Insecta : Neuroptera) 111." Distoleontini and Acanthaclisinae

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Aust. J. Zool., Suppl. Ser., 1985, 106, 1-159

A Revision of the Australian Myrmeleontidae (Insecta : Neuroptera) 111." Distoleontini and Acanthaclisinae

T. R. New Department of Zoology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic. 3083.

Abstract The Australian Myrmeleontinae : Distoleontini (64 spp.) and Acanthaclisinac (16 spp.) are revised, and keys and figures provided to enable separation of all genera and species. Two species (Distoleon nefarius Navas, Cosina vaga Navas) have not been conlirmed from Australia. New species are described of the distoleontine genera Stenogymnocnemia (one), Xantholeon (four), Stenoleon (five), Escura (six), Bandidus (of which Heteroleon Esben-Petersen is a new synonym) (22) and of the acanthaclisine genera Heoclisis (two) and Cosina (two). A new genus of Acanthaclisinae (Arcuaplectron) is also described.

Introduction This final part of a revision of the Australian Myrmeleontidae includes the Myrmeleontinae : Distoleontini and the Acanthaclisinae. Both groups are well established and widely distributed in Australia and, as with other groups of ant-lions, endemicity is extremely high. Abbreviations are as used in Parts I and 11, and figure numbering continues in sequence. A check-list to all three parts is also provided.

Tribe DISTOLEONTINI This tribe is well represented in Australia, and a number of genera are endemic. Many of the species are fairly 'nondescript ant-lions' and many form small groups of closely allied and generally very similar forms. Some genera are distinctive, others are not, and a world revision of this tribe is needed in order to be able to adequately assess the relationships of the Australian fauna. For some, both nomenclatorial history and taxonomic affiliation are confused. The treatment of Australian genera allied to Distoleon Banks merits discussion, to provide background for the system adopted. The widely used name Formicaleo Hagen (1866) has the same type-species as Myrmeleon, and Banks (1910) raised Distoleon as a replacement name for Formicaleon. The type-species of Distoleon, verticalzs Banks, is now considered a synonym of D. somnolentus (Gerstaecker). Eidoleon Esben-Petersen (1918) is a synonym of Dntoleon, and the latter name is restricted here to the few species having very long tibia1 spurs and strongly hooked fused parameres. The remaining Australian species differ markedly from this character combination but have until now mostly (and uncritically) been retained in Dzstoleon (or Formicaleon, as some have not been formally transferred). Escura Navas (1914b) was raised primarily on the character of lacking a forewing anterior Banksian line-a lack typical of many Australian 'Distoleon s.1.'. The type-species, E.

*Part 11: Aust. J. Zool., Suppl. Ser., 1985, 105. 03 10-9089/85/060001 $08.00 2 T. R. New divergens Navas, and that of Alloformicaleon Esben-Petersen (1915) (australis Esben- Petersen) are similar in general appearance and, as recognized by Esben-Petersen (1923), Alloformicaleon is a synonym of Escura. The two species are alike in having FW vein CuA2 long, and differ from many other 'Distoleon' in this important feature: Escura is here restricted to such species. Two further generic names applied to related Australian ant-lions can be confidently dismissed. (1) Macronemurus Costa (1835). I have examined the type-species (the european M. appendiculatus Costa) (BMNH specimens), and the great elaboration of the male ectoproct is not approached in any Australian distoleontine. (2) Neurofeon Navh (= Nelees Navas, 1912c, Neleoma Kimmins, 1938, nec Navas, 1914b, inter alii: see Holzel 1972). De- scribed from West Africa, many species have subsequently been referred to this genus. I have seen several, all of which have both the FW posterior Banksian line present and the male parameres strongly hooked. The remaining two available names applied to Australian species are Bandidus Navis (19146) and Heteroleon Esben-Petersen (1918). Bandidus was likened by Navas (1914b, 1935) to Escura, and raised largely on the condition of having two HW presectoral crossveins. Most individuals of the type-species, canifrons Navas, possess only one such vein, a condition typical of all related species considered here. Heteroleon, diagnosed as resembling Nelees (= Neuroleon), apparently differed on the form of HW vein 2A, but Navas (1922) considered the genera similar. The type-species of Bandidus and Heteroleon are similar in female genitalic structure. Males differ more distinctly, but both have unhooked parameres. In general, this pattern is shared with the other 34 species in this complex and, although there are some variations in male genitalic structure, none have the highly specialized form of true Distoleon. Several features considered elsewhere as of generic value in the Distoleontini are rather variable within the Australian fauna: (1) there is a wide range of variation in the FW Rs position of origin in relation to the length of CuA2 but in all the origin is beyond the cubital fork; (2) the FW posterior Banksian line may be present, absent or indicated-and this feature differs between species which are otherwise separable only on small differences in coloration or genitalia; (3) HW vein 2A is present in all, though sometimes very close to the hind margin and, therefore, indistinct; (4) spur length which (following Esben-Petersen (1918) and others) is probably not of full generic value as a character in this group, is very variable. Heteroleon is here synonymized with Bandidus, and the latter name is adopted for a wide range of Australian species. Stenofeon Tillyard is structurally very similar to Bandidus, and differs mainly by being very small, rather than in any major characters. It is here retained for a group of very small species which are amongst the smallest known Distoleontini.

