!. tribution. In the Kearctic region the species of near the base of wing, occasionally more distal. the family are more numerous in the northern near the point of separation of MA from Rs; t~o part and at high altitudes than in the southern series of gradate veins, with five or more in outer part and at low altitudes. The fifty species of series. the family occurring in the Nearctic region are Hind wing: Rs having very slight contact )nth referable to nine genera, which may be distin- hlil, often connected by a cross-vein; Rs, ehortl! guished by the following key: after separating from RIA, diverges anteriorly and touches or very nearly touches R1; basal part ot 1. Fore wing with recurrent humeral vein ...... 2 Fore wing without recurrent humeral vein ... .7 11-4 conspicuous, not usually sigmoidal; furcation 2. Not more than four outer gradate reins in the of LIP distal of the point of separation of 11.1 fore wing ...... Sympherobius (p. 227) from Rs; two series of gradate veins present, 1~1th Five or more outer gradate veins in the fore five or more in outer series. wing ...... 3 ,4n$ plates of male well developed, each givin; 3. A conspicuous cross-vein present in the fore wing rise to a dorsal and ventral lobe or process; tenth between MA and R5 (or R4 +5) near the sternite ~viththe form characteristic of the famil:. latter's origin ...... Wesmaelius (p. 225) the lateral plates well developed; paramerer No such cross-vein present ...... 4 separate. Anal plates of female rounded; eighth 4. Rs of hind wing either in contact with RI shortly after its separation from MA or joined to R1 sternite without the median sclerotized plate prei- by a cross-vein, which is far proximal to the ent in Kimminsia. origin of R5 (or R4 + 5) ...... 5 Genotype : Hemerobius humulinus Linn.4 The Rs of hind wing joined to R1 by a long (usually) strict application of the rules contained in the cross-vein, which is very close or even distal International Code of Zoological Nomenclaturr to the origin or R5 (or R4 + 5) would require the recognition of perla as the geno- Megalomus (p. 239) type of Hemerobius, thus synonymizing t'he genur 5. A weak cross-vein present in fore wing between Chrysopa and the family Chrysopidae. The Com- MA and MP1 + 2 shortly after the latter's mittee on Generic Names of the Royal Entomo- origin ...... 6 logical Society of London has proposed (Generic No such cross-vein present Hemerobius (p. 198) 6. Basal radial cross-rein in hind wing proximal to the 4The generic name Hemerobius was establislied separation of MA from Rs Kimminsia (p. 214) by Linnaeus for a group of species now relegated to Basal radial cross-rein in hind wing distal to the a variety of genera and families. One of the species separation of MA from Rs Bom'omyia (p. 243) listed by Linnaeus (perla) was cited by Latreille 7. Fore wing with costal space abruptly narrowed (1810, Consid. gen. Anim. Crust. Arach. Ins.: 435 at the humeral angle; three or more branches as the genotype of Hemerobius. Perla was ais? of Rs arising from stem R1 + Rs designated by Leach (1815) the genotype of Chry- hlicromus (p. 245) opa, and that usage has unfortunately been follorrec Fore wing with costal space gradually narrowed almost without exception until the present time. A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC HEMEROBIIDAE 199
Sames of British Insects, part 4, pp. 65-80, 1937) wing markings, which are almost entirely confined dint the International Commission of Zoological to the fore wing, are subject to much greater varia- Xomenclature promulgate an Opinion suspending tlon than has been supposed. In most species the rhe rules of priority in the case of these generic inarklngs are of the same fundamental type, i.e., n:iines. In anticipation of that Opinion, I have brownish maculations distributed over the entire used the name Hemerobius in this paper as it wing; but in many species the markings are un- Iias been employed in the past by nearly all en- usu:il because of their intensity in certain areas tomologists. H. humulinus was designated the of the wing (e.g., bistrigatzis). Senotype by Banks (1905b). 2. Wing structure. (Figure 1.) The shape of The egg is minutely sculptured. The larvae are the wing is surprisingly constant and provides like those of Kimminsia and Wesmaelius, having the only distinction between certain species, apart the third antenna1 segment much longer than the from the genitalia (e.g., pacificus and ovalis, n. first. sp.). The shape of the costal space is very nearly The Nearctic species of the genus have been the same in most members of the genus, but in clnsified in the past on a variety of characteris- rlcs, such as color of the head, the place of origin nt the branches of Rs, the position of the last ,nner gradate vein, etc. A checking of these character~stics with the genital structure in the .everal thousand specimens which have passed illrough my hands has shown that mdst of them ~arygreatly ~vithin the species, and that they ire consequently of much less taxonomic value riinn has been supposed to be the case. The fol- !owing summary indicates the taxonomic charac- teri:tics which have been used in this paper and the extent to which they may be relied upon in general. 1. Color. The color of the body as a whole is iiecldedly variable, especially in dried specimens. In lnost species the color varies from light to dark FIGURE1. Wing venation of Hemerobius stigmater- I~ronn. Nevertheless there are extreme condi- us Fitch. Sc, subcosta; Rl, radius; R2, R3, R4 + 5, riol~spresent in certain species; thus normal speci- branches of radial sector; MA, anterior media; MP, lnens of pacificus Banks are much lighter as a posterior media; Cul and Cu2, branches of cubitus; dlole than those of nigrans n. sp., in which the b, basal part of MA; r, basal radial cross-vein. botl!. is nearly black. The color of the pronotum snd mesonoturn is especially helpful in the ready a fen-, as costalis and nigrans, n, sp., it is suf- determination of certain species; in nearly all ficlently different and constant to enable easy Hemerobius these nota are traversed longitudinally recognition of the species. The wing venation is by a median, yellowish stripe, bordered laterally hlghly variable and many of the venational char- l~ydark brown; but in a few species (e.g. stig- acteristics formerly regarded as specific are clearly ttiaterus) the median stripe is reduced to a very individual, e.g., the position of the last inner thin line or is completely absent. The color of gradate vein of the fore wng. There are two the wing membrane (apart from the markings) venational features, ho~vever, which seem to be is ~lsovery variable. In nearly all of our species bpecifically constant and which are of the greatest oi Hemerobius there is a persistent tendency for use in the key. One of these is the position of the .he wings to be slightly reddish; this is almost basal piece of the anterior media (MA) or the 31n.ays visible in the pterostigmal region, but it of the European Chrysopa carnea Steph., which often spreads over the entire wing, as in many hibernates in the adult state, the imagines of the specimens of stigmaterus and bistrigatus.5 The last brood change from green to reddish brown as winter approaches, the entire insect assuming a red- 'Thrre seems to be no correlation between these dish hue. With the ret,urn of warm weather in ~:ioli~qsperinirns and seasonal temperature or alti- spring the reddish color disappears and the insect .::de. but according to Killington (1936) in tlie case becomes green again. 2c0 CARPENTER basal cross-vein of Banks' terminology. 111 most, An unusuall) estenslve aynonymy of the Kearc- of the Searctic species this vein is close to the tic species has been created. In this revislon base of the wing (e.g., humulinus Linn.), but in twenty-one species have been placed in synonymy sevcral (e.g., conjunctus, dorsatus) it is further ~iththe nine valid ones which have previously distal, nearly at the point of separation of MA been described." from Rl + Rs. The position of this vein is con- The follo~ving key to the Searctic species of stant in all but two or three per cent of the speci- Hemerobius has been based on wing and body mens; in these few exceptions it is more or less characteristics which may be determined without intermediate in position. The other characteristic dissection of the specimens. I have found it suf- mentioned is the point of origin of the first branch ficient to give accurate determinations in about of Cul in the fore wing. In most species this is ninety-nine per cent of the individuals. far distal to the m-cu cross-vein, but in some (e.g., dorsatus) it is at or very nearly at the cross-vein. The exceptions to this do not exceed two per cent 1. Costal area of fore wing very abruptly broadened of the specimens, so that this structure, like the basally ...... costalis, n. sp. (p. 213) foregoing one, is very useful as a key characteris- Costal area of fore wing not abruptly broadened tic, even though it is not an absolute criterion of basally ...... 2 the species concerned. 2. Cul in fore wing forked at or nearly at the m-cu cross-rein .3 3. Genitalia. The male genitalia provide the ...... Cul in fore wing not so deeply forked ...... 1 most stable and distinctive specific ~haract~eristics. 3. Basal piece of MA in fore wing near or at tlie In all of the species of the genus the male genitalia point of separation of MA from R1 + Rs; no are alike in fundamental structure, so that there is conspicuous dark spot at m-cu cross-rein no difficulty in homologizing the parts. The form dorsatus Banks (p. 211) of the distal processes of the anal plates is helpful Basal piece of MA in fore wing near the base oi in a few species only, for in most the plates are . the wing; a conspicuous dark spot at m-cu similar. The parameres also are so nearly alike cross-vein ...... simulnns Walker (p. 212) that I have been unable t'o find specific charac- 4. Basal piece of MA in fore wing at or near tlie teristics in them. The ninth sternite and the point of separation of MA from R1+ Rs ...5 Basal piece of M.4 in fore wing near the base aedeagus furnish the best differences. In the of wing or absent ...... 6 figures of the genitalia I have given two views, 5. Fore wings heavily marked along Cul and inner one lateral and one dorsal, the internal structures gradate veins heing indicated by dotted lines within the anal conjunctus var. conjunctus Fitch (p. 209) plates and the ninth sternite. The terminal ab- Fore wings with faint markings along Cul or dominal segments of the female are very much entirely without them alike in our species and I have found them of no conjunctus var. piniclumus Fitch (p. 2111 tasonoinic value, although Killington observed a 6. Fore wings with two nearly longitudinal, reddish slight difference in the form of the anal plates brown streaks, one along Cul and the otlier in the British species. along MA and R4 bistrigntus Currie (p. 20s) Fore wlngs with maculations or transverse band. Hemerobius is a widely distributed genus, oc- only ...... i curring in Europe, Africa, most of Asia, Java, 7. Frons mottled with dark brown spots on liglit the Philippines and both Sorth and Sout,h America. brown or yellow .... .ulpest,.is Banks (p. 2071 Tn-elve species are found within the n'earctic Frons uniformly colored or nearly so, no! region, and it is probable t'hat a few undescribed mottled ...... 5 species will eventually turn up from the north- 8. Costal space very narrow for its whole lengtl~ western states. Two of t'he Nearctic species only slightly widened above separation of 111 from R1 Rs Ci (humulinus, simulans) are Old World insect's, oc- + ...... Costal space at least moderately widened above curring in Europe and parts of Asia; eight species separation of MA from R1 + Rs ...... 10 (costalis, n. sp., conjunctus, simulans, nigrans, n. 9. Maculations of fore wing uniform; no pronounced sp., koka~zeeanus,ovalis, n. sp., dorsatus, alpestris) markings along Cul and inner gradate vein?: are restricted to the northern part of the Nearctic body and frons black or nearly so region or to high altitudes in the south; only two nigrans, n. sp. (p. 20:' species (humulinus, stigmaterus) occur over all This does not include the European synonymy or nearly all of the region. of the two Holarctic species. 4 REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC HERIEROBIIDAE 20 1
~laculationsof fore wing along Cul and inner hyaline, with numerous light, grey-brown macula- gradates; body and frons brown tions; gradate veins at least lightly margined, kokn~seeartusCurrie (p. 206) usually brown and very conspicuous; only a small 10. Outline of distal half of fore wing not symmetrical spot at the m-cu cross-vein, this spot being nearly with respect to the longitudinal axis of the always confined to the junction of the cross-vein wing ...... pacificus Banks (p. 203) with Cu; first fork of Cul not extending to m-cu; Outline of distal half of fore wing symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis of the basal piece of MA near base of wing; two branches wing ...... ll of Rs usually arising directly from R1 + Rs, the 11. Fore wing rather slender. apex pointed, median distal one ordinarilv with only two main forks. longitudinal stripe on pronotum very thin or Hind wing: hyaline, without maculations. Anal absent ...... stigmaterus Fitch (p. 202) plates of male large, the upper process much larger Fore wing broad, apex more or less rounded . .12 than the lower, and possessing a prominent distal 12. Hind margin of fore wing strongly curved spine, which gives the appearance in lateral view humulinus Linn. (p. 201) Hind margin of fore wing only moderately curved ovalis, n. sp. (p. 205)
Hemerobius humulinus Linn.7 Figure 2; plate 1, figure 1 Ht tnei ohms llumult?lus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Fat., PCI 10, 1 : 550; Killington, 1937, 1LIonogr. Brlt. Seuropt , 2 : 5 (complete European synonymy). Hr tTielobzus humulz Llnnaeus, 1'761, Fauna sueclca, 3S3, Walker, 1853, List Spec. Neuropt. Ins. Brit. Mus, 2: 286; McLachlan, 1868, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1868: 180; Banks, 1905, Trans. Amer. Ent Soc, 32: 32. Hrr~le~obluscastaneae Fitch, 1856, 1st and 2nd Re11 Inb. S.Y.: 94. Hrr~ie~ob/ustutatrzx Fltch, 1856, lbld.: 94. FIGURE2. Hemerobius humulinus Linn. A, ter- H~nie~oblusgossypiz Ashmead, 1895, Ins. Llfe, 7: minal abdominal segments of male, dorsal view; B. 27 same, lateral view; AP, anal plate; AE, aedeagus; Hrtne~oblus algonqutnus Banks, 1924, Bull. Nus. 9T, ninth tergite; 10S, tenth sternite; BR, bridge of Comp. Zool., 65: 429. tenth sternite; W, "wings" of tenth sternite; P, Hrt~leiobzus oblzteratus Walker, 1853, List Spec. parameres. Seuropt Ins. Brit. Alus., 2: 289 FIGURE3. Hemerobius stigmaterus Fitch. A, ter- minal abdominal segments of male (allotype), dorsal Head from light reddish brown to yellow; cheeks view; B, same, lateral view. Lettering as in figure 2. ii?Iow eyes dark brown; vertex the same color as frons; pronotum, mesonotum, and metanotum that the upper process is forked distally; lower a.irh n broad median yellow or very light brown process of tenth tergite greatly reduced; tenth ?+ripe, vides st on mesonot'um, and bordered by sternite small, only slightly broadened laterally; krli brown; abdomen brown above, light brown plates of aedeagus very small, divergent, as seen ls?lon.. Fore wing: length (average), 8 mm.; from above. ~itlth,3.5 mm.; broad, subtriangular, apex pointed, Type: The type of humulinus is missing from s- ienet slightly so; costal space broad proximally; the Linnean collection in London. Since the type vins usually conspicuously spotted; membrane specimen or specimens were from Europe, I have not indicated a neotype, which should also be -The name hzimuli has usually been used for this European. recies in both American and European literature; Distrzbution:s In Canada, hum~clinusis common i.:r,n; Iiillington has pointed out (1931h). the spell- in the eastern provinces, as Nen-foundlancl, Nova an iiiti~~~tliiitiswas given by 1,innaeus in tlie 10th 1758) edition of his "8ystern:r Sat~~rae."Tllr form 'In recording the geographical distribution of tlie 1111tlidid not a1)peu.r in print until 1761. in tli~ species considered in this paper. I have found it im- Fsunci suecica." practicable and usually unnecessary to publish the Scotla, Quebec, and even In Ontario and Manitoba h~d~tated (1861, p. 265) that he beheved Walker's (Russell, Stvan River, Deepdale, Hartney, Llorrls, Georgia bpeclmen to be different from the Euro- Churchlll); but it ib rare in Saskatchewan (In- pean humulnnus, Ashmead named hls species gos- dlan Head, &lay 5, J. de Gruyse), and British sypa. There is notlnng whatever In Ashmead's Columbia (Agasslz, March 17; Vancouver, July, descrlptlon which enables us to recognize any one March). I11 the Unlted States it is common from specles of Hemeroblus, so that our only basls for the Atlantic as far west as about the level of cen- synonymlzlng this nit11 Izumulznus is Ashmead's tral Kansas, and as far south as the level of the identification of 111s specimen as Walker's Georgia southern borders of Tennessee and North Carolina. species, and Walker's determination of the latter I have seen only one specimen from Colorado as hu~nulinus. (Golden), one from Texas (no other data), and Banks' algonquinus was based upon three faded few from Xorth Dakota (Linton, Lake me ti gas he) specimens of humulinus, one a male; the types and South Dakota (Knox). No occurrences are are in the hIuseum of Comparative Zoology. The known to me from any Pacific or Rocky Mountain Identity of obliteratus Walker has been uncertain states, except the one in Colorado, nor from the in the past, and Banks, in his catalogue of the Gulf states except Florida (Fort Mead). The Neuropteroid insects of the United States (1907). adults have been collected from March to October, was unable to place it definitely in any genus. even in the more northern parts of the range. The type, which was from Georgia, is in the H. humul~nusalso occurs in Europe, from Spain British Museum, where I have been able to es- and Corsica in the south to the Arctic Circle in amine it (1938). The species is undoubted! the north (Killington, 1937). humulinus. In general appearance humulinus resembles the western pacificus, and the wing markings of the Hemerobius stigmaterus Fitch two are very similar. The shape of the fore wings Figures 1, 3; plate 1, figure 2 provides the most obvious difference for separat- Hemerobius stigmaterus Fitch, 1853, 1st & 2nd ing the two insects. The costal space of humulinus Rep. Ins. N. Y.: 93; Banks, 1905, Trans. Amer. is broader basally than that of pacificus; the Ent. Soc., 32: 30. posterior margin of the wing is nearly smoothly Hemerobius crispus Walker, in part, (nee crispua curved in humulinus, whereas in pacificus the dis- Stephens) 1853, List Spec. Neuropt. Ins. Brit. tal half of the margin is nearly straight; also the i\Ius'. 2: 288. wing markings (as well as the predominating wing Hemerobius moestus Banks, 1897, Trans. Amer color) are grey in most humulinus but yellow- Ent. Soc., 24: 25; 1905, ibid., 32: 31. brown in pacificus. The anal plates of the male Hemerobius dyari Currie, 1904, Proc. Ent. Soc. of humulinus are unique in possessing an ap- Wash., 6: 85; Banks, 1905, Trans. Amer. Ent. parently forked dorsal process. Soc., 32: 49. There is no question in my mind of the synonymy of Fitch's two species, castaneae and Head reddish brown, frequently dark, face tutatrix, with humulinus. The types of both of usually the same color as the vertex; pronotum these are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, with a very narrow median yellow stripe, or uni- that of the former being a female and of the lat- formly reddish brown; mesonotum and metanotulll ter, a male. The type of gossypii Ashmead is ap- usually uniformly brown, rarely ~vitha narrow. parently lost; at any rate ~t is not in the National median yello~r~stripe; abdomen brown. Fore LIuseum collection. Ashmead identified the species wing: length (average), 8 mm.; width, 3 mnl.: ~viththe one from Georgia which Walker recog- narro~i-ly oval, apex pointed; costal area nar- nized as humulinus (1853, p. 286) ; but since Hagen row basally, widest above separation of MA fron: Rs, flattened or even slightly concave at middle complete collecting data for all specimens. If a of rving; membrane hyaline, but often reddish. species has been taken at various, widely scattered somet'imes strongly so; maculations numerous localities in a state, I have merely listed that state bro~vnor reddish brown, somet'imes very diffuse: as within the range; in such instances the insect probably occurs over all parts of that state which inner gradate veins usually strongly margined. are ecologically satisfactory. If a species has been outer gradates faintly so; pterostigma usually red- found at only a few localities in a state or under dish, more so than in other species; only a snii unusual geographical conditions, I have, of course, spot at m-cu; basal piece of MA at base of win!: given complete collecting data. first fork of Cul not extending to m-cu; tac A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC HEMEROBIIDAE 203
:.rsnches of Rs usually arising from R1 + Rs, apex, extending inward to about the level of the -he outer one ~~ithtwo main forks. Hind wing: first fork of Cul. The color of the pterostigma of :::embrane hyaline, often reddish; pterostigma both fore and hind wings is likewise subject to ,:ru:illy reddish. Anal plates of male wit'h the much variation. In most specimens it is decidedly .iorsal process more prominent than the lower, rufous, especially in those individuals having the ;-;.r!. strongly curved inward, as seen from above; diffuse wing markings; in others the pterostigma nth sternite of moderate size, the bridge pro- of either wing shows no trace of coloration. This ,.iuced into a prominent, rounded papilla, to which characteristic, the color of the pterostigma, is ..re attached the plates of the aedeagus; the latter therefore not a satisfactory diagnostic feature, for, 5enr a large, ventro-lateral tooth proximally. as I have already mentioned, a rufous pterostigma Types: Four females, without locality data, in may occur in almost any of our species of Hem- -he lluseum of Comparative Zoology; one of erobius. .he, the first in the series, I have marked as the The male genitalia, on the other hand, are very :tctotype. Fitch gives no detailed collecting data distinctive. The curvature of the dorsal process :n his description of this species, but states that of the tenth tergite can readily be seen, even with- .he insect is common in "Northern and Western out magnification; and the prominent, rounded Srntes." Allotype, by present designation: Pingree process of the tenth sternite, at the base of the P:~rk, Colorado, August 14, 1934; R. C. Smith, aedeagus, is a very constant and useful taxonomic :ollector; in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. structure. Distribution: This is the most widely distributed The synonymy of stigmaterus is rather extensive, of our Hemerobius, so far as the Nearctic region chiefly because of the variation of the wing mark- :r concerned. Its general range is from Labraaor ings. TWOof the specimens (b, c, "Korth Amer- -0 British Colun~bia in Canada; and across the ica") which Walker (1853) identified as the Euro- -mire Vnited States. I have seen no specimens pean crispus Stephens belong to stigmaterus; this from Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, has been ascertained by Kimmins' publication of I Head with face and vertex yellow to llght unable to locate the other specimen from Olympia. brown, sometimes slightly reddish; pronotum Allotype, by present designation: Corvallis, Ore- usually p nth a wide median yellow stripe, rarely gon, December 10, 1913; in the LIuseum of Com- uniformly light brown; mesonotum mostly yel- parative Zoology. low, bordered laterally by dark brown. Fore Distribution: B R I T I S H C 0 L U 11B I .A; lying: length, 9-10 mm.; width, 3.7-4 mm.; ALASKA (Ft. Yukon, Savonoski) ; ALBERTA broadly triangular; posterior margin more or less (Banff, Laggan); SASKATCHEWAS (Saska- straight for its distal half, not smoothly curved toon); WASHISGTON; OREGON; CALIFOR- as in humulinus; costal area wide, more so basally NIA; UTAH (bIonticello, Logan, Richfield. than in ovalis n. sp.; membrane hyaline, macula- Eureka) ; NEW LIEXICO (Socorro Co., Snnte tions distinctly yellow-brown; gradate veins usually Fe, Los Lunas) ; ARIZONA; COLORADO only faintly margined; spot at m-cu reduced, often (Boulder, Ft. Collins, La Veta Pass, Colorado absent; basal piece of MA at base of wing; first Springs) ; IDAHO (Wallace) ; TEXAS (Ft. Davis. Jeff Davis Co., 5000 ft., Mrs. 0. C. Poling). The adults of this species have been found in mosr of the states and provinces from April through October; but they have also been collected in December, February and March (Oregon; Britisli Columbia) and even January (Seattle, Tlrashinp ton). The general range of this insect is clenrl!, the western part of the Nearctic region, from the Pacific to the eastern limits of the Rocky AIoun- tains; but it is much more common in the Pacific states than further inland. I have seen one speri- men of this species labelled Lincoln, Xebrask~ (April 10, 1908); the determination is certain be- cause the insect is a male, but I am doubtful of the authenticity of the locality data. In its general appearance pacificus resembles humulinus and even more closely ovalis, n, ~p The Tvings of pacificus are broadly triangular, 3s FIGURE4. Hemerobius pacificus Banks. A, ter- in humulinus, but the apical margin has a Yer!. minal abdominal segments of male (lectotype), dorsal different contour (plate 1, figs. 1, 3), the coetsl view; B, same, lateral view. Lettering as in figure 2. area is differently shaped, and the wing markings FIGURE5. Hemerobius ovalis, n. sp. A, terminal are slightly different in color. Pacificus can also abdominal segments of male (holotype), dorsal view; be distinguished from ovalis, n. sp., by t,he shape ol B, same, lateral view. Lettering as in figure 2. the wing, which is broadly and symmetricfill!. rounded apically in t,he latter. The male genitnli.: fork of Cul not extending to m-cu; two branches are like those of ovalis, n. sp., in general form. of Rs usually arising from R1 + Rs, the outer but differ chiefly in the shape and position oi one with two main forks. Hind wing: hyaline, the plates of the aedeagus. without maculations. Anal plates of male with The type ( Q ) of pallescens Currie, from Hull:- the dorsal process much larger than the lower and boldt Co., California, and now in the United State abruptly curved inward distally; tenth sternite National Lluseum, is clearly pacificus. Sarni' of normal size, the lateral extremities not greatly discretus, the type of which was collected :s. extended; plates of aedeagus slender, directed ventrally, not curved when seen in lateral view, Jemez, New Mexico, is probably pacificus. The but curved towards each other, their bases widely type was originally in the Savas collection and i!i separated. present location is unknown to me. No figilri Types: In his description of pacificus Banks accompanies t'he description, and although Sars: mentioned two types, both from Olympia, Wash- states that the insect resembles hyalinatus (pi)'. ington (T. Kincaid). Only one of these, a male, dumus), I doubt very much that he kne\v the is in the 3luseum of Comparative Zoology; this latter species. Xavas describes the prothoras 4i is here designated the lectotype. I have been having a median yellow stripe bordered by reddi specimens of both sexes were collected in Quebec July 19, 1930 (E. C. Van Dyke) ; in the California by different individuals and at different times, Academy of Sciences.-1 9, Laramie, Wyoming, rhe locality data and the determination seem July 5, 1938; in R. C. Smith coll8ction. ro be dependable. Apparently kokaneeanus is In addition to the types, I have seen five other rsentially a northern species which extends across specimens: 1 9 from Longs Peak, Colorado, 9000 Csnada and enters into the United States only ft., July 1, 1926 (E. C. Van Dyke); 19, hlt. ,~thigh alt,itudes. Kaiser, Fresno Co., California, 10,000 ft. (E. P. Van Duzee) ; 1 9, La Veta Pass, Colorado, June Hemerobius nigrans, n. sp. 27; 1 9, Aspen Grove, British Columbia, May 3, 1934; 18, Crabtree Meadow, 10,550 ft., Tulare Figure 7 Co., California, July 29, 1935. Head black, vertex nearly black, wit,h a faint This strikingly marked species is much like ilidication of some brown; antennae grey; prono- 1iol;aneeanus in size and shape of the wings; but ti1111 and mesonotum uniformlv black or very ~t is at once distinguished by the uniformity of dark brown, sometimes a very faint indication of the maculations on the wings and the black color .i thin, lighter, median streak on pronotum; ab- of the body. The male genitalia are remarkable doinen dark brown. Fore wing: length, 6 mm.; for the dorsal extension of the plates of the nidth, 2 mm.; slender, oval, the apex rounded; nedeagus. The species will probably turn up at costal area narrow, much as in kokaneeanus; high altitudes throughout the western states. membrane hyaline, but with many large, dark grey-brown maculations, those around the :inner Hemerobius alpestris Banks zradate veins usually fused to form one or two Figure 8 large spots, though these are no darker than the .iiialler maculations; spot at m-cu of the same Hemerobius alpestris Banks, 1908, Trans. Amer. color as other maculations; basal piece of MA at Ent. Soc., 34: 261. base of wing; 2 branches of Rs arising from stem Head brown, but with face mottled with very Rl+ Rs, the outer one with two main forks; dark brown; one dark stripe between antennae first fork of Cul not extending to m-cu. Hind and two thin vertical stripes on each side of the ~ing:hyaline, but with some indication of a face; clypeus usually very dark brown; rest of brownish tint, occasionally smoky. Anal plates of face light brown or yello~v;vertex usually median ~n'llewith the upper process larger than the lower brown, with a thin stripe of dark brown bordering 2nd bearing distally a conspicuous tooth, which the antenna1 sockets; pronotum usually uniformly is directed inwards; tenth sternite and plates of medium brown, sometimes with a faint indication ,ledeagus large, the former with greatly expanded of a thin, median stripe; mesonotum uniformly estremities and a small dorsal tooth at the ends of brown; abdomen brown. Fore wing : length, the bridge; the plates of the aedeagus extend up- 7 mm.; 3 mm.; broadly oval; costal area very nsrds beyond the tenth sternite, forming a pair of narrow, but abruptly widened above separation processes nearly as long as the rest of the plates; of hlA from Rs; membrane either hyaline or rhese upper processes have several fine teeth dis- somewhat smoky, especially along the posterior tally and along the inner margin; lower part of border; veins brown, maculations medium brown, plates converging, the apices nearly touching be- never dark brown, and of nearly uniform intensity; txeen the plates the tenth sternite projects slightly spot at m-cu nearly absent; basal piece of RIA at in the form of a shallow tooth. base of wing; first fork of Cul not reaching to Holotype ( 8 ) : hft. Lolo, Kamloops, British m-cu; two branches of Rs arising from R1 + Rs, Columbia, June 2, 1938 (J. K. Jacob) in Canadian the outer with two main forks. Hind wing: hyaline rational Collection. Allotype : same collecting or slightly smoky, without maculations. Anal data as holotype; also in Canadian National Col- plates of male with the dorsal process bearing a lection. slender, distinct tooth on the inner margin near Paratypes: 18, with same collecting data as the apex; ventral process much reduced; tenth holotype; 1 9, Clinton, British Columbia, June sternite of moderate size, the lateral extremities 13, 1938 (G. S. Walley) ; 1 $ , Great Alpine Creek, extended forwards and forming a point; plates of Tshoe, California, June 21, 1915 (E. P. Van aedeagus straight from above and nearly straight Duzee); all in the hluseum of Comparative from the side; the bridge extended in the form Zoology.