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The Brown Lacewings (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae) of Northwestern Turkey with New Records, Their Spatio-Temporal Distribution and Harbouring Plants

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The Brown Lacewings (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae) of Northwestern Turkey with New Records, Their Spatio-Temporal Distribution and Harbouring Plants Revista Brasileira de Entomologia http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262014000200006 The brown lacewings (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae) of northwestern Turkey with new records, their spatio-temporal distribution and harbouring plants Orkun Baris Kovanci1,3, Savas Canbulat2 & Bahattin Kovanci1 1 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Uludag University, Gorukle Campus, Bursa 16059, Turkey. [email protected], [email protected] 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Cengiz Aytmatov Campus, Bishkek 720044, Kyrgyzstan. [email protected] 3 Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT. The brown lacewings (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae) of northwestern Turkey with new records, their spatio-temporal distribution and harbouring plants. The occurrence and spatio-temporal distribution of brown lacewing species (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae) in Bursa province, northwestern Turkey, was investigated during 1999-2011. A total of 852 brown lacewing speci- mens of 20 species, including the genera of Hemerobius, Megalomus, Micromus, Sympherobius, and Wesmaelius were collected. Of these, 12 species were new records for northwestern Turkey while Sympherobius klapaleki is a new record for the Neuroptera fauna of Turkey. The most widespread species were Hemerobius handschini and Sympherobius pygmaeus with percent dominance values of 42.00 and 15.96%, respectively. Wesmaelius subnebulosus was the earliest emerging hemerobiid species and had the longest flight activity lasting from March to October. The species of southern origin characterized by the Mediterranean elements consti- tuted 55% of the hemerobiid fauna and prevailed over the species of northern origin that belong to the Siberian centres. The total number of hemerobiid species reached a peak in July with captures of 15 species per month. There were 11, 13, 18 and 5 hemerobiid species occurring at altitudes between 1–500, 501–1000, 1001–1500 and 1500–2000 m, respectively. In addition, plant species harbouring hemerobiids are given for each species, and their association with the hemerobiid fauna is discussed. KEYWORDS. Bursa; host plants; Insecta; phenology; vertical distribution. Hemerobiidae is the third largest family of the order cific family (Sengonca 1979; Düzgünes et al. 1981; Kiyak & Neuroptera containing approximately 600 species worldwide Özdikmen 1993; Canbulat 2002; Ari & Kiyak 2003; Canbulat (Oswald 2004; Farahi et al. 2009). Members of this family & Özsaraç 2004; Canbulat & Kiyak 2005). are commonly known as brown lacewings. Brown lacewings The Turkish Hemerobiidae includes 31 described species can be distinguished from the green lacewings (Chrysopidae) (Aspöck & Aspöck 1969a; Canbulat & Kiyak 2005). There by their usual colouring and wing venation with forked cos- are rare species reported only from one locality or region. tal cross veins shorter than in Chrysopidae (Monserrat 1990). Some species may be restricted geographically and/or eco- Unlike many adult green lacewings such as Chrysoperla, logically to a small region in a province. For many Turkish which feeds only on nectar and pollen, both larval and adult provinces, no data are available on the presence of stages of brown lacewings are predacious. Most brown lacew- hemerobiids, their habitats and biology. ings are aphidophagous predators, and they usually have a nar- No detailed study has been conducted on the Hemerobiidae row host range compared with green lacewings. However, they fauna in the Bursa province of northwestern Turkey so far, can be more effective at low aphid densities than green lacew- although the distributional maps of species of Neuroptera in ings because their adults do not need to feed on honeydew to Turkey, drawn by Aspöck et al. (1980), showed the occurrence lay eggs. The low temperature thresholds of brown lacewings of 9 hemerobiid species in this province. However, the authors also give them a survival advantage during cold spells and failed to provide localities where they captured these frosts in temperate climates (Neuenschwander et al. 1975). hemerobiid specimens. Their counts are believed to underes- Studies on the Hemerobiidae fauna of Turkey were first timate the number of extant hemerobiid species as far as the initiated by the European entomologists who made important diversity of natural and agricultural ecosystems in Bursa prov- contributions to the knowledge of the Neuroptera fauna of ince are concerned. Turkey (Aspöck & Aspöck 1966, 1969a; Popov 1977a; Aspöck Bursa province belongs to the Mediterranean zoogeo- et al. 1980; Monserrat & Hölzel 1987). Nevertheless, graphical subregion, which mainly supports the Mediterra- Hemerobiidae fauna in many regions has been largely neglected nean faunal