Key to Genera 1. Wings very broad, falcate (Fig. 1081) ...... Eophanes Wings narrow, not falcate ...... 2 2(1). Tibia1 spurs absent ...... Stenogymnocnemia Tibial spurs present ...... 3 3(2). FW vein CuA2 long, reaching hind margin of wing opposite, or beyond, separation of MA from Rs; veins in FW cubital fork usually rather sinuous ...... Escura FW vein CuA2 shorter, reaching hind margin of wing well before separation of MA from Rs ...... 4 4(3). FW vein CuA2 very short and usually recurved, reaching hind margin of wing before origin of Rs; not more than 6 FW presectoral crossveins ...... Xantholeon FW vein CuA2 longer than above, or (rarely) if not, then 10 or more FW presectoral crossveins ...... 5 5(4). FW Rs arising almost opposite cubital fork ...... 6 FW Rs arising distinctly beyond cubital fork ...... 7 --- 6(5). FW posterior Banksian line present (spurs to t2) ...... Brachyleon FW posterior Banksian line absent (spurs to t4) ...... Bandidus (part) Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111 3

7(5). Very small species, venation open (FW 22, or less, wings rather narrow) ...... Stenoleon Usually larger species, if FW 22 or less, wings broader than in Fig. 1144, and venation considerably denser ...... 8 8(7). Tibial spurs very long, extending to (or beyond) apex of t4; o', parameres fused and strongly hooked (generally large, sturdy species) ...... Distoteon Tibial spurs usually to t2 or shorter: if longer, o', parameres not elaborated and hooked and species generally slender ...... Bandidus (part)

Genus Distoleon Banks Distoleon Banks, 1910, p. 42. Eidoleon Esben-Petersen, 1918, p. 15. Formicaleon auctt., partim.

Type-species: Distoleon verticalis Banks. Sturdy. Vertex scarcely raised. Antennae slender. Wings long, slender, usually at least HW acutely pointed at apex; Rs arising slightly beyond cubital fork (FW), basal to medial fork (HW); FW anterior Banksian line sometimes indicated. Legs sturdy; spurs very long, extending to (or beyond) apex of t4 on at least some legs. Female: ectoproct and lateral gonapophyses with thickened setae; anterior gonapophyses absent; posterior gonapophyses slender, tapered. Male: ectoproct sometimes with long hairs; gonarcus a long, slender arch with transverse apex; parameres fused and strongly hooked; long gonosetae. As implied earlier, this definition of Distoleon is more restrictive than that used by many earlier workers: on male genitalic features, especially, such restriction is clearly warranted. One species formerly designated in Distoleon (nigrosignatus Tillyard) is consequently re- moved from this genus. Three, possibly four, Australian species are here included. One of these, D. nefarius Navas, cannot be placed with confidence as the type appears to be lost and the original description is inadequate for detailed comparative assessment to be made.