--1 9, Yellowstone Yat. Park, JFTyoming, of a small tooth betrreen the plates of the aedeagus, A REVISION OF THE NEACRTIC HEMEROBIIDAE 209 very yellow. The pterostigma is frequently red- with two main forks. Hind wing: hyaline, with- dish, which was probably responsible for Banks' out maculations. Anal plates of male with the s!.nonymizing bistrigatus with stigmaterus (moes- lower process slender and longer than the dorsal tus). That bistrigatus is distinct from stigmaterus one, which is curved inwards; tenth sternite rather is proven by the difference in the male genitalia. small, the lateral plates not greatly extended; The genital structure of bistrigatus, though very plates of aedeagus widely separated, with a shal- different from that of stigmaterus, is remarkably low tooth between them, and each plate with a similar to that of kokaneeanus; the only very ob- prominent ventral tooth proximally, readily visible noua difference is in the form of the plates of in lateral view. the aedeagus; in kokaneeanus these diverge, Holotype ( $ ) : (no locality data) in the nhereas in bistrigatus they are parallel. This is hIuseum of Comparative Zoology; the specimen a surprisingly trivial difference in view of the great was probably collected in New York, for Fitch, discrepancy in wing markings. in his report on the New York insects, usually Hemerobius conjunctus var. conjunctus Fitch Figure 10 Iiemerobius conjunctus Fitch, 1856, 1st and 2nd Rept. Ins. X. Y.: 94; Hagen, 1861, Synop. Seuropt. N. A.: 203: Banks, 1905, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 32: 35. Hemerobius venustus Banks, 1897, qrans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 24: 25; Banks, ibid., 32: 49. Hemerobius citrinus Hagen, 1861, Synop. Neuropt. S. A.: 204; Kriiger, 1922, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 83: 153. Hemerobius glacialis Currie, 1904, Proc. Ent. qoc. Wash., 6: 88. Hemerobius cazidelli Currie, 1904, ibid., p. 87. Hemerobius kootenayensis Currie, 1904, ibid., p. 88. Hemerobius cockerelli Banks, 1901, Psyche, 9: 286. FIGURE10. Hernerobius conjunctus var. conjunctus Head \?ith face and cheeks dark reddish brown, Fitch. A, terminal abdominal segments of male frequently almost black; vertex yellow or light (holotype), dorsal view; B, same, lateral view. Let- tering as in figure 2. brown, often slightly reddish, but always lighter FIGURE 11, HernerObiuS dorsatus Banks. A, ter- lhon m~& face; antennae liellow; pronoturn, minal abdominal segments of male (lectotype), dorsal mesonotum and metanotum with a wide median view; B, same, lateral view. Lettering as in figure 2. yellow stripe, bordered laterally by dark brown, nhich is usually darker on the pronotum than on mentioned the state in which his specimens were the following segments; abdomen light to dark collected if they were not secured in New York. bro~vn. Fore wing: length, 5.3 to 8 mm.; width, Allotype, by present designation: Baddeck, Cape 3 to 3.5 mm.; oval, slightly pointed; costal area Breton, Nova Scotia, September 14, 1931 (A. G. of moderate width, about as in dorsatus; mem- B. Fairchild). brane hyaline, maculations grey-brown; most of Distribution : LABRADOR ( Hopedale, July, W. the maculations are faint, but a larger and darker W. Perrett) ; NEWFOUNDLAND (St. Johns, spot is present in the region of the fork of MP June) ; QUEBEC (Cascapedia; Seven Isles, July and the first fork of Cul, the latter one being 28; Knowlton, August; Kazubazun, June; Bra- much longer than that of simulans; smaller dark dore Bay, July); NOV.4 SCOTIA (Kentville, spots are also present on Cul distally and along ,June, July; S. RIilford, ,June) ; PRINCE ED- the inner and outer gradate veins, the latter WARD ISLAND (Hampton, August) ; MAINE therefore being heavily and broadly margined; (Mt. Katahdin) ; VERMOST (White Horse, basal piece of MA usually at or near the point ,July 3, H. G, Dyar); NEW HAMPSHIRE (Mt. of separation of hlA from Rs; first fork of Cul Washington; Ossipee hIt., August) ; NORTH not extending to m-cu cross-vein; two branches CAROLINA (Black RIts., June) ; TENNESSEE of Rs arising directly from Rl + Rs, the outer (Nen-found Gap, Smoky llts., September); OT- 210 CARPEKTER TAR10 (Biscotaslng, June-September; Ottawa, aedeagus are unlike those of most of our Hem- April) ; SASKATCHEWAN (Indian Head, June, erobius in that they are widely separated proh- August, J, de Gryse) ; ALBERTA (Lake Louise, imally. The ning markings of var. conjunctus are August 16, 5600 ft., G. S. Walley; Rloraine Lake, very distinctive. The long, dark brown macula- August 1, J. RIcDunnough); BRITISH COLULI- tion on the fore wing, extending from the fork of BIA (Clinton, June 19, 1938, J. K. Jacob; Nelson, RIP to the first fork of Cul, and the heavy spots June 1, A. A. Dennys; Kootenay District, July) ; along Cul and the inner gradates are a combina- ALASK-4 (Healy, June 24, J. A[. Aldrich; Savon- tion not found in other species. The position of iski, Kaknek Lake, July, A. J. Basinger) ; MON- the free part of MA in the fore wing adds to the TASA (No other data); WYOMING (West obvious features of this insect, although that con- Yellowstone, July 16, E. C. Van Dyke) ; COL- dition also occurs in var. pinidumus. In spite of ORADO (Pingree Park, August 14, R. C. Smith; the fact that the position of the free part of h1.i Sherbon, Eagle Co., 7900 ft., August 11, C. Clagg; is subject to some individual variation, in fully Gothic, 9500 ft., July 16, C. P. Alexander; Rocky 90% of the specimens of conjunctus which I have AIt. Kational Park, July 25, H. H. Ross; Berthoud seen this part of the vein is close to its separation Pass, 10,000 ft., July 24, H. H. Ross) ; NEW from Rs. LIEXICO (Las Vegas, August, H. S. Barber; Las An extensive synonymy of var. conjunctus has Vegas Mts., T. D. A. Cockerell; Taos, August 20, been established. The type of cockerelli Banks 1923, R. H. Beamer). (in the Museum of Comparative Zoology) is a This is a northern insect; it is mainly Canadian, male and an examination of its genital structure extending into the United States only along the shows it to be conjunctus. The other species Rocky and Appalachian RIountain ranges. Al- which have been placed above as synonyms of though I have seen a great many specimens of conjunctus are based upon females, with the pos- conjunctus, they have been collected at widely sible exception of citrinus; but their wing struc- scattered localities, which have consequently been ture and markings clearly indicate their specific recorded above. identity. Venustus Banks (type in the Museum This species apparently exists in two forms. of Comparative Zoology) was founded on 3 The typical one (var. conjunctus) is heavily heavily marked specimen of conjunctus and has marked and easily recognized; the other form already been placed in synonymy of the latter by (var. pinidumus Fitch), which is redescribed be- its author (Banks, 1905b, p. 49). Currie's three low, differs in having almost no wing markings species ('glacialis, cnudelli, kootenayensis), the whatever, in addition to being much smaller. types of which are in the United States National Most of the specimens which I have seen of these Rluseum, were based upon unique females col- forms are strikingly different, but I have been lected in the Kootenay District of British Colum- led to regard them only as forms of one species bia, and were separated from previously described for two reasons. In the first place, some of the species on the size (alar expanse greater or less smaller specimens possess definite markings and than 12 mm.), or on the position of one of the more or less grade into the typical conjunctus; gradate veins, or on the position of the point oi and secondly, the male genital structure of the forking of the "third radial sector." These vena- two is absolutely identical, even in the complicated tional details are of course subject to great indi- details. The typical conjunctus is much more vidual variation, as I have pointed out above, and common than the smaller and paler form. Many have no specific value. In all respects the typew entomologists would doubtless question the status which I have been able to examine, are typicd of pinidumus as a variety or form of any sort, conjunctus. Citrinus was described very briefl!. since its geographical range is within that of the by Hagen (1861) and no collecting data rrere typical conjunct us. However, inasmuch as the given except "North America." Hagen did men- pale form has been described as a separate species, tion that the wings were yellow; and Kriiger I have considered it advisable to retain a varietal (1922b), who has examined the type in the Berlin name for such individuals. Museum, states that the free basal piece of 11.4 The genital structure of the males of conjunctus (in the terminology of the present paper) is else resembles superficially that of stigmaterus, at least to the separation of MA from Rs. Conjunctu.e when viewed from above; but the aedeagus and is the only Nearctic species to which these tvo tenth sternite are very different. The plates of the characteristics would apply. A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC HEMEROBIIDAE 21 1 He~nerobiusconjunctus var. pinidurnus Fit'ch 61; Banks, 1905, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 32: Hrmerobius pinidurnus Fitch, 1856, 1st and 2nd 34. Rep. Ins. 9.Y.: 95. Head and face yellow or light brown, usually Hemerobius hyalinatus Fitch, 1856, ibid., 95. with a narrow, median dark brown stripe leading Hemerobius canadensis Banks, 1897, Trans. Amer. up from the clypeus; antenna1 sockets margined Ent. Soc., 24: 26. with dark brown; pronotum, mesonotum and Head varying from yellow to light brown, the metanotum with a continuous light brown or yel- i:lce usually darker than the rest', as in var. con- low median stripe, bordered by dark brown; jutictus; pronotum with a median yellow st'ripe, abdomen dark brown. Fore wing: 1 eng t h bordered by dark brown; mesonotum and meta- (average) 9 mm.; width, 3.7 mm.; broadly oval; notum light brown, almost uniformly colored, apex rounded; costal area much broader basally the lateral margins only slightly darker than the than in simulans; membrane hyaline with many lnedian area; abdomen brown. Fore wing; length, brown maculations; veins brown, usually light; 5-6 mm.; width, 2.5-3 mm.; membrane hyaline, gradate veins margined lightly with brown; only often lightly tinted with yellon7-brown; costal a small brown spot at the first fork of Cul and uea as in var. conjunctus; wing markings usually usually two similar spots more distally on Cul; sbsent, but occasionally a faint indication of them basal part of MA at or very near the separation of is present; RIA as in var. conjunctus; first fork 11-4 from Rs; Cul forked to or very nearly to the of Cul not extending to m-cu; Rs as in var. con- m-cu cross-vein; two or three branches of Rs jiolctus. Hind wing: hyaline, sometimes faintly arising directly from Rl + Rs, but when there !.ellow, wit,hout maculations. Male genitalia as are only two such branches the outer one has three in rar. conjunctus. main forks. Hind wing: hyaline, but with Cul Holotype ( 3 ) : (no locality dat'a) in the margined with brown, especially distad of the \Iuseum of Comparative Zoology ; t'he specimen first fork, ilnal plates of male ~viththe lower nas probably collected in New York State, as in process broad, the dorsal process very small, in the case of the type of var. conjunctus. ,4llotype, the form of a slender tooth; tenth sternite well hy present designation: Aylmer, Quebec, July 29, developed and curved slightly, the plates of the 1927 (G. S. Walley) ; in the Museum of Compara- aedeagus divergent. tire Zoology. Types: The three cotypes of this species are in Distribution: QUEBEC (Kazubazun, August the -1Iuseum of Comparative Zoology: 2 9, Ft. 16, G. S. Walley; Fairly Lake, L'Iay, June, R. Oz- Collins, Colorado, August; and 1 3 , Veta Pass, bi~rn;Aylmer, July 29, August 3, G. S. Walley; Colorado, July 1. The latter specimen is here Covey Hill, July 2; Sherbrooke, May 10); designated the lectotype. 31.1INE (K. E. Bay); NEW HAMPSHIRE Distribution: COLORADO (Sheephorn Eagle (Hampton, May 10, S. A. Shaw); 'IASSACHU- Co., August 1, 7900 ft., C. Clagg; Williams Fork, SETTS (Cambridge) ; NEW YORK (Ithaca, Grand Co., July, 8300 ft.; Summit, August, 8211 \In!. 17) ; WISCOSSIY (Brule, August 16) ; ft.; Rocky LIt. Nat'l. Park; Platte Canyon; Veta \IIYSESOTA (Cass Lake, August 1, R. H. Pass; Vega Pass; Ft. Collins, August) ; UTAH Duggy); COLORADO (Longs Peak, 9000 ft'., (St. George, July 21, E. W. Davis; Provo, July July 12, E. C. Van Dyke); BRITISH COLUM- 12) ; BRITISH COLUMBIA (Chilcotin, August BI.1 (Kamloops, August 1, G. J. Spencer). 10, G. J. Spencer; Clinton, June, J. K. Jacob; This form differs from the typical one by its Jesmond, July; Rolla, July, P. N. Vroom); AL- smaller size and the absence of wing markings, BERTA (Nordegg, July 3-August 8, J. 11cDun- :11though in some specimens t'here is an indication nough; Lethbridge, July 28, E. H. Strickland, of the markings as present in the latt'er. Hya- and September, H. L. S. Seams; Banff, -4ugust; liriatus Fitch, the type ( 3 ) of which is in the Peace River District, July 19, L. S. Russell; Water- AIuseum of Comparative Zoology, is a synonym ton Lakes, June 24, J. LIcDunnough; Banff, July, of this form. Canadensis Banks, the type ( 9 ) August) ; SASKATCHEWAN (Saskatoon, August of ~rhichis in the same Lfuseum, is also a synonym 19, K. bI. King) ; LIACKENZIE DISTRICT (N. ,~ndsince 1907 has been so regarded by Banks. IT. T.) (Cameroon Bay, Great Bear Lake, July Hemerobizls dorsntus Bnnks 16, T, N. Freeman) ; ,4LASKX (Savonoski, Nak- Figure 11; pl:~te 1, figure 7 npk Lake, July, J. S. Hlne). This is another Herne~obius dorsatus Banks, 1004, Can. Ent., 36: northern Hemerobius, bo far recorded only from 212 CARPESTER r~estern Canada, Alaska, and high altitudes in tip; tenth sternite small; aedeagus directed ven- Colorado and Utah. The adults have been col- trally at its origin, but curved sharply upwards lected from late June through August. distally, in side view appearing almost semi-cir- This species resembles simulans in habitus but cular; bridge of tenth sternite projecting pos- can readily be distinguished from it by the pres- terlorly over the proximal portion of the aedeagus; ence of the extra branch of Rs in the fore wing, lateral extremities of tenth sternite broadened as well as by the distal position of the basal part and flattened. of LIA, though the latter does not always hold. Holotype ( $ ) : St. Martin's Falls, Albany River. The anal plates of the male are very distinctive Hudson's Bay; in the British lluseum of Natural in possessing the tooth-like dorsal process. History. Allotype, by present designation: Hol- liston, illassachusetts, September 8 (N. Banks); Hemerobius simulans Walker in the 3Iuseum of Comparative Zoology. Figure 12, plate 1, figure 6 Hemerobius simulans Walker, 1853, List. Spec. Neuropt. Ins. Brit. Mus., 2: 285; Banks, 1905, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 32: 33; Kimmins, 1932, Ent., 65: 87; Killington, 1937, Monogr. Brit. Neuropt., 2: 18. Hemerobius crispus Walker (in part, d, e) nec Stephens, 1853, ibid.: 288; Kimmins, 1932, Ent., 65: 88. Hemerobius orotypus Wallengren, 1870, Ofv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forhandl., 27: 155; hlcLachlan, 1899, Ent. Mo, Mag., 35: 131; Killington, 1929, Trans. Ent. Soc. Hamps. S. Eng., 1929: 19. Hemerobius placidus Banks, 1908, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 34: 260; Kimmins, 1932, Ent., 65: 87, fig. 1B. Hemerobius nevadensis Banks, 1904, Can. Ent., 36: 61; Banks, 1905, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 32: 35. FIGURE12.' Hemerobius simulans Walker. A, ter minal abdominal segments of male, dorsal view; B Head varying from light reddish brown to same, lateral view. Lettering as in figure 2. brown; antennae usually greyish yellow; pronotum FIGURE13. Hemerobius costalis, n. sp. A, terminal with a median yellow or yellow-brown stripe, not abdominal segments of male (holotype), dorsal viea so broad as in humulinus; mesonotum and metano- B, same, lateral view; C, posterior view of tent, tum yellow or light brown above, darker brown sternite and aedeagus. Lettering as in figure 2. laterally; abdomen usually dark brown or even black. Fore wing: length (average) 8 mm.; Dutribution: QUEBEC (Wright, hIay 19 width, 2 mm.; slender, pointed; costal area un- Thunder River, August; Wakefield, July 14 usually narrow at the very base; widest above Queen's Park, July 30; Laniel, July) ; ONTARIO separation of MA from Rs; first fork of Cul at or (Ottawa, &lay 20, August; Niagara Glen, June 1 very nearly at the m-cu cross-vein; wing mem- Blscotasing, July 15; Tinagami, September 10 brane hyaline, often slightly brownish, with faint ilsperitos Isl., Georgian Bay); NEWFOUKD. brown maculations; inner and outer gradate veins LAND (St. Johns, July 21); NEW BRUSE. faintly margined; a very prominent dark brown WICK (Fredericton, ?\lay); ALBERTA (Xordegp spot around m-cu and the first fork of Cul; some- June 17, July 22, J. AlcDunnough; Laggan, Juh times a few other spots occur on the more distal 10; Edmonton, April 28); ALASKA (Tanand part of Cul; tvro branches of Rs arising directly June 24) ; BRITISH COLUMBIA (Salmon Am: (9 from R1 +8, Rs, the outer with two main forks. April, November, A. A. Dennys); MAINE Hind wing: hyaline, faintly brown, without macu- Katahdin) ; MASSACHUSETTS (Peru, Augu. lations. Anal plates of male with a well developed 26; Amherst, -4pril 29) ; NEW HAMPSHIRE dorsal process and a more slender ventral one; (White hlts., August 29, C. P. Alexander) ; KEY the dorsal process curved inward slightly at its YORK (Lake Placid, August 12; Fulton Co., Se; A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC HEhIEROBIIDAE 213 :ember); MICHIGAN (Whitefish Point; Isle Hemerobius costalis, n. sp. Royale, August, C. Sabrosky). This is one of Figure 13 our two Holarctic species of Hemerobius; in Europe, according to Killington, simulans ranges Head varying from yellow to brown; antennae from the Pyrenees and Carpathians to northern yellow; pronotum vvith a median yellow or light Scandinavia. It has also been recorded in Green- brown st,ripe, bordered laterally with dark brown, 1,ind and eastern Siberia. In the Nearctic region much as in humulinus; mesonoturn and metano- it has been taken in the adult stage from April tum yellow or light brown above, somewhat to the middle of September. darker 1ateraIIy. Fore wing: length (average) : Simulans resembles humulinus in general ap- 8 mm.; width, 3 mm.; subtriangular; costal mar- pearance, but has more slender wings, a heavier gin strongly convex basally, the costal area very spot at m-cu in the fore wing, and the deeper wide; apex pointed; first fork of Cul extending first fork of Cul. The male genitalia are unique to about the level of m-cu; basal part of MA smong our species of the genus in having a dor- at the base of the wing; two branches of Rs aris- sally curved aedeagus. ing directly from R1+ Rs, the outer with either The synonymy of orotypus Wallengren has been two or three main forks; wing membrane hyaline, demonstrated by Kimmins (1932), who has pub- sometimes faintly yellowish, with light greyish I~shed a figure of the male genitalia of simulans. bro~vn maculations; inner and outer gradates The two specimens (d, e) from Nova Scotia de- faintly margined with grey-brown. Hind wing: termined by Walker (1853, p. 288) as crispus hyaline, without maculations. Anal plates of male Stephens are also simulans, as alrkady stated by with a stout ventral lobe, but no dorsal process; Kimmins (1932). Banks' placidus, the t'ypes of the lower edge of the anal plates turned upwards nhich are in the JIuseum of Comparative Zoology, and bearing numerous denticulate tubercles along is likewise this species; two of the types are males the distal part of the turned edge; tenth sternite 2nd their genital struct'ure is identical with that prominent, with a large pointed lobe at the ends of the type of simulans, which I have been able of the bridge; viewed from above, the extremities to examine in the British hluseum. It is my of the sternite curve slightly ventrally; aedeagus conviction that nevadensis Banks is also this in- of moderate size, its plates slender as viewed sect. The type of nevadensis is a female, with from the side, and possessing only a small anterior faded wings; Cul is deeply forked, as in simulans, project'ion. 2nd there is a large, though faint, spot around Holotype (8) : Eastport, Maine, July 14, 1909 111-cu. The basal part of MA in the fore wing (C. W. Johnson) ; in the Museum of Comparative is not at the very base of the wing, as is usual in Zoology. Allotype: ;\It. Greylock, Iblassachusetts, simulans, but is half way from the basal position August 5 (C. W. Johnson); in the LIuseum of to the separation of MA from Rs.9 As I 'have Comparative Zoology. already mentioned, however, the position of this Paratypes: 28 Cameron Bay, Great Bear Lake, vein does not hold constant in all specimens of this Nackenzie, August 1, 1937 (T. N. Freeman) ; 1 9, species or of any other Hemerobius, and I regard 18 same, August 6; 18, same, August 18; 19 the type of nevadensis as an example of this ab- same, August 2; 18, Katmai, Alaska, August ilormal condition. So far as our present records (J. S. Hine) ; 1 9, 18, Savonoski, Naknek Lake, are concerned, the t'ype localit'y of nevaderlsis Alaska, July (J. S. Hine); all in the Museum of (Ormsby Co., Nevada) is far removed from any Comparative Zoology.-1 8, Banff, Alberta, July other locality at which specimens of simularls have 30, 1932 (C. B. Garrett) ; 38, Cameron Bay, been taken, the nearest being British Columbia Great Bear Lake, hlackenzie, August 1, 1937 and Alberta; but I suspect that further collecting (T. N. Freeman) ; 1 8, same, August 2; 2 8, same, nil1 reveal the presence of simulans in several of July 27; 28, same, August 20; 18, 1 P, same, the Rocky Mountain states. August 18; 19, Fort Wrigley, kIackenzie R., July 27 (C. H. Crickmay) ; 19, Keremeos, British Columbia, August 3 (C. B. Garrett) ; 19 Sioux 'Banks has stated (1905b, p. 35) that the "basal Lookout, Ont'ario, June 19, 1919 (J. Russell) ; all cross vein connecting media to radius ends near origin of first radial sector," but this is hardly the in the Canadian Yational Collection, Ottawa.-- case. The basal piece of MA (basal cross-vein) is 2 0 , 2 8 S:~vonoski,Nak~lek Lake, Alaska, July 25, only about half-way out to tlie point of separation 1919 (J. S. Hine) ; 19, same, -4up~1st1, 1919; all of hII from Rs. in the Ohio State University i\Iuseum. 214 CARPENTER In addition to the types, I have also seen land and Scandina~ia and the British Isles to specimens of this species from the following local- southern France. Costalis apparently extends ities: Knowlton, Quebec; White lIts., New Hamp- itcross Canada froin Nova Scotia to British Colum- shire; Grand Isle, Vermont; Newton, llassachu- bia, Yukon, lIackenzie and Alaska; it enterb setts; Digby, Xova Scotia; Jvaubamic, Ont'ario; only into northern New England and the northern Cascade Lodge, Rocky RIt. Nat'l. Park, Colorado; part of the Rocky llountain region. Great Slave Lake, Mackenzie; and Anclosage, Costalzs IS readily distinguished from the other Alaska. The adults have been collected from June Searctic specles of Hemerob~usby the very broad through August. costal area. So far as its wing venation 1s con- This species has been identified in the past cerned, it is closest to slmulans and dorsatus, both as t,he European H. marginatus St'ephens. Walker of which have the first fork of Cul extending to (1853, p. 286) determined a specimen of Heme- the m-cu cross-vein. robius from Nova Scotia as marginatus, and although Hagen (1861) was of the opinion that Genus Kimminsia Killington Walker's specimen was different from marginatus, Kimminsia Killington, 1937, Rlonogr. Brit. he did not propose a new name for the species. Neuropt., 2: 254. hlcLachlan subsequently (1899) ident'ified a female Boriomyia Banks, 1905 (nee 1904), Trans. Amer. from New Hampshire as marginatus, and Banks Ent. Soc., 32: 36. (1905b), who at that time had no European specimens available for comparison, accept'ed the Fore wing: oval; costal area broadened basally, determination as probably correct. Killington recurrent humeral vein present; costal veinletb (1937, p. 65) figures a lateral view of the apex forked; two or sometimes three branches of Rs of the male abdomen of marginatus, but does not arising from stem Rl + Rs (not including RIA); describe or figure the t,ent'h sternite. I t'herefore basal piece of RIA either absent (usually) or dissected t'he genitalia of several European males present at base of wing; RIA connected to 1IP of marginatus contained in the Museum of Com- 1 + 2 by a strong cross-vein just beyond the parative Zoology. These dissections revealed origin of the latter; two series of gradate veins, a structure very different from that of our Ne- more than five veins present in the outer series. arctic specimens. In a posterior view of the Hind wing: Rs coalesced with RIA for a con- sternite of the European specimens the lateral siderable distance and joined to R1 by a crose- ext'remities of the sternite are seen to be di- vein before the separation of RIA from Rs; basal rect'ed dorsally, not ventrally, as in our insects, piece of lIA conepicuous, not usually sigmoidal, and in a lat'eral view the prominent, pointed dorsal furcatlon of hIP at about the bame level as (or lobes of our specimens are lacking in the European even proximal to) the separation of MA from Rs; ones. The anal plates, although having the same two series of gradate veins, more than five in general form in both species, are longer and the outer series. more slender in the Old World specimens. The Anal plates of male well developed, with a wings also show some differences, those of the distal process or with rows of teeth ventrally; latter being relatively shorter and broader and tenth sternite with broad "wings," each bearing a having a wider costal area. It seems clear, there- distal process ventrally; a single median plate of fore, that there are really t'wo species concerned, the aedeagus; parameres fused anteriorly. Anal the Kearctic one being named here costalis. The plates of female broad; eighth sternite with 3 close relationship between the two is emphasized median sclerotized plate. by the similarity of the anal plates, which are very Genotype: Hemerobius betulinus Strgm. The immature stages of all the Nearctic Kim- different from those of all other Nearctic and minsia are entirely unknown. According to Kk Palaearctic species. It is very probably either lington the egg and larva of the European species that one of these species has been derived di- are similar to those of Hemerobius. rectly from the other, or that bot'h have been Most of the Nearctic Hemerobiids previously derived from an immediate, common ancestor. placed in Boriomyia must now be referred to In this connection it is interesting to note that Kimminsia. Banks' description of Boriomyia and both are restricted to northern parts of their re- his designation of the genotype (Hemerobius dis spective regions. According to Killington, nzar- junctus Banks) were contained in his revision of ginatus occurs in northeastern Europe from Fin- the Nearctic Hemerobiidae (1905b) ; but the gen- A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC HEMEROBIIDAE 215 esic name was ueed by him the preceding year in region; most of these are restricted to the northern s local (\F7aehington, D. C.) list of Neuroptera for part or to high mountains further south. H. fidelis Banks and H. speciosus Banks, with- KEY TO THE NEARCTICSPECIES OF KIMMINSIA out description or genotype designation.lO In 1. Pronotum with a conspicuous longitudinal yel- 1930 Banks established the subgenus Allotomyia lowish stripe, bordered laterally with dark ior fidelis and speciosus and subsequently raised brown ...... 2 that to a genus (1935). Killington has correctly Pronotum without such a median stripe ...... 6 pointed out that since Boriomyia was used for 2. Mesonotum with a median yellow stripe, extend- fidelis and speciosus in 1904, even without type ing the length of the segment ...... 3 c~tatlon, it must be used for those species, Al- Mesonotum with the anterior part of the median iotomyia being a synonym. He accordingly estab- yellow stripe marked with a dark brown trans- llshed the genus Kimminsia for the other species verse band or two brown spots ...... 4 ~disjuncta,etc.) formerly included in Boriomyia 3. Face with the upper part very dark brown, the lower part light brown and the transition very 21~0. abrupt ...... coloradensis Banks (p. 217) Face uniformly dark brown or if the upper part is darker than the lower, the transition is very gradual ...... disjuncts Banks (p. 215) 4. Fore wings with heavy maculations between Cul and the posterior border; almost no macula- tions elsewhere ...... posticata Banks (p. 218) Fore wings with the maculations more nearly uniformly distributed over the entire wing ...5 5. Anal plates of male with a very long ventral process, inwardly curved; eighth abdominal sternite of female consisting of a small median plate without gonapophyses; maculations of fore wing at the gradate cross-vein between MP3 + 4 and Cul strongly developed furcata Banks (p. 219) Anal plates of male without such a curved ven- tral process; eighth abdominal sternite of female with a pair of tapering, posterior gonapophyses; FIGURE14. Wing venation of Kimminsia disjuncta maculations of fore wing at the gradate cross- (Banks). Lettering as in figure 1. vein between MP3 + 4 and Cul weakly de- veloped ...... involuta, n. sp. (p. 219) 6. Face, vertex and pronotum light yellowish brown, The species now referred to Kimminsia have with scattered red specks been classified in the past on essentially t'he same longipennis Banks (p. 221) cl~nracteristics used in Hemerobius. The forego- Face, vertex and pronotum not so marked ...... 7 ing remarks regarding the t,axonomy of Hem- 7. Fore wing without maculations (except a faint erobius likewise apply here; but the color of the darkening near end of Cull; veins not spotted 11eatl and thorax is specifically more constant in brunnea Banks (p. 221) Kimminsia than in Hemerobius and hence can Fore wing with conspicuous maculations; veins be ueed for determination with greater accuracy. spotted ...... S .\is0 the ninth sternite of the female provides very 8. Fore wing without distinct transverse bands good taxonomic characteristics in the form of the pretiosa Banks (p. 223) Fore wing with distinct transverse bands ...... 9 ventral sclerotized plate. 9. Mesonotum with dark brown along anterior bor- Kimminsia, like Hemerobius, has a wide dis- der, and light brown behind; wing membrane tribution, having been recorded from Europe, hyaline or nearly so ...schwarzi Banks (p. 223) .\Erica, Iferr. Zealand, and Korth and South Amer- Mesonotum uniformly light brown; membrane ica. Ten species have been found in the Nearctic somewhat smoky ...... fumata, n. sp. (p. 225) Kznzminsia disjuncta (Banks) ' hlr Banks has expla~nedto me that although Figures 13, 15 tiis le\lsion was publ~shedafter the Wash~ngtonllst, ~t \\a> sent off for uubllrat~onbefore the latter, whlch He~nerobzl~sdlsluncta Banks, 1897, Trans. Amer. did not therefore include genotype designation. Ent. Soc., 24: 25. 216 CARPENTER Boriomyia disjuncta Banks, 1905, Trans. Amer. ~entralarm6 and bhorter dorbal ones. Nlnth Ent. Soc., 32: 39. sternite of female not much longer than h~gh; Hemerobius frostinus Navas, 1933, Boll. Soc. Ent. sclerotized plate of the eighth sternite about twice Ital., 65: 109, fig. 5. as long as broad, with a slightly concave posterlor Face usually uniformly dark reddish brown, margin and with two lateral appendage-like arms almost black, the upper part sometimes a little (gonapophyses) attached to the middle of the darker than the lower, but with no sharp demarca- plate and directed posteriorly. tion, as in coloradensis; vertex light bro~sn,the Holotype ( 9 ) : NIt. Washington, Se\v Hamp- antenna1 sockets margined behind with dark shire; in the YIuseum of Comparative Zoology. brown; pronotum with a wide median yellow Allotype, by present designation: Needham, FIGURE15. Kimrninsia disjuncta (Banks). A, ter- FIGURE16. Kimminsia coloradensis (Banks). -4. minal abdominal segments of male (allotype), dorsal terminal abdominal segments of male (lectotype), view; B, same, lateral view; C, eighth abdominal dorsal view; B, same, lateral view; C, eighth ab- sternite of female (holotype) ventral view. Lettering dominal sternite of female (allotype), dorsal vier. as in figure 2. Lettering as in figure 2. stripe, and a thin median dark brown line; mesono- ;IIassachusetts, August 18 (-4. P. Morse) ; in the tum and metanotum with a median yellow stripe; Museum of Comparative Zoology. abdomen brown above. Fore wing: length Distribution: SOVA SCOTIA (Baddeck, Cape (average), 9 mm.; width, 3.5 mm.; apex pointed; Breton Isl., June 15, G. Fairchild) ; QUEBEC costal area much narrower basally than in colora- (Alymer, June; I FIGURE17. Kimmznsia posticata (Banks). A, ter- FIGURE18. Kimminsia furcata (Banks). A, ter- minal abdominal segments of male (allotype), dorsal minal abdominal segments of male (holotype), dorsal view; B, same, lateral view; C, parameres, dorsal view; B, same, lateral view; C, eighth abdomin~l x~ew;D, eighth abdominal sternlte of female (holo- sternite of female (allotype), ventral view. Lettering type), dorsal view. Lettering as in figure 2. as in figure 2. Face with the upper part dark brown, the lower gin; gradate veins margined; apical part of wing. light brown, usually without sharp demarcation distal of outer gradate veins containing many between the two areas; vertex hght brown or heavy and large maculations. Hind wing: usuall!. yellow, pronotum with a wide median yellow slightly smoky posterior of Cul and anterior or' stripe, containing a thin median dark stripe; LIP1 + 2; no true maculations. Anal plates oi mesonotum with a wide yellow stripe, but the male large and broad, as viewed from t'he side, anterior part of the yellow area contains a round, terminat'ing in a pair of long, curved processes. dark patch on each side of the median dark line, which are readily seen in a lateral view; tenth the spots usually being contiguous; also on pos- sternite complete, wit'h a pair of posterior and i terior half of the mesonotum there is a dark pair of anterior lobes; aedeagus appears serrate. brown spur-like process, extending into the yel- seen from the side; parameres fused anteriorly. low area from each side, the spur being curved with two flat posterior plates and a pair of sl~or! and directed anteriorly; abdomen brown. Fore pointed processes anteriorly. Ninth sternite or' A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC HEMEROBIIDAE 219 iemale rather long, nearly twice as long as wide; side; tenth sternite small but complicated, with a eighth sternite complex, consisting of three parts: pair of lateral, anterior, flat lobes; aedeagus long :I median flat plate, rounded posteriorly; a pair and slender; parameres fused anteriorly, but of elongate, pointed processes attached to t'he strongly divergent posteriorly. Yinth sternite of plnte just anterior to the middle; and a median female large, but not long or tapering, with a cpntulate process attached to the anterior edge of small notch in the ventral margin near the apex; the plate, the rest being free. eighth sternite small, in the form of a heavy Holotype i 9 ): South Utah, July 1900; in the sclerotized plate with a deep incision in the pos- 1Iuseum of Comparative Zoology. Allotype, by terior border and a shallow one in the anterior present designation: Banff, Alberta, July 6, 1922 margin; teeth and hooks absent. iC. B. D. Garret't); in the Canadian National Holotype ( $ ) : -4rgentine Pass, Colorado; (T. Collection, Ottawa. D. A. Cockerell) ; in the LIuseum of Comparative Distribution: UTAH (no other locality, July); Zoology. Allotype, by present designation: Nor- COLORADO (Fairplay, July 11; Longs Peak, degg, Alberta, June 27, 1921 (J. LIcDunnough); COO0 ft., July 12, 1926, E. C. Van Dyke); AL- in the Canadian National Collection. BERTA (Banff, July); NEW RIEXICO (Red Distribution: COLORADO (Argentine Pass) ; River, August 4, 1938, R. W. Kaiser; Colfax Co., ALBERTA (Nordegg, June, July, 1921, 7 speci- .\ugust 21, 1927, R. H. Beamer); ARIZONA mens; Lake Louise, July 16, 1938, G. S. \Valley; (Flagstaff, July 30, J. N. Knull). Banff, August 17, 1927; Shovel Pass, Jasper Park, This rare insect is the most strikingly marked July 1, 1915). of the Nearctic species of ~immins?a,the heavy This is apparently another uncommon species, markings along the posterior border of the fore but the seven specimens collected by Dr. Mc- lying being unique. The male genitalia are un- Dunnough at Nordegg indicates that it may be usual in having a serrate aedeagus, and the eighth locally common, at least. The holotype is the arernite of the female abdomen is remarkable for only specimen which I have seen outside of Al- the broad median plate, apparently homologous berta. The species resembles involuta, n. sp., in with the slender one in coloradensis. Although I general appearance, but it is smaller and has a h;we seen only six specimens of this species, the more conspicuous spot at the gradate vein be- localities list'ed above are widely scattered over tween RIP3 + 4 and Cul. The male genitalia are the western part of the Nearctic region, so it is very unusual in the possession of the long ventral probable that the insect has a much more exten- processes on the anal plates; and the eighth sternite sire range than is now indicated. of the female abdomen is equally unusual for the absence of lateral hooks and for having an irregu- Kimminsia furcata (Banks) lar outline. Figure 18 Kimminsia involuta, n. sp. Boriomyia furcata Banks, 1935, Psyche, 42: 55. Figure 19 Face nearly uniformly brown or very dark Face usually uniformly brown or dark brown, brown, at least to the clypeus; vertex brown, with occasionally the upper part slightly darker than the ,I thin median darker stripe; pronotum with a lower; vertex light brown, ~vitha thin median nlde median light brown stripe, traversed by a dark stripe; pronotum with a wide median yel- th~n median longitudinal dark brown line, as low stri~eand a thin median dark brown line in coloradensis; mesonotum with the brown area within the latter, as in coloradensis; mesonotum on the anterior part as in involuta, n. sp., though with a wide median yellow stripe, ~hichencloses ~t is often somewhat divided medially; abdomen a conspicuous dark brown median patch on the brown. Fore wing: length, 8-9 mm.; width, 3.5- anterior half of the notum; abdomen brown. Fore i mm.; apex slightly pointed; costal space as in wing: length, 11 mm.; width, 5 mm.; broad, with ciisjzlncta; maculations grey-brown, numerous, a slightly rounded apex; costal area slightly much as in disjuncta; spot at gradate vein between broader basally than in disjuncta, but not so broad 3IP3 + 4 and Cul very heavy. -Anal plates of as in coloradensis; membrane hyaline, markings male approximately triangular in shape, extended grey-brown, numerous, much as in disjuncta; posteriorly into a slender, cylindrical lobe, and spot at gradate vein between MP3 + 4 and Cul glring rise to a long and very slender process ven- present but ~reak,not nearly so strong as in dis- trally, which is strongly curved to the opposite junct~ or fzircata. ilnal plates of male broad, 220 CARPENTER resembling those of coloradensis but with the 18, Nordegg, June 30; 18, Nordegg, July 21; distal process directed ventrally, so that it is easily 19, Nordegg, July 14; 19, Nordegg, July 6; visible from the side; tenth sternite large and 18, Waterton, Alberta, July 10, 1923 (H. L. complex, giving rise to a ventral, curved, posterior Seamans) ; 1 9, Hedley, British Columbia, July process; aedeagus long and slender; parameres 23, 1923 (C. B. Garrett) ; 19, Banff, Alberta, romplex, consisting of a flat basal piece, which is August 24, 1922 (C. B. Garrett) ; 18, Xaslo, split and forked dorsally, and a pair of long, British Columbia, August 14, (R. P. Curriei : slender, dorsal, strongly curved processes. Ninth 18, near Gilpin, July 29, 1934 (N. Dondelinger) sternite of female long, fully twice as long as all in the Aluseum of Comparative Zoology.