elements. The presence of Mount Uludag (2,543 or inadequately examined in the vast lands of Anatolia. Turk- m) and other high altitude mountains in this province also ish researchers conducted surveys primarily to determine the provides a suitable environment for species of northern ori- entire Neuroptera fauna rather than to focus merely on a spe- gin. The occurrence of individual hemerobiid species in a Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 58(2): 147–156, June 2014 148 Kovanci et al. geographical region is determined not only by climatic con- ditions, but also by the character of habitat and vegetation. There is little published information on the host plants of hemerobiid species (Aspöck et al. 1980; New 1989; Monserrat & Marin 1996). Monserrat & Marin (1996) pro- vide a detailed review on plants harbouring hemerobiid spe- cies in Europe, but similar data are very limited in Turkey. The objectives of this study were to find out the species composition of brown lacewing species as well as their adult phenology, harbouring plants and spatio-temporal distribu- tion in natural and man-altered habitats in Bursa province. In addition, the hemerobiid species were classified into zoo- geographical categories on the basis of origin. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fig. 1. Map of Bursa, northwestern Turkey. Numbers within counties in- A survey of brown lacewing adults was carried out dur- dicate the specific localities where the hemerobiid species were collected. ing 2004–2011 in Bursa province located between 39–41° N Keles: 1–3; Osmangazi: 4–21; Kestel: 22–36; Inegöl: 37–41; Yenisehir: and 28–30° E in northwestern Turkey. Additionally, brown 42; Iznik: 43–48; Orhangazi: 49–50; Gemlik: 51–53; Gürsu: 54; Mudanya: 55–56; Karacabey: 57–62; Nilüfer: 63–69; Orhaneli: 70–74; Harmancik: lacewing species collected within the framework of other 75; Büyükorhan: 76; Mustafakemalpasa: 77–81. studies during 1999–2003 were reported. Specimens were collected from 72 localities in 15 counties of the Bursa province (Fig. 1). Localities were numbered and E, 715 m. Mudanya. 52: Bademli, 185 m. Nilufer. 53: given in parenthesis in the annotated list. The ecosystem diver- Hasanaga, 6 km SW, 375 m; 54: Uludag University Gorukle sity and altitudinal variation were taken into account when lo- campus (U.U.G.K.), Yoncalik, 55 m; 55: U.U.G.K., forest, 125 calities were chosen. Altitudes, route tracks, and directions were m; 56: Kayapa inlet, 180 m; 57: Kurucesme, 3 km NW, 380 m; recorded using a manual GPS device (Magellan Sportrak Pro 58: Maksempinar, 2 km NE, 400 m; 59: Doganci, 3 km S, 350 GPS, Thales Navigation, CA, U.S.A.). Details of the 72 col- m. Orhaneli. 60: Goktepe, 3 km NW, 725 m; 61: Erenler, 6 lecting sites, in each county, are as follows: Keles. 1: Kocayayla, km NE, 425 m; 62: Sadagi canyon, 1 km NE, 445 m; 63: Sadagi 1200 m; 2: Kendir plateau, 1305 m; 3: Kendir plateau- Besikci canyon, 450 m; 64: Orhaneli, 4 km S, 750 m; 65: Kadikoy, 1 district, 1460 m; 4: Epceler, 1280 m; 5: Pinarcik, 1055 m. km E, 910 m; 66: Mahaller, 2 km E, 970 m; 67: Mahaller, 3 Osmangazi. 6: Karaislah, 1 km N, 925 m; 7: Bagli picnic area, km SE, 990 m. Harmancik. 68: Harmancik, 11 km NW, 1010 1200 m; 8: Bagli, 1 km NE, 1100 m; 9: Sogukpinar, 1 km NW, m. Buyukorhan. 69: Buyukorhan, 300 m NE, 800 m; 70: 1060 m; 10: Sogukpinar, 1 km SE, 1000 m; 11: Sogukpinar- Armutcuk, 2 km E, 700 m. Mustafakemalpasa. 71: Korekem, Golcuk, 1200 m; 12: Sogukpinar, 2 km NE, 1300 m; 13: 2 km E, 475 m; 72: Sogutalan, 3 km W, 300 m. Sogukpinar-Ketenlik plateau, 1430 m 14: Uludag National Park Each hemerobiid specimen was collected with a sweep (UNP)-Oteller, 1935 m; 15: UMP-Sarialan, 1600 m; 16: UMP- net from its harbouring plant. Live insect specimens were Kirazliyayla, 1500 m; 17: UNP-Karabelen, 1300 m; 18: Kirazli, identified immediately after capture. If specimens could not 4 km N, 1250; 19: Kirazli, 875 m; 20: Huseyinalan, 1 km E, be identified in the field, they were brought back to labora- 970 m; 21: Huseyinalan, west entry, 1005 m; 22: Yigitali, 600 tory alive and killed with ethyl acetate (Neuenschwander m. Kestel. 23: Nuzhetiye, 555 m; 24: Derekizik, 2 km N, 300 1984). All the hemerobiid specimens were pinned with their m; 25: Osmaniye, picnic area, 515 m; 25: Alacam, 1 km N, wings spread, then dried and preserved in the Plant Protec- 775 m; 27: Alacam, 100 m S, 1030 m; 28: Alacam, 1 km S, tion Department collection of the Faculty of Agriculture at 1110 m; 29: Aksu, 2 km SE, 480 m; 30: Sayfiye, 1 km W, 830 Uludag University. Species were identified using the identi- m. Inegol. 31: Ciftlikkoy, 100 m SW, 875 m; 32: Ciftlikkoy, fication keys of Aspöck et al. (1980). Species identification 500 m W, 905 m; 33: Ciftlikkoy-Merzukiye Mahallesi, 1 km was also confirmed by the examination of the genitalia E, 930 m; 34: Kirankoy 2 km W, 1150 m; 35: Kirankoy, 3 km (Klimaszewski & Kevan 1985). W, 1230 m. Yenisehir. 36: Subasi, 500 m NW, 240 m; 37: The main zoogeographical categories proposed by Popov Selimiye, 100 m W, 280 m. Iznik. 38: Hisardere 3 km SW, 580 & Letardi (2010) were used for arrangement of hemerobiid m; 39: Hisardere, 2 km SE, 625 m; 40: Upper Sansarak can- species in groups according to their origin.
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