Key to Species 1. HW very pointed, with oblique preapical streak (large sturdy species) ...... bistrigatus HW not as pointed, unmarked (smaller, more slender species) ...... 2 2. Australia (0without lateral setose tubercle on tergite VIII) ...... somnolentus Christmas I. (o' with lateral setose tubercle on tergite VIII) ...... morpheus

Distoleon somnolentus (Gerstaecker) (Figs 1042- 1049) Formicaleo somnolentus Gerstaecker, 1884, p. 13. Distoleon verticalis Banks, 1910, p. 421; Esben-Petersen, 1923, p. 581. Distoleon peterseni Nav5s 1935, p. 49 @om. nov. for verticalis Banks). Formicaleo thoreyi Navas, 1914b, p. 475; Esben-Petersen, 1923, p. 581.

Coloration. Eyes dark grey to black. Body predominantly dark. Palpi and face pale. Clypeus with c. 16-20 outstanding pale setae. A narrow black band below antenna1 sockets linked externally with similar dorsal band; interantennal space pale. Vertex with anterior black bar, sometimes narrowly interrupted medially; a pair of median black posterior spots; 2 or 3 more or less discrete spots in line each side of these. Antennae: base pale; flagellar and club segments black with narrow pale apex. Pronotum with 2 broad (encompassing anterior angles) grey stripes narrowly separated by pale midline; posterior angles and margin dark. Pterothorax dark, traces of pale marks on prescuta. Abdomen dark, tergites from I11 backwards with partial anterior greyish yellow band, a small median 'lozenge' behind this and paired irregular pale marks towards posterior: all these markings rather variable in extent. Wing venation mainly pale, intersections on main longitudinal veins dark; 4 T. R. New pterostigma pale, in FW slightly darkened basally; FW markings (Fig. 1042) dark greyish brown. Legs mainly tawny; F and T with conspicuous black spots at bases of bristles; apex of T browned. Morphology. Moderately slender. Antennae slender, club long. Pronotum longer than broad. Wings slender, venation as in Figs 1042, 1043. Legs short and sturdy; t5 about = (tl-t4). Spurs long, curved, usually extending to beyond apex of t4. Claws long, curved, < spurs. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1044: ectoproct broad and rounded, with c. 12 thickened setae; lateral gonapophyses large, with c. 20 thickened setae; posterior gonapophyses slender. Spermatheca (Fig. 1045) short, curved, duct slender. Male. Abdominal apex as in Figs 1046, 1047: ectoproct large, with ventral group of c. 6 long black setae; sternite IX spatulate, apex slightly bilobed. Genitalia (Figs 1048, 1049): gonarcus long and narrow, apex transverse; parameres fused, with long ventral hooks and lateral groups of setae. FW 23-28, HW 22-27, A 7-9, B 19-23.

Types Holotype of Formicaleo somnolentus Gerstaecker, Queensland, Gayndah (Griefswald) (not seen). Holotype and paratype 0 of Distoleon verticalis Banks (MCZ, now ANIC) (seen). Holotype of Formicaleo thoreyi Navas (Vienna) (photograph seen).

Other Material Examined 191 ex. Queensland (133 ex.): Almaden, Brisbane, Burleigh Heads, Cairns, Cape York, Carnarvon Ra., Condamine, Cooktown (area), Cunnamulla, Fraser I., Hope Vale Mission, Injune, Kamerunga, Lockerbie, Mackay, Maroochydore, Mitchell R., Mt Webb Natl Park, Palm I., Ravenshoe, Tully (area). Northern Territory (29 ex.): Groote Eylandt, Oenpelli (area). Western Australia (1 1 ex.): Forrest River Mission, Narryer. South Australia (6 ex.): Arkaroola, Frome R., nr Marree, Muloorina HS. New South Wales (12 ex.): Belmont, Cobar, Coogee, Nepean R., Noraville, Sawtell, Silverton, Trial Bay. (ANIC, SAM, AM, QM, UQ, MVM, BMNH.)