- wide, as viewed from the side; eighth sternite long, From Xordegg, Alberta, 1921 (J. McDunnough, FIGURE19. Kinzminsia involuta, n. sp. A, terminal FIGURE20. Kimminsia longipennis (Banks). .\. abdominal segments of male (holotype), dorsal view; terminal abdominal segments of male (allotype). B, same, lateral view; C, tenth sternite of same, dorsal dorsal view; B, parameres of same, dorsal view; C view; D, parameres of same, dorsal view; E, eighth terminal segments in lateral view; D, eighth ab- abdominal sternite of female (allotype), ventral view, dominal sternite of female (holotype), dorsal ~iew Lettering as in figure 2. the anterior half approximately square, the pos- collector) : 18, June 15; 19, 18, June 17; 19, terior half with convergent sides and an emarginate 18, June 27; 28, June 30; 19, June 22; 19, posterior border; attached to the sides of the June 26; 18, July 3; 38, July 10; 18, July 12, sternite at about the middle are a pair of elongate, 48, July 16; 19, July 13; 19, July 18; 19. tooth-like processes, slenderly pointed, but very July 29; 18, August 12; 18, Hope Summit broad just beyond their bases. British Columbia, August 15, 1931 (A. X. Gar- Holotype (8) : Rundle Mt., 5-7,000 ft., Banff, trell) ; 1 9, Banff, Alberta, August 4, 1922 (C. B Alberta, June 25, 1924 (Owen Bryant); in the Garrett) ; 1 9, Hedley, British Columbia, June Museum of Comparative Zoology. Allotype : 28, 1927 (C. B. Garrett) ; 18, White Horse Banff, Alberta, July 17, 1925 (Owen Bryant); in Yukon, July-August, 1920 (A. P. Hawes); 19, the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Banff, August 5, 1925 (0. Bryant) ; 1 9, Water- Paratypes: 18, Nordegg, Alberta, July 21, ton Lakes, Alberta, August 29, 1926 (K. 31 1921 (J, McDunnough) ; 18, Xordegg, July 13; King); all in the Canadian National Collection, 18, Nordegg, July 3; 18, Nordegg, July 29; Ottawa.-2 8, Longs Peak, Colorado, 9000 ft , A REVISION OF THE NE.4RCTIC HEMEROBIIDAE 221 Jl.il!. 12, 1926 (E. C. Van Dyke) ; in the Cali- abdomen medium brown. Fore wing: length fornia Academy of Sciences.-1 9, Banff, Alberta, (average) 10 mm.; width, 3 mm.; slender, apex Iuly 17, 1915 (0. Bryant) ; 19, Banff, July 23, pointed, as in disjuncta; costal area rather nar- If125 (0. Bryant); 18, Banff, August 5, 1925 row, as in the latter; veins light brown, spotted 10.Bryant) ; 1 9, Laggan, Alberta, July 10, 1925 with widely separated red specks; membrane 10.Bryant) ; 18, Pingree Park, Colorado, August hyaline, only faint indications of light brown 14, 1934; all in R. C. Smith collection.--18, maculations; the only prominent spot is the Iinslo, British Columbia, August 6 (R. P. Currie) ; one around the gradate vein between MP3 + 4 1 j , Kokanee Mt., Brit'ish Columbia, August 10 and Cul. Hind wing: hyaline, no maculations. i R. P. Currie) ; 19, Revelstoke, British Colum- Anal plates of male of moderate size and width; bia, August 14 (R. P. Currie) ; all in the United distal process prominent, inwardly curved; tenth States Kational Museum.-1 8, Wallace, Idaho, sternite large, the "wings" giving rise to a long .\ugust 6, 1937 (0. Huelleman) ; 18, Yellow- curved process ventrally; aedeagus large and stone Nat'l. Park, Wyoming, July 30, 1933 (J. C. broad; parameres fused anteriorly, the free part Jones) ; both in University of Minnesot'a collec- forming a pair of sigmoidal arms. Ninth sternite tion. of female only a little longer than wide, not Distribution: The exact localities at which this prominent; eighth sternite with almost no scleroti- species has been collected are listed above; the zation; at the posterior end of the sclerite there general range of the insect, so far as known, is is a "U"-shaped ridge, attached to a very thin, included in the three Canadian Provinces, Yukon, semicircular membrane; anterior to this there is British Columbia, and Alberta; and the moun- a broad, median flat plate, very weakly sclerotized, tainous stat'es, Idaho, Wyoming, and Colorado. attached at its anterior border apparently to the In the past this species has been confused with edge of the preceding segment, but not attached coloradensis and disjuncta; an examination of the to the semicircular plate mentioned. material in the National Museum collection shows Holotype ( 9 ) : Berkeley, California; April 1, thnt the specimens recorded as disjuncta by 1915; in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Currie (1904b, p. 89) from Brit'ish Columbia Allotype, by present designation: Leona Hts., Cal- belong here. The wings are indeed very similar ifornia, August 27, 1908 (J. C. Bradley); in the to those of the species mentioned, but do differ Cornell University collection. in shape and in the int'ensity of the maculations, Distribution: This species has been taken so especially of the spot at the gradate vein between far only in California, but I have seen twenty- lIP3 + 4 and Cul. The fore wing of involuta one specimens in addition to the types. These is proportionally broader than that of any other were collected at Carmel, May 19, 1913 (E. C. liearctic Kimminsia, being only about t'wice as Van Dyke); Lompoc, July 22, August 6-8, 1935 long as wide. The species may also be readily (R. H. Beamer); Orange Co., July 14, 1929. distinguished from coloradensis and disjuncta by Longipennis is the palest of our species of Kim- the large median brown area on the mesonotum, minsia. The reduced condition of the eighth this notum being entirely yellow in the other two sternite suggests that it is not at all closely re- species. The male genitalia are distinctive in the lated to our other species of the genus, though the possession of the long aedeagus and complex broad median plate is doubtless the homologue ninth sternite; the eighth sternite of the female of the similar structure in disjuncta. The wings abdomen is unusually long, and is unique in hav- and body of longipennis are unique in being ing the long, lateral teeth. marked with the red specks. Kimminsia longipennis (Banks) Kimminsia brunnea (Banks) Figure 20 Figure 21 Boriomyia longipennis Banks, 1920, Bull. Mus. Boriomyia brunnea Banks, 1920, Bull. Mus. Comp. Comp. Zool., 64: 333. Zool., 64: 333. Face yellow or very light brown, with numerous Face usually uniformly dark brown, rarely light red specks and a larger red spot on the side of the reddish brown; vertex dark reddish brown; prono- head, just below the eye; antennae and legs yellow; turn and mesonotum uniformly reddish or dark Yertes, pronotum and mesonotum uniformly yel- brown; occasionally with an indication of trans- lox or very light brown, with scattered red specks; verse dark markings on the pronotum, but never 222 CARPEKTER any sign of a median yellow stripe; abdomen n flat plate, with parallel sides, except anteriorly brown, usually reddish. Fore wing: length, 9 where the plate widens and terminates in a shal- mm.; width, 3.2 mm.; oval; costal area narrow lo~~lyincised margin; and (2) a pair of flat, broad at base and gradually broadened; membrane and plates near the posterior end. veins brown, often with a reddish tint near or Holotype (9) : Midvale, Montana (C. E. around pterostigma; no maculations except for a Brown) ; in the llfuseum of Comparative Zoolog!.. faint indication of dark brown at the gradate vein Allotype, by present designation: Ranger's Sta., between MP3 + 4 and Cul. Anal plates of male Blue Riv. Valley, Summit Co., Colorado, 8211 FIGURE21. Kimminsia brunnea (Banks). A, ter- FIGURE22. Kimminsia pretiosa (Banks). A, ter- minal abdominal segments of male (allotype), dorsal minal abdominal segments of male (lectotype),dor.s, vlew; B, tip of anal plate of same, inner view; C, view; B, same, lateral view; C, tenth sternite and terminal abdominal segments of same, lateral view; aedeagus; D, eighth abdominal sternite of female D, eighth abdominal sternite of female (holotype), ventral view. dorsal view. of moderate size and width; distal process re- ft., July 12 (C. S. Clagg) in the ;\fuseurn of Com- duced to a very short stub on inner side of the parative Zoology. anal plates, and not visible from an exterior Distrzbution: ALBERTA (Moraine Lake, .hi- lateral view; tenth sternite complex, consisting of gust 9, J. McDunnough) ; WASHISGTON (P'lri- tvr-o large anterior lobes and a pair of small, slender dise Valley, Ranier Nat'l. Park, July 17, E. C posterior ones near the aedeagus; the latter long Van Dyke) ; CALIFORKIA (Crabtree Aleadon and slender, as seen from the side; parameres Tulare Co., July 23, 1915, 10,550 ft.); COL- fused at the very anterior end, each consisting of ORADO (Longs Peak, 9000 ft., June, July, E a broad flat plate, terminating in a small, curved C. Van Dyke; Pingree Park, August, R. H. and hook. Ninth sternite of female large but not L. D. Beamer; Needle ilfts., 11,900 ft., Augu.. very long, only about one and a half times as long 17, F. H: Knowlton; Sheephorn, Eagle Co., i9SLl as wide; eighth sternite large, consisting of (1) ft., August 11, C. S. Clagg; Mt. Manitou, June A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC HEMEROBIIDAE 223 21, E. C. Van Dyke; Blue River Valley, Summit from the same series is now in the Canadian Na- Co, 8211 ft., August 12, C. S. Clagg); MON- tional collection; and another cotype ( 8 ) from T.lS.4 (hl~dvale); WYOMING (Laramie, July Clear Creek, Colorado, is in the United States i, 1932, J. N. Knull; Centennial, July 2, 1931, Sational Aluseum. One of the males from Golden, J S. Knull) . in the Aluseum of Comparative Zoology, is here The uniformly brown wings of this species make designated the lectotype. ,l the most easily recognized species of Kim- Distribution: COLORADO (Longs Peak, 9000 mlnsla in our fauna. The male genitalia are ft., July, E. C. Van Dyke; Golden, July; Boulder, closest to those of coloradensis, but differ in many October; Ft. Collins) ; ARIZONA (Williams, Au- ohnous details, such as the short distal process and gust 9; Flagstaff, July 27, 1936; Grand Canyon the lobed tenth sternite. The 8th sternite of the Nat'l. Park, July 13); OREGON (Antelope Mt., iemale abdomen is unique in structure, but pre- Harney Co., 5500 ft.) ; NEBRASKA (Pine Ridge, .urnably the paired posterior plates are the Dawes Co., July 8, L. Bruner). homologues of the long, tooth-like structures in This uncommon species and the following one disluncta, involuta, etc. (schwarzi) stand apart from all our other species of Kimminsia in lacking the yellow stripe and Kimminsia pretiosa (Banks) the dark brown sides of the pronotum. The wings Figure 22 of pretiosa are characterized by the uniformity of the maculations and the absence of the usually Boriomyia pretiosa Banks, 1908, Trans. Amer. Ent. strong one at the gradate vein between MP3 +4 SOC.,34: 260. and Cul. Both male and female genitalia are Face with the upper part from the antennae to very close to those of schwarzi, remarkably so, ,ibout the level of middle of eyes, very dark in view of the difference in wing markings. brovn; much lighter below; vertex medium brown; pronotum uniformly light brown or red- Kimminsia schwarzi (Banks) dish brown, without dark lateral areas or median Figure 23 !ellon stripe; mesonotum with the anterior border tlark brown, almost black; rest of mesonotum light Hemerobius schwarzi Banks, 1903, Proc. Ent. Soc. brown; abdomen dark brown. Fore wing: length Wash., 5: 241. inyerage), 7 mm.; width, 3 mm.; oval, apex Boriomyia schwarzi Banks, 1905, Trans. Amer. round; costal area narrow basally, but very broad Ent. Soc., 32: 38. further distally, the point of greatest width being Boriomyia ultima Banks, 1930, Psyche, 37: 223. somewhat more distal than in other species of Face uniformly dark reddish brown or nearly Kimminsia; membrane faintly brownish; veins so; vertex brown; pronotum usually uniformly broivnish, spotted; maculations brown and faint, light brown, rarely with a darker median area, of uniform intensity, there being no heavy spot at but never with a median yellow stripe or dark the gradate vein between MP3 + 4 and Cul; lateral borders; mesonotum with dark brown an- cross-veins only faintly margined. Hind wing: terior margin, otherwise uniformly light brown; membrane hyaline, no maculations. Anal plates abdomen dark brown. Fore wing: length (aver- of male very broad, especially basally, terminating age), 8 mm.; width, 3.3 mm.; broadly oval, apex m a short distal process, directed ventrally; tenth rounded; costal area not quite so narrow at the sternite large, with a pair of broad lateral "wings," base as in pretiosa and not so wide at its greatest each having a posterior, curved process; aedeagus width; membrane hyaline or faintly yellow; veins long and rather slender, with a short but promi- spotted; markings dark brown; inner gradate nent ventral tooth near the base; parameres large, veins strongly margined with brown, forming a coalesced anteriorly, forming two long curved pos- distinct, transverse band; the outer gradate veins terior arms and a pair of much shorter ones dor- more faintly margined; m-cu and gradate vein sally. Ninth sternite of female about as broad as below it strongly margined, forming a short, basal long; eighth sternite small, consisting of an elon- transverse band; usually another, but fainter gate, approximately rectangular plate, with a pair transverse band is present between the inner of broad lateral processes arising near the middle. gradate veins and the basal band. The anal Types: Five cotypes (3 0, 2 8 ) are in the h4u- plates of the male are large and very broad, Eeum of Comparative Zoology, all from Golden, terminating in a short, distal, ventral tooth; tenth Colorado, July 22, 1907 (Oslar) ; one cotype ( 8 ) sternite large, its "wings" having a prominent 224 CARPESTER posterior process, strongly curved ventrally; aede- This uncommon species, although obviously a agua long, but very broad as viewed from above; close relative of pretiosa, differs from it in both parameres fused anteriorly, forming two long, body and wing characteristlcs, e. g., the wing mark- slender posterior arms, strongly curved dorsally, ings, shape of the costal area, and the uniformly and two, short, broad dorsal arms near the base brown face. The male genitalia are surprisingl!. of the others. Ninth sternite of female rounded, like those of pretiosa, but the aedeagus lacks the only a little longer than broad, as in pretiosa; ventral tooth and is much broader, and the para- eighth sternite small, with the rectangular plate meres are differently curved. The eighth sternite incised anteriorly, and with a pair of lateral arms, of the female abdomen is also very much like that as in pretiosa. of pretiosa; the only difference which seems at FIGURE23. Kimminsia schwarzi (Banks). A, ter- FIGURE24. Kimminsia fumata, n. sp. A, tenrt minal abdominal segments of male (allotype), dorsal abdominal sternite of male (holotype), dorsal vlerr: view; B, same, lateral view; C, parameres of same, B, eighth abdominal sternite of female (allotype);C dorsal view; D, eighth abdominal sternite of female terminal abdominal segments of male, lateral ne%. (holotype), ventral view. D, parameres of male, dorsal view. Holotype ( ? ) : Williams, Arizona, July 23 ; in all obvious is the deeu incision in the anterior the United States National Museum. Banks border of schwarzi, this being absent in pretioso. mentioned after his description paratypes from It may be, however, that a larger series of both Mesilla, New hlexico. Two specimens ( 8, ? ) species will indicate that this slight difference k from this locality are in the Museum of Compara- individual, rather than specific. tive Zoology and bear the type labels. Of these I have placed ultima in synonymy with schwarzi specimens, the male is really the allotype, since on the basis of the eighth sternite of the female it is the only type specimen of that sex. The three type specimens of schwarzi are in vep Distribution : CALIFORNIA (Fallen Leaf Lake, poor condition and there is slight indication of the Lake Tahoe, July 1, 14, 1915, E. C. Van Dyke; markings on the wings. The eighth sternite of the Gold Lake, Sierra Co., June 29, E. C. Van Dyke, female paratype of schwarzi, however, is identical Crabtree Meadow, Tulare Co., Jclv, 10,550 ft.); with that of the holotype ( ? ) of ultima. All thr ARIZONA (Williams, May, H. S. Barber) ; NEW other s~ecimensof schwarzi which I have seen MEXICO (Mesilla); COLORADO (Longs Peak, have the wing markings like those of the type oi 9000 ft., July 12, E. C. Van Dyke). ultima, and among these there are two male h REVISION OF THE NE ~liosegenitalia are exactly like those of the allo- schwarzi. The eighth sternite of the female ab- type of schwarzi. I have therefore been led to domen is very close to those of schwarzi and the conclusion that the types of schwarzi have pretiosa, differences in the shape of the arms iaded wings and that ultima is a synonym of that being slight. species. -4s Banks pointed out, the type of ultima possesses a median dark area on the pronotum; Genus Wesmaelius Kruger this is not visible in the types of schwarzi, but Wesmaelius Kruger, 1922, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 83: among the additional specimens which I have 170; Killington, 1937, Monogr. Brit. Neuropt., seen there are various degrees of intensity of dark- 2: 97. ening, so that this characteristic seems t,o be vari- Fore wing: oval; costal area abruptly broadened 3ble ~vithinthe species. at base; recurrent humeral vein present; costal veinlets branched; usually three branches of Rs Kimminsia fumata, n. sp. arising from R1 + Rs, sometimes two or four (not including MA) ; a strong cross-vein present Figure 24 Face uniformly dark brown, sometimes almost black; vertex also dark brown, at least anteriorly; pronotuni uniformly medium brown, occasionally with a few darker spots, but never with a median yellow stripe; mesonotum uniformly medium brown, without a darker anterior border;: ab- domen brown. Fore wing: length (average), 8 mm.;width, 3.5 mm.; oval, apex rounded; costal area moderately wide, as in schwarzi; membrane smoky; veins brownish but spotted; markings bro~vn, forming four transverse bands, as in schwarzi, though less distinct. Anal plates of male very broad but short, with a prominent, stout, distal tooth, extending ventrally; tenth sternite large, with small lateral "wings," bearing n long, curved, posterior process; aedeagus long ,ind slender as seen from the side, without a FIGURE25. Wing venation of Wesmaelius longi- ventral tooth; parameres fused basally, forming frons (Walker). Lettering as in figure 1. two flat posterior arms and two short, more slender ones above. Ninth sternite of female somewhat between MA and NIP1 + 2, just after the origin longer than broad; eighth small, the median piece of the latter; a similar cross-vein present between tleeply incised anteriorly, narrow posteriorly and MA and R5 at the latter's origin; two series of bearing two broad, lateral arms extending pos- gradate veins, five or more cross-veins in the outer. teriorly. Hind wing: Rs coalescing with htA for a con- Holotype ( 8 ) : Longs Peak Inn, Boulder Co., siderable distance; the cross-vein joining R1 to Colorado, 9000 ft.; July 13, 1926 (E. C. Van Rs is after the separation of hIA from the latter; Dyke). Allotype: same locality data, July 12; furcation of hIP at about the level (or even both in the California Academy of Sciences. proximal to) the separations of MA from Rs; two Paratypes: 29, same data as allotype, one in series of gradate veins, more than four cross- the California Academy of Sciences, the other in veins in the outer series. the hluseum of Comparative Zoology. Antennae slightly longer than the fore wing; This species is close to schwarzi, but differs in prothorax broader than long, the lateral margins the smoky wings, absence of the dark anterior prolonged into a lobe. Anal plates of male tri- border of the mesonotum and details of genital angular, with a heavily sclerotized ventral process, structure. The male genitalia are like those of bearing teeth; tenth sternite with extensive schwarzi in general form, but the anal plates are "wings," each bearing a posterior process ven- hroader, and the poqterior process on the "wings" trally; aedeagus with a median plate; parameres of the tenth sternite are longer. The long arms fused anteriorly. Anal plates of female much of the parameres are much broader than in smaller than the ninth sternite, which is elongate; eighth sternite with a sclerotized median plate, as it usually very strongly margined; the margina- in Klmminsia. tion of the cross-veins forms either four nearl!. Genotype: Hemerobius concinnus Stephens. continuous bands across the wing, or eight (rarely The life history of the single Nearctic species six) short ones, the extent of the markings being of the genus is entirely unknown. The egg and variable. Anal plates of male large, triangular, the larva of the British species are like those of with a distal, ventral process, appearing as a Kimminsia and Hemerobius, except that the larval pointed tooth from a lat,eral view; tenth sternite jaws are relatively longer (Killington). large, "wings" slender, with a pair of long posterior Wesmaelius is at present known only from the arms; aedeagus short, with a blunt toot'h belon; Holarctic region and contains but one Nearctic parameres coalesced anteriorly, forming two long species. anterior, curved arms. Female with the ninth Wesmaclius longifrons (Walker) sternite elongate, triangular, fully twice as long as broad; eighth large, consisting of a flat median Figures 25, 26 plate, bearing two lateral posterior arms. Hemerobius longifrons Walker, 1853, List Spec. Holotype ( 8 ) : St. Martin's Falls, Albany River, Neuropt. Ins. Brit. Mus., 2: 291. Ontario, Canada; in the British Museum. Allo- Boriomyia longifrons Banks, 1905, Trans. -4mer. type, by present designation: Covey Hill, Quebec, Ent. Soc., 32: 37. June 25; in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Hemerobius alternatus Fitch, 1856, 1st 8: 2nd Distribution : KOVA SCOTIA; QUEBEC; Rept. Ins. N. Y.: 93. ONTARIO ; MANITOBA ; SASKATCHEWAK Hemerobius transversus Banks, 1904, Can. Ent., (Indian Head) ; ALBERTA (Banff; Kanan- 36: 61. skis) ; BRITISH COLUMBIA (Hedley, Victoria); Allotomyia borealis Banks, 1935, Psyche, 42: 56, ALASKA (Savonoski, Naknek Lake) ; MAINE; FIGURE26. Wesmaelius longifrons (Walker). A, view; D, eighth abdominal sternite of female, dorsal terminal abdominal segments of male, dorsal view; view; E, parameres of male, lateral view. Letter- B, same, lateral view; C, parameres of same, dorsal ing as in figure 2. Face uniformly dark brown, almost black; ver- NEW HAMPSHIRE; VERMONT; NEW YORE; tex usually -yellow; pronotum with a very wide (Wells; Ithaca; Fulton Co.) ; MICHIGAS (Isle median light-brown stripe, bordered laterally by Royale; Douglass Lake); COLORADO (Sunset; a thin margin of dark brown, or uniformly light Selkirk Mts.; Mt. Manitou; Estes Park; Gold brown without dark lateral margins; pronotum Hill; Golden; Colorado Springs); WASHING- also usually with dark brown area along anterior TOS (Underwood) ; WYOMING (Teton ;\Its.; border, except near the mid line; mesonotum Wind River Range); TJTAH (Logan; La Sal either uniformly light brown, or with some dark Mts.) ; OREGON (Mt. Hood; Haines) ; ARI- bro~~nlaterally and along the anterior border; ZON-4 (Flagstaff; Williams; Grand Canyon). abdomen medium brown. Fore wing: length, The adults have been collected from June through 10 mm.; width, 5 mm.; broadly oval, usually, but October. very variable in shape, apex rounded; membrane This widely distributed species is a very distinc- hyaline, markings grey or grey-brown; cross- tive one. It is the only Nearctic Hemerobiid pos- veins strongly margined, especially the inner sessing the basal cross-vein between R5 and MA gradates; the m-cu cross-vein and the one below near the origin of the latter, and the only one in A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC HEhlEKOBIIDAE 227 \hch the cross-vein in the hind wing between Rs single median plate of the aedeagus, which has a ~ndR1 occurs after the first fork of Rs. The complicated form; ninth tergite with a conspicu- male and female genital structures are equally ous ventral extension of the posterior border; distinctive. parameres nearly completely fused; ninth sternite The type (9) of Fitch's alternatus is in the Mu- triangular, often elongate. Anal plates of female seum of Comparative Zoology and an examination small; ninth tergite enlarged ventrally. of ~tsgenital and wing structure shows that it is Genotype: Hemerobius amiculus Fitch. a synonym of longifrons, as it has been recognized The egg of the species of this genus is minutely by Banks in the past. The type ( 8 ) of trans- sculptured, like that of Hemerobius. The larva is l'ersus Banks, which is in the same museum, is like- relatively shorter and broader than that of Hem- nise th~sspecies; the wings have more extensive erobius; the third antenna1 segment is very short bands than most specimens, but as I have previ- and broadened basally. The life history of two ously pointed out the wing markings are unusually Searctic species is known: S, amiculus Fitch variable in this species. Allotmuia borealis Banks (Smith, 1923) and S. barberi Banks (Smith, 1934). \\,IS based upon a damaged male of longifrons; this has already been noted by the author of the ~pecies on a label attached to the type in the 3luseum of Comparative Zoology. Genus Sympherobius Banksl1 Sytnpherobius Banks, 1904, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 6: 209; Banks, 1905, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 32: 40; Killington, 1937, Monogr. Brit. Neuropt., 2: 111. Palmobius Needham, 1905, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 86: 17. Spadobius Needham, 1905, ibid. : 16. .Y~remberge Navas, 1909, Rev. R. Acad. Cienc. Madrid, 7: 377. Eurobius Kruger, 1922, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 83: 171. Fore wing: usually slenderly oval; costal area FIGURE27. Wing venation of Sympherobius amicu- either narrow or broad, not usually abrupt'ly lus (Fitch). rc, radial cross-vein; other lettering as in figure 1. j~idenedat base; recurrent humeral vein present; costal veinlets forked; one or two branches of Several attempts have been made to divide Rs arising from stem Rl + Rs (not including Sympherobius into two or more genera. Navas MA); R4 + 5 usually coalesced wit'h MA for a and Kriiger, noting that in some species the first considerable distance basally; MP connected by branch of Rs (R4 + 5) was coalesced with AIA (1 cross-vein to MA shortly after the former's and in others arose directly from R1 + Rs, pro- origin; two series of gradate veins, four or less posed a splitting of the genus on this difference. in outer series. Although it is true that among the individuals of Hind wing: RIA usually having slight contact certain species one of these two types of radial with Rs or joined to it by a cross-vein; basal cross- sectors predominates, in other species both types vein between R1 and Rs beyond the separation of occur with nearly equal frequency. This vena- 3I,4 from Rs (or connecting cross-vein) and far tional difference cannot, therefore, be satisfactorily proximal to origin of R4 + 5; furcation of 1IP used as the basis of generic separation. Need- distal of separation of MA from Rs (or connecting ham's genus Spadobius was based upon a single vein]; not more than two outer gradate veins, specimen of S. amiculus having an adventitious often none; only one or two in the inner gradate croas-vein between R1 and R4 + 5 near the origin series. of the latter. Such adventitious veins occur com- .inal plates of male with at least one distal proc- monly in all Hemerobiidae and certainly have no eih; tenth tergite with elongate "wings" ant1 a specific value. Some venational characteristics, "The generic synonymy given here includes only ho~vever,are sufficiently constant in our Kearctic that involving the Yearctic, s11ecie.s. species of Sympherobiuc to be of taxonomic use 228 CARPENTER Best of these is the cross-vein, termed the radial First fork of Cul at the level of the m-cu cross- cross-vein, present in some species between R4 + 5 vein; radial cross-vein between R4 + 5 and and some part of Rs above. In a number of R2 + 3...... umb~atus Banks (p. 230) species this vein is completely absent (e.g., bar- 5. Radial cross-vein of fore wing between R4 + 5 and R2 3...... amiculus Fitch (p. 228) beri) ; in others it connects R4 5 with R2 3 + + + Radial cross-vein of fore wing between R4+5 (e.g., umbratus) ; and in others it connects R4 5 + and R1 + Rs, before the origin of R2 + 3...6 to Rl + Rs before the origin of R2 + 3 (e.g., 6. Costal area of fore wing broad occidentalis). The presence or absence and the californicus Banks (p. 232) position of this cross-vein are surprisingly stable. Costal area narrow...... 7 I have found them to hold constant in all but 7. Veins of fore wing nearly uniformly brown about two per cent of the Nearctic specimens, and similis, n. sp. (p. 236) in most species I have seen no exceptions. The Veins of fore wing with conspicuous brown and shape of the wing is also of much taxonomic value, white markings...... 8 some species having a broad costal area (e.g., 8. Large species, fore wing over 6 mm. long; meso- barberi) and others having this space very nar- notum yellow medially, with a large black spot on each side...... angustus Banks (p. 233) row (e.g., angustusj. Although the color of the Small species, fore wing about 4 mm. long; body is nearly the same in all species, the color mesonotum nearly uniformly brown, only of the fore wings differs so greatly between many slightly darker laterally than medially species that in spite of some individual variation, bifasciatus Banks (p. 2331 it has much taxonomic value. The male genitalia 9. Fore wing membrane predominately brown, hya- furnish the most significant specific structures. line area in form of small spots The shape and the number of the processes on arizonicus Banks (p. 234) the anal plates are remarkably constant, and these Fore wing membrane predominately hyaline.. .l0 can usually be examined without relaxing or dis- 10. Fore wing maculations forming three distinct section of the abdomen. The ninth sternite of bands across the central part of the wing the male abdomen and the parameres also exhibit pictus Banks (p. 234) Fore wing maculations in the form of small, ir- excellent specific differences. The terminal ab- regular spots, distributed more or less uniformly dominal segments of the female are so much over the wing...... 11 alike that I have found them of no use in dis- 11. Costal area of the fore wing broad tinguishing the species. barberi Banks (p. 235) Sympherobius occurs in Europe, Asia and North Costal area of the fore wing narrow...... l2 and South America. The genus is especially well 12. Fore wing very slender, inner gradate veins rvidely represented in the Nearctic region, which includes separated...... perparvus McLachlan (p. 236) the fifteen species considered below and probably Fore wing at most only moderately slender, the several others still unknown. These Nearctic two upper and the two lower gradate veins Sympherobius, unlike members of the other genera close together...... 13 13. Veins of fore wing uniformly brown, maculations of Hemerobiidae, are most abundant in the south- diffuse...... distinctus, n. sp. (p. 238) ern part of the region, and many of the species Veins of fore wing spotted with brown and white; are confined to the southern states, maculations few...... 14 14. Fore wing membrane hyaline killingtoni, n. sp. (p. 238) 1. Radial cross-rein present in fore wing...... 2 Fore wing membrane yellow Radial cross-vein absent...... 9 limbus, n. sp. (11. 236) 2. Fore wing with all cells either margined with dark brown or filled with dark brown and mar- Sympherobizts amiculus (Fitch) gined with hyaline membrane...... 3 Fore wing without such markings; the membrane Figures 27, 28 hyaline and spotted with gray or brown.. ...5 Hemerobius amiculus Fitch, 1856, 1st Br. 2nd Rept. 3. Costal area of the fore wing narrow Ins. N. Y.: 95. gmcilis, n. sp. (p. 231) Costal area of the fore wing broad...... 4 Sympherobius amiculus Banks, 1904, Proc. Ent. 4. First fork of Cul at a point far distal of the Soc. Wash., 6: 209; 1905, Trans. ilmer. Ent. cross-vein m-cu; radial cross-rein between SOC.,32: 42. R4+ 5 and R1 +Rs, before the origin of Sympherobius buenoi n'avas, 1912, Broteria, 10: R2 + 3 ...... occidentalis Fitch (p. 230) 198, fig. 7a; 1914, Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., 9: 20. A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC HEhIEROBIIDAE 229 Head medium to dark brown, shiny; pronotum "\vings" slightly flattened, but slender; aedeagus r.ledium brown, dull, usually slightly mottled with very prominent, curved anteriorly over the tenth !re!; antennae slender, the basal third dark grey, tergite (anal plates) ; paranleres coalesced ante- rhe rest light brown; legs yellowish. Fore wing: riorly, but separating posteriorly to form a pair length, 3.5 mm.; width, 1.3-2 mm.; broad, apex of flattened, irregular plates; ninth tergite with urually rounded but sometimes nearly pointed; only a short posterior projection from the ven- costal space rather broad, nearly as in barberi; tral border. ning membrane usually hyaline, but sometimes the Holotype ( O ) : in the Museum of Comparative brown maculations are so diffuse that the mem- Zoology. This specimen bears no locality data, brane appears nearly uniformly brown; veins but Fitch states in his description that specimens FIGURE28. Syrnphe~obius amiculus (Fitch) . A, FIGURE29. S~mpherobiusoccidentalis (Fitch). A, terminal abdominal segments of male (allotype), terminal abdominal segments of male, dorsal view; dorsal view; B. same, lateral view; C. parameres of B, same, lateral view; C, parameres of same, dorsal aame, dorsal view. Lettering as in figure 2. view. Lettering as in figure 2. often light and marked with dark brown spots, were taken in Xew York and Illinois, so that the one of these being at the base of each micro- type was undoubtedly collected in one of those rrichium; maculations mostly grey-brown, some- states. Allotype, by present designation: Cam- tlnles yellow-brown; inner gradate veins very dark bridge, Massachusetts, July 13 (F. M. Hull); in brown, often very heavily and widely margined, the hIuseum of Comparative Zoology. especially those of the posterior part of the wing; Distribution: Although this species probably oc- ,it least the t~voupper and two lower inner gradates curs in the eastern United States and Canada as close together; radial cross-vein betrveen R4 + 5 far west as Oklahoma and Kebraska, the actual and R2 + 3. Hind wing hyaline, no maculations. records show a very spotted distribution. I have Anal plates of male large, each with three posterior Peen specimens from various localities in the fol- processes, two lat~rnland one more nearly median, lowing states and provillces: Sova Scotia, Ontario, the latter being ver! short and more curl-ecl than New Hampshire, Vermont, 3Iassachusetts, New the other two; tenth sternite large, with the York, Ohio, Illinois, West Virginia, Virginia, Sort11 Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Arkansas (Washington processes, the lateral one being smoothly curved, Co.), Louisiana, Nebraska (Lincoln), Kansas, the other two being at least slightly furcate. The Michigan (E. Lansing), Wisconsin (Brule) , PvIln- detailed structure of the tenth sternite has not nesota (Benn, Eveleth), Oklahoma (Roff, Parson, been determined. El Reno, Cheyenne, Okemah, Pearson), and Texas Holotype ( 8 ) : Williams, Arizona, June 10; m (Galveston). Most of the adults have been col- the United States Sational Museum. lected during June and July, but a few have been In addition to the type specimen, I have seen taken in March, ilpril, May, August and early only a broken female, from Albuquerque, Nev September. hlexico (Oslar). This was mentioned by Banks This is one of our two species of Sympherobius at the time of his description of the species. Ap- having the radial cross-vein between R4 + 5 and parently the insect has not been collected sub- R2 + 3, the other being the very distinctive umbratus. The wing markings are exceptionally This is a very distinct insect. In general ap- variable in amiculus. In some specimens the mem- pearance it resembles occidentalis and gracilis. brane is very light, while in others it is decidedly light brown, as a result of the more generally dif- fuse maculations. The heavy brown maculations near the fork of Cula are always present, though in some they extend much further forwards than in most. In spite of the variation in wing mark- ings and wing shape, the position of the radial cross-vein is constant, so far as the origin of R2 + 3 is concerned, and this enables easy recogni- tion of the species. The anal plates of the male also furnish distinctive characteristics in the form and arrangement of the three posterior processes. Navas' buenoi, from White Plains, New York, is without doubt this species. Although Navas stated that the specimen was like umbratus, his FIGURE 30. Sympherobius umbratus Banks. .