Comments This species is widely distributed and rather variable in intensity of body and wing pattern. Navas (1935) raised 'peterseni' for the specimen referred by Esben-Petersen (1918) to verticalis Banks, and listed a number of small differences which he believed to be of specific value. These do not appear to be valid. Esben-Petersen's (1923) suggestion that Formicaleo audax (Walker) may be identical with somnolentus has not been confirmed.

Distoleon morpheus (Kirby), comb. nov. (Figs 1062- 1066) Formicaleo morpheus Kirby, 1900, p. 140.

Coloration. Eyes black. Body dark brown with yellow markings. Face pale. Frons narrowly black below antennae, more broadly so above them, the latter band emarginate medially, so interantennal space pale. Vertex with anterior black band, this narrowly linked medially with central band; posterior midline black, this linked posteriorly and along eye margin with central band to delimit 2 inverted U-shaped yellow patches. Antennae black, flagellar segments with narrow pale apices. Pronotum with slender median pale stripe, narrowly obsolete anteriorly and posteriorly; anterior angles pale; a broad yellow streak behind these; much of posterior border (except midline) narrowly pale. Mesonotum with 3 similar yellow streaks; metanotum more extensively yellow. Abdomen black, tergites from I1 on- wards with 2 narrow elongate median yellow marks and 2 pairs of oval yellow spots laterally. Wings: longitudinal veins with alternating dark and pale lengths; pterostigma pale-buff to cream; outer gradate veins (especially in FW; see Fig. 1062) shaded with greyish brown. Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111 5

Legs pale; F with longitudinal dark streak; T with 2 dark annuli, I11 paler; t black except base of tl and t5; F and T with black bristles. Morphology. Moderately slender. Vertex not raised. Antennae with well defined club. Pronotum broader than long. Wings long, slender, moderately tapered; FW venation as in Fig. 1062.- Legs sturdy. Female. Not described. Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1063: ectoproct with group of c. 4 long ventral setae; sternite IX shallow (Fig. 1064) apically bilobed; tergites VIII and VII with anterolateral tubercle bearing 3 long setae. Genitalia (Figs 1065, 1066): gonarcus long and narrow, apex transverse; mediuncus membranous; parameres fused with narrow anterior stem, strong posterior hooks from broad plate bearing long lateral setae. FW 27, HW 26, A 7, B 24.

Types Holotype and 3 paratypes, Christmas I., Flying Fish Cove, 900 ft, Aug., Nov. 1897 (BMNH) (seen). (Figures based on paratype; other specimens not sexed.)

Other Material Examined 1 ex., Christmas I. (BMNH).

Comments This species is very similar to, and may even be conspecific with, Distoleon somnolentus. Differences in body pattern and in male genitalia may be rather trivial, or could represent an infraspecific form. The setose tubercles on tergites VIII and VII, though, have not been observed in 'mainland' somnolentus.

Distoleon bistrigatus (Rambur) (Figs 1050-1056) Myrmeleon bistrigatus Rambur, 1842, p. 391. Formicaleo acuminatus Okamoto, 1910, p. 240; Adams, 1959, p. 16. Formicaleo brahrnanicus Banks, 1913, p. 142; Adams, 1959, p. 16. Myrmeleon striola Walker, 1853, p. 340. Formicalm strzola (Walker). Hagen, 1866, p. 405; Banks, 1910, p. 43. Myrmeleon torvus Walker, 1853, p. 341. Formicaleo torvus (Walker). Hagen, 1866, p. 405; Esben-Petersen, 1915, p. 69. Distoleon bistrigatus (Rambur). Banks, 1910, p. 43. Eidoleon bistrigatus (Rambur). Esben-Petersen, 1918, p. 15.

Coloration. Eyes dark grey to black. Body predominantly greyish yellow. Labrum, clypeus and palpi pale yellow; clypeus with c. 12 long pale setae, these sometimes arising from minute black dots. Frons narrowly black below antennae, more extensively so above them; interantennal space pale. Vertex with anterior black bar linked medially to central bar, this sometimes separated into 3 or 4 spots each side and not reaching eye margin; posterior median paired dark brown to black spots; few minute black spicules. Antenna1 base pale, AagelIar segments dark brown with narrow paIe apex; club rather darker. Pro- notum indistinctly shaded with dark brown or grey; a broken stripe each side of midline, this linked both anteriorly and posteriorly (and, sometimes, medially) with dorsolateral stripe; posterior angles and posterior lateral border dark; hairs mainly black; some laterals long, some of these white. Pterothorax mainly pruinescent dark grey, a narrow median yellow stripe; traces of dorsolateral stripe along inner edge of lateral scutal lobes; white hairs on scutella. Abdomen dark brown, generally darker laterally and irregularly paler medially. Wing venation mainly pale, except darkening at intersections; HW apical streak greyish brown; pterostigma pale. Legs greyish tawny; apex of T sometimes darkened; F 6 T. R. New and T with some scattered black bristles arising from black spots; F with more numerous white hairs. Morphology. Slender. Antennae with club moderately defined. Pronotum slightly broader than long. Wings long and tapered, venation as in Figs 1050, 1051. Legs short and stout; t5 about = (tl-t4). Spurs strong and curved, extending to beyond apex of t3, sometimes beyond t4. Claws strong, simple, slightly < spurs. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1052: ectoproct with c. 12 blunt cavisetae; lateral gonapophyses broad, with c. 8 short blunt cavisetae; posterior gonapophyses slender; pregenital plate scarcely evident. Spermatheca (Fig. 1053) broadened apically, with duct long and sinuous; a minute slender projection from central apex. Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1054: pleural membrane of segments VZI and VIII with small tubercle bearing 2 or 3 black setae. Genitalia (Figs 1055, 1056): gonarcus arched, sides long and parallel, expanded anteriorly; parameres fused to form central anterior stem and posterior furca; membrane with lateral groups of 6-8 long gonosetae.

Holotype, Tahiti (Paris) (not seen). Holotypes of Myrmeleon striola Walker and M. torvus Walker (BMNH) (seen).

Other Material Examined 608 ex. Queensland (132 ex.): Atherton Tableland, Biggenden, Bollon, Boulia, Bowen, Brisbane, Bundaberg, Burketown, Cairns, Camooweal, Canungra, Capella, Cardstone, Charleville, Clermont, Cloncurry, Coen, Cooktown (area), Cunnamulla, Dawson, Degilbo, Edungalba, Finch Hatton Gorge, Glen Aplin, Goondiwindi, Hughenden, Kuranda, L. Yamma Yamma, Longreach, Milmerran, Mt Coot- tha, Mitchell, Moggill, Mornington I., Mundubbera, Tewantin, Townsville, Urandangi. Northern Terri- tory (89 ex.): Adelaide River, Alice Springs (area), Borroloola, Brocks Creek, Cape Crawford, Clifton Hills, Corroboree Rock, Daly River Mission, Darwin, Elliott (area), Finke, Illungnarra WH., Katherine, Larrimah (area), Mt Cahill, Roper, Tennant Creek, Three Ways (area), Timber Creek, Wauchope (area), Wilson Creek. Western Australia (74 ex.): Barradale, Belmont, Broome, Carnarvon, Carson Escarpment, Derby (area), Forrest River Mission, Halls Creek, Ivanhoe, Kalbarrie, Kununurra, Mill- stream (area), Nedlands, Nicol Bay (area), Point Samson, Rawlinna (area), Red Bluff, West Kimberley, Wyndham. South Australia (67 ex.): Adelaide, Agnes Creek Stn, Ardrossan, Arkaroola, Balcanoona Creek, Cessnock, Cooper Crossing, Glenelg, Hesso, Innamincka, L. Frome, Leigh Creek, Moomba Gas Field, Muloorina HS., Oodnadatta, Roseworthy, Wilpena Pound. New South Wales (69 ex.): Brewarrina, Broken Hill, Broulee, Collarenebri, Coonabarabran, Dunedoo, Grafton, Iluka, Inverell, Maroubra, Mendooran, Moruya, Round Hill Fauna Res., Tibooburra (area), Trangie, Walgett. Aus- tralian Capital Territory (20 ex.): Canberra (area). Victoria (25 ex.): Blairgowrie, Frankston, Kyabram, Melbourne (area), Swan Hill. (ANIC, AM, WAM, SAM, QM, UQ, MVM, BMNH, MCZ.)