\. figure shows that the type is nothing more than terminal abdominal segments of male (holotype), amiculus. It is very doubtful that he had a dorsal view; B, same, lateral view. specimen of umbratus for comparison, since this FIGURE31. '~ym~herobiusgracilis, n. sp. A, ter- is an extremely rare species. minal abdominal segments of male (holotype), dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, parameres of same, dorsal Sympherobius umbratus (Banks) view. Figure 30 n. sp., but differs in the uniformity of the brown Hemerobius umbratus Banks, 1903, Proc. Ent. Soc. on the wing membrane, the broader costal area, Wash., 5: 242. the position of the radial cross-vein, the color of Sympherobius umbratus Banks, 1905, Trans. Amer. the body, and in the genital structure, at least in Ent. Soc., 32: 41. the form of the processes on the anal plates of Head uniformly dark brown; antennae light the male. brown; pronotum and mesonotum and abdomen Sympherobius occidentalis (Fitch) uniformly medium brown. Fore wing: length, 5 mm.; width, 2.5 mm.; broadly oval; costal area Figure 29; plate 1, figure 10 wide, as in barberi; radial cross-vein between Hemerobius occidentalis Fitch, 1856, 1st & 2nd R4 + 5 and R2 + 3; wing membrane almost uni- Rept. Ins. S. Y.: 95; Hagen, 1861, Synop. formly brown, except that all veins are narrowly Neuropt. N. A.: 201. margined by a hyaline strip; the brown area in Sympherobius occidentalis Banks, 1905, Trans. each cell thus formed is margined by slightly darker Amer. Ent. Soc., 32: 40. brown; gradate veins normally arranged, with the Face black, shiny; vertex medium or dark two upper and two lower ones close together. brown, nearly black, the rest light brown or !el- Hind wing: very nearly hyaline, with only a faint low; pronotum with a very thin light median trace of brown. Anal plates of male with three stripe bordered laterally by a wide dark brom .I REVISION OF THE I~EARCTICHEMEROBIIDAE 23 1 stripe on each side, this in turn margined laterally to designate a neotype of occidentalis until other ~rithyellow; mesonotum with a continuation of Illinois specimens have been found. Curiously rhe median yellow stripe of the pronotum, and enough, although I have examined many hundreds nit11 a "V" formed by the converging of the ex- of specimens of Hemerobiids from Illinois, chiefly lensions of the lateral borders of the pronotum; collected by Dr. Ross and his associates, I have iiletanotum and abdomen dark brown to medium found no specimens of occidentalis among them. br0n.n. Fore wing: length, 5 mm.; width, 2 mm.; Distribution: ILLINOIS (Henderson River, nioderately broad; costal area not quite so broad October) ; KASSAS (Onaga; Manhattan, August 3s in amiculus; radial cross-vein connected to 8, R. C. Smith); ARKANSAS (Washington Co., Rl f Rs before the origin of R2 + 3; branches July 23, 1938); DISTRICT OF COLUhIBIA oi Cul arranged so that they are mostly parallel (Washington, according to Hagen's identification) ; to 3IP and the branches of Rs; membrane brown- TEXAS (College Sta., June 23, 1938, R. H. ish, veins dark brown; cells of wing margined by Beamer) . a heavy dark brown border; cross-veins con- This rare species resembles the following spicuously margined with dark brown; a very dark (gracilis, n. sp.) but the thorax of the latter is brown patch at the inner angle of wing. Hind uniformly brown, not marked with yellow, and ning: membrane smoky, maculations absent. Anal there are numerous venational and other wing plates of male small, with two short, strongly differences. There is also a slight resemblance to curved posterior processes; tenth sternite large, umbratus Banks, but the wing markings are not the tn.0 "wingsJ' very long, extending well into the very similar. The distal processes on the anal eighth segment ; aedeagus broad, short; parameres plates are very short, more so than in any of the coalesced anteriorly, forming a pair of broad, flat other Nearctic Sympherobius. plates posteriorly. Types: Fitch apparently had only one specimen Sympherobius gracilis, n. sp. of this species, collected at the Henderson River, Figure 31 Illinois (probably in Henderson County). This Face dark reddish brown, vertex much lighter specimen seems to have been lost, for it is not in reddish brown; pronotum and mesonotum uni- the lfuseum of Comparative Zoology or the formly dark brown; abdomen dark brown. Fore United States Iiational Museum. Fortunately, the wing: length, 5 mm.; width, 2 mm.; narrow, costal insect is a very distinctive one, and Fitch's descrip- space narrow, nearly as in angustus; membrane tion enables us to recognize the species almost hyaline, but with the hyaline area restricted to a nithout question. There are but three Nearctic narrow strip on each side of all veins; cells of the species of Sympherobius known to me which wings filled with dark brown, as in umbratus possess the peculiar margination of the cells men- though the margin of the brown area is darker tioned by Fitch. One of these has been collected than the inner part, giving much the appearance in Arkansas and Kansas, where it is not uncom- of the wing of occide~ztalis; radial cross-vein just mon; a second, described below as gracilis, is at origin of R2 + 3 in the type, but that is proba- known only from Korth Carolina; the third, bly not its normal position; Cul forked nearly to onb brat us Banks, has been found only in Arizona nl-cu; veins nearly uniform brown, not spotted. and Sew Mexico. These three species differ in Anal plates of male viith three distal processes, the various characteristics not mentioned by Fitch lower lateral one furcate at tip; tenth sternite (body color, wing venation, genital structure). large, the "wings" very much expanded; para- Of these species it seems far more probable that meres also large, the separated portions forming the first, from Kansas, is occidentalis, which was n complicated and gracefully curved spatulate described from Illinois. It is on the basis of that plate. interpretation that I have redescribed the species Holotype ( 8 ) : Raleigh, North Carolina, June liere.l? I do not consider it advisable, however, 11, 1934 (R. R. Leiby); in the hIuseum of Com- parative Zoology. The female is unknown. " Hagen (1861) recorded a specimen of occidentalis This striking species resembles umbratus in from Washington, D. C., pointing out that the anten- general appearance, but it has a more slender nae of his specimen were longer than those described hy Fitc.11, wl?o stated that in tlie type tlie antennae broken, for they are longer than the body in all Irere shorter than the body and all black. The other species of Sympherobius, and in some species antennae of Fitch's specimen were undoubtedly they are black for only about a third of their length. 232 CARPENTER wing and a narrower costal area. The male straight, and the inner one very small and straight; genitalia also are very distinctive; only one of tenth sternite large, with a distinct tooth-like pro- the processes on the anal plates is furcate, in- jection visible in side view just below the aedeagus; stead of two, as in urnbratus. ninth tergite with a very long posterior exten- sion ventrally; parameres much as in amiculus. Sympherobius californicus Banks Types: Banks mentioned three types of this Figures 32; plate 2, figure 12 species: "From Los Angeles, Claremont, and Pasa- Sympherobius californicus Banks, 1911, Trans. dena, California." I have been able to locate only Amer. Ent. Soc., 37: 346. two of these types, one (8) from Pasadena (J. Head medium to light brown, clypeus often Grinnell) and the other ( 8 ) from Claremont darker brown; vertex usually light brown, never (Baker); both are in the Museum of Compara- 338 ; 33c 33A FIGURE32. Sympherobius californicus Banks. A, FIGURE33. Sympherobius bifasciatus Banks. .I. terminal abdominal segments of male (lectotype), terminal abdominal segments of male (holotype). dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, tenth sternite of dorsal view; B, same, lateral view; C, parameres oi same, dorsal view; D, parameres of same, dorsal view, same, dorsal view. black or very dark brown; pronotum with a dis- tive Zoology. An examination of the genital tinct median yellow stripe bordered laterally with structure of these shows that the specimen from dark brown; mesonotum usually medium yellow- Claremont is really barberi Banks (1903). The brown, somewhat variegated; abdomen medium other specimen, from Pasadena, is therefore non brown. Fore wing: length, 5 mm.; width, 2.5 designated the lectotype of californicus. Since mm.; broadly oval, costal space broad, but not so this is a male and no female type has been estab- broad as in barberi; radial cross-vein short, be- lished, a female from Bericia, California, in the tween R4 + 5 and R2 f 3; membrane hyaline or Museum of Comparative Zoology, is now deeig- slightly brownish; cross-veins and Cul strongly nated the allotype. margined with dark brown; sometimes also Distribution :CALIFORNIA (Pasadena, Bericia, branches of Cul and not infrequently other veins Berkeley, Laguna Beach, Claremont, San Fran- are irregularly spotted with dark brown. Hind cisco, San Lfateo Co., Placer Co., Carmel, Fresno. wing : hyaline, maculations absent. Anal plates Alameda, Santa Barbara, Mt. View, Alhambr~, of male with three distal processes, the lateral one Richmond, Ventura, Ramona, Leona Hts.) . The being smoothly curved, the middle one long but adults have been collected from March to Kovem- A REVISIOK OF THE NEARCTIC HELIEROBIIDAE 233 i~er. The species appears to be confined to Cali- Sympherobius a?zgustus Banks, 1905, ibid., 32: 41. iornia, but it is hardly uncommon t,here, for I have Sympherobius tristis Navas, 1914, Bull. Brook. reel1 at least sixty specimens. Ent. Soc., 9: 15, fig. 2. Californicus resembles barberi and angustus in Head with face dark brown, almost black; in certain respect,^. The radial cross-vein is present some specimens the upper part of the face is dark in ralifornicus and is situated like that in angustus, reddish brown, but at least the lower part is nearly hut the costal area and the wing as a whole is black; vertex dark brown or black; antennae dark, Srosd, as in barberi. The male genitalia are clos- grey-brown; pronotum with a thin, median yel- est to those of barberi, which has the outer process low stripe, bordered by dark brown laterally; ab- oi the anal plates strongly twisted, instead of domen dark brown. Fore wing: length, 6.5 mm.; smoothly curved, as in californicus. width, 2.8 mm.; slender, with a very narrow costal Sympherobius bifasciatus Banks area; membrane hyaline; almost all veins mar- gined wit'h dark brown, especially the cross-veins, Figure 33 Cul and its branches, Cu2 and the anals; in some Syt~zpherobius bifasciatus Banks, 1911, Trans. specimens the maculations around the gradate Amer. Ent. Soc., 37: 347. veins are unusually wide and diffuse, giving the Head with light brown face, t'he lower part not appearance of two bands across the wing as in (1:irker than medium yellowish brown; vertex light bifasciatus; radial cross-vein between R4 + 5 and hrorrn; antennae light brown; pronotum with a R1 + Rs, before the origin of R2 +3, as in cali- iairly wide median yellow stripe, bordered laterally fornicus. Anal plat'es of male with four distal I)!. brow, usually not very dark; mesonotum yel- processes, all strongly curved, including the very IO\Y medially, with dark brown laterally; abdomen short one; nint'h sternite with a prominent anterior i~ronn. Fore wing: length, 3.7 mm.; width, 1.6 extension ventrally; tenth sternite small, with 111111.; narrow, but slightly broader than in angust- broader "wings" than in californicus; parameres as ire; membrane hyaline; costal space narrow, as in in the lat'ter, but with a shorter fused portion. a~igustus; maculations light brown; cross-veins, Types: Banks indicated the cotypes of this Cul and its branches, Cu2 and the anals strongly species as follows: '(One specimen from Mesilla, iliargined with brown, not quite so dark as in N. hlex. (A. P. llorse), and others from Las atigustus; marginations around gradate veins Vegas Hot Springs, August (Barber and Schwarz) ." broadly diffuse, forming two transverse bands; The specimen from llesilla, a female, is in the radial cross-vein between R4 + 5 and R1 + Rs, hluseum of Comparative Zoology, and it is here before the origin of R2 + 3. Anal plates of male designated t'he lectotgpe. One specimen, also a * n.itll three distal processes, all long, the lower one female, from the Las Vegas locality is in the United iieeply forked; ninth sternite with a long posterior States Kational Aluseum. Allotype, by present prolongation ventrally; tenth sternite small rrith designation: Pingree Park, Colorado, August 12, nther slender "wings"; parameres as in angustus. 1926 (R. C. Smith) ; in tlie Museum of Compara- Holotype ( 8 ) : "Colorado" (G. F. Baker) ; in tive Zoology. tile AIuseum of Comparative Zoology. Distribution: UTAH (Manila, August 11, G. F. Distribution: COLORADO (no further data) ; Knowlton, F. C. Harmston); NEW hIEXICO ALBERTA (Lethbridge, June 10, 1926, J. E. (Las Vegas, Slesilla, Santa Fe) ; COLORADO Revell; and June 18, 1929, J. H. Pepper). (Longs Peak, 9000 ft., July, E. C. Van Dyke; This small species, rvhich is apparently very Golden, July; Pingree Park, August) ; BRITISH rxe, resembles angustus closely in wing and body COLUMBIA (100 Mi. House, June). ~iinrkings;it may be distinguished from the latter This rare species is the largest and most strik- by the lighter brown of the wing marginations, ing of our Sympherobius. It is close to the smaller ~ndthe lighter color of the head, as well as by bifasciatus in wing markings and general body tlie male genitalia. The anal plates of bifasciatus structure, but' the male genitalia are decidedly ;ire very unusual in possessing a deeply forked different in the two insects, especially in the form process. of the distal processes on the anal plates. Symplzerobius angustus (Banks) Nl'nvas' tristis, from Pecos, New Mexico, is clearly Figure 34; plate 2, figure 16 nngust us. Knvas himself stated that' this insect Hr~neiobius angustzrs Banks, 1904, Trans. -4mer. resembled angztstzts, but did not mention character- Ent. Soc., 30: 102. istics distinguishing the t~vo. The wing, as he has CARPENTER FIGURE'^^. Sympherobius angustus Banks. A, ter- FIGURE35. Sympherobius barberi Banks, A, ter- minal abdominal segments of male (allotype), dorsal minal abdominal segments of male (allotype), dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, parameres of same, dorsal view; B, same, lateral view; C, parameres of same. view. dorsal view. drawn it, is broader than that of angustus, but his This strikingly marked species I have not been figures are usually incorrectly proportioned. The able to recognize in any of the collections of Sym- wing markings, the narrow costal area, and the pherobius which have been sent to me. It is pos- venation are typical of angustus. sible that the type is only a very heavily marked specimen of the species which I have described Sympherobius arixonicus Banks below as killingtoni, but none of the numerous in- Plate 2, figure 14 dividuals of the latter which I have seen even ap- Sympherobius arixonicus Banks, 1911,Trans. Amer. proach the type of arizonicus in wing markings. Ent. Soc., 37: 346. Face dark brown, somewhat reddish, except for Sgmpherobius pictcts (Banks) a lighter area below antennae; the antennae, thorax Plate 2, figure 13 and abdomen dark reddish brown. Fore wing: length, 4.5 mm.; width, 2 mm.; costal area nar- Hemerobius pictus Banks, 1904, Can. Ent., 36: 62. row, but broader than in killingtoni, n. sp.; in the Sympherobius pictus Banks, 1905, Trans. -4mer. type the wing membrane is so nearly covered with Ent. Soc., 32: 41. brown maculations that the wing as a whole is Face light or medium brown; vertex dark broan; nearly uniformly brown, except for numerous, antennae grey; thorax and abdomen dark bronn. evenly distributed hyaline spots; two lower inner Fore wing: length, 5 mm.; width, 2 mm.; broadly gradate veins not darker than the others; inner oval; costal area narrow, as in arixonicus; men- gradates normally arranged, the two lower and brane hyaline; distal half of wing conspicuously two upper close together; radial cross-vein absent. bordered by a series of extensive light bronn Hind wing: slightly brownish. The male is un- maculations, not quite contiguous; four conspicu- known. ous dark brown bands extend transversely over the Holotype ( 9 ) : Prescott, Arizona (Oslar) ; in middle part of the wing, one at the level of the the Museum of Comparative Zoology. outer gradates, one at the level of the two upper A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC HEMEROBIIDAE 235 inner gradates, one at the level of the two lower in- Sympherobius barberi (Banks) ner gradates, and one at the level of the forking of Figure 35; plate 1, figure 9 IIP; radial cross-vein absent; inner gradates nor- m,111y arranged, the two upper and the two lower Hemerobius barberi Banks, 1903, Proc. Ent. Soc. ones close together; because of the oval shape of Wash., 5: 241. :he wing, the inner gradate veins seem nearer to Sympherobius barberi Banks, 1905, Trans. Amer. ?he base of the wing than they do in arixonicus or Ent. Soc., 32: 42. a ill~ngtoni. The male is unknown. Types: Two females (cotypes) from '(south Face light reddish to light yellowish brown; neqtern" Colorado (Oslar) are in the lluseum of vertex with some dark brown over eyes; pronotum 37C 37A FIGURE36. Sympherobius perparvus (McLach.). FIGURE37. Sumpherobius distinctus, n. sp. A, 1,terminal abdominal segments of male, dorsal view; terminal abdominal segments of male (holotype), B, same, lateral view; C, parameres, dorsal view. dorsal view; B, same, lateral view; C, parameres of same, dorsal view. Comparative Zoology; one of these has been now with a light brown stripe, bordered by darker labelled the lectotype. brown, this being distinctly spotted; mesonotum In addition to the types, I have seen only one usually uniformly reddish brown; abdomen dark other specimen of pictus, that also being a female; or medium brown. Fore urlng: length, 4.5 mm.; ~t was collected near Saguache, Colorado, August width, 2 mm.; broadly oval, with a very broad 10, 1937, by R. H. Painter, and is in Dr. R. C. costal space; radial cross-vein absent; membrane Smith's collection. hyahne, with numerous irregular light brown macu- The fore wings of this species are marked in lations; a dark brown patch near the end of Cul a unique manner, so far as our Nearctic species are and at the inner angle of wing; cross-veins not concerned. There is a slight possibility that this margined usually, rarely very faintly. Anal plates la the same insect as killingtoni, n. sp., the three of male with three distal processes, the outer lateral individuals mentioned above being in this case ab- one being strongly curved and in most specimens normally marked. However, I have seen no speci- strongly taisted; the inner process is very short mens of killingtoni with markings in any way re- and the dorsal one is only a little longer than this; sembling even faintly those of the types of pictus. tenth sternite moderate in size, with somewhat 236 CARPE broader "wings"; parameres as in californicus, with uniformly reddish brown, only slightly darker later- a shorter fused portion. ally than medially; antennae grey-brown. Fore Types : t~ofemales (cotypes) from Williams, wing : length, 3.4 mm.; width, 1.3 mm.; moderately Arizona, July 20 and 21 (H. S. Barber and E. A. slender; costal area narrow, as in angustus; mem- Schwarz); in the United States National Mu- brane yellow; inner and outer gradates margined seum. Allotype, by present designation: Tucson, vvith large brown spots, mostly faint; radial cross- Arizona, December 19, 1934 (L. P. Wehrle); in vein absent. Anal plates of male with three proc- the hluseum of Comparative Zoology. esses, the outer very large, stout, and only slightly Distribution : CALIFORNIA (Ft. Yuma, Im- curved, the inner-ventral one short and very perial Co.; Alpine, San Diego Co.; Cloverdale, strongly curved, and the dorsal one short and Sanomo Co.; Susanville, Larsen Co.; Pleyto, Mon- straight; tenth sternite mith a prominent ventral terey Co.; Ventura; Campo; Indio; San Jacinto process extending posteriorly from each "wing"; ilfts., Redding; Claremont; Santa Paula; Mt. parameres with the fused part forming a spatdatc Wilson; Alhambra) ; OREGON (Colestin, Jackson head, with a conspicuously fringed margin. Co.) ; COLORADO (Sloss; Glenwood Springs) ; The female is unknown. ARIZOZTA (LIaricopa, Pinal Co.; Patagonia; Holotype (8) : Alpine, Texas. July 1, 1926, Santa Rita Mts.; Cochise Co.; Yarnell; Tucson; (R. H. Beamer); in the University of Kansas Huachuca hlts.) ; SEW MEXICO (Mesilla) ; lluseum. UTAH (Klags Sta., Davis Co.; Pintura) ; TEXAS This small Sympherobius resembles killingtoni (Brownsville; Devil's River; Sutton Co.; Karnes in general habitus, but can be distinguished by the Co.; Calvert; Galveston) ; OKLAHOMA (Grand- yellow wings. The male genitalia are unusual in field; Page; Pearson; Oswalt; Big Cedar; having the posterior process on the tenth sternite Lebanon; Tuskahoma); KANSAS (Manhattan; and especially the fringed border on the parameres, Wichita) ; ARKANSAS (Washington Co.) ; FLOR- a characteristic which I have not seen in any other IDA (Cedar Keys; Jacksonville, Tampa) ; SOUTH members of the genus. CAROLINA (Charleston) ; VIRGINIA (Falls Sympherobius similis, n. sp. Church) ; OHIO (Summit Co.) ; NORTH CAR- OLINA (no further data) ; PENNSYLVANIA Figure 39 (no further data). The adults have been collected Face yellow; vertex yellow-brown, with some during all months of the year, though they seem dark brown laterally; pronotum and mesonoturll to be most abundant during the summer months. with a median yellow, longitudinal stripe, bor- This is the commonest southern species of the dered laterally with dark brown; first antenna1 genus. It is similar to amiculus in appearance, segment yellow, others dark brown; abdomen but differs in the lack of the radial cross-vein in yellow-brown. Fore wing: length, 3.5 mm.; ridth, the fore wing, as well as in many details of genital 1.8 mm.; moderately slender, much as in angustza: structure. The inner and dorsal processes of the costal area narrow as in the latter: membrane anal plates are very short. In all specimens of smoky, with faint and scattered brown macuk- barberi ~vhichI have seen from the area west of tions; Cul as far as m-cu, Cu2, and most crosc- Oklahoma and Kansas, the outer process of the veins strongly margined mith dark brown; radial anal plates is distinctly twisted, but in specimens cross-vein present between R4 + 5 and R1+ Rs. from the more eastern states, this process is hardly before origin of R2 + 3; inner gradates close to- twisted at all. There seems, therefore, to be some gether, normally arranged. Anal plates of male geographic factor envolved here, but I have been with two processes, the outer one stout and strongly unable to detect any other characteristics which curved, the inner one small and nearly parallel are correlated with the one mentioned. with the other; tenth sternite with broad "wings," Dr. L. P. Wehrle has sent me a fine series of each bearing a small posterior tooth; parameres this species which he has bred in the laboratory; small, the fused part forming a spatulate hesd. the larvae fed on the mealy bug, Lantana camara with a pair of anterior projections. var. mista. The female is unknown. Sympherobius limbus, n. sp. Holotype ( 8 ) : Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, July 17, 1932 (R. H. Beamer) ; in the University Figure 38 of Kansas Museum. Face light reddish brown, clypeus darkened; This small species resembles bifasciatus Banlie. vertex pronotum, mesonotum and abdomen nearly The wings of similis are somewhat broader than A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC HEMEROBIIDAE FIGURE38. Sympherobius limbus, n. sp. A, ter- view; B, same, lateral view; C, parameres of same, minal abdominal segments of male (holotype) , dorsal dorsal view. vier; B, same, lateral view; C, parameres of same, FIGURE40. Sympherobius killingtoni, n. sp. A, dorsal view. terminal abdominal segments of male (holotype), FIGURE39. Sympherobius similis, n. sp. A, ter- dorsal view; B, same, lateral view; C, parameres of minal abdominal segments of male (holotype), dorsal same, dorsal view. those of bifasciatus and possess brown veins which Face pale brown, often slightly reddish; vertex .ire very nearly uniformly colored, not interrupted usually somewhat darker brown; pronotum and 111th white, as in bifasciatus. The male genitalia mesonotum brown or dark brown, variegated; an- .ire very different from those of the latter, having tennae dark grey-brown; abdomen brown, often only two unforked processes on the anal plates. dark brown. Fore wing: length, 4 mm.; width, 1.5 mm.; slender; costal margin narrow; mem- Sympherobius perparvus (McLachlan) brane hyaline; maculations grey, usually rather large but widely scattered; gradate veins and Figure 36; plate 2, figure 15 longitudinal veins not margined; as a result of the Hemerobius perparvus llcLachlan, 1869, Ent. bIo. slenderness of the wing the branches of Rs are IIag., 6: 22. much longer than in the other Nearctic species of Sympherobius perparvus Banks, 1905, Trans. Amer. Sympherobius; radial cross-vein absent; inner Ent. Soc., 32: 41. gradate veins widely separated, forming a fairly Sympherobius sparsus Banks, 1911, Trans. Amer. even series. Anal plates of male with an elongate Ent. Soc., 37: 346. but very slender posterior projection ventrally; tenth sternite rather small, the "wingsJJnot greatly upper two and the lower trro close together; radial expanded; parameres small, the fused part broad cross-vein absent. Anal plates of male with three as viewed from the side, the separated parts form- terminal processes, the inner one being broad ing two spatulate plates, strongly curved, as basally and very strongly curved distally; tenth viewed laterally. sternite small, but distinctive, possessing a long Types: Three specimens (2 9, 1 8 ) from Bosque posterior process on each of the "~vings"; parameres Co., Texas (G. 11'. Belfrage) ; in the British Mu- with the spatulate head of other Sympherobius, but seum. lacking the twisted lobation present in other Ne- Distribution : CALIFORNIA (Bishop; Indio ; arctic species. Little Lake, Inyo Co.); ARIZONA (Patagonia; Holotype ( 8 ) : Pingree Park, Colorado ; August Wilcox ; Washington LMts.J near Nogales) ; NEW 18, 1926 (R. C. Smith) ; in the Museum of Com- XI E X I C 0 (Mesilla; Vaughn) ; COLORADO parative Zoology. (Boulder, London) ; TEXAS (Bosque Co.; Jack- This is a very unusually marked species. The son Co.; Potter Co.) ; OKLAHOhlA (Lugert; uniformly brown wings of distinctus are found else- Roff; Oswalt); KANSAS (Manhattan; Wichita; where only in gracilis, occidentalis and urnbratus, Stafford Co.; St. Frances; Ellsworth; Dickerson all of which have differently arranged markings, Co.) ; SASKATCHEWAN (Saskatoon, July 26, the maculations coinciding with the cells of the K. hI. King). The adults have been collected wing. Distinctus is probably closer to arizonicus from &lay through September. than to any other members of the genus, at least This is the smallest and palest of the Nearctic so far as wing structure is concerned; but it has Sympherobius. It differs from all others in the larger hyaline areas on the wing and the veins are elongate fore wing and the widely separated grad- uniformly brown. The male genitalia are unique ate veins. The male genitalia are closest to those in having the long posterior process on the "wingsJ' of Izillingtoni, n. sp., both species having the single of the tenth sternite. process on the anal plates. In perparvus, how- Sympherobius killingtoni, n. sp. ever, this process is strongly curved, whereas it is perfectly straight in Izillingtoni. Figure 40; plate 2, figure 11 BanksJ sparsus was based upon a female from Face from light to dark brown; vertex dark Kansas (type in the hluseum of Comparative brown; antennae grey; pronotum and mesonotum Zoology) which unquestionably is perparvus; the dark brown, often reddish; abdomen dark brom widely spaced inner gradates were mentioned by Fore wing: length (average), 4.5 mm.; width, Banks in his description. Although I have not 2 mm.; moderately broad, but with narrow costal been able to examine the types of perparvus at the space; wing membrane hyaline, maculationa British Museum, the McLachlan collection having usually greyish brown or light brown and evenly been received there shortly after my visit to the distributed; inner gradate veins normally ar- museum in 1938, Mr. D. E. Kimmins kindly com- ranged, not widely separated, the two upper ones pared specimens which I sent to him with the and the two lower ones close together and dark types. All of the latter possess the venational and brown; radial cross-vein absent; cross-veins usually other wing characteristics of the species described margined, and in many specimens the inner here as perparvus. gradates (especially the lower two) are widely and heavily margined with dark brown. Anal Sympherobius distinctus, n. sp. plates of male with a single distal process, thls being straight, not curved as in perparvus; ninth Figure 37 tergite with a slender posterior projection ren- Face very dark red-brown; vertex, pronotum, trally, as in perparvus; tenth sternite with brond mesonotum somewhat lighter; metanotum appar- "wings"; parameres similar to those of perparvus ently with a median yellow stripe; abdomen dark but with a smaller, spatulate head, and long ob- brown. Fore wing: length 6.5 mm.; width, 2.5 lique processes extending anteriorly. mm.; broad, but costal space narrow; veins uni- Holotype (8) : Eureka, Utah, August 13 (T formly dark brown, not spotted; membrane of Spaulding); in the Museum of Comparati~e wing mostly hyaline, but irregular brownish macu- Zoology. Allotype, same locality data, August 15 lations are very abundant and are very diffuse in the ,Museum of Comparative Zoology. along the posterior margin; gradate veins not mar- Paratypes: 1 8, Mesilla, New Mexico; 26 gined; inner gradate veins normally arranged, the Eureka, Utah, August 13 (Spaulding) ; 18, same A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC HEMEROBIIDAE 239 .\u,oust 14; 18, Williams, Arizona, May 28; 18, This insect has been named for Dr. F. J. Killing- Globe, Arizona, August 10 (Parker) ; 18, Tucson, ton, of Southhampton, England, whose recent Arizona, June 7, 1934 (A. A. Sichol) ; 3 8, 19, "Slonograph of the British Neuroptera" is un- Tooele, Utah, August 29, 1937 (L. L. Hansen); questionably destined to become one of the classics 1 c' , Logan, Ut'ah, August 29, 1937 (L. L. Hansen) ; of entomological literature. 311 in the hl'useum of Comparative Zoology.-- 1 9, Logan, Utah, July 6, 1937 (H. F. Knowlton) ; Genus Megalomus Rambur 19, Trout Creek, Utah, July 25, 1937 (H. B. lZlegalomus Rambur, 1842, Hist. Kat. Ins. Srllfford) ; 1 9, Las Vegas, New Mexico, August 4 Seuropt.: 418; Killington, 1937, Alonogr. Brit. IH. S. Barber) ; 1 9, Kamos, Ut,ah, June 24, 1936 Neuropt., 2: 131. IF. C. Harmston) ; 18, Williams, Arizona (H. S. Fore wing: usually broadly oval, costal space B:irber) ; 18, Dallas, Texas, March 6, 1909 (F. S. very wide and abruptly broadened at base; recur- Tucker) ; 19, Tooele, Utah, August 29, 1937 rent humeral vein present; costal veinlets forked; IL. L. Hansen) ; all in the Gnited States National four or more branches of Rs (very rarely three) ~1ueeum.-2 9, Independence, California, June 13, 19'29 (R. L. Usinger) ; 18, 19, El Paso, Texas, 11;lrcll 25, 1937 (J. 0. Mart'in) ; 1 9, Xfaricopa, Pinnl Co., Arizona, Oct'ober 17, 1927 (J. A. Iiusche) ; all in the California Academy of Sciences. -1 9, Flagstaff, Arizona, July 30, 1928 (D. J. :ind J. N. Knull) ; in the Ohio State University \Iuseum.-19, Torrance Co., New Mexico, July, 1925 (C. H. Martin) ; in the University of Kansas .\Iuseum. Distribution : CALIFORNIA (Independence, Seedles, Bishop) ; ARIZONA (Flagstaff, Wash- Ington Mts., Tucson, Florence, Maricopa, Globe) ; T T -4 H (Eureka, Richfield, Logan, Tooele, Iifimos) ; IDAHO (Hansen, Hubbs, Butte) ; NEW MEXICO (Las Vegas); TEXAS (El Paso, Dal- 1.1~1. The adults have been collected from March rhro~lghOctober. This species has been confused with perparvus in the past. It differs from the latter in having FIGURE41. Wing venation of Megalo,mus moestus broader and more heavily marked wings and in Banks. Lettering as in figure 1. 1l:iring the inner gradate veins normally arranged, ~e.,the two upper and two lower gradates of the usually arising from stem R1 + Rs (not including iore wing are close together, as in all Nearctic MA) ; basal piece of MA either absent, or present Sympherobius except perparvus. The male geni- at the very base of the wing; a cross-vein present tslia are close to those of perparvus, but t'he proc- between MA and MP1 + 2, considerably beyond ea of the anal plates is straight, not curved the origin of the latter; two series of gradate veins, the outer forming a curved line (usually) which 3s in the latter. I had at first thought that l:i!!i,igtoni might be arizonicus Banks, the type is for the most part parallel with the outer margin of the wing; more than ten gradate veins usually of nhich is a unique female; but t'he wing mark- present in the outer series. ings of this type are so very different from that Hind wing: MA coalesced with Rs for a very ~hichI have seen in t,he long series of killingtoni short distance or connected with it by a cross- rhnt the possibility of such an identity seems vein (usually); cross-vein between R1 and Rs ~stremelyslight. There is a similar remote chance close to the point of separation of SIA from Rs, that killingtoni is pictus Banks, known only from usually slightly distal to it; Rs with three or four rhe two female types and one additional female, main forks, very rarely two; basal piece of MA but here again the wing markings of the known usually curved; furcation of MP at the level of specimens of pictus are strikingly different from or distal to separation of hI-4 from Rs; two series those of all the killingtoni which I have seen. of gradate veins, five or more in the outcr series, 240 CARPENTER Anal plates of male subtriangular, with lobes 3. Cross-veins between Cul in the fore wing in 11ne or projections; tenth sternite with extensive wings, with the outer gradates, the whole series form- bearing prominent processes; aedeagus with two ing a curved line parallel with the outer mar- paired plates; parameres fused anteriorly. Anal gin ...... moestus Banks (p. 240) plates of female small, rounded; ninth sternite Cross-veins between the branches of Cul in the fore wing in line with the inner gradates, the divided, with a papiliform process on each plate. whole series forming a straight line across the Genotype: .l!i'egalomus tortricoides Rambur. wing ...... uniformis Banks (p. 2411 The life history of the Nearctic hlegalomus is unknown. In the European species, according to Megalomus moestus Banks Killington, the eggs have a sculptured chorion; Figures 41, 42; plate 2, figure 17 the larva has a broader head than in Hemerobius, lllegalomus moestus Banks, 1895, Trans. Amer. the third segment of the antennae is slender and Ent. Soc., 22: 314; Banks, 1905, ibid., 32: 43, hardly longer than the first, and the jaws are short and stout. Megalomus latzis Banks, 1903, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1905, ibid., 32: 43. The venation in this genus is excessively variable. Wash., 5: 240; In most species the number of branches of the Face varying from light to dark brown, some- radial sector in the fore wing is greater than that times reddish brown; glabrous; antennae grej-ish in other genera; but in a few species the individual yellow; vertex, pronotum and mesothorax medium variation is so great that this difference cannot be and dark brown, somewhat variegated; legs grey- regarded as generically rigid. Similarly, the point ish-yellow; abdomen dark brown. Fore wing: of furcation of i14P in the hind wing, although length, 7-10 mm.; width, 3.8-5 mm.; broadly and furnishing diagnostic characteristics for other nearly symmetrically oval; costal area very broad genera, is highly variable in Megalomus. The as in all species of the genus, but not so abruptl!. only venational feature which I have found suf- widened basally as in uniformis; Rs with from i-7 ficiently constant in Megalomus to be used in the branches leading from Rl + Rs; inner gradsw generic key is the position of the basal cross-vein veins arranged in either a straight or broken line: between R1 and Rs in the hind wing, with respect outer gradate veins between the branches of Cul to the origin of R5 (or R4 + 5), and even this forming a continuous line with the outer gradate: fails in some specimens. above; membrane either hyaline or slightly bronn- Because of its instability the wing venation does ish; inner gradate veins strongly margined, form- not provide satisfactory specific characteristics and ing an oblique streak across the wing, though its this is also true of the wing markings. The shape extent is variable; usually the membrane on the of the wing, however, is stable enough within the proximal side of the inner gradates is much darker species for this purpose. The male genitalia, than that on the distal side; outer gradntea oi which incidentally are markedly different in Mega- radial sectors usually margined, but the degree oi lomus from those of other Hemerobiid genera margination very variable; inner angle of B@ except Boriomyia, furnish exceIlent specific char- and region of gradate veins in cubitus marked nith acteristics in most cases. dark brown; several irregular and faint, brom The genus Megalomus has a wide distribution, maculations are usually present over wing mem- occurring in Europe, Asia, northern Africa, South brane in addition to the marginations of veins: America, Central America and North America. costal area usually spotted with eight or more It is a small genus, however, and only four species dark brown maculations. Anal plates of ~lllile have been found in the Nearctic region. These typical of the genus; tenth sternite with flattenk may be distinguished by the following key: lateral "wings" and a narrow bridge; epimers fully as long as phallus, strongly curved ventr.lll! 1. Costal area of fore wing gradually broadened as seen in lateral view; phallobase with a emd at base ...... minor Banks (p. 242) median protuberance posteriorly; plates of aedek- Costal area of fore wing abruptly broadened at gus elongate. base ...... 2 Holotype: Sante Fk, New Mexico, July (T. D. 2. Fore wing broadly subtriangular; apex pointed and much nearer to the anterior margin than A. Cockerell); in the Museum of Comparatirr to the central line of the wing Zoology. Since this specimen has the abdomen angulatus, n. sp. (p. 242) missing, its sex is unknown. Fore wing broadly oval; apex rounded and about Distribution: NEW MEXICO (Santa Fe, Hot at the central line of the wing ...... 3 Springs, Pecos, Bedah, Las Vegas); ARIZOSA h REYISION OF THE NEARCTIC HEMEROBIIDAE 24 1 Bihoqu~vari hits., Huachuca >!Its., Palmerlee, ~7.legalomusuniformis Banks 1, ohe, Chiricahua Mts.) ; CALIFORNIA (Clare- Megalomus uniformis Banks, 1935, Psyche, 42: 56. mnt, Yosemite Valley) ; UTAH (Logan, Provo, lme!ard, Salt Lake City, Stockton, Eureka); Entire body, including antennae and legs, pale COLORADO (Estes Park, Georgetown, Boulder, brown. Fore wing: length, 6 mm.; width, 3.2 Colorado Springs, Golden, Manitou) ; TEXAS mm.; membrane pale yellow, with only faint traces 1 El Paso Co.; Ft. Dav~s,5000 ft , Jeff Davis Co.) ; of light brown maculations; both series of gradate KYOlIING (Laramie) . The adults have been veins margined with light brown; costal area very siiected from June through September. broad, even more so than in moestus and more This 1s the largest of our Megalomus. It is un- abruptly widened at base than in moestus; the ..uilly variable in venation and in color mark- wing as a whole is broader than that of moestus 3qs on the nings, especially in the extent of the and is very nearly symmetrically oval; the apex ,irk bronn around the inner gradate veins. is very broadly rounded; the gradate veins of the FIGURE 42. Megalomus moestus Banks. A, ter- FIGURE43. Megalomus angulatus, n. sp. A, tenth amal abdominal segments of male; B, same, lateral sternite and parameres of male (paratype), lateral :.eK; C, parameres of same, dorsal view. PH, phal- view; B, tenth sternite of same, dorsal view; C, para- ,base; EP, epimeres; other lettering as in figure 2. meres of same, dorsal view. Lettering as in figure 42. 31nk~'latus was based on three specimens, now cubitus form a continuous line with the inner XI the United States National Museum; the holo- gradate veins, not with the outer series as in .jpe, from Williams, Arizona, is a female; one moestus. Hind wing: hyaline, without macula- ~mtype, from Las Vegas Hot Springs, New tions. The male is unknown. The anal plates !Ieuco, is a female (August 6) and the other, of the female are so very similar to those of ::om the same locality (August 13) has the ab- moestus that I can detect no differences. :omen missing. Latus was separated from moes- Holotype ( O ) : Brownsville, Texas; June (F. ',! on the extent of the wing markings around H. Snow) ; in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. -2e gradate veins. From an examination of the This species is known only by the holotype. wmerous specimens of moestus which have passed It may be essentially a Mexican species which .hrough my hands, however, I am convinced that enters into the United States only in the region .he differences indicated for the two species do around Brownsville. We can base our conclu- cot hold; there are all gradations in the extent sions only on the wing structure, but there seems oi the markings, and the male genitalia are the little doubt that this species is distinct from sme throughout, even in details. moestus. Although the unusual arrangement of 242 CARPENTER the cross-velns in the cubital region may be indi- the pattern ordinarily found in the genus. Dii- vldual rather than specific, it is very improbable ferences are also ev~dent in the male genltalls that the unique wing and body coloring, as well The chief interest of the specles lies in the fact as the shape of the costal area, falls into this that it is the first record of the genus east of the category. Rocky Mountain region. Megalomus angulatus, n. sp. In addition to the above mentioned individuals I have seen four specimens apparently identlcd Figure 43; plate 2, figure 18 with the types in all respects: 8, Pima Co., An- Face llght to medium brown, vertex a little zona, July 29, 1927 (R. H. Beamer) ; ?, Baboqm- darker; pronotum and mesonotum and abdomen vari, Arizona, July 19, 1934 (R. H. Beamer) medium to dark brown; legs pale yellow; first and 29, near Sabinas Hidalgo, Suevo Leon two antenna1 segments light brown, the rest dark r\lexlco, June 7, 1932 (Hobart Smith). Since brown. Fore wing: 6.5-7 mm.; width, 2.7-3 mm.; these specimens were collected at places remote broadly subtriangular; apex pointed, much closer from the holotype locality, I have not designated to anterior border than to mid-line of wing; costal them paratypes. The distribution indicated b! area nearly as broad as in moestus; wing mem- these four specimens and the types is a most un- brane hyaline or nearly so; maculations grey- usual one, but I have been utterly unable to dis- brown; gradate veins margined with dark brown, cern any differences bet~veen the eastern and forming two conspicuous oblique streaks across western lots. It may be that the species will even- the wing; membrane with numerous small, greyish tually turn up in the Rocky hIountain reglon, m brown maculations, best developed distally, where ~vhichcase the distribution would not be unlke they form an irregular reticulation and a faint that of many other insects. streak from the very apex of the wing to the outer gradate series; cross-veins between the Megalomus minor Banks branches of Cu forming a part of the outer gradate Figure 44 series; apical and posterior borders of wing Megalornus minor Banks, 1905, Invert. Pacifica, margined with dark brown; outer gradate veins between branches of Rs arranged in nearly a 1: 90; 1905, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 32: 43.:' straight line, not curved as in moestus. Hind Head, antennae, legs yellow; vertex with a thin wing: hyaline, with the apex and posterior mar- and rather indistinct median dark stripe; thorax gin slightly grey-brown. Anal plates of male and abdomen dark brown. Fore wing: length, triangular; tenth stern~telike that of moestus, 5 mm.; width, 2.5 mm.; costal area broad, but but with smaller "wings"; plates of aedeagus only gradually widened at the base, not abruptl~ slender; epimeres nearly straight in lateral view, as in the other species of the genus; wing mem- brane hyaline, slightly yello~vish; light brom not strongly curved as in moestus; parameres simple, as in moestus, but completely separated. maculations around the inner and outer gradatr The anal plates of the female are like those of veins; a patch of dark brown near the outer moestus. gradate veins of the cubitus; Rs in the type nit2 Holotype ( 8 ) : Ithaca, New York, September only four branches arising from the stem R1+ Ri. 3, 1939 (J. S. Franciemont) ; in the entomological Anal plates of male as in moestus; tenth stermtr with broader wings than in the latter; epimera collection of Cornell University. Allotype: Same ap locality data, August 3, 1939; in the same col- as long as the aedeagus; plates of aedeagus lection. parently firmly attached to phallobase; paramem a Paratypes: 1 8, Niagara Glen, Ontario, June 8, very complex, as seen in dorsal view, ~vlth 1926 (G. S. Walley); in the Canadian National anterior, triangular basal piece, and two posterior Collection, Ottawa.-1 9, Ithaca, New York, June arms, with an oblique tooth-like projection 'W 13, 1915; 10, Milford, New Hampshire, June 11; tween the base and the arms. Banl;E both in the jJfuseum of Comparative ~~~l~~~.-Three cOtypes were $, Naples, RIaine, August 20, 1934 (R. H. two from San hfarcos, Nicaragua, and one fron Beamer) ; in the University of Kansas LIuseum. Ormsby Co., Nevada (G. F. Baker). The latte. This striking species is close to moestus in gen- a is in the nluseumCornpars era1 form, but differs in having a subtriangular 14 This species was described as new in both of fore wing, which is most unusual for a Megalomus, papers listed, but the Invertebrata Pacifica au and also by the wing markings, which are not of actually published first. A REVISION OF THE NE:ARCTIC HEMEROBIIDAE 243 .:ye Zoology and is here designated the lectot'ype. veins forked; three or four branches of Rs arising (..he of the Nicaragua specimens, a female, is also from stem R1 + Rs (not including MA) ; basal 3 the hluseum of Comparative Zoology, but I piece of MA absent or at very base of wing; t~vo I.ive not been able to find the second specimen series of gradate veins; more than eight veins in iron1 that locality. Although the occurrence of outer series; Cul forked only once between m-cu .hi:: species in Nicaragua and Nevada seems rather and outer gradate series. ::nlikely, I have been unable to discover any dif- Hind wing: Rs having slight contact \vith ;CIA; ferences in the specimens at hand. The examina- Rs diverging slightly towards R1 after its origin -ion of a male from San Marcos will definitely and connected to it by a short basal cross-vein, :?:tie tlie question. which is far basal to the origin of R4 + 5; Rs with two main forks; basal piece of MA usually sigmoidal; furcation of SIP either at level of separation of Rs from hlA or slightly distal to it; two series of gradate veins, more than four in the outer series. 4nal plates slenderly triangular, without pro- jections or distal processes; tenth sternite with extensive wings bearing long processes arising distally and extending ventrally; aedeagus with paired plates; parameres fused anteriorly, with excised outer margins. Anal plates of female small, rounded; ninth sternite small, divided, concealed within eighth; each plate of ninth ster- nite bearing a raised, semi-spheroid area, with radiating spines, similar to the papiliform processes FIGURE44. Megalontus mino7 Banks. A, terminal in i\Iegalomus, but not quite so large. jbdominal segments of male (holotype), lateral view, Genotype: Hemerobius fidelis Banks. S tenth sternite of same, dorsal view; C, fore wing; The immature stages of the species of this genus D. parameres, dorsal view. Lettering as in figure 42. are entirely unknown. The affinities of this genus have been uncertain This species is unusual for a ?\legalomus in in the past and I believe they have been mis- -i:in!. respects. The wing venation, as point'ed understood. The genotype species, together with gilt by Banks, is more open than is normal in the speciosa, was for a time placed by Banks in the genus. The parameres, moreover, are not at all same genus as disjuncts and its relatives. Killing- .ke those of moestus or angulatus, but instead ton also apparently regarded it as closely allied to ..re very similar to those in Boriomyia. On the Kimminsia. However, a study of the male and ,!her hand, there are several characteristics of female genitalia of fcdelis and speciosa shows that ~,~inorwhich are perfectly typical of Llegalomus, these insects are really very closely related to ilch as the form of the tenth sternite and the Rlegalomus, not to Kimminsia or Hemerobius. .hree main forks of Rs in the hind wing, as well The anal plates and the tenth sternite are sur- ..i tlie position of t'he radial cross-vein in the hind prisingly similar in Megalomus and Boriomyia, ring nith respect to the origin of R5. These sev- the chief difference in the male genitalia being rr.11 points of similarity with t'he species of in the form of the parameres. In this connec- ~legnlomus more than balance the difference in tion the genital structure of il~egalo~~zusminor -he form of the parameres. Banks is particularly interesting, since the para- Genus Boriomyia Banks meres of that species are more like those of fidelis and speciosa than they are of other 1Iegalomus. Borrornyia Banks, 1904, Proc. Ent. Soc. lJTash., 6: The ninth sternite of the female abdomen in ?@I(net Banks, 1905) ; Killington, 1937, Boriomyia is divided like that in ~Iegalomus,and SIonogr. Brit. Keuropt., 2: 256. likewise possesses the semi-spheroid area with .l~lotomyia Banks, 1930, Psyche, 37: 224.15 radiating spines, characteristics which do not occur, Fore wing: broadly oval; cobtnl area very so far as 1 am aware, in any other Hemerobiid -roitl; recurrent humeral vein present ; costal genera. Furthermore, it is difficult to find vena- 244 CARPENTER tional differences between the genera which hold Fore wlng with two transverse brown bands. one for all species of each. It has been thought in the along the inner gradatcs, the other along thf past that Megalomus could be distinguished from outer ...... fidelis Banks (p. 241) Boriomyia and other genera by the greater num- Fore wing with yery conspicuous dark brown spots ber of branches of the radial sector; but an ex- around the distal cross-veins of Cul, the inner and amination of a large series of specimens of Mega- outer gradates and a few other cross-veins speciosa Banks (p. 215) lomus sho~rsthat a four-branched radial sector occurs commonly in some species of the genus. In Boriomyia fidelis (Banks) view of the fact that this type of radial sector is also found in Boriomyia (as well as in some other Figures 45, 46 genera of Hemerobiidae) the number of branches Hemerobius fidelis Banks, 1897, Trans. Amer. Enr. of Rs can hardly serve as a reliable characteristic SOC.,24: 27. of LIegalomus. The only venational differences Boriomyia fidelis Banks, 1904, Proc. Ent. Soc. between Megalomus and Boriomyia which I have Wash., 6: 209; 1905, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 32: found to hold almost without exception is the 36. Allotomyia fidelis Banks, 1930, Psyche, 37: 224. Face yellow to brown, in northern specimem very dark brown just below antennae; antennae pale yellow to dark brown, almost black in northern specimens; pronotum and mesonotum mediunl brown to dark brown; metanotum and abdomen dark brown; legs pale yellow. Fore wing: length (average), 4-7 mm.; width, 1.8-3.2 mm.; mem- brane hyaline; markings light brown (dark brom in northern s~ecimens) forming- two transrerw bands, one in the region of the inner gradates and the other in the region of the outer gradatea of Rs only; in the more heavily marked specimeE there is a large area of brown in the region of the gradate cross-veins of the cubitus; a heavy spot of dark brown at m-cu cross-vein. Hind Iring. membrane hvaline, but anterior third of \me FIGURE45. Wing venation of Boriomyia fidelis proximal of pterostigma is smoky. Anal plata (Banks). Lettering as in figure 1. of male elongate; tenth sternite with broad "I~~ngs" and a pair of prominent acute processes extenc- position of the basal radial cross-vein in the hind ing posteriorly; aedeagus with plates coalescd wing. In hIegalomus this cross-vein is very nearly basally, forming a pair of divergent broad arm:: at the point of origin of R5 (or R4 + 5) or even parameres large, with a broad median plate, and distal to it; in Boriomyia the cross-vein is far two lateral plates, the latter having a prominent removed (proximal) from the origin of R4 + 5 tooth near the middle. (or R5). It is probable, however, that additional Holotype ( O ) : Gowanda, New York, June 2.5 species of Boriomyia, especially from other regions, (E. P. Van Duzee) ; in the Museum of Coinpnrd- will show that this characteristic is variable in the tive Zoology. Allotype, by present designation: genus to such an extent that it cannot be used Raleigh, North Carolina, May 24, 1932 (C 3 as a generic distinction. If that does turn out to Brimley) . be the case, it will presumably be necessary to Distribution: NORTH CAROLINA (Ralelph, synonymize Boriomyia with hlegalomus. Tryon, Benson, Rock Point) ; SOUTH CAROLIS\'.I The genus Boriomyia is at present known only (Tigerville) ; VIRGINIA (Fairfax Co.) ; MART- from the Nearctic region, where it is represented LAND (Plummer's Island; Beltsville) ; \TEST by the two following species:lO VIRGINIA (White Sulpher Springs, Greenbier Co.) ; PESNSYLVANIA (Jeanette, Pittsbureh '90riomyia (Allotomyia) borealis Banks is a Natrona) ; DISTRICT OF COLUMBIS (\Tss!~- synonym of Wesmaelius longifrons (Walker). ington) ; NEW JERSEY (Lakehurst) ; 11.4SS.l- A REVISION OF THE KEA.RCTIC HERIEROBIIDAE 245 CHUSETTS (Lexington) ; NEW HAMPSHIRE Boriomyia speciosa (Banks) (Franconia; White illts.) ; ONTARIO (Bobcaygeon, Figure 47 July 10, J. McDunnough) ; BRITISH COLUMBIA [Rolla, July 21, 1927, P. N. Vroon); TEXAS Hemerobius speciosus Banks, 1904, Can. Ent., 36: ~Terlingua,hlay 3, 1925); LIISSISSIPPI (Shu- 62. qualak) ; ILLIXOIS (Elizabethtown, May; Thebes, Boriomyia speciosa Banks, 1904, Proc. Ent. Soc. July). The adults have been collected from May Wash., 6: 209; 1905, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 32: through September. The records are widely scat- 37. tered, but they indicate that fidelis occurs through- Allotomyia speciosa Banks, 1930, Psyche, 37: 224. out the eastern United States and Canada, from Head medium to dark brown; thorax and ab- l~titude35" to 45", and west to longitude 83". domen very dark brown; antennae and legs yel- The occurrence of the species in British Columbia low. Fore wing: length, 7 mm.; width, 3 mm.; costal area broad, as in fidelis; membrane hyaline; markings very dark brown, consisting of spots along the radius at the origin of the several branches of Rs, along the inner gradate veins, along the apex, and at the cross-veins of Cul. Hind wing: as in fidelis, with apex and part of anterior border brown. Anal plates as in fidelis; tenth sternite with wider and shorter posterior processes than in fidelis; plates of aedeagus slender; parameres very different from those of fidelis, having a long, slender, median process extending posteriorly, and a pair of slender, lateral processes forked distally. Holotype ( 9 ) : Plummer's Island, Maryland, September 9; in the Museum of Comparative Zo- ology. Allotype, by present designation: Falls Church, Virginia, August 2 (N. Banks); in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, In addition to the types, I have seen only three FIGURE46. Bo~iomyiafidelis (Banks). A, terminal other specimens: a female from near PlummerJs sbdominal segments of male (allotype), dorsal view; Island, September 15 (W. L. McAtee), and two B, same, lateral view; C, parameres of same, dorsal from Sanibel Is., Florida, May 13, 1916. new. Lettering as in figure 42. Speciosa resembles fidelis in general habitus, but FIGURE47. Boriomyia speciosa (Banks). A, tenth sternite of male (allotype), dorsal view; B, same, lat- it is readily distinguished from it by the dark spots eral view; C, parameres of same, lateral view; D, on the fore wings, in contrast to the lighter, trans- same, dorsal view. verse bands in fidelis. The male genitalia are in general similar to those of fidelis, but the parameres have a very different shape. The terminal ab- I> inost surprising; I have seen only the one speci- dominal segments of the females of the two species nlen (from Rolla), but that is a male and exhibits are apparently identical. no differences in structure of any nature from the eastern specimens. Genus .llicromus Rambur The female holotype of fidelis is unlike all the ~lltcromusRambur, 1842, Hist. Nat. Ins. Seuropt. other specimens which I have seen in possessing a 416; Banks, 1905, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 32: cross-vein between the lower branch of Rs and R1; 44; Killington, 1936, Llonogr. Brit. Neuropt., I can interpret the presence of this cross-vein in the 1: 250. type only as an abnormality. Ettmzcromus Nakahara, 1915, Annot. Zool., 9: 36; Fldelis is readily distingushed from the other two Klllington, 1936, LIonogr. Brit. Neuropt., 1: 257. species of the genus; from minor by the abruptly Stenomicronzus Kruger, 1022, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 83: broadened costal margin, and from speciosa by thr 171. presence of the two wide transverse banda on tllc Pseudomicromus Kruger, 1912, ibid.: 172. iore ~ving. Paramicromus Kruger, 1922, ibid.: 172. 246 CARPE Fore ~ving:broadly or slenderly oval; costal area Eumicromus, although certain of these are clo2er narrow at base; recurrent humeral vein present; in other respects to variegatus, the genotype of costal veinlets forked; three or more branches of Alicromus, than to the other species. Killlngton Rs arising from stem R1 + Rs (not including indicated no additional differences between the two MA) ; basal piece of MA absent; cross-vein be- genera except the shape of the wings, those of tween RIA and MPl + 2 shortly after origin of 1Iicromus being narrow and elongate, and those oi the latter; two series of gradate veins, five cross- Eumicromus being broadly oval. However, tno veins or more in the outer series. Xearctic species, subanticus and variolosus, al- Hind wing: Rs usually connected to ASIA by a though belonging to Eumicromus on the basis of cross-vein or (rarely) in actual contact with MA; the structure of 11 and Cu in the hind wing, hale Rs connected to R1 by a cross-vein usually after the narrow and elongate wings as in variegatus. It the separation of MA from Rs (or the connecting cross-vein) ; furcation of MP at about the level of separation of MA from Rs (or the connecting cross- vein) ; basal piece of MA usually very conspicuous; two series of gradate veins, five or more in the outer series. Anal plates of male suboval, with a posterior process arising from the lower margin; aedeagus with two plates, somewhat divergent; parameres fused proximally. Anal plates of female rounded; eighth sternite without sclerotized plates. Genotype: Hemerobius variegatus Fabricius. The egg has a smooth chorion, except for some pitting anteriorly. The larva is like that of Heme- robius, but has more slender jaws. The life history of three Nearctic species is known: posticus Walker (Smith, 1923) ; subanticus Walker (Smith, 1934) ;I* and angulatus Stephens (Aubrook, 1935). Several attempts have been made to divide this genus. Eumicromus (genotype M, numerosus Xavas, Asia) was established by Nakahara (1915) for certain species previously included in Micromus. Although Killington has accepted this genus in his monograph, the proposed distinctions between FIGURE48. Wing venation of Micromus posticur (Walker). Lettering as in figure 1. Alicromus and Eumicromus do not hold satisfac- FIGURE49. Venation of fore wing of Microrii,,; torily for the Nearctic species. Eumicromus was variolosus Hagen. Lettering as in figure 1. originally separated from Micromus by Nakahara on two differences: in Eumicromus Rs of the fore wing- has from 4 to 8 branches and A1 and Cu of is my conviction, therefore, especially since no un- the hind wing are partially coalesced; in Alicromus usual genital differences exist between the tnn Rs of the fore wing has 3 or 4 branches and M and groups, that Eumicromus is not a valid genus. Cu of the hind wing are free. It is significant to The Xearctic species of Micromus may be readd\ note that the number of branches of Rs in the fore recognized on wing characteristics, such as the nr- wing overlaps in the two genera, four being common rangement of the inner gradate veins of the fore to certain species of both. On the basis of the wing and the point of furcation of Cula in the fore structure of bI and Cu in the hind wing, which wing. The number of branches of Rs, which h3. seems to be fairly constant in all species, all of the previously been used as a difference between mot - Nearctic species formerly in Micromus belong to tanus and the other Nearctic species, does not hol: Smith determined the species as variolosus, which in a sufficiently high percentage of specimens to does not, however, occur in Kansas (at least in the useful taxonomically. The male genital12 shnr eastern part of the state), where the insects were ob- very good specific differences, most of them bein: tained. discernible without dissection. The terminal d- A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC HEMEROBIIDAE 247 doniinal segments of the female are very much alike brown to light brown; veins and maculations in all species. brown; maculations forming an irregular network; Ilicromus has a wide and nearly cosmopolitan gradate veins margined; general effect of markings distribution. The five Kearctic species have an on wings is three obliquely transverse stripes and extensive range within the region, some being one or two short longitudinal ones distally; Rs with mainly northern and others mostly southern. One from 4 to 6 branches; the inner gradate veins form species, angulatus Stephens, is holarctic. The a straight line, the one between hIA and MPl + 2 Searctic species may be distinguished as follows: being in line (slightly basal) with the one above it; points of contact of inner gradate veins with the longitudinal velns close together. Hind wing : 1. Inner gradate veins of fore wing much more than hIP3 + 4 not coalesced with Cul; membrane hya- their lengths apart ...... 2 line. Anal plates of male more or less rounded as Inner gradate veins at most only their lengths seen from the side, with a pair of straight, long apart ...... 3 posterior processes arising from the ventral sur- 2 Thorax and vertex of head very dark brown; wing face; tenth sternite large, with two prominent, flat- markings dark brown, almost black tened anterior lobes; plates of aedeagus divergent, variolosus Hagen (p. 251) slightly curved distally ; parameres coalesced an- Thorax and vertex of head medium brown or light brown; wing markings light brown teriorly, forming a pair of curved, contiguous arms subanticus Walker (p. 250) posteriorly. 3 Inner gradate vein of fore wing between MA and Holotype (9) : in the British Museum; no col- MP1 + 2 basal to the one above it. the gradates lecting data are known, but the specimen was prob- forming a regular series ably taken near London. angulatus Stephens (p. 247) Distribution: QUEBEC (September-October) ; Inner gradate vein of fore wing between MA and OXTARIO (May, July-October); MAINE MP1 2 distal to the one above it, the gradate + (Machias, August 10) ; VERMONT (Woodstock, series being irregular at this point ...... 4 4 Cula of fore wing forked deeply, at least to half August 11) ; NEW HAMPSHIRE (White &Its.); the distance from the hind margin to the cross- NEW YORK (Fulton Co.; Cranberry Lake; vein joining it to MP3 + 4 or to the point of Ithaca; Old Forge; Hillside, September 22); coalescence of M3 + 4 and Cula 1IICHIGAS (Chebaygan Co., July 27) ; WIS- montanus Hagen (p. 249) CONSIN (Wittemberg, August 27; Brule, August Cula forked or twigged very nearly at the wing 19) ; MINNESOTA (Twin Harbors, May, July- margin ...... posticus Walker (p. 248) August) ; COLORADO (Selkirk hlts.) ; SOUTH DAKOTA (Custer Co.) ; h4ANITOBA (Stony illicromus angulatus (Stephens) Llts., October 8, 1911; Swan River, August 2); Figure 50; plate 2, figure 19 SASKATCHEWAN (Saskatoon, September 13) ; Hemerobius angulatus Stephens, 1836, Illus. Bxit. ALBERTA (Calgary) ; BRITISH COLUMBIA Ent., hland., 6: 106.ls (Vernon, September 29; Point Grey, October 30; .lIicromus angulatus Hagen, 1889, Proc. Bost. Soc. Agassiz, July 29) ; YUKON (Dawson, August 29). Sat. Hist., 23: 280; Banks, 1905, Trans. Amer. The species also occurs in Europe, from Finland Ent. Soc., 32: 45. and Siberia to Spain and Palestine (according to .\licromus jonas Needham, 1905, Bull. N. Y. State Killington). The most southern record known to SIus., 86: 15. me in the Nearctic region is in Colorado, and al- though no additional locality data are available for Face uniformly light brown; antennae pale that specimen, it was probably taken at a high brown; vertex brown, with some rugose sculpturing altitude. on posterior half; pronotum nearly uniformly The wings of this species are distinctly marked hron-n, there being some dark brown laterally; and have obvious venational peculiarities, such as mesonotum uniformly brown; abdomen dark brown. the arrangement of the gradate veins. The geni- Fore wing: length (average), 7 mm.; width, 3 mm.; talia are closest to those of posticus, but there are hrondly oval, apex rounded; membrane yellow- many obvious differences, such as in the shape of 'STlie E~uopransynonymy is not included hele. the aedeagus, as shown in the figures. wee ~t haq been listed in I FIGURE50. Micromus angulatus Steph. A, ter- FIGURE51. Micromus posticus (Walker). A, ter- minal abdominal segments of male, dorsal view; B, minal abdominal segments of male, dorsal view; B. same, lateral view; C, parameres of same, dorsal view. parameres of same, dorsal view; C, terminal segments Lettering as in figure 2. of male, lateral view; D, tenth sternite of same, dors~l view. lllicromus posticus (Walker) coalesced with Cul; membrane hyaline, no macul'i- Figure 51 tions. Anal plates of male short, almost semi-cir- Hemerobius posticus Walker, 1853, List. Spec. cular, with a long posterior process arising from tlie Seuropt. Ins. Brit. hlus.: 283. ventral margin; tenth sternite small, "wings" witll- out lateral posterior extensions; aedeagus short. lliicromus posticus Banks, 1905, Trans. Amer. Ent. slightly curved, directed ventrally; a very wde Soc., 32: 45. median distal process of the tenth sternite extends Aficromus insipidus Hagen, 1861, Syn. Neuropt. above the aedeagus; parameres coalesced for nearl! N. A.: 199; Hagen, 1886, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. their whole length. Hist., 23: 285. Types: Two cotypes ( 8,9 ), from Georgia (Ab- ~liicromussobrius Hagen, 1861, ibid. : 199. bot) : in the British LIuseum. Head, thorax and abdomen nearly uniformly Distribution: This species is common over the brown, with some irregular darker areas on thorax; eastern United States from hlassachusetts n.est- antennae and legs lighter brown. Fore wing: ward to Minnesota and southward to Florida and length, 9 mm.; width, 4 mm.; apex slightly Texas; in Canada the species has been found only A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC HEMEROBIIDAE 249 in Ontario (Niagara, Norfolk, Vineland). I have thin gradate stripes and three short and broader seen no specimens from northern New England or distal bands between the outer gradates and the the eastern Canadian provinces. A few specimens hind margin; five bands of Rs usually present, but have been collected in Nebraska (Lincoln, Omaha), specimens with four branches are not rare; inner Kansas (llontgomery Co.; Riley Co.; Troy; gradate vein between MA and MPl + 2 slightly Douglas Co.) ; Colorado (Pingree Park) ; North proximal to the one above it, there being a break Dakota (Linton), and Arizona (Maricopa Co.) . in the gradate series at this point; first fork of Cul Posticus is the commonest species of the genus in much closer to the gradate vein between Cul and the Nearctic region. It is readily distinguished Cu2 than to the m-cu cross-vein; Cula forked from montanus by the nature of the branching of more than half way from the wing margin to m-cu. Cul, and in general appearance it does not even Hind wing: hyaline, no maculations; LIP3 + 4 not resemble the other species. coalesced with Cul. Anal plates of male with a The types of insipidus Hagen and sobrius Hagen very long and strongly arched posterior process, are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology; they the dorsal surface of the arch being somewhat den- are unquestionably posticus, as was suggested by ticulate; tenth sternite also large, the "wings" giv- lIcLachlan and as they have been subsequently ing rise to a pair of prominent posterior lobes; regarded. aedeagus long and rather slender; tenth sternite FIGURE52. Micromus montanus Hagen. A, ter- view; B, same, lateral view; C, parameres of same, minal abdominal segments of male (lectotype), dorsal dorsal view. lllicromus montanus Hagen with a short median distal process over the aedea- Figure 52; plate 2, figure 20 gus; parameres coalesced anteriorly, then diver- Jllcromus montanus Hagen, 1886, Proc. Bost. Soc. gent, forming a pair of long, pointed and slightly curved arms, with a prominent dorsal subapical Nat. Hist., 23: 279; Banks, 1905, Trans. Amer. tooth. Ent. Soc., 32: 45. Types: The following cotypes were mentioned in Head uniformly light brown; pronotum and the original description: 18, 3 9, White Mts., New mesonotum also light brown, occasionally with a Hampshire, July (hlorrlson) ; in the Museum of Few variable darker areas; antennae and legs light brown; abdomen usually somewhat darker than the Comparative Zoology; 19, same, in the Canadian rest of the body. Fore wing: length (average), National collection; 18, Natick, Massachusetts, in 7-11 mm.; ~vidth, 3-5 mm.; broad, slightly the lluseum of Comparative Zoology. The latter pointed; membrane hyaline; veins as a whole light is designated the lectotype. brown and very faint, except where maculations Distrtbution: QUEBEC; K 0 S' -4 SCOTIA; occur; maculations yellovv-brou-n; inner and outer AIAIYE; SEI17 H-IAIPSHIRE; LIASSSCHU- gradate veins dark brown, as also are certain distal SETTS ; KEW TORE( (Fulton Co , Greene Co.) ; branches of Rs; markings consisting of the two COXXECTICUT (Salisbury) ; TENNESSEE (Xewfound Gap, Smoky hlts., 5000 ft., August 20) ; tudinal line, bent upwards distally; maculations SORTH DAKOTA (hletagoshel; UTAH (Provo, grey, very faint and confined to the area around the Logan) ; COLORADO (Golden; Veta Pass; Rocky gradate veins and some of the other cross-veins; 3It. Nat'l. Park; Summit Co.) ; SEVADA (Ormsby inner gradate veins very widely separated, more Co., July 6); CALIFORKIA (Gold Lake Camp, than their length apart; Cula usually free from Plumas Co., July 20, H. G. Dyar); ARIZONA hIP, but occasionally coalesced with it for a short (Graham ?\It., July 26, 1933); BRITISH CO- distance. Hind wing: hyaline, no maculations; LUMBIA (Ainsworth; Kokanee Mt.; Brookville; IIP not fused with Cul. Anal plates of male Kaslo; Hedley; Clinton; Hope Mts.) ; ALBERTA short, terminating in a pair of prominent posterior (Nordegg ; Waterton Lakes; Banff; Lake Louise) ; processes arising from the ventral border; tenth IDAHO (Wallace) ; WASHINGTON (Northbend, sternite large, the "wings" extended anteriorly and King Co., July 7, 1920, E. C. Van Dyke). Most much broadened; plates of aedeagus divergent as of the specimens have been collected during June, seen from the side; parameres fused anteriorly for July and August, but a few were taken in May and half their length, separating posteriorly to form a September. Although the above records are some- pair of short curved arms. what spotty, the species apparently ranges across Holotype ( 8 ) : St. John's Bluff, East Florida; in Canada and the northern United States, entering the British Museum. Allotype, by present desig- the south only at high altitudes. It seems to be nation: Winter Park, Florida, January 24 (E. hI. absent from the plains region of United States and Davis) ; in the Museum of Comparative Zoolog!.. Canada. Distribution: In the southern part of the United Montanus is the largest species of our Micromus. States, below latitude 37', subanticus has been As Hagen pointed out, it is close to the European found commonly across the continent from Florida paganus Linn., both having the venational pecu- to California; north of this latitude it occurs in liarities mentioned above; the genitalia, however, the eastern half of the country only, i.e, east of though of the same general form, differ in various about longitude 97', where it extends as far north details, as Hagen himself noted. The relationship as hlassachusetts (lat. 43'). I have seen no speci- between these two species is apparently analogous mens from any part of Canada. In the Gulf States to that between Hemerobius marginatus Steph. and California the adults have been collected dur- (European) and H. costalis Carp. (Nearctic) . ing all months of the year; further north they have From the other Nearctic species of its genus mon- been taken from June to October. tanus is distinguished by the wing markings and This species and the following (variolosus) differ especially by the nature of the forking of Cul. from our other species of Micromus in having slender wings and widely separated inner gradates. Micromus subanticus (Walker) Subanticus and variolosus are very similar to each Figure 53; plate 2, figure 22 other, however. There seem to be no constant Hemerobius subanticus Walker, 1853, List. Spec. venational characteristics which serve to distin- Neuropt. Ins. Brit. Mus.: 282. guish them readily, but this can be done by the !lIicromus subanticus Banks, 1905, Trans. Amer. body color and wing markings. Variolosus is much Ent. Soc., 32: 46. the darker species, both in body and wing coloring. ;lficromus angustus Hagen, 1886, Proc. Bost. Soc. The male genitalia also show good specific differ- Ir'at. Hist., 23: 287; Banks, 1905, Trans. Amer. ences, as indicated in the figures. Ent. Soc., 32: 50. Hagen's angustus was based upon seven speci- !Ificromus nesoticus Navas, 1914, Bull. Brook. Ent. mens of this species from Florida and North Caro- SOC.,9: 16, fig. 3. lina; bix types are in the ?\Iubeum of Compar'i- tive Zoology and one is in the Canadian Kational Head, including vertex, nearly uniformly light or medium brown; thoracic nota medium brown; ab- collection. Hagen himself stated after his descrip- domen dark brown; antennae and legs light brown. tion that angustus was perhaps subanticus, but he Fore wing: length, 7 mm.; width, 2.3 mm.; about separated the two on the number of branches of three times as long as wide; membrane very light the radial sector. The branching of the radial brown, nearly hyaline; veins brownish; Rs usually sector in hficromus, however, is very variable, and with three branches; MA and the outer gradates furnishes no specific differences. usually dark brown, forming a very thin longi. Navas' nesoticus is also this species. This ans A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC HEMEROBIIDAE 251 based upon an individual from Yaphank, Long lel in dorsal view, almost straight from the side; a Island, New York, and was supposed to differ from short distal process present over the aedeagus; subanticus by having only "three radial sectors, in parameres coalesced for less than half their length, place of four." Such venational differences, as al- forming two strongly curved posterior arms. ready mentioned, are of individual occurrence in Holotype ( ? ) : Denver, Colorado; in the Mu- lIicromus. seum of Comparative Zoology. Allotype, by pres- ent designation: Rainbow Natural Bridge, Utah, Micromus variolosus Hagen July 5 (C. T. Brues) ; in the kIuseum of Compara- Figure 54; plat'e 2, figure 21 tive Zoology. JIicromus variolosus Hagen, 1886, Proc. Bost. Soc. Distribution: BRITISH COLUMBIA (Hedley, Sat. Hist., 23: 284; Banks, 1905, Trans. Amer. Lilloeet) ; WASHINGTON (Pullman, Toppenish) ; Ent. Soc., 32: 46. IDAHO (Hubbs Butte) ; OREGON (Biggs; Pen- dleton; Klamath Co., 6000 ft.) ; WYOMING (near Head with face light brown, rarely dark brown Lusk); UTAH (Provo, Logan, Eureka, Weber in center; vertex, thorax and abdomen very dark Canyon, Tooele, Rainbow, Heber, St. George, Bryce Canyon) ; NEVADA (Reno; Humbolt; Dixie Nat. Forest) ; CALIFORNIA (Oroville, Colton, Needles, Indio, San Jacinto Mts. San Gabriel Mts., River- side, Inyo Co.); NEW MEXICO (Pecos, Las Cruces, Mesa Verda, Otero Co., Torrance Co.); ARIZONA (Williams, Flagstaff, Washington Mts., Nogales, Tucson, Chircahua ~Mts.,Santa Rita ?\.Its., Prescott, Congress Junction) ; COLORADO (lft. Manitou, Salida, Maybel, Tabernash, Florissant, Boulder, Denver, Saguache, Platte Canyon, Col- orado Springs). Most of the specimens have been collected from May through August, but in Cal- ifornia adults have been found during March and December. It is interesting that in spite of the close resemblance of variolosus and subanticus, the two species have very different ranges, and that FIGURE53. Micromus subanticus (Walker). A, only in three states (California, Arizona, and New terminal abdominal segments of male, dorsal view; Mexico), so far as our present records are con- B, same, lateral view; C, parameres of same. FIGURE54. Micromus variolosus Hagen. A, ter- cerned, do the ranges of the two species coincide. minal abdominal segments of male (allotype), dorsal As noted in the key, this species is readily sep- view; B, same, lateral view; C, parameres of same, arated from the former by the much darker wing dorsal view. and body coloration. Genus Psectra Hagen brown, almost black. Fore wing: length (aver- age), 7 mm.; width, 2.2 mm.; shape as in suban- Psectra Hagen, 1866, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 27: 376; ticus; membrane hyaline; markings brown, much Banks, 1905, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 32: 44; darker than in subanticus; veins dark brown, Killington, 1936, Monogr. Brit. Neuropt., 1: 245. mostly interrupted; maculations most prominent Fore wing: elongate oval; costal area broadened along the posterior border and distal third of the above furcation of MP, but not abruptly narrowed wing; outer gradate veins heavily margined, form- basally, as in Lficromus; recurrent humeral vein ing a short but distinct oblique streak which is absent; few costal veinlets forked; Rs with two easily visible; inner gradate veins widely separated, branches, R2 + 3 arising near the apex of wing, as in subanticus; Rs usually with three branches. R4 + 5 coalesced proximally with RIA; basal piece Hind wing : membrane hyaline, no maculations ; of MA present, remote from base; one series of lIP2 + 3 not fused with Cul. Anal plates of male gradate veins. Hind wing: either fully formed or short, with long posterior ventral process; tenth vestigial. When fully developed, the hind wing is sternite large, the "n-ings" giving rise to a pair of similar in size and shape to the fore wing; MA long posterior extensions; plates of aedeagus paral- coalesced with Rs for a considerable distance; no 2Fi2 CARPENTER gradate series. Anal plates of male small; ninth Europe and Siberia, but it is not at all common tergite narrow, with the lower margin prolonged anywhere. I have seen only 4-1 Nearctic specimens into a curved tooth posteriorly; apparently no and Killington was able to locate records of but plates of the aedeagus are present; parameres six from the British Isles. fused. Anal plates of female small; ninth sternite This unusual Neuropteron has attracted a great large, rounded; eighth sternite without a sclerotized deal of attention, especially in Europe, because of plate. the occurrence of two winged individuals.19 The Genotype: Hemerobius dipterus Burmeister. lack of extensive series has caused some uncer- This aberrant genus contains only the genotype tainty as to whether or not the dipterous condition species. Its affinities are very uncertain, though is restricted to one sex. Killington was led to be- it is doubtless closely related to Nyrma Navas, from lieve that this dimorphism was not sexual at all Asia Minor. Its life history is entirely unknown. and his conclusions are fully substantiated by the more extensive Nearctic material. Of the 44 speci- Psectra diptera (Burmeister) mens which I have seen 30 are females and 14 Figure 55; plate 3, figure 23 are males; 9 females and 9 males are dipterous. Hemerobius dipterus Burmeister, 1839, Handb. der Ent., 2: 973. Psectra diptera Hagen, 1866, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 27: 376; Hagen, 1886, Ent. Amer., 2: 21; McLach- lan, 1868, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1868: 170; Banks, 1905, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 32: 44; Killington, 1936, Monogr. Brit. Neuropt., 1: 247. Hemerobius delicatulus Fitch, 1856, 1st and 2nd Rept. Ins. N. Y.: 96. Psectra buenoi Navas, 1909, Ann. Soc. Sci. Brux., 33: 218. Head dark reddish brown, often black; antennae dark brown; thorax and abdomen dark brown, nearly black. Fore wing: length (average), 6 mm.; width, 3 mm.; membrane hyaline or pale yellow; gradates and other cross-veins margined FIGURE55. Wing venation of Psectra diptera with grey-brown; a few similar spots are scattered (Burm.). Lettering as in figure 1. over the wing. Hind wing: when present, with markings similar to those of fore wing, but paler. It may be, as these figures suggest, that a greater Anal platas of male with the inner margin pro- proportion of males than females are dipterous, but longed distally, forming a process which is armed it is clear that both sexes may have the vestigial apically with black bristles; ninth tergite with the hind wings. lateral processes curved; tenth sternite in form of The terminal abdominal structures (both sexes) a curved, strap-like plate; parameres with the dis- of the Nearctic specimens are identical with those tal part strongly curved ventrally. Xinth sternite of the European individuals, which have been fig- of female abdomen very short, rounded; eighth ured by Killington (1936, p. 248, fig. 64) and by sternite with the dorsal margin prolonged an- Tjeder (1936, p. 99, fig. 1). teriorly slightly into a short lobe. The synonymy of this species is clear. The two Holotype ( 8 ) : near Leipzig, Saxony, Germany; types of delicatulus Fitch are in the Museum of in the Museum at Halle. The type has vestigial Comparative Zoology; they were examined b!. hind wings. Hagen, who pronounced this species identical with Distribution: This insect occurs over the north- dipterus (1886). Ps. buenoi Navas was based eastern United States, as far west as Michigan, upon a 4-winged individual, the author not being and as far south as Virginia and West Virginia; Is The most important papers on Psectra diptera not it has been collected rarely in Ontario (Norman- listed above are by Mjoberg (1909), Morton (1936). dale, Mer Bleue). The adults have been taken from Killington and Kimmins (1932), Killington (1929). June through September. Diptera also occurs in Kimmins (1935), Tjeder (1936). A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC HEMEROBI~DAE 253 aware that such specimens of dipterus had been gills ventrally. The larvae of the British species recorded. require the entire summer for development. When Family SISYRIDAE it is nearly ready to pupate, the larva leaves the ~vaterand crawls up a tree or similar object, where Antennae setaceous or nearly so, multisegmented, it spins a cocoon. This consists of two layers of about half as long as the fore wing; basal segment silk, the outer one with a loose, wide mesh, and the enlarged; prothorax wider than long, but less so inner one with a much denser texture. The British than in the Hemerobiidae; lateral margins not species hibernate in the prepupal stage, the pupa lobed; legs cursorial, coxae free, fore coxae very being formed in spring or early summer. The long; abdomen cylindrical; tenth tergite small in adults issue shortly thereafter. both sexes, with few trichobothria. Wings sub- So far as I am aware no insect parasites of the equal, oval. Fore wing: costal space narrow, Sisyrids have been recorded specifically, though costal veinlets usually unbranched; recurrent hu- Old states that some of the pupae of Sisyra and meral vein absent; Sc and R fused distally; Rs Climacia which he obtained in Michigan contained arising from R near the base of wing; MA coalesced hymenopterous parasites. Killington attributes the nith Rs for a short interval; free piece of MA high mortality of the prepupae to infection by a usually absent; Rs with from one to three branches fungus; on one occasion he found more than a (not including MA). Hind wing: costal area very thousand pupae so attacked. narrow, veinlets unbranched; MA coalesced with The family Sisyridae has a wide distribution; it RB for a long distance, the point of separation has been recorded from Europe, India, part of Asia, being near the middle of the wing. Africa, Australia, and North and South America. The life history of some of the Sisyrids is fairly The two Nearctic genera of the family may be dis- \yell known. The first important contribution to tinguished as follows: our knowledge of their biology was made by Need- Rs of fore and hind wings with one main fork, which ham (1901), who described the larva and pupa of is below the pterostigma; fore wing with dark the Nearctic species, Sisyra vicaria Walker (um- brown and yellow markings . . . .Climacia (p. 254) brata Needham) and Climacia areolaris Hagen Rs of fore and hind wings with two main forks, both (dictyona Needham). The follolving year Anthony far proximal to the pterostigma; fore wing uni- published an excellent account of the morphology formly brown ...... Sisyra (p. 253) of the larva and pupa of Sisyra vicaria and more Genus Sisyra Burmeister recently Old (1933) made a brief biological study of the larva and pupa of this species and C. areo- Sisyra Burmeister, 1839, Handb. Ent., 2 (3) : 975; laris. The most extensive study on the immature Banks, 1905, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 32: 25; stages has been made by Withycombe (1923, 1925) Killington, 1936, Monogr. Brit. Neuropt., 1: 228. on two British species of Sisyra. Fore wing: broadly oval; costal area narrow at The eggs of the Sisyridae are elongate-spheroid base, slightly widened beyond; subcostal area and are like those of Hemerobius except that the broad, with a basal cross-vein; R4 + 5 arising near chorion is smoother. They are laid in clusters on the middle of the wing, R2 and R3 separating a leaves or twigs, etc., over fresh water, and are cov- short distance beyond; two or rarely three cross- ered with silk. Incubation lasts about two weeks. veins between R1 and Rs; one between MA and On hatching from the egg the larva, according to Rs, and one between hfA and MP1 + 2; MP Kithycombe, drops into the water, forces its way forked just beyond separation of MA from Rs; no through the surface film, and then floats along gradate series, the cross-veins being irregularly under water. Eventually, after reaching a sponge, arranged. it presses its mandibles into the body of the sponge Hind wing: Rs coalescing with MA for a longer and feeds on the body fluids. The first instar larva interval than in the fore wing, separating from it at is very different from the two later ones; the jaws about the mid-wing and diverging towards R1; two are short and stout, the antennae are 5-segmented, main forks of Rs, both proximal of the pterostigma; and tracheal gills are absent. In the second and MP forking just proximad of separation of MA third instars the mandibles are elongate and slender, from Rs; no gradate veins. almost bristle-like; the antennae are long and con- Terminal segment of labial palpi greatly en- sist of about 15 segments and the first seven ab- larged; prothorax short; face very short, truncate. dominal segments bear paired, leg-like tracheal Tenth tergite of male very small, broader than 254 CARPENTER long, entire; ninth tergite divided into two small, brown. Fore lying: length (average), 6 mm.; lateral plates, situated just anterior of and slightly wdth, 2.5 mm.; membrane uniformly light to dark below the tenth tergite; tenth sternite forming a brown, no wing markings. Hind wing: paler broad, weakly sclerotized proximal plate, and a brown than the fore. Tenth sternite of male ab- pair of short, heavily sclerotized claspers; hypan- domen with large basal plate, claspers small, heavily dium internal, like that of Hemerobiidae; para- sclerotized, the distal part conical and slightly meres small, not fused. Tenth tergite of female curved. Ninth tergite of female abdomen very small, broader than long; eighth divided, short, but large, with the dorsal border nearly straight. greatly extended ventrally; ninth tergite divided Types: two specimens (cotypes) from Georgia; into a pair of large, ventro-lateral plates, to which in the British Museum of Katural History. is articulated the modified ninth sternite. Distribution: NOVA SCOTIA (Anapolis Royal) ; Genotype: Hemerobius juscatus Fabr. QUEBEC; OKTARIO (Biscotasing; Go Home The genus Sisyra has as wide a range as the Bay) ; SEW YORK; bIASSACHUSETTS; COS- family to which it belongs; but only one species SECTICUT; PENSSYLVANIA (Ohio Pyle); occurs in the Searctic region. MARYLAND (High Island) ; DISTRICT OF FIGURE56. Sisyra vicaria Walker. .4, fore wing; of female, lateral view; ST, 9T, IOT, abdominal ter- B, hind wing; C, terminal abdominal segments of gites; 8S, 98, 10S, abdominal sternites. Lettering of male, lateral view; D, terminal abdominal segments veins as in figure 1. Sisyra vicarica Walker COLUMBIA; NORTH CAROLINA (Raleigh): Figure 56 GEORGIA; FLORIDA; ILLINOIS; hIICHIGAK (Isle Royal; Detroit; Douglass Lake; Cheboygan Sisyra vicarica Walker, 1853, List Spec. Neuropt. Co.) ; WISCONSIN (Trout River) ; OREGOS Ins. Brit. Mus., 2: 297; Banks, 1905, Trans. (Gold Hill, Jackson Co.) ; BRITISH COLUlIBI.4 Amer. Ent. Soc., 32: 28. (Lilloeet, Agassiz, Kaslo) ; TEXAS (Colorado Co.). Sisyra umbrata Seedham, 1901, Bull. N. Y. State The adults have been collected from June through hlus., 47: 555; Banks, 1905, Trans. Amer. Ent. August. The foregoing records are decidedly dis- Soc., 32: 25. continuous; the species probably occurs over all Sisyra lampra Navas, 1914, Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., of the eastern states as far west as the Mississippi 9: 60. River; and across southern Canada into the north- Head varying from yellow to brown; antennae western states. light or dark brown, second segment very dark This is a very readily identified species. Need- brown; legs yellow or very light brown; thorax ham's umbrata is beyond doubt a synonym of yellowish brown to medium brown; abdomen vicaria, as it has been regarded by Banks. When A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC HEMEROBIIDAE 255 he described umbrata, Reedham knew vicaria only Climacia is apparently restricted to the New by f alker's brief and unsatisfactory description; World, but has been found in both North and South ~t is not surprising therefore that he found umbrata America. There is only one Nearctic species. abundant in the field and in collections, though he could locate no specimens of vicaria, as he under- Climacia areolaris (Hagen) >toad it. I have compared the two cotypes of Figures 57, 58; plat'e 3, figure 24 iimbrata in the LIuseum of Comparative Zoology ilJicromus areolaris Hagen, 1861, Synop. Neuropt. 1~1thspecimens of vicaria and have been unable to X. -4.: 199. find any specific differences. Yavas' lampra, based Climacia areolaris McLachlan, 1869, Ent. Mo. upon a single specimen from Lakeliurst, New Jer- Mag., 6: 21; Banks, 1905, Trans. Amer. Ent. ?ey, is also vicaria. So figure accompanied the Soc., 32: 26. description of this insect but there is nothing in- Climacia dictyona Needham, 1901, Bull. N. Y. cluded in Navas' description which indicates spe- State Alus., 47: 558; Banks, 1905, Trans. Amer. ufic difference. Ent. Soc., 32: 26. Head nearly uniformly yellow to light brown; Genus Climacia McLachlan antennae dark brown; thorax yellow to medium Clzmacia McLachlan, 1869, Ent. Mo. hlag., 6: 21; Banks, 1905, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 32: 26. Fore wing: slenderly oval; costal area very nar- row, scarcely widened above the origin of Rs; costal ' veinlets widely spaced; subcostal area broad, with a cross-vein basally; R4 + 5 and R2 + 3 separat- ing belom the pterostigma; two or rarely three cross-veins between R1 and Rs; two between Rs nnd hI.4, and two between LIA and RIP1 + 2; 1IP forked at about the level of separation of Mil from Rs; two short series of gradates. Hind wing: Rs coalescing with MA for a con- aderable distance; furcation of >I belom origin of Rs, hlA joining Rs much further distad than in Slsyra; R4 5 and R2 3 separating below the + + FIGURE57. Wing venation of Climacia areolaris pterostigma; MP forked to level of point of sep- (Hagen). Lettering as in figure 1. aration of Rs from iC1-4; usually one cross-vein between R1 and Rs, before pterostigma, two be- brown above, darker laterally; legs light yellow; tneen UA and MP; the outer gradate series weakly abdomen dark brown. Fore wing: length (aver- formed. age), 5 mm.; width, 2 mm.; membrane yellow, at Last segment of labial palpi only slightly en- least slightly; markings light to dark brown; a larged; prothorax somewhat longer than in Sisyra; brown patch present between Rs and the costal face much longer. Tenth tergite of male divided margin just before Rs, the pterostigma; another is Into two lateral plates; ninth tergite entire, short, present at the base between R1 and Sc; these two 2nd very broad; tenth sternite external, forming a patches are often joined by a somewhat fainter pair of slender, lateral plates; ninth sternite small, brown streak; distal part of pterostigma usually entire; parameres partially fused, complex. Tenth with a very small dark brown spot; distal third of tergite of female abdomen small, broader than wing, exclusive of pterostigmal area is yelloiv- long; eighth tergite consisting of two ventro-lateral brown; just proximal to this the membrane is hya- plates; ninth tergite also composed of two ventro- line or nearly so; and proximal to this, is another lateral plates, somewhat larger than those of Sisyra; yellow-brown area extending almost to the base; ninth sternite modified as in the latter genus and most all longitudinal and cross-veins are darker articulated to the ninth tergite. brown than the membrane. Hind wing: hyaline Genotype: .Tficromzls areolaris Hagen. or nearly so; two brown spots, one at the distal end The immature stages of the species of this genus and the other at the proximal end of the ptero- are similar to those of Sisyra. stigma; veins only slightly darker than the mem- 256 CARPESTER brane. Tenth tergite of male TT-iththe ventral SISSIPPI (Natchez); ILLINOIS; LI1CHIG.U border widened, prolonged distally; plates of tenth (E. Lansing, Silver City, Douglass Lake, Burt sternite almost strip-like, covered with coarse pa- Lake) ; OHIO (Put-in-Bay) . This species prob- pillae, resembling fine teeth; ninth sternite with a ably occurs over all eastern United States as far pair of curved processes extending posteriorly on west as the beginning of the plains region; it has the inner surface; parameres forming a median extended beyond this area only at a few localities. plate, with a dorsal median lobe, that diverges It apparently does not reach the northwestern abruptly from the plate. Ninth tergite of female states or western Canada. The adults have been very large with the dorsal margin prolonged an- collected from June to October. teriorly; tenth sternite much modified and articu- This striking and locally common insect is read- lated to ninth tergite. ily identified. As Banks has pointed out, Keed- Type: A single type of this species, from Florida ham's dictyona is based upon individual charac- (Osten-Sacken) was mentioned by Hagen. This teristics only, such as size and the number of specimen is not in the LIuseum of Comparative branches of Rs and the cubitus. I have examined Zoology, where it should be; it mas probably one the three cotypes of dictyona in the AIuseum of Comparative Zoology and have been unable to distinguish specific differences. Family BEROTHIDAE Antennae moniliform, multisegmented, first seg- ment enlarged; antennae shorter than fore wing: ocelli absent; prothorax usually at least as long as wide, the lateral margins not lobed; legs cursorial: coxae well developed and free, the fore coxae es- pecially long; abdomen slender, cylindrical; tenth tergite of male entire; aedeagus with a slender me- dian sclerotized plate; ninth sternite well devel- 58E 58F oped, external. Tenth tergite of female large, FIGURE 58. Climncia a~.eolaris (Hagen). A, ter- entire with a pair of conspicuous ventral processes minal abdominal segments of female (allotype), lat- extending anteriorly; ninth sternite small but usu- eral view; B, terminal abdominal segments of male ally strongly sclerotized. (neoholotype) ; C, parameres of same, lateral view; D, ninth sternite of same. posterior view; E, para- Wings subequal; scales often present on veins of meres of same, lateral view; F, tenth tergite and tenth either or both fore and hind wings. Fore wing sternite, posterior view. Lettering as in figure 56. costal area broader than that of hind wing, ~vith forked veinlets; recurrent humeral veinlet usually of the several specimens destroyed when Hagen's absent;20 Sc terminating on either R1 distally or collection was shipped from Europe to this country. the wing margin and joined to R1 by a cross-vein: The following male in the Museum of Comparative Rs with four or more branches (not including Zoology is therefore designated the neoholotype: ;14-4), all arising from a single stem; MA coalesced Grant, Oklahoma, July 1, 1937 (Standish and with RS for a short distance proximally; a single Kaiser) ; in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. series of gradate veins. Hind wing: costal area Allotype, by present designation: same collecting narrow, with unbranched veinlets; Rs and M.4 as data; in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. in the fore wing; a single series of gradate veins: Distribution: QUEBEC; ONTARIO (Ottawa, basal free piece of hl-4 arranged as a cross-vein, Go Home Bay, Biscotasing); MAINE; NEW not longitudinal as in most other Neuroptera. HAMPSHIRE ; V E R ll 0 N T ; MASSACHU- The life history and general biology of the Bero- SETTS; COKSECTICUT; N E W Y O R K; thids are almost entirely unknown. Tillyard, hon- PENKSYLVANIA; NEW JERSEY; MARY- ever, has described the egg and first instar larva of LAND; GEORGIA (Okefenoke S w a m p ) ; the Australian Spermophorella disseminata Tdl. NORTH CAROLINA (Aberdeen) ; NEW MEX- and S. maculatissima Till. The elongate spheroidal ICO (Eddy Co.); VIRGINIA; TEXAS (Bosque The recurrent humeral vein is present only in the Co.; Sutton Co.; V i c t o r i a) ; LOUISIANA aberrant Naizeme patagonica Navas, which may not (Shrevesport); FLORIDA; OKLAHOMA; MIS- be a Berothid. A REVISIOK OF THE XEARCTIC HEMEROBIIDAE 257 eggs of these insects were laid in patches of 20 to ent revision for inclusion here. It is my convic- -50 apiece and were stalked, as in the Chrysopidae. tion, however, that the genus Lomamyia, estab- During oviposition the process of the tenth tergite lished by Banks (1904a) for the Nearctic species, nas used as a lever to the end of the abdomen. is distinct from Berotha and therefore is a valid The larvae, which hatched in about ten days, were genus. Its relationship with other genera need not long and slender, and crawled with the motion of concern us here, since Lomamyia was the third n geometrid caterpillar, using the anal claspers in genus of the family to be described and the other nalking. The head was longer than that of the two (Isoscelipteron and Dasypteryx) are well es- Hemerobiid larvae, the antennae were 4-segmented tablished synonyms of Berotha. 2nd the mandibles very nearly straight. The Lomamyia differs from Berotha in having only larvae did not survive in captivity beyond the first three gradate veins in the hind wing, the lowest ~nstar,presumably because of the lack of proper one being in line with the other tiyo, i.e., slightly food. Tillyard was of the opinion that the larvae proximal to the one above it; also in having the of these species inhabited the crevices of rocks and gradate vein between LIP1 + 2 and hIP3 + 4 in preyed on the lepidopterous larvae that fed on the the fore wing close to the one above it, usually not lichens and moss. The larvae of the Xearctic more than its own length away. In Berotha there Berothids are probably .very similar to those of are four or more gradate veins in the hind wing, Spermophorella, since the adults are not greatly the lowest being far proximal to the others; and different. Smith (1923) obtained a single infertile the gradate vein between ;LIP1 + 2 and LIP3 + 4 egg from one of the Nearctic species (probably in the fore wing is far proximal of the one above, Lornamyia banksi, n. sp.); it was :deposited di- usually at least five times its own length away. rectly upon the substratum, not stalked, but in all There seem to be no more than specific differences probability the manner of oviposition was abnor- in genital structure exhibited by the members of mal. these two genera; apparently the genera of Bero- The generic classification of the Berothidae in thidae cannot be satisfactorily based upon genital general is in a very confusing state.21 Esben- structure, as in the case of the Hemerobiidae, for Petersen pointed out in 1918 that the Berothidae I have found the genitalia to be essentially the '*wanta thorough revision." Kriiger's unillustrated same in the Asian, Australian and Nearctic species "monograph" of this family published a fe~vyears of the family. later (1922a) served only to make the confusion There are two striking characteristics of the Inore nearly complete. Navas (1929) has pub- Berothidae which deserve comment here: 1) In lished a better account of the Berothidae, but many most species the outer margin of the fore wing is of his concepts are based upon unique specimens more or less incised below the apex. Kriiger has or very small series and are consequently faulty. used the presence or absence of this incision as the Thus, his attempt to separate the genera into two basis of the division of the family into subfamilies; categories on the basis of the number of branches but the extent of this incision is variable in all of the radial sector (5 or less, 6 or more) is not at species and in certain ones the amount of variation nll practicable because the number fluctuates in is such that in a high percentage of specimens it individuals beyond these limits. In order to de- is not possible to decide whether the incision is ternline the generic position of the Nearctic spe- present or not (e.g., longicollis Walker). 2) A cies, I have found it necessary to make a study of more interesting feature is the presence of scales the Berothidae in general of all geographical re- on the wings and thorax of the females of certain gions. The results of this survey will be published species, hIcLachlan first called attention to these, eleerhere, since they are too irrelevant to the pres- on the wings of B. fulva Costa and of one Xearctic specie~.~ZTill yard subsequently described these in "One of the reasons for this is that the sexes have tiaually been confused in the past. In the Berothids full on the wing veins of Spermophorella dissemi- it is the females instead of the males that have prom- nata Till. and S. maculatissima Till., but having inent external genital structures. Tillyard (1916) was interpreted incorrectly hlclachlan's account, he the first to establish the fact that such specimens were made the vresence of the scales on the veins the females, for he was able to observe oviposition in basis of the genus Spermophorella. The scales are dpermophorclla; previous autho1.s. as McLachlan, also shown in the photograph of Berotha neuro- Hagen, Banks, etc., had assumed them to be males. Iirugcr (1922a) and Esben-Petersen (1917, 1918), both '' McLachlan (1864) identified the species as flavi- having overlooked Tlllyard's paper. did likewise. cor?i~sWalker, but this lacks the scales. punctata Esben-Petersen (Sew South Wales), others they are present on the wings only (occl- though no mention of them is made in the text. dentalis Banks) ; and in still others they are in both Of the Nearctic species more than half have scales wings and thorax. In uslng these characteristics. present on the wings of the female. It is apparent, however, one must bear in mind that specimens in therefore, that these scales are of general occur- poor condition may have had the scales rubbed ofi rence among the Berothids and not restricted to a wings and body. The process on the tenth tergite few species. Curiously enough, though the scales of the female varies considerably in length nlthin are on the upper side of the hind wing, they are the species and is of no use in specific taxonomy. present only on the lower side of the fore wing. The ninth tergite, however, is very different in most Similar scales may also occur on the thorax and species, but it is very complex and needs careful the legs of the females, as in L, squamosa, n. sp. orientation in the making of comparisons. The The Berothids have an unusual distribution: sclerotized rods of the eighth sternite also show Australia, New Zealand, Africa, Japan, Hindustan, marked difference in many species. The males are Ceylon, Formosa, Java, Borneo, eastern China not so readily determined as the females. There be- (Shanghai), southeast Europe, Asia Minor, Ar- ing no secondary characteristics comparable with gentina, United States and western Canada. The the scales, it is necessary to use venational and family probably has a much more extensive dis- tribution than that at present known. Genus Lomamyia Banks Lomamyia Banks, 1904, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 6: 209; Navas, 1929, Mem. Acad. Cienc. Exact., Zaragoza, 2: 25. Fore wing: subtriangular, often elongate; costal area very narrow at base, usually much broadened above furcation of M, and narrowed near the mid- dle of the rving; pterostigma present; two or rarely three cross-veins between R1 and Rs; usually five, rarely four or six, gradate veins, the one between MPl + 2 and MP3 + 4 not more that its length from the one above it; MP3 + 4 is usually forked FIGURE59. Wing venation of Lomamyia flavicornir only to or slightly beyond the gradate vein be- (Walker). Lettering as in figure 1. tween the branches of MP; Cul usually forked to outer cross-vein between Cul and MP3 + 4. Hind wing: venation similar to that of fore wing; other features of the wings. Of particular intere>t only three gradate veins, the lowest one only is the presence of three cross-veins between R1 and slightly proximal to that above it. Rs in two species (squamosa and longicoll~si. Prothorax much longer than broad; anal plate This is a characteristic which is also shared b! (tenth tergite) of male narrowed medially, with a. Berotha and I was at first inclined to regard it as long sclerotized process extending anteriorly from a basis for generic separation. However, since the lateral wings; aedeagus with a series of long there are no other wing or body characteristics nt- bristles distally. Anal plate of female unspecial- sociated with the number of these cross-veins, I ized; ninth sternite complex, with several sclero- have treated the difference in number as specfir tized, short processes; eighth sternite with a pair only. The male genitalia, although having the of sclerotized processes extending forwards towards sclerotized parts internal, provide excellent taso- the seventh sternite. nomic characteristics, especially the aedeagus. Genotype: Hemerobius flavicornis Walker. The genus Lomamyia is apparently restricted to The characteristics on which the species of this the Kearctic region. Although many of our specie: genus may be classified differ greatly in the tno have a wide distribution in this region, all are un- sexes. The females are usually readily distill- common. Of the ten species which are known, I guished by the nature and distribution of the scales have been able to see only about 150 specimen: on the wings and thorax. In a few species (e.g., It is probable that many Nearctic species remaln jlavicornis) such scales are entirely wanting; in undescribed. A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC HE~IEROBIIDAE 259 The males and females of this genus have been 4. Scales present on fore coxae only, absent from rest gxen separate keys, because of the ease with which of thorax ...... 5 the females may be determined by use of the sec- Scales present on fore coxae and also other parts ondary sexual characteristics. of thorax ...... 6 5. Costal area with four to six dark brown spots; KEYTO THE MALESOF NEARCTICLOMAMYIA gradate veins margined with dark brown; costal area broad ...... banksi, n. sp. (p. 260) 1. Three radial cross-veins present, one directly be- Costal area with very faint spots or entirely with- low the pterostigma ...... 2 out them; gradate veins not margined; costal Two radial cross-veins present, none below the area very narrow ...... hamata Walker (p. 265) pterostigma .3 ...... 6. Scales on thorax confined to fore coxae and pleura ! .lpical border of fore wing deeply incised of mesothorax; two radial cross-veins in fore squamosa, n. sp. (p. 266) wing ...... 7 .&pica1 border of fore wing entire or nearly so Scales on fore coxae and pleural region of both longicollis Walker (p. 267) meso- and metathorax; three radial cross-veins 3. Four to six dark brown spots on costal area; costal in fore wing ...... squamosn, n. sp. (p. 266) area moderately broad ...... 4 7. Fore wing slender, gradate veins heavily margined Spots on costal area very weak or absent; costal texana Banks (p. 264) area very narrow ...... hamata Walker (p. 265) Fore wing very broad, gradate reins not margined 1. Gradate reins of fore wing strongly margined, fulva, n. sp. (p. 264) forming a distinct streak across the wing 8. Two radial cross-veins in fore wing; none below texana Banks (a. 264) the pterostigma .....flavicornis Walker (p. 259) Gradate veins at most weakly margined ...... 5 Three radial cross-veins in fore wing, one below 5. Anterior margin of wing not concave, nearly the pterostigma .....longicollis Walker (p. 267) straight ...... occidentalis Banks (p. 263) Anterior margin of fore wing distinctly concave . .6 Lomamyia flavicornis (Walker) 6. Fore wing very broad ...... 7 Fore wing narrow or at most only normally Figures 59, 60; plate 3, figure 26 broad ...... 8 Hemerobius flavicornis Walker, 1853, List Spec. 7. Fore wing nearly uniformly yellow-brown, no mac- Neuropt. Brit. Mus.: 278. ulations except on costal area; cross-veins not .llicromus flavicornis Hagen, 1861, Synop. Neuropt. margined ...... fulva, n. sp. (p. 264)= Fore wing nearly hyaline; numerous maculations N. A,: 198. present; gradate veins lightly margined Lomamyia flavicornis Banks, 1905, Trans. Amer. latipennis, n. sp. (p. 262) Ent. Soc., 32: 27. S. Fore wing very slender; apex strongly falcate Lomamyia nearctica Navas, 1913, Ent. Zeit., 27: tenuis, n. sp. (p. 261) 19. Fore wing moderately broad; apex not falcate ...9 8. 9. Face usually light yellow; aedeagus nearly straight Face and antennae yellow; vertex yellow, flavicornis Walker (p. 259) usually with several reddish brown spots; prono- Face usually brown or reddish brown; aedeagus tum and mesonotum from yellow-brown to brown, strongly curved anteriorly usually with dark reddish brown spots at the base banksi, n. sp. (p. 260) of the hairs; abdomen brown; legs pale yellow, very hairy, the tibiae spotted with dots of reddish KEY TO THE FEMALESOF NEARCTIC LOMAMYIA~' brown; vertex, thorax, with long hairs, some brown, 1. Scales present on fore coxae or at least a few veins but mostly white. Fore wing: length (average), of lower surface of fore wing ...... 2 9 mm.; width, 3 mm.; membrane hyaline; apex of Scales absent from coxae and fore wings ...... 8 the wing deeply incised; apex of the wing usually 2. Scales absent from fore coxae .3 ...... clouded with light grey-brown, sometimes extend- Scales present on fore coxae ...... 4 3. Fore wing slender, costal margin nearly straight. ing as far as the gradate veins; costal area with not concare ...... occidentalis Banks (D. 263) four to six conspicuous dark brown patches; wings Fore wing very broad, costal margin concare with long, brown and white hairs, the latter espe- latipennis, n. sp. (p. 262) cially numerous; cross-veins with numerous very 23Themale of fulzla, n. sp., is not known, but I hare long, black hairs, especially well developed on the included the species in this key on the basis of the gradate veins; pterostigma usually reddish, at least wing shape and markings, which do not differ in the in part; distal forks of branches of Rs and M usu- sexes of Lomamyia. ally marked with a small dark brown patch. Hind "The female of tenuis, n. sp., is unknown. wing: hyaline, with dark brown maculations at the pterostigmal cross-veins and the gradate veins. Distribution: FLORIDA (Winter Park, April 30, Tenth abdominal tergite with two broad lateral E. AI. Davis; Tampa, E. P. Van Duzee); -4LA- plates, each giving rise to a long, anterior process BALIA (Jackson, April 19, W. D. Pierce); and a short posterior process; the bridge between GEORGIA (no further data); NORTH CARO- the two plates is extended posteriorly into a LISA (Raleigh; Southern Pines; Tryon); VIR- smoothly rounded lobe; sclerotized part of aedeagus GISIA (Dead Run, Fairfax Co., August 6; Vienna, forming a median strap-like structure, broadened August); KESTUCKY (no further data); anteriorly and terminating posteriorly in several LOUISIASA (Caddo Park) ; MARYLAND (Glen very fine filaments; the anterior end of the aedeagus Echo) ; NEW JERSEY (Prospertown) ; NEK is only slightly curved, very nearly straight in YORK (Long Island) ; PENNSYLVANIA (Rox- lateral view. boro). Nost of the specimens which I have seen 9. Like the male in size, coloration, without lack complete collecting data; the meagre informa- specialized hairs: or scales on either wings or body. tion available indicates that adults appear in early summer (April, May) and in the fall (August). This species resembles banksi closely and has been confused with it in the past. The females of the two are readily distinguished, that of flavicornis lacking the scales on the fore coxae which are pres- ent in banksi. The males, however, are very dif- ficult to separate without examination of the geni- talia. Most specimens of flavicornis have broader wings than are usually found in banksi, but there seem to be no constant differences in wing markings. The aedeagus is strikingly different in the two, that of flavicornis being almost straight whereas that of banksi is strongly reflexed. Nearctica Navas is almost certainly this species. The type locality of the unique male on which the species was based is Long Island, where both flavi- FIGURE60. Lomamvia flavicornis (Walker). A, cornis and banksi, n. sp., have been collected. ninth sternite of male, dorsal view; B, same, lateral view; C, eighth sternite and lateral rods of seventh Navas' figure shows a much broader wing than I sternite of female, dorsal view; D, same, lateral view. have seen in any specimens of banksi, though such AE, aedeagus; 10T, tenth tergite. wings do occur in many specimens of flavicornis. Savas himself synonymized his species with fEavi- cornis in 1929. Eighth sternite strongly sclerotized; viewed ven- trally there are two pairs of narrow posterior proc- Lomamyia banksi, n. sp. esses; the two lateral plates of the sternite are connected by a narrow sclerotized band: sclerotized Figure 61 rods of seventh sternite rather short. 8. Face and antennae yellom-; vertex greyish Types: Two type specimens of this insect were brown, with some dark reddish spots usually pres- mentioned by Walker: a, from "North AmericaJ'; ent; pronotum and mesonotum either yellow with and b, from "GeorgiaJJ (Abbot); both are in the reddish spots or medium reddish brown with faint British Museum. The first s~ecimen lacks the spots; long black or dark brown hairs on vertex, abdomen, but the wings are in good condition; they thorax and legs, white hairs not usually conspicu- are heavily marked and agree with those of many ous; legs pale, spotted with reddish brown and specimens of the insect which has been identified bearing long dark hairs. Fore wing: length (aver- as flavicornis by Banks and others in the past. age), 10 mm.; width, 4.2 mm.; anterior margin This specimen is here designated the lectotype of concave, outer margin incised, much as in jlavi- flavicornis. The second specimen, b, is a different cornis; four to six dark reddish brown spots on species; it apparently is the representative of va- costal area; membrane hyaline, maculations bronn- riety "BJJ which Walker mentioned in his descrip- ish, somewhat diffuse distally; gradate veins either tion. This is a female with scales on the fore coxae with or without marginations; cross-veins with and is the species described below as banksi. tufts of long black hairs; wing covered with dark A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC HEMEROBIIDAE 261 brown hairs, white hairs usually not so abundant; Illinois, June 28, 1934 (Delong and Ross) ; 18, tn o radial cross-veins. Hind wing : hyaline, with Anna, Illinois, June 27, 1909; both in the Illinois niaculations at pterostigmal cross-vein and gradate Natural History Survey collection. velns. Tenth abdominal tergite with a pair of Distribution: VIRGINIA (Falls Church; Selson long anterior processes ventrally, and a pair of Co.); NORTH CAROLINA (no other data); diorter anterior processes dorsally; lateral plates SOUTH CAROLIXA (Clemson College) ; FLOR- connected by a narrow sclerotized bridge; aedeagus IDA (llonticello, Hilliard) ; ALABAMA (Jackson, long, the anterior part sigmoidally curved. Thomasville) ; hIISSISSIPP1 (Fulton, Hamilton) ; 9. Similar to the male in size and coloration; RSISSOURI (no other data) ; DISTRICT OF CO- fore coxae with the anterior surface covered by a LUhIBIA; SEW YORK (Long Island) ; KANSAS patch of appressed, black scales; rest of thorax (Manhattan) ; ARIZOSA (Santa Rita hfts.) ; IL- ~ndthe wings without scales. Eighth abdominal LINOIS (Dobson, Pike, Anna, Jeff) ; hIICHIGA?: eternite strongly sclerotized; a pair of short but (Douglass Lake). The adults have been collected d~etinctprocesses extending posteriorly and a pair from May through July. of broader and flatter lobes on the anterior end, This species has been identified as jlavicornis in d~rected ventrally; sclerotized rods of seventh the past. The females of banksi differ in possessing sternite very long and heavy. the patch of scales on the fore coxae; the males usually have somewhat narrower wings than those of jlavicornis, and always have a sigmoidal aedeagus instead of a straight one, as in the latter. Lomamyia tenuis, n. sp. Figure 62 8. Face and antennae yellow; vertex yellow with several distinct, dark brown or black spots, FIGURE61. Lomamyia banksi, n. sp. A, tenth and a diffuse brown area medially; pronoturn and sternite of male (holotype), dorsal view; B, eighth mesonotum yellow and light brown, variegated; ~terniteand lateral rods of seventh sternite of female (allotype), dorsal view; C, same, lateral view; D, tenth sternite of male (holotype), lateral view. Holotype ( 8 ) : Clemson College, South Carolina; .Ipril 30, 1932 (D. Duncan). illlotype: same lo- cality and collector, May 28, 1931. Both are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Paratypes: 18, Falls Church, Virginia, Septem- ber 3 (N. Banks) ; 19, Monticello, Florida, June 11, 1935 (G. Fairchild) ; 1 9, Nelson Co., Virginia, July 25, 1923 (W. Robinson) ; 19, Clemson Col- lege, July 23, 1936 (F. Sherman) ; 1 9, ;1Ianhattan, Kansas, October 5, 1934 (R. C. Smith) ; 1P , Dob- son, near Clarksville, Illinois, July 25, 1936 FIGURE62. Lomamyia tenuis, n. sp, A, tenth illohr); 19, Falls Church, Virginia, August 11 sternite of male (holotype), dorsal view; B, same, (1.Banks) ; all in the Jluseum of Comparative Zo- ventral view; C, aedeagus, dorsal view. ology.--1 8,Wyandanch, Long Island, Xew York, FIGURE63. Lomamyia fulva, n. sp. A, eighth July 15, 1917 (F. \V. Schott) ; 19, Thomasville, sternite and lateral rods of seventh sternite of female Alabama, March 20, 1910 (W. D. Pierce); 19, (holotype), dorsal view; B, same. lateral view. \Tashington, D. C., July 26 (W. V. Warner) ; all m the United States National Museum.-1 P , legs pale with several dark brown spots; vertex, Clemson College, South Carolina, May 9, 1932 thorax and legs with brown and white hairs; ab- ID.Duncan) in the Clemson College collection. domen brown. Fore wing: length, 10 mm.; width, 19, Manhattan, Kansas, October 5, 1934 (R. C. 3.8 mm.; very slender; costal area normally broad Sm~th); in the R. C. Smith collcct~on.--19, Plke, basally, but usually narrowed distally, the costal 262 CARPENTER border being markedly concave; outer margin very n few black scales, the others apparently having deeply incised, the incision being posterior of the been rubbed off; the ? paratype has the scales of apex, forming a falcate tip; membrane hyaline; the fore wings on the proximal parts of MA and costal area with four (or more) dark brown spots; both branches of MP, as well as on the very basal two radial cross-veins: maculations medium brown. part of Rs; and in the hind wings along Rs and in the form of small'spots close together distally 1IA in the region of the divergence of these veins. and posteriorly; gradate veins margined with No scales are present on the coxae or rest of the brolvn. Tenth tergite with a pair of long ventral thorax. The eighth sternite of the female abdomen processes directed anteriorly and much flattened at is very broad and heavily sclerotized; a pair of their anterior end; a pair of shorter but conspicu- lateral lobes extend posteriorly; two smaller lobes ous processes also directed anteriorly ; the lateral extend dorsally and laterally, and a pair of ver!. plates connected by a narrow bridge; aedeagus large, flattened and broad processes are directed greatly widened distally, more than in texana. Fe- ventrally; rods of the seventh sternite are very male unknown. weakly sclerotized. Holotype ( 8 ) : Torrance Co., New hlexico, July, 1925 (C. H. Martin) ; in the Museum of Compara- tive Zoology (donated by R. C. Smith). This species, which resembles texana more than any other member of the genus, is distinguished from it by the more tenuous wing, the falcate apex, the less marked gradates, and the remarkably broad aedeagus. Lomamyia latipennis, n. sp. Figure 64 8. Face and antennae light reddish brown; vertex similarly colored, with several small reddish spots and a dark reddish brown area medially; pronotum light reddish brown, somewhat varie- gated, darker medially ; mesonotum light reddish FIGURE64. Lomamvia latipennis, n. sp. A, tenth brown, darker medially and laterally; vertex, pro- sternite of male (holotype), dorsal view; B, same. lateral view; C, eighth sternite of female (allotgpe), notum and mesonotum with long dark brown hairs; dorsal view; D, same, lateral view. legs pale spotted with dark reddish brown and with long grey-brown hairs; abdomen dark brown. Fore wing: length (average), 11 mm.; width, 5 Holotype ( 8): Phoenix Lake, Marin Co., Cali- mm.; costal area broad basally and only gradually fornia, July 4, 1927 (H. H. Kiefer). Allotype: narrowed, with 4-6 dark reddish brown spots; Mt. Tamalpais, Marin Co., California, May 23. outer margin deeply incised; membrane hyaline, 1909 (E. C. Van Dyke). Both are in the Cali- maculations light brown, darker and more diffuse fornia Academy of Sciences. distally, the membrane sometimes appearing nearly Paratypes: 18, Cayton, Shasta Co., California, uniformly light brown; pterostigma reddish; two July 13, 1918 (E. P. Van Duzee) ; 19, Cole~ille, radial cross-veins; cross-veins not heavily mar- Mono Co., California, May 28, 1939 (11. .I, gined; wing with dark brown hairs and a few black Cazier) ; both in the Museum of Comparative Zo- hairs at cross-veins. Hind wing: hyaline; ptero- ology.-1 8, Confidence, California, August 4 (J.N. stigma1 cross-vein heavily margined, gradates not Knull) ; in the Ohio State University collection. margined. Tenth sternite with a pair of long This large Lomamyia is known to me only from straight ventral processes, directed anteriorly ; no California and Arizona. In addition to the types posterior processes; aedeagus short and nearly I have seen five other specimens: 8, Cazadero. straight, with a prominent tuft of black spines or California, September 3 (E. P. Van Duzee); 2c*, stout hairs arising from the ventral surface of the Boulder Creek, California, July 18, 1933 (R. H aedeagus near the posterior end. Beamer) ; 8, Mt. Tamalpais, California, August 9. Similar to the male in size and coloration. 15, 1938 (L. W. Hopper) ; and 1 9, Yarnell, Ari- The fore and hind wings of the allotype bear only zona, July 29, 1933 (R. H. Beamer) . The male d A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC HEMEROBIIDAE 263 rhts insect resembles that of flavicornis superficially, posterior processes; aedeagus broad anteriorly, but is at once distinguished by the much broader with the tip curved dorsally; posterior filaments mngs. The female is more like that of occidentalis in a single cluster. Banks, in that both have scales on the wings but 0. Similar to the male in size and coloration, not on the coxae; the chief differen~eis found in but with scales as follows: in the fore wing, slender, rhe broad wings and concave anterior wing margin subcylindrical scales on the lower branches of Rs, of latipennis. The male of latipennis is unique in on MA and MP1 + 2. In the hind wing similar possessing the tuft of black spines on the aedeagus; scales on the stem of Rs, but apparently not on its these are conspicuous enough to be seen without branches. Legs and thorax without scales. Eighth tiissection of the abdomen. The female allotype sternite of abdomen strongly sclerotized, with a has apparently had most of the scales rubbed from pair of flat processes extending posteriorly and two the wings; a few are visible at irregular intervals, rounded lateral lobes extending anteriorly; the two ho~vever,which is enough to show that they ac- lateral plates connected by a thin bridge, with a tually were present. The female paratype, which slight median bulge; rods of seventh sternite very has precisely the same genital structure as the allo- long and curved. type, has the scales more nearly completely at- tached. Lomamyia occidentalis (Banks) Figure 65 Berotha occidentalis Banks, 1905,'Invert. Pacifica, 1 : 89.2; Lomamyia occidentalis Banks, 1905, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 32: 48. 8. Face and antennae yellow; vertex yellow, vith several spots of reddish brown; pronotum yellow, but with numerous reddish spots; meso- notum with a large dark reddish brown patch an- teriorly, divided by a thin yellow stripe; rest of 65, mesonotum yellow ~vit'hseveral large and small reddish brown spots; abdomen medium brown; FIGURE 65. Lomamyia occidentalis (Banks). A, legs pale wit'h red spots; vertex, thorax, abdomen tenth sternite of male (allotype), dorsal view; B, and legs with long brown and white hairs, the latter same, lateral view; C, eighth abdominal sternite and especially conspicuous. Fore wing: length (type), rods of seventh segment of female (holotype), dorsal 9-12 mm.; width (t'ype), 4-5 mm.; costal area view; D, same, lateral view. \vide basally and not markedly narrowed beyond, so that the costal margin is very nearly straight; Types: two cotypes of this insect were mentioned lour to six dark reddish brown spots along the by Banks, one ( 0 ) from Ormsby Co., Nevada (C. costal area; pterostigma reddish; two radial cross- F. Baker), and the other from Phoenix, Arizona. veins; membrane hyaline, with numerous small, The former is the only one which I have been able light brown maculations, giving the wing a defi- to locate; it is in the Ifuseum of Comparative nitely spott'ed appearance; distally the maculations Zoology and is here designated the lectotype. Al- are larger and more diffuse; gradat'e series not lotype, by present designation: Clayton, Cali- margined; the wing with long brown and white fornia; July 20, 1935 (R. H. Beamer); in the hairs, and tufts of long black hairs on the cross- University of Kansas Ifuseum. reins. Tenth sternite with a pair of long, straight In addition to the types I have seen only two rent'ral processes, directed anteriorly and flattened other specimens: 9, San Diego, California, August distally; dorsal part of sternite with a pair of 3, 1913 (E. P. Vnn Duzce) ; and 8,Lytton, British shorter processes also extending anteriorly; no Columbia, August 2, 1931. "This s~~ecieswas llsted by Bmks In 1903 (Proc This species is chnr~cterizedby the spotted fore Ent Soc Wash., 5: 240), but was not deacrlbed until nings and the nearly htr:light costal margin, as 1905 The specimens mentioned in the 1903 paper well as by the presence of scales on the wings of aete not those eventually taken as types. the female. There is only 3 slight resemblance to 264 CARPEKTEH latipennis and fulva. The male genitalia are clos- pronoturn and nlesonotuin medium brown, with est to those of texana, but differ in several respects, similar reddish brown spots; abdomen dark bronn; such as having broader processes on the tenth vertex, pronotum and mesonotum ~r-itha mixture sternite. of greyish brown and pure white hairs, the latter Lomamyia fulva, n, sp. being very numerous; legs pale, spotted ~vithred- Figure 63 dish brown and bearing white hairs. Fore wing: 9. Face and antennae yellow; vertex yellow, length (average), 11 mm.; width, 4 mm.; slender, with numerous small, dark red spots; pronotum with the apex deeply incised; membrane hyaline; also mostly yellow, with some darker brown me- four to six dark reddish spots along costal border; dially, which is continued on the meso- and meta- pterostigma usually reddish; nearly all cells of the nota; all thoracic nota with small red spots; legs wing with a varying amount of light yellow bronn, pale with a few red spots; vertex and thorax above of greater density and extent in the distal part of n-ith long grey-brown and dark brown hairs; legs the wing; gradate veins strongly margined 1~1th with long light grey hairs; fore coxae and meso- pleura with appressed black scales. Fore wing: length, 13 mm.; width, 6 mm.; very broad, as in latipennis; apex strongly incised; costal area mod- erately narrow, the margin concave; four to six brown spots along the costal area near the margin; wing membrane uniformly light yellow-brown; no maculations on the wing except for those on the costal margin- and one at a cross-vein between Sc and R1; gradates not margined; black subcylindri- cal scales on RIA, branches of MP and the proximal part of Cu, as well as the base of Rs; two radial cross-veins. Hind wing: membrane hyaline, with the pterostigmal cross-vein margined with dark brown; gradates not margined; black scales near the separation of PlIA from Rs. The eighth ster- nite heavily sclerotized, the two prominent, anterior lateral lobes directed slightly toryards the middle FIGURE66. Lomamyia texana (Banks). A, tenth of the segment; the posterior lateral processes are sternite of male (lectotype), dorsal view; B, same. furcate distally; the bridge between the two lateral ventral view; C, eighth abdominal sternite and rcds plates is very slender; rods of seventh sternite of seventh sternite of female (allotype), ventral vier; heavily sclerotized and moderately long. D, same, lateral view. Male unknolr-n. Holotype ( 9 ) : San Jacinto hlts., California, dark brown, forming an oblique streak acrosb the July 21, 1929 (R. H. Beamer) ; in the Museum of wing; long hairs on the ming as in flavicornzs, but Comparative Zoology. white ones especially conspicuous; gradate veln3 The female of this insect resembles that of lati- with tufts of black hairs; two radial cross-velnc pennis, from which it differs by the presence of the Hind wing: hyaline, the pterostigmal and gradate black scales on the fore coxae and mesopleura. veins margined with brown. Tenth tergite rr-itli a The male will probably be easily recognized by the pair of conspicuous anterior processes and a pdlr wing coloring, especially the lack of marginations of short anterior lobes above; lateral plates of tep- on the gradates. gite connected by a narrow strip, lacking the prom- Lomamyia texana (Banks) inent median posterior lobe of flavicornis; aedeagu: short and straight, the anterior end being ver!. Figure 66; plate 3, figure 25 broad and spatulate. Berotha texana Banks, 1897, Trans. Amer. Ent. 9. Similar to the male in size and coloration SOC.,24: 24. but with scales as follows: fore coxae with closel\ Lomamyia texana Banks, 1905, ibid., 32: 27. appressed black or dark brown scales; pleural re- 8. Face and antennae yellow; vertex yellow gion of mesothorax similarly scaled; fore ming n~tli with several conspicuous dark reddish brown spots; black or dark brown scales on the under surface oi A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC HEMEROBIIDAE 265 he two lower branches of Rs and on MA. Scales margins; spots along the costal area absent or if ipparently absent from hind wing. The eighth present very faint and much reduced in size; two Sternite broad, heavily sclerotized, with a pair of radial cross-veins; gradate veins not margined and iteral, posterior processes, and a conspicuous pair apparently without tufts of hairs; the wing is oi rounded anterior lobes; sclerotized rods of pre- covered with long, yellow-brown hairs. Hind ceding segment about as long as in flavicornis but wing: subhyaline, with the pterostigmal cross-vein -ome~vhatmore curved. heavily margined with dark brown. Tenth tergite Types: Two males (cotypes) from Texas were of abdomen with a pair of long slender anterior nientioned by Banks and both are in the Museum processes ventrally and a pair of short anterior of Comparative Zoology. One of these lacks the ones dorsally; lateral plates connected by a broad .iSdomen; the other is here designated the lecto- bridge; aedeagus very nearly straight and with t! pe. Allotype, by present designation : Globe, only a slight thickening of the anterior part. Arizona, July 17, 1933 (Parker); in the lluseum 9. Similar to the male in size and coloration; of Comparative Zoology. fore coxae with a patch of closely appressed black Distrzbution: TEXAS (Comfort; Davis Mts., scales; fore wing with at least a few scattered black .iugust 22, 1936, J. N. Knull) ; ARIZOYA (Santa Rita llts., May 31, E. E. Schwarz; Oracle, July 15, E. A. Schwarz; Globe, July 17; Oak Creek Canyon, August 15, 1938, J. X. Knull; Huachuca \Its., August 22, 1935, R. H. Beamer) ; UTAH I Bellevue, June 22, Spauldlng ; Parowan Canyon, Iron Co., July 16, 1919, Spaulding). This species can usually be readily recognized by *he dark obllque streak formed along the gradate jeins. The female is further characterized by the ;)ossession of the patches of scales on the fore roxae and mesopleura. Several specimens of these iemales which I have seen had a waxy secretion rorering the scales, which suggests that the scales mnv be associated with glands. FIGURE67. Lomamyia hamata (Walker). A, tenth Lomamyia hamata (Walker) sternite of male, dorsal view; B, same, ventral view; Figure 67 C, eighth abdominal sternite and rods of seventh sternite of iemale (allotype), dorsal view; D, same, Hemerobius hamata Walker, 1853, List Spec. lateral view. Seuropt. Ins. Brit. Mus.: 278. !licromus hamatus Hagen, 1861, Synop. Neuropt. slender scales in the lower two branches of Rs and 5.-4.: 199. RIA; hind wing apparently without scales. The Lomamyia hamata Banks, 1905, Trans. Amer. Ent. eighth sternite with a pair of prominent lateral Soc., 32: 48. processes, somewhat twisted, extending posteriorly, Lomamyia hubbardi Banks, 1924, Bull. Mus. Comp. and two lateral rounded lobes anteriorly, the two Zool., 65: 430. lobes being connected by a narrow bridge; sclero- 8. Face and antennae yellow; vertex and tized rods of seventh segment long and strongly rhoracic nota also yellow, with scattered red spots; curved. sides of prothorax and mesothorax reddish; vertex Holotype (8 ) : "North AmericaJJ;in the British 2nd pronotum without white hairs; abdomen yel- Lluseum of Natural History. Allotype, by present Ion or light brown; legs pale yellow, spotted with designation: Tampa, Florida, hIay 2, 1918 (E. P. red. Fore ming: length, 10 mm.; width, 4 mm.; Van Duzee) ; in the California Academy of Sciences. costal space less than normally broad at base and This distinctive species is known to me only by much narrowed distally; pterostigma reddish; two specimens in addition to the type. One of outer border of ming deeply incised, the apex being these, the type of hubbardi Banks, is from Cedar ialcate; membrane yellow-brown, with some scat- Keys, Florida, April 5, 1878 (Hubbard and tered faint brown maculations and with more con- Schwarz); and the other is the allotype, from spicuous red maculations along the hind and apical Tampa, Florida. 266 CARPENTER The male type of hamata lacks the abdomen, with brown and with only a fe~vlong black hairs; but the sex is clear from the absence of the scales pterostigma reddish. Hind wing: hyaline, ptero- on the coxae and wings. The fore wings of this stigma1 cross-vein strongly margined, gradate veins insect are distinctive in having the spots along the without marginations. Tenth tergite of abdomen costal margin absent or very weak, and in having with a pair of long ventral processes extending a very narrow costal area. The type of hubbardi anteriorly and a short' pair more dorsal, also di- Banks, also a male, is identical with Walker's type rected anteriorly; a pair of prominent ventral in wing structure and coloration, and I am con- processes extending posteriorly ; aedeagus nearly vinced that the species are the same, even though straight, only slightly broadened anteriorly. nothing is known of the genital structure of 9. Similar to the male except for the presence Walker's specimen. At the time when he described of black scales which are distributed as follo~~s: hubbardi. Banks was under the impression that fore coxae and most of fore femora; sides of pro- hamata was a synonym of flavicornis. The female notum; pleura of meso- and metathorax, and cosae described above as the allotype agrees with the and basal part of femora of meso- and metathoras. male from Cedar Keys, except for the scales on Also on fore and hind wing along the proximal the wings and thorax. parts of Sc, Rs, 11, Cu. The eighth sternite of FIGURE68. Lomamyia squamosa, n. sp. A, tenth and rods of seventh sternite of female (allotype). abdominal sternite of male (holotype), dorsal view; dorsal view; D, same, lateral view. B, same, lateral view; C, eighth abdominal sternite Lomamyia squamosa, n. sp. abdomen heavily sclerotized; seen in lateral vier this forms an inverted "V"; seen from below, there Figure 68 is a median, posterior lobe, and two lateral arms, 8. Face and antennae yellow; vertex yellow, extending posteriorly; rods of seventh sternite with small reddish spots at the very top; pronotum much reduced. yellow with brown spots and a light reddish brown Holotype ( 8 ) : Bro~vnsville,Texas, June 11-16, area medially; mesonotum yellow posteriorly, red- 1933 (P. J. Darlington, Jr.); in the hiuseurn of dish brorvn anteriorly; vertex and thorax with pale Comparative Zoology. Allotype: Sabinal, Texas yellow hairs; legs pale yellow, with red spots and hIarch 6, 1910 (F. C. Pratt) ; in the Museum oi yellow hairs. Fore wing: length (average),9 mm.; Comparative Zoology. width, 3.2 mm.; costal space broadened basally, Paratypes: 1 9, Brownsville, Texas, June; 19. narrowed near the middle of wing; outer margin same, June 10 (H. S. Barber) ; both in the United smoothly and deeply incised, the apex falcate; States National Museum.-1 8, Brownsville, Junp membrane hyaline, with numerous light brown (Snow) ; in the Museum of Comparative Zoolog! maculations, these being more or less diffuse in the Distribution: This species is known to me onl~ distal half of wing; three radial cross-veins, one from Texas. In addition to the types I have sea below the pterostigma; wing with dark brown or specimens from Hildago Co., Cypress Mills, 1Ic- black hairs; gradate veins only slightly margined Allen, and Devil's River (May 6). The insect ap- A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC HEMEROBIIDAE 267 pears to be not uncommon at Brownsville, from Distribution: In addition to the types I have nhich I have seen six individuals. seen but two specimens: 0, from Ocean Springs, This unusual Lomamyia is characterized by hav- Mississippi; Q , from Warren, North Carolina. ing a greater development of scales on the wings This species has been the cause of much uncer- and thorax of the female than any of our other tainty in the past. The lack of a definitely excised aecies of the genus. The male can at once be apical margin has made the generic position of the recognized by the presence of three radial cross- insect obscure. \Talker's assignment of the insect \-ems in the fore wing, one being below the ptero- to Hemerobius was of little significance, since the stigma. Longicollis is the only other Nearctic genus was then very loosely and broadly used. Lomamyia which possesses the three radial cross- Hagen, on the basis of McLachlan's description, Terns, and that species has the apical margin of thought that the species was allied to the Sisyrid the fore wing almost entire, not deeply incised, as Climacia areolaris (Hagen). Banks in his revision In squamosa. Both male and female genitalia are of the Searctic Hemerobiidae (1905) did not at- unusual, though following the general pattern tempt to assign the species to any genus; subse- found in other species. quently, however, he obtained a specimen from Llississippi (Ocean Springs) and provisionally de- termined it as longicollis. hfy examination of the Lomamyia longicollis (Walker) types in the British Museum shows that his identi- Hemerobius longicollis Walker, 1853, List Spec. fication was correct. Xeuropt. Ins. Brit. Mus.: 281. .. Although longicollis lacks the incised apical wing margin, an indication of it is present. The species 8. Face and antennae yellow-brown; antennae is unusual for the lack, also, of the heavily sclero- 3 little stouter than in other specimens of the tized eighth abdominal sternite of the female, al- genus; vertex, pronot'um and mesonotum brown, though there is a slight indication of this plate. nith some very dark brown or black hairs and many white ones; legs pale, spotted with dark hrown and bearing many long white hairs; ab- Family POLYSTOECHOTIDAE domen brown. Fore wing: length, 9 mm.; width, Antennae setaceous or nearly so, short, less than 4 mm.; apical margin not truly incised, at most half the length of the fore wing, first segment much >lightly concave; costal margin nearly straight; enlarged ; ocelli absent ; prothorax much broader coltal area broad; pterostigma faintly reddish than long, not lobed laterally; legs cursorial, all bronn; four to six dark reddish brown spots along coxae well developed and free; abdomen large. rhe costal border; membrane subhyaline, with nu- Tenth tergite of male entire, with well developed merous faint brown maculations which give- the trichobothria laterally; ninth tergite narrow, the ning a brownish color, especially apically; veins ventral margin extended slightly posteriorly; tenth dlrk, vith little or no spotting; brown hairs on sternite forming part of the internal armature; Iring; three radial cross-veins, one below the ptero- ninth sternite small. Tenth tergite of female en- ctigma; gradate veins with tufts of black hairs, tire, large; ninth narrow above, but extended so hut not margined. Hind wing: no maculations or far ventrally as to almost envelop the segment; marginations of cross-veins. The structure of the eighth sternite small. male genitalia is not known; the only two males Wings subequal; costal area at least slightly of this species which I have seen are the Walker broadened above the separation of Rs from R1; types. Sc apparently terminating on costal margin; no 9. Similar to the male; no scales on wings or true pterostigma present; Rs originating close to thorax. The eighth sternite very small and so the base of the wing and giving rise to nine to neakly sclerotized that it shows no definite shape, fourteen branches, all of which fork several times; os it does in other species; there is no sclerotized ?vlA apparently coalesced with Rs, though there is plate. The rods of the seventh segment are very no indication of the free basal part of M,4; Cul small. forked close to the base of the n-ing. Hind wing: Types: Two males (cotypes) from Georgia (Ab- costal space narrower than that of fore wing; bot); in the British Museum. Allotype, by pres- cross-veins unbranched; MA coalesced for a short ent designation: Prattsburg, Georgia, July 23, 1930 interval with Rs at the base; free proximal part i R. H. Beamer) ; in the 1luseum of Comparative of MA distinct; Rs with from seven to thirteen Zoology (donated by R. C. Smith). branches; Cul forked close to base of wing. CARPENTER FIGURE69. Wing venation of Pol~stoechotespunotatus (Fabr.). Lettering as in figure 1. This family, which is confined to the New veins, the series close to the hind margin and nearly World, has in the past included only two genera, parallel to it; inner gradates with twelve to sixteen Polystoechotes Burm, and Fontecilla Navas cross-veins. Hind wing: Rs having distinct con- (Chile) ;26 a third genus is described in the present tact with Rs; eleven to fourteen branches of Rs; paper. Almost nothing is known of the immature MP forked at about the level of separation of RI.1 stages of the Polystoechotids. from Rs; MP1 + 2 connected by a cross-vein to The two Nearctic genera now in the family may MA, shortly after the origin of Rs; two series of be distinguished as follows: gradates, eighteen to twenty-three in the outer and ten to thirteen in the inner. 1. Costal area narrow at base, only slightly broadened beyond; abdomen slender Eyes of moderate size; thorax narrow; abdomen Polystoechotes Burm. (p. 268) very slender. Tenth tergite of male very large: Costal area abruptly broadened at base, and rery ninth sternite with a long distal lobe; internni wide beyond; abdomen very stout armature consisting of three complex, sclerotized Platystoechotes, n. gen. (p. 270) plates; eighth sternite very long. Tenth tergite oi female large; ninth narrow, but greatly extended Genus Polystoechotes Burmeister ventrally; eighth sternite small but henvl! sclerotized. Polystoechotes Burmeister, 1839, Handb. Ent., 2 Genotype: Semblis punctata Fabricius. (3) : 982; Banks, 1905, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., The relationship of this genus with other Keu- 32: 28. roptera is not at all clear. The genital structure, Fore wing: slender, pointed; costal area narrow furthermore, is so unusual that I have been unable at base and very slightly widened beyond; recur- to homologize the parts with those of other geners rent humeral vein present; costal veinlets forked; in the order. Polystoechotes has been found in Rs with from eleven to fourteen branches; MA Chile (P. gazullai Navas), Panama, Mexico, and connected by a cross-vein to MP1 + 2 shortly the Nearctic Region. after origin of the latter; two series of gradate veins, the outer with twenty-five to thirty cross- Polystoechotes punctatus (Fabr.) 2aOliarces clara Banks, from California, has been Figures 69, 70; plate 3, figure 27 referred by Lameere (1936) to the Polystoechotidae, but a study of the type, which is the only known Semblis punctata Fabricius, 1793, Ent. Syst., 2: 73, representative of the insect, has convinced me that Hemerobius nebulosa Fabricius, 1798, Ent. Syb. this is not justifiable. Suppl.: 202. A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC HEMEROBIIDAE 269 Hemerobius irroratus Say (nec Stephens), 1824, mately longitude 105') ; and from Georgia, New Long's Exped., 2: 306; Fitch, 1856, 1st and 2nd York, New Hampshire, Maine, Massachusetts, Rept. Ins. N. Y.: 92. Pennsylvania, Maryland and North Carolina. It Polystoechotes strictus Burmeister, 1839, Handb. is common in British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario, Ent., 2: 982; Walker, 1853, List Spec. Neuropt. and Quebec. Hagen reported it from Texas and Ins. Brit. Mus.: 231. although I have seen no specimens from that state, Osmylus validus Walker, 1853, ibid. : 233. I have no doubt it does occur there. In the col- Hemerobius vittatus Say, 1824, Long's Exped., 2: lection of the California Academy of Sciences there 307; Fitch, 1856, 1st and 2nd Rept. Inst. N. Y.: 93. Polystoechotes punctatus Hagen, 1861, Syn. Seuropt. N. A.: 206; Banks, 1905, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 32: 28. 8. Lower face yellow or light brown; upper part, just below antennae dark reddish brown, sometimes nearly black; between vertex and an- tennae a thin transverse yellow band; vertex dark reddish brown or black, often variegated; vertex nith conspicuous black and white hairs; antennae medium to dark brown; pronoturn dark brown, nith a small yellow irregular spot laterally; pro- notum and mesonotum with black and white hairs, especially the latter; mesonotum brown, with some indication of reddish brown; metanotum and ab- domen dark brown; legs light grey-brown, with light orange hairs; tip of tibiae and tarsal seg- ments dark brown. Fore wing: length 18-34 mm.; nidth, 6-12 mm.; costal space only moderately broad; apex pointed, membrane hyaline or faintly smoky; costal area with dark brown spots; inner gradates margined; posterior part of wing with four to six large dark brown, irregular spots; also srea between R1 and Rs and other parts of wing frequently with dark brown spots, very variable in FIGURE70. Polystoechotes punctatus (Fabr.). A, intensity and size. Hind wing: hyaline; without terminal abdominal segments of male, lateral view; markings except for a few light spots along outer B, same and internal armature, posterior view (ninth gradates in the vicinity of Cu and M, ninth sternite sternite omitted) ; C, terminal abdominal segments nith a median distal process; internal armature as of female, lateral view; D, internal armature of male, shown in figure 7OD. lateral view; E, same, showing position of parts with 9. Like the male in color and markings, but reference to segmentation; F, ninth sternite of male, ventral view; G, ninth abdominal sternite of female, usually larger, the fore wing length varying from lateral view. taenty to forty millimeters. Ninth abdominal eternite strongly sclerotized; seen from below the is a specimen from Lower California; and in the plate shows a posterior median lobe distally Museum of Comparative Zoology there is a female escised; a pair of lateral plates extending dor- from Panama (Lino). The most northern record sally; and between these vertical plates a heavily is near Peace River (town), Alberta (lat. 56'). sclerotized rod extending anteriorly and attached The species is far more common in the western to the ninth sternite by a membrane. states (especially the northern ones) than it is in Type: Without locality data; in British Mu- the eastern. Of particular interest is the fact seum. that punctatus seems to be absent from the prairie Distribution: This is a very widely distributed states and Manitoba. The adults appear in June insect. I have seen specimens from all of the and persist until the end of October. They are states west of the Rocky hlountains (approxi- positively phototropic and during the fall, especially 270 CARPENTER August, a great many individuals may be collected and tapering, and had a very large head. The at lights in the western states.27 I have seen more mandibles were straight; the antennae were S- than five hundred specimens. segmented, the first and second segments much Punctatus is remarkable for its variability in larger than the others; the maxillary palpi nere size. This, in conjunction with a similar instability 5-segmented. Welch was of the opinion that the in the color pattern of the wing, has been the chief larvae were predaceous and terrestrial; Keedham cause of the many synonyms. Fabricius' descrip- suggested the possibility of their being terrestrial tion of the insect was too incomplete to enable rec- or arboreal; Hagen that they were aquatic; and ognition of the species from that alone. Hagen Banks that they were parasitic on an aquatic m- saw the type in the British Museum and of course sect.28 Whatever the environmental occurrence oi readily recognized the insect. He was also able to punctatus may be, it is obvious that the mature see the types of most other synonymous species, all larva, which must be at least an inch in length, has of which were described before the publication of not been found. FIGURE71. Wing venation of Platystoechotes lineatus, n. sp. Lettering as in figure 1. his "Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North America" Genus Platystoechotes, n, gen. in 1861. The most surprising fact about punctatus is that Fore wing: slender, costal area abruptly broad- in spite of its large size and local abundance, its ened at base; humeral recurrent vein present immature stages are almost unknown, Needham costal veinlets forked, the proximal ones joined b\ (1901), Hungerford (1931) and Welch (1914) have cross-veins; Rs with eight to twelve branches obtained eggs from captive specimens. The larvae MA joined to MP by a cross-vein at about tht obtained by Welch lived only a few days, presum- fork of MP; two series of gradate veins, the outer ably because of the lack of proper food. The eggs one nith 28-35 cross-veins, the series remote fron. were laid singly, were oval, white and very granu- the margin and forming a broad "V"; inner grad at^ lar. They were exceedingly small, being less than series with 9-11 cross-veins. a millimeter in length. The incubation period was Hind wing: Rs having slight contact with 1I.i found by Welch to be ten days. The newly Rs with seven to nine branches; MP not forkg hatched larvae were about 1.5 mm, long, slender nearly as far proximally as the separation of 3I.I from Rs; MA connected to RIP before furcatlor 27 Fyles records (1903) the occurrence of a cloud of these insects above a warehouse in Ontario; the "Lestage (1925) and Withycombe (1925) have dis aggregation was so dense that observers mistook it for cussed these possibilities at some length, without corn- smoke and called out the fire-engines. ing to a definite conclusion. A REVI~IOKOF THE NEARCTIC HEMEROBIIDAE 271 .ti [litter; two series of gradates, 11-14 in the outer, areas and white ones on hyaline areas. Hind wing: &S in t'he inner. hyaline, but with the outer and most of the inner Eyes small; thorax broad and thick, the head gradates surrounded by a dark brown spot, the recessed into the prothorax; abdomen very thick. gradate veins themselves being white. The ter- Tenth t'ergite of male large; ninth tergite of mod- minal abdominal segments as described for the zrste size; tenth sternite forming part of the in- genus; internal armature consisting of a very .?ma1 armature; ninth st'ernite small; eighth large; weakly sclerotized structure in the form of a "C," xternal armature consisting of two complex plates. when seen in side view; in end view the structure Tenth tergite of female large rounded; ninth ter- is seen to be composed of a dorsal median piece ;!te narrow but extended ventrally; ninth sternite and two lateral divergent arms, supporting ven- divided; eighth sternite small and heavily sclero- trally a median posterior process. azed. Genotype: Platystoechotes lineatus, n. sp. This genus is related to Polystoechotes. The xings are much like those of punctatus, though ivving a much broader costal area. The wings .!one, however, would not justify the erection of i nen genus, but the terminal abdominal segments oi the male and female of lineatus are so different irom those of punctatus that I have not been able ro homologize the parts sat'isfactorily. 'It is be- c.iuse of the difference in genital structure that I hue considered a new genus ne~essary.~O Platystoechotes lineatus, n. sp. Figures 71, 72; Plate 3, figure 28 Clypeus yellow; frons reddish brown and yellow, i.ir~egated; vertex from light to dark reddish arown, with some yellow usually present just be- hnd the eyes laterally; vertex with long white FIGURE72. Plat.ystoechotes lineatus, n. sp. A, ter- hairs; antennae yellowish; pronotum reddish to minal abdominal segments of male (holotype), lateral ~iediumbrown, with very long grey-brown hairs; view; B, same of female (allotype), ventral view; C, xeso- and metanotum medium bromn, with grey- eighth abdominal sternite of female, lateral view; D, orolvn and white hairs; abdomen light reddish ninth abdominal sternite and internal armature of brown, with brown hairs. Fore wing: length, 25- male, posterior view; E, terminal abdominal segments 15 mm.; width, 8-9 mm.; costal area very broad; of female, lateral view. (roes-veins present between the costal veinlets in ilie proximal half of the wing; membrane hyaline; O. Similar to the male in color, but usually costal area with 4-6 large brown spots; numerous larger, the fore wing varying from 25-33 mm. .mdller spots between R1 and Rs; a wide transverse Eighth sternite strongly sclerotized ventrally and bronn band from the hind margin to R1 at about bearing two vertical, lateral plates; between the mld-wing; a thinner but slightly darker stripe latter a short, heavily sclerotized rod; ninth ster- iollons along the line of the gradates; long hairs nite with a conspicuous median depression pos- are present on all veins, brown ones on the brown teriorly, with a pair of prominent teeth projecting inwards near the posterior end of the depression. Savas' monospecific genus Fontecilla (1931),from Holotype ( 8 ) : Wolverton, Sequoia National Chile, has a broad costal area, somewhat like that of Park, California, 7000-9000 ft., June 14, 1929 (E. lineatus, but the wings are falcate apically. Since C. Van Dyke); in the Cal~forniaAcademy of Sci- Sayas did not describe the venation of his insect (F.graphicus Kav.), no venational comparisons be- ences. illlotype: same locality, June 13, 1929 (E. meen Platystoechotes and Fontecilla can be made. C. Van Dyke) ; in the Californ~a .4cademy of The type of grapkicus was originally in the Navas Sciences. collection, and I have been unable to ascertain its Paratypes: IS, same locality as holotype, June present location. 19, 1929 (E. C. Van Dyke) ; 1 9, same, June 24, 272 CARP 1929; 19, Norval Flats, Lassen Co., California, the wing; cross-veins few or many, rarely arranged 5500 ft., June 2, 1920 (J. 0. Martin) ; all in the in gradate series. California Academy of Sciences.-1 6, Wolverton, Hind wing: costal space narrow, with numerous California, June 19, 1929 (E. C. Van Dyke) ; 19, unbranched cross-veins; MA usually coalesced with Potwisha, Sequoia Nat'l. Park, 2-5000 ft., Cali- Rs, though rarely free; MP usually deeply forked; fornia; 1 $, Giant Forest, Tulare co., California, Rs with from two to five branches; cross-veins fen July 15, 1928 (C. L. Fox); all in the Museum of or many, rarely arranged in gradate series. Comparative Zoology.-1 9, Giant Forest, Cali- Nothing is known of the immature stages of the fornia, July 28, 1929 (R. H. Beamer); in R. C. Dilaridae. The suggestion has been made that the Smith collection.-1 8, 19, Glacier Pt., 7214 ft., larvae are aquatic, but as Hagen pointed out this California, June 13, 1931; in the University of does not seem likely in view of the long ovipositor. California collection. In this connection it is pertinent to note that Dr. This striking insect, which has so far been found W. H. Anderson has recently reared a male of the only in California, is readily recognized by the Nearctic species, Nallachius americana (Hageni wing markings and shape, as well as by the very from wood debris of a dead tulip tree (Liriodendror~ stout body. It is surprising that such a large and tulipifera Linn.), near Falls Church, Virginia. The conspicuous insect as this has not previously been wood had been collected a few weeks before from described and that it was not collected prior to the tree, which stood near the edge of a wooded the past twenty years. It is apparently not rare area about 300 feet from a small stream. It seems in Sequoia National Park and vicinity, where, I very probable that the pupa of the insect nae am informed, it is taken without much difficulty by secreted on or in the dead wood. students at the University of California. The This family is an exceptionally interesting one. general habitus of this insect is very different from Although the species exhibit various specialization^, that of punctatus; the latter has a slim, elongate such as the pectinate antennae of the male, some abdomen, whereas Lineatus has an exceedingly stout possess characteristics which are clearly generalized one. Since this is true of both sexes, the size of In this category, for example, is the free MA which the abdomen in the female can hardly be due to occurs in Dilar corcvracus Yavas. The existin! the presence of an unusually large number of eggs. species of the family are undoubtedly but a small It is greatly to be hoped that some attention will remnant of a much larger group. Navas was led to be given to the life history of this insect. conclude from a revisional study of the family that several genei'a exist, rather than Dilar alone, and I believe that most of the six new genera which he Family DILARIDAE described are valid. Although only about thirty species of Dilaridae are known, the family has s Antennae filiform in the female, pectinate in the wide distribution: Asia, Europe, Africa, and Korth male; first segment enlarged; functional ocelli ab- and South America. Most of the genera, however. sent, but three ocelli-like pilous tubercles are pres- - are restricted to single cont'inents. Only one genus ent; prothorax as wide as long, usually broader and occurs in the Nearctic region. bearing several conspicuous tubercles; its lateral margins not lobed; legs cursorial; coxae large and Genus Nallachius Navas free; abdomen cylindrical and short; tenth tergite of male transverse, with trichobothria; tenth ster- Nallachius Navas, 1909, Mem. Real. ilcad. Cienc. nite forming part of the internal armature; female Artes Barc., 7: 666. with a long ovipositor. Fore wing: slenderly oval in female, subtriangu- Wings subequal, very hairy, often showing sexual lar in male; costal area very narrow for its entire dimorphism. Fore wing: costal space either nar- length; pterostigma weakly formed; at least one row or broad, but never abruptly widened at base; cross-vein between R1 and Rs; gradate veins ab recurrent humeral vein absent; cross-veins numer- sent or few in number; Rs with two or thrw ous in costal area, mostly unbranched; all branches branches arising directly from stem Rs; RII coal- of Rs arising from a single stem; Rs with from esced with Rs for a considerable distance, and two to five branches arising directly from the stem; apparently also coalesced with Rs, which arises ss MA either coalesced with Rs or coalesced with R an anterior branch of MA near the mid-wing; bad and separated from it before origin of Rs; MP piece of MA usually present at base of wing, often either deeply forked or twigged at the margin of obsolescent; Cul deeply forked. A REVISION OF THE NEAHCTIC HE~LIEKOBIIDAE 273 Hind wing: elongate-oval in female; broadly oval Nallachius americanus (hIcLachlan) in male; costal area narrow; Rs with two branches irom stem Rs; one or two cross-veins between R1 Figures 73, 74 and Rs; MA coalesced with Rs for a considerable Dilar americana LIcLachlan, 1881, Ent. hlo. Mag., distance, also apparently with R4 + 5; free part 18: 55; Banks, 1905, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 32: of LIA obsolescent; LfP forked to level of separa- 24. tion of bIA from stem Rs. Nallachius americalzus Navas, 1909, Mem. Real. Antennae of male with from 12-16 segments; of Acad. Cienc. Artes Barc., 7: 669; 1914, Gen. female with from 15-17 segments; prothorax much Ins., fasc. 156: 11. broader than long; tenth tergite of male divided, iorming two lateral plates, with numerous tricho- 8. Head, first antenna1 segment, prothorax and bothria; ninth tergite entire, the ventral margin abdomen reddish brown; ocellar warts light brown; eltended posteriorly; eighth tergite entire and very antennae and legs pale yellow. Fore wing: length, chort, but extending nearly to ventral part of seg- 4 mm.; width, 1.8 mm.; membrane either hyaline ment; ninth sternite small; eighth larger; tenth or slightly greyish; maculations grey, in the form straight and apparently forming a complex arma- of large, irregular spots, sometimes very diffuse, so ture, consisting of an anterior transverse plate, with that the entire wing is more or less grey; veins with FIGURE73. Wing venation of Nallachius ameri,cana (McLachlan). A, female (holotype); B, male (allotype). Lettering as in figure 1. tno pairs of posterior processes, one pair lateral, long grey hairs. Hind wing: length, 3 mm.; width, the other medial; hypandrium small. Female 1.8 mm.; very broadly oval, color as in fore wing. nit11 the ovipositor curved strongly over the ab- Anal plates (tenth abdominal tergite) with a short, domen. broad tooth arising from the posterior mar,'oin near Genotype: Dilar prestoni LIcLachlan. the mid-point; internal armature with the lateral This small genus includes four species: prestoili processes longer and straighter than the inner pair; 1IcLach. from Brazil; loxanus Navas from Equa- aedeagus only about half as long as latter. dor; pulchelLus Banks from Cuba and Arizona, 9. Head, thorax and abdomen pale brown; an- and americanus McLachlan from Kentucky and tennae and legs yellow. Fore wing: length, 5 mm.; Krginia.30 The two latter species may be sep- width, 2 mm.; elongate oval; membrane hyaline, arated as follows: with numerous grey maculations as in the male. Hind wing: length, 3.5 mm.; width, 1.5 mm.; 1 Fore wing without a series of gradate cross-veins americaizus McLach. (p. 273) color as in the fore wing. Fore wing with a series of gradates Holotype ( Y ) : Bee Spring, Kentucky, June, 1874 pulchellus Banks (11 274) (Sanborn) ; in the hluseum of Comparative Zo- ology. Allotype, by present design:ition : about 4 mi. northeast of Falls Church, Virginia, on the '"Tliere nlc nlgo ~unde-cribedspecies in the M~useuin oi Compa~atl\-eZoology from Paraguay and Pueito property of R. -1.Cushman; the specimen emerged Rlco froin woody debrib of a dead tulip tree, &lay 25, 274 CARPENTER FIGURE74. ~\~allachius americana (McLachlan), same, dorsal view; D, same, ventral view (ninth male (allotype) . A, head and antenna, lateral view ; sternite omitted). Lettering as in figure 2. B, terminal abdominal segments, lateral view; C, 1939 (W. H. Anderson); in the United States Wallachius pulchellus (Banks) Sational Rluseum. Figure 75 I have seen only three specimens of this rare insect in addition to the types mentioned. One of Dilar (Nallachius) pulchellus Banks, 1938, Rev, de Ent., 9: 289; fig. 12. these ( 8 ) was collected at Glen Echo, Maryland, July 16, 1922 (J.R. RIalloch) and is in the Sational 8. Head light reddish brown; first two nn- lluseum. The other two ( 8 , O ) were collected at tennal segments reddish-brown; rest grey-brow: Falls Church, Virginia, July 20, on the same tree antennae shaped much as in americana; ocell~r and within a few minutes of each other (N. Banks) ; warts as in americana, lighter than the rest of the these are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. head; thorax and abdomen brolvn, variegated; pro- In the latter male, from Falls Church, the wings notal warts as in americana; legs pale. Fore rr111g are greyish, without definite spots, the maculations length, 3-5.5 mm. ; width, 1.5-2.4 mm. ; shape as 111 apparently being diffuse. The genitalia of this americana; membrane hyaline, with numerous grey specimen are identical with those of the allotype. maculations, sometimes diffuse, especially distall~: The wing venation probably varies considerably in costal space narrow; two cross-veins betwen R1 this insect. The holotype specimen has three and Rs; RIP3 + 4 not coalesced with Cul; a serlea branches of Rs arising directly from stem Rs in of five gradate veins present. Hind wing: length the fore wings, whereas all other specimens have 2.4-3.5 mm.; width, 1.5-2.4 mm.; maculations 33 only two. The male antennae appear to differ in the fore wing; no grndate series. Anal plate. markedly in the several genera of Dilarids, but they with a short but conspicuous tooth arising froin also show some individual variation. One of the the posterior margin at the top of the plates; ,I males of americana (allotype) has two more an- larger process arises from about the same part oi tennal segments than are present in the other male. the plate but is directed inwards; internal arma- A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC HEMEROBIIDAE 275 ture ~viththe lateral processes somewhat longer Darlington, Jr.) ; in the Museum of Comparative than the inner pair, and the aedeagus nearly as Zoology. long as the latter. A single male of this species is contained in the 9. Similar to the male in coloring; antennae collection of the University of Kansas; it was taken pale yellow. Fore wing: length, 5.4 mm.; width, in the Santa Rita Rfountains, Arizona, 5000-8000 ft., July (F. H. Snow). At first glance I believed this to be a new species, but after comparing it with the types of pulchellus, I was unable to find any differences whatever, in genital or wing struc- ture. It is somewhat larger than the types, but the Dilarids in general are very variable in size. There are several striking differences between this species and americana; e.g., the fore wings of the latter lack all cross-veins in the distal half of the wing, except the one between Rs and R1; whereas in pulchellus, there is a series of five gradates. The latter characteristic does not, in fact, fit NavasJ original definition of Nallachius, which was de- scribed as lacking the gradates; but since pulchellus is not even remotely related to the other named genera, I prefer to modify the definition of Nalla- chius rather than establish a new genus. FIGURE75. 1Vallachius pulchellus (Banks). A, ter- The occurrence of this Dilarid in Arizona is of minal abdominal segments of male (holotype), dorsal great interest, since the family has not previously view; B, same, lateral view; C, internal armature of male. ventral view; D, fore wing of female (allotype). been found anywhere in the Nearctic region except near the District of Columbia. That the species 2 min.; slender; maculations and venation as in also occurs in the West Indies is likewise interesting, the male. Hind wing: length, 3.6 mm.; width, 1.8 but Dr. Darlington tells me that he has observed mm.; maculations and venation as in the male. many instances of close relationship between West Types: two cotypes (8, 9) from woods near Indian Coleoptera and those of northern Mexico Soledad (Cienfuegos), Cuba, May 4, 1930 (P. J. and southern Arizona. REFE:RENCES ASTHONY,M. H. Odonata, from the vicinity of Washington, 1902. The metamorphosis of Sisyra. Amer. D. C. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 6: 201-217. Nat., 36: 615-631. 1904b. 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Mandibulata, vol. 6. WALLEXGREN,H. D. J. TILLYARD,R. J. 1870. llnteckningar i Entomologi. Ofvers. 1916. Studies in Australian Neuroptera. KO. Kongl. Vet.--Iliad. Forhandl., 27: 145-182. IV. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, WELCH,P. S. 41: 269-332. 1914. The early stages in life history of Poly- 1926. The insects of Australia and New Zealand. stoechotes punctatus Fabr. Bull. Brooklyn Sydney. Ent. Soc., 9: 1-16. 1932. Kansas Permian insects. Part 12. The TTITHYCOMBE,C. L. order Neuroptera. American Journ. Sci., 1923. Kotes on the biology of some British ser. 5, 23: 1-30. Neuroptera (Plannipennia). Trans. Ent. TJEDER,B. Soc. London, 1922: 501-594. 1936. Studies on Psectra diptera Burm. (Neu- 1925. Some aspects of the biology and morphol- roptera, Hemerobiidae) . Notulae Ent., ogy of the Neuroptera. With special ref- 16: 97-101. erence to the immature stages and their WALKER,F. possible phylogenetic significance. Trans. 1853. List of tlie Specimens of Neuropterous In- Ent. Soc. London, 1924: 303-411. Fore wings of Hemerobius and Sympherobius The photographs do not indicate relative sizes of the insects Fig. 1, Hemerobius humulinzis Linn. Fig. 2: Hemerobius stigmaterus Fitch. Fig. 3: Heme- robius pacificus Banks. Fig. 4, Hemerobius bistrigatus Currie. Fig. 5, Hemerobius ovalis, n. .sp. Fig. 6, Henzerobius simulans JITalker. Fig. 7, Hemerobius dorsatus Banks. Fig. 8, Heme- robius costalis, n. sp. Fig. 9, Sympherobius barberi Banks. Fig. 10, Sympherobius occidentalis (Fitch). Fore Wings of Sympherobius, Megalomus, and dficromus The photographs do not indicate relative sizes of the insects Fig. 11, Sympherobius killingtoni, n. sp. Fig. 12, Sympherobius californicus Banks. Fig. 13, Sympherobius pictus (Banks). Lectotype. Fig. 14, Sympherobius arizonicus (Banks). Holotype. Fig. 15, Sympherobius perparvus (McLach.). Fig. 16, Sympherobius angustus Banks. Fig. 17, Megalomus moestus Banks. Fig. 18, fifegalomus ungtilatus, n. sp. Holotype. Fig. 19, Micromus angulatus Steph. Fig. 20, Micromus montanus Hagen. Fig. 21, Micromus variolosus Hagen. Fig. 22, lMicromus subanticus Walker. The photographs do not indicate relative sizes of the insects Fig. 23, Fore wing of Psectra diptera (Burm.). Fig. 24, Fore wing of Climacia areolaris (Hagen). Fig. 25, Fore wing of Lomamyia texanu Banks. Fig. 26, Fore wing of Lomamyia flavicornis (Walker). Fig. 27, Fore wing of Polystoechotes punctatus (Fabr.). Fig. 28, Fore and hind wing of Platystoechotes lineatus, n. sp. INDEX TO FAMILIES, GENERA AND SPECIES Sj'nonyms are printed in italics. algonquinus, 201 fidelis, 244 humulinus, 201 Allotomyia, 243 flavicornis, 255 hubbardi, 265 alpestris, 207 jrostinus, 216 hyalinatus, 211 alternatus, 226 fulva, 264 americana, 273 * fumata, 225 insipidus, 248 amiculus, 228 furcata, 219 involuta, 219 angulatus (Megalomus), 242 irroratus, 268 angulatus (Micromus), 247 glacialis, 209 angustus (?\licromus), 250 gossypii, 201 jonas, 247 angustus (Sympherobius), 233 gracilis, 231 areolaris, 255 killingtoni, 238 arizonicus, 234 Hagenobius, 198 Icimminsia, 214 hamata, 265 brunnea, 221 banksi, 260 Hemerobiidae, 194 coloradensis, 217 barberi, 235 Hemerobius, 198 disjuncta, 215 Berothidae, 256 algonquznus, 201 frostinus, 216 bifasciatus, 233 alpestris, 207 fumata, 225 bistrigatus, 208 bistripatus, 208 furcata, 219 borealis, 226 canadcnsis, 21 1 involuta, 219 Boriomyia, 214, 243 castanae, 201 longipennis, 221 fidelis, 244 caudelli, 209 posticata, 218 speciosa, 245 cztrinus, 209 pretiosa, 223 brunnea, 221 cockerelli, 209 schwarzi, 223 bz~enoi(Psectra), 252 conjunctus, 209 ultima, 223 bu~noi(Sympherobius), 228 conjunctus var. pinidumus, 211 kokaneeanus, 206 costalis, 213 kootenayensis, 209 californicus, 232 crispus, 202 canadensis, 211 discretus, 203 lampra, 254 castanae, 201 dorsatus, 211 latipennis, 262 caudelli, 209 dyari, 202 latus, 240 Climacia, 255 glacialis, 209 limbus, 236 areolaris, 255 gossypii, 201 lineatus, 271 dictyona, 265 hesperus, 206 Lomamyia, 258 citrinus, 209 humulinus, 201 banksi, 260 cockerelli, 209 hyalinatus, 211 flavicornis,'259 coloradensis, 217 kokaneeanus, 206 fulva, 264 conjunctus, 209 kootenayensis, 209 hamata, 265 conjunctus var. pinidumus, 211 marginatus, 214 hubbardi, 265 costalis, 213 moestus, 202 latipennis, 262 crispus, 202, 212 nevadensis, 212 longicollis, 267 nigrans, 207 neartica, 259 dclicatztlzcs, 252 obliteratus, 201 occidentalis, 263 didyona, 255 orotypus, 212 squamosa, 266 Dilaridae, 272 ovalis, 205 tenuis, 261 diptera, 252 pacificus, 203 texana, 264 discretus, 203 pallescens, 203 longicollis, 267 disjuncta, 215 pinidumus, 211 longifrons, 226 distinctus, 238 placzdus, 212 longipennis, 221 dorsatus, 21 1 simulans, 212 dyari, 202 stigmaterus, 202 marginatus, 214 tutatrix, 201 Megalomus, 239 uenustus, 209 angulatus, 242 hesperus, 206 latus, 240 CARPENTER minor, 242 placidus, 212 Sympherobius, 227 moestus, 240 Platystoechotes, 270 amiculus, 228 uniformis, 241 lineatus 271 angustus, 233 Micromus, 245 Polystoechotes, 268 arizonicus, 234 angulatus, 247 irroratus, 268 barberi, 235 angustus, 250 nebulosus, 268 bifasciatus, 233 insipidus, 248 punctatus, 268 bucnoi, 228 jonas, 247 strzctus, 268 californicus, 232 montanus, 249 validus, 268 distinctus. 238 nesoticus, 250 vittatus, 268 gracilis, 231 posticus, 248 Polystoechotidae, 267 killingtoni, 238 sobrius, 248 posticata, 218 limbus, 236 subanticus, 250 posticus, 248 occidentalis, 230 variolosus, 251 pretiosa, 223 perparvus, 237 minor, 242 Psectra, 251 pictus, 234 moestus (Hemerobius), 202 bueno~,252 similis, 236 moestus (blegalomus), 240 delicatula, 252 sparsus, 237 Montanus, 249 diptera, 252 trzstzs, 233 Pseudomicromus, 245 umbratus, 230 Kallachius, 272 pulchellus, 274 americanus, 273 punctatus, 268 tenuis, 261 pulchellus, 274 texana, 264 nearctica, 259 transversus, 226 nebulosus, 268 tristzs, 233 nesoticus, 250 Schneiderobius, 198 tutatrix, 201 nevadensis, 212 sch~varzi,223 nigrans, 207 similis, 236 ultima, 223 Niremberge, 227 simulans, 212 umbrata (Sisyra), 254 Sisyra, 253 umbratus (Sympherobius). 230 obliteratus, 201 lampra, 254 uniformis, 241 occidentalis (Lomamyia), 263 umbrata. 254 occidentalis (Sympherobius), 230 vicaria, 254 validus, 268 orotypus, 212 Sisyridae, 253 variolosus, 251 ovalis, 205 sobrius, 248 v~nustus,209 Spadobzvs, 227 vicaria, 254 pacificus, 203 sparsus, 237 vittatus, 268 Palmobius, 227 speciosa, 245 pallescens, 203 squamosa, 266 M'esmaelius, 225 Paramztromus, 245 Stenomicromus, 245 alternatus, 226 perparvus, 237 stigmaterus, 202 borealis, 226 pictus, 234 strictus, 268 longifrons, 226 pinidumus, 211 subanticus, 250 tmnsversz~s,226 Bibliography of the Neuropterida Bibliography of the Neuropterida Reference number (r#): 1850 Reference Citation: Carpenter, F. M. 1940 [1940.??.??]. A revision of the Nearctic Hemerobiidae, Berothidae, Sisyridae, Polystoechotidae and Dilaridae (Neuroptera). Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 74:193-280. Copyrights: Any/all applicable copyrights reside with, and are reserved by, the publisher(s), the author(s) and/or other entities as allowed by law. No copyrights belong to the Bibliography of the Neuropterida. Work made available through the Bibliography of the Neuropterida with permission(s) obtained, or with copyrights believed to be expired. Notes: File: File produced for the Bibliography of the Neuropterida (BotN) component of the Global Lacewing Digital Library (GLDL) Project, 2008.