Comments This species is very widely distributed in Australia and the western Pacific, and extends as far west as India. It varies considerably in the intensity of hindwing streaking, and this variation alone appears to have been the basis for erection of several of the species listed above as synonyms. The Hawaiian species, D. perjurus (Walker) is closely related to bistrigatus, and has been referred as a synonym in the past. It is apparently distinct (Banks 1942; Zimmerman 1957).

Distoleon nefarius Navas Distoleon nefarius Navas, 1910, p. 190.

The following information is from Navas' original description. 'Eyes brownish. Yellow- ish brown, wings unspotted. Face and palpi testaceous, labial palp with apicahegrnent basally swollen, apex strongly tapered. A brown band above antennae, anteriorly straight, Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111 7 laterally recurved. Vertex brown, with transverse brown line; occiput with 2 oval transverse brown spots. Antennae brown, club elongate and narrow. Pronotum longer than wide, transverse fold distinct. Pterothorax brown. Abdomen with dark dorsal line towards apex of third segment. Legs short and sturdy, brown, with intermingled white and long black hairs; t5 = (tl-t4). Spurs curved. Claws curved. Wings almost hyaline, narrow, long, apices acute; membrane shiny, with pale reticulation. FW Rs arising before middle of wing.

Type 'Australia' (stated to be in Nav6s collection, not found in Barcelona in 1979).

Comments The unillustrated description of this species, given without comparative notes, is very difficult to interpret. The type specimen appears to be lost and, although D. nefarius appears to be rather similar to D. somnolentus-a species later described by Nav6s (1914~)as Formicaleo thoreyi, formal synonymy is not justified. Conversely, the large size and pointed wings suggest alliance with D. bistrigatus.

Genus Stenogymnocnemia Esben-Petersen Stenogymnocnernia Esben-Petersen, 1923, p. 581.

Type-species: Myrmeleon malus Walker. Slender species with very narrow wings. Antennae long, slender. HW acutely tapered at apex; FW Rs arises slightly beyond cubital fork; HW Rs arises basal to medial fork; separation of 1st vein from Rs at almost f wing length in both wings; FW cubital fork narrow. Legs slender: no tibial spurs. Female: anterior gonapophyses absent; posterior gonapophyses broad; ventral sclerotized bars below tergite VIII well developed. Male: gonarcus broad. Within the Australian Distoleontini, Stenogymnocnemia is distinctive on the combination of long narrow wings and lack of tibial spurs. Two species are each known from a single sex, and from very few specimens.

Key to Species 1. Both wings with posterior margin of apical half shaded ...... rnalus Wings without such marginal shading; HW with distinct rhegmal spot ...... angusta

Stenogymnocnemia malus (Walker) (Figs 1067-1070) Myrmeleon rnalus Walker, 1853, p. 393. Glenurus rnolus (Walker). Hagen, 1866, p. 405. Stenogymnocnernia malus (Walker). Esben-Petersen, 1923, p. 581.

Coloration. Eyes black. Body black. Face and palpi dark tawny brown. Remainder of head black, vertex unmarked. Antennae black, flagellar segments with trace of pale apex. Pronotum with anterior midline, anterior angles incipiently pale; setae black. Pterothorax and abdomen wholly dark. Wing venation dark brown, FW Sc with intermittent pale lengths; pterostigma pale; posterior apical region of both wings fumose (Figs 1067, 1068). Legs dark, base of tl sometimes pale; F and T with short black bristles. Morphology. Slender. Antennae slender; club long, moderately defined. Pronotum about as long as broad, narrowed anteriorly. Wings slender, HW strongly tapered; venation as in Figs 1067, 1068. Legs slender; t5>tl. Claws slender. 8 T. R. New

Female. Abdominal apex as in Figs 1069, 1070: ectoproct broad, rounded, with c. 5 thickened black setae; lateral gonapophyses large, with c. 10 thickened setae; posterior gonapophyses moderately long and broad; ventral sclerotized bars below tergite VIII well defined and incorporated in ventral 'flap'; pregenital plate triangular, setose. Spermatheca (Fig. 1071) slender, duct convoluted. Male. Unknown. FW 21, HW 23, A 6, B 18.

Type Holotype, 9 (BMNH) (seen) (left FW, most of left HW missing, right FW torn; left antenna missing; right antenna broken, reglued on top of head; legs I, I1 missing).

Other Material Examined 6 ex. South Australia: NW. of Donovan's Ponds (SAM).

Comments See under generic diagnosis. Although the type is in poor condition, I have little doubt that the other specimens seen are conspecific: they correspond well in both wing venation and genitalic features, although the hindwing shading is rather more extensive than in the type.

Stenogymnocnemia angusta, sp. nov. (Figs 1075-1080) Coloration. Black. Eyes dark grey. Labrum and clypeus dark tawny. Palpi pale. Frons and vertex (? wholly: very dirty) black. Antennae dark brown to black. Pronotum black, lateral setae pale. Pterothorax black except narrow pale yellow posterior margin to mesoprescutum. Abdomen black. Wings: longitudinal veins mainly black, but with pale intermediate lengths: HW MPI more completely pale; crossveins dark brown; shading greyish brown; pterostigma (FW) dark basally, then cream, (HW) white to pale cream. Legs: F mainly black except base (all) and anterior edge (I); T pale dorsally, black ventrally; F and T with sparse black bristles; t darkened apically. Morphology. Slender. Antennae gradually expanded towards apex, no well defined club. Pronotum slightly broader than long. Wings narrow and tapered, venation as in Figs 1075, 1076. Legs very short; t(t2 = t3 = t4); t5 about = (t2-t4). Claws short, fairly stout. Female. Unknown. Male. Abdominal apex as in Figs 1077, 1078: ectoproct broad, simple; sternite IX broad and short. Genitalia (Figs 1079, 1080): gonarcus broad, shallowly arched; mediuncus deep with paired short ventral ridges; parameres broad and shallow, with slight apical projection.

Type Holotype, 0, Western Australia, outside N.59 cave on Nullarbor, Feb.-Mar. 1970, M. Archer (WAM).

Comments S. angusta appears distinct from S. rnalus on the key characters given, and on details of body coloration.

Genus Eophanes Banks - -- Eophanes Banks, 1931, p. 60. Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111 9

Type-species: Eophanes formosa Banks. Sturdy. Antennae long, well developed fusiform club. Wings broad, falcate; no Banksian lines; FW Rs arises just beyond cubital fork; HW Rs arises slightly basal to medial fork. Legs slender; spurs long, to about t4; claws long and slender. Female: posterior gonapophyses long and tapered; anterior gonapophyses absent; pregenital plate small. Male: gonarcus broad and short; parameres broad, convergent posteriorly. This genus is represented by a single, rather variable species in Australia, and is otherwise known only from the type-species. E. distinctus is very similar to species of Xantholeon in general appearance, being large and pale, and in having FW CuA2 short and strongly angled towards the posterior wing margin. It differs in that the wings are considerably broader and more falcate than in any species of Xantholeon, but it may be an extreme form of that genus.

Eophanes distinctus (Banks), comb. nov.

(Figs 1081 - 1096) Formicaleo distinctus Banks, 1939, p. 457. Eophanes falcata Kimmins, 1955, p. 128. Syn. nov.

Coloration. Eyes dark grey to black. Body pale yellow, sometimes tawny, with brown or greyish brown markings. Palpi slightly greyed. Face pale, clypeus with few long dark hairs. Frons dark brown, band centrally emarginate anteriorly. Vertex with anterior brown band, sometimes broken into 3 spots and 2 posterior spots (sometimes fused). Antennae: base brown, flagellum pale, club somewhat darkened. Pronotum pale: a pair of small brown spots on transverse furrow and larger marks along posterior border; hairs pale. Pterothorax greyish brown, sometimes darkened on lateral scutal lobes, bare. Abdomen with slight anterior median dark streak on each tergite and a more conspicuous posterior band occu- pying c. of tergite; posterior rim pale. Wing venation mainly pale, but many crossveins brown and shaded with greyish brown (Figs 1081-1084); FW cubital mark rather variable (Figs 1085-1087); pterostigma buff, in FW with dark base. Legs pale, apex of F, T, most t segments brown; F and T with black bristles. Morphology. Sturdy. Antennae with well defined fusiform club. Pronotum slightly broader than long, anterior angles rounded, transverse furrow well developed. Wings broad and falcate, venation as in Figs 1081-1084. Legs sturdy; t5>(tl-t4); t2-t4 very short. Spurs long and slender, extending to beyond apex of t4. Claws slender, about = spurs. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1088: ectoproct broad, with c. 8 short thickened ventral setae; lateral gonapophyses broad, with c. 20 thickened setae; ventral membrane below tergite IX with group of short thickened setae; posterior gonapophyses slender; pregenital plate transverse, oval, with median slender hooked prominence. Spermatheca (Fig. 1089) slender, duct convoluted. Male. Abdominal apex as in Figs 1090, 1091: ectoproct and sternite IX deep. Genitalia (Figs 1092-1096): gonarcus broadly arched, shallow; mediuncus not evident; parameres convergent posteriorly, with strong inner/dorsal flange at anterior. FW 33-40, HW 31-39, A 7-9, B 30-38.

Holotype 0,of Formicaleo distinctus Banks, Western Australia, Mullewa, 1 Sept., G. M. Allen (formerly MCZ, now ANIC) (seen). Holotype 0,paratype 9,of Eophanes falcata Kimmins, Western Australia, Monte Bello Is, l.x.1952, Aug.-Oct. 1952 (BMNH) (seen).

Other Material Examined 94 ex. Western Australia (80 ex.): Bamboo Creek, Barrow I., Margoo Stn, Mt Bruce, Murchison, T. R. New

Southern Cross, Tambray Stn, Warburton Mission, Yalgoo. South Australia (14 ex.): Arkaba, Copley, Everard Park Stn, Hawker, Musgrave Ra. (ANIC, WAM, SAM, Pretoria.)

Comments This broadwinged species is widely distributed in Western Australia and has been taken from caves on several occasions. It is somewhat variable in intensity of forewing pigmentation (examples in Figs 1085-1087). The species appears to have no close relatives in Aus- tralia, and is very distinct on wing form.

Genus Xantholeon Tillyard Xantholeon Tillyard, 1916, p. 61. Cataleon Navhs, 1933, p. 34. Syn. nov.

Type-species: Xantholeon helmsi Tillyard. Type-species of Cataleon : gratiosus Navas. Slender. Antennae long and with club usually well developed. Wings tapered, sometimes slightly falcate; no Banksian lines; FW Rs arises beyond cubital fork; HW Rs arises basal to medial fork; FW CuA2 reaches posterior wing border opposite or before origin of Rs. Legs slender; spurs longer than tl; claws slender. Female: anterior gonapophyses absent; posterior gonapophyses moderately long, slender; pregenital plate small; ectoproct and lateral gonapophyses with thickened setae; spermatheca slender. Male: sternite IX broad and rounded; gonarcus various; parameres dorsally angled anteriorly, not strongly hooked. Five species of this endemic Australian genus are now known. They are very similar in superficial appearance, being pale yellow and 'delicate'. They are separable on details of body markings and, more obviously, on genitalia. With the exception of the type-species, they are mostly known from one or few localities and are, perhaps, local.

Key to Species 1. Central abdominal tergites with most of posterior half dark brown or grey ...... helmsi Central abdominal tergites with most of posterior half pale ivory, yellow, or buff, unmarked ...... 2 2. FW with dark mark at fusion of CuA2 and (CUP+ IA) extended along 3 or more crossveins distally towards CuA ...... 3 FW without cubital mark so extended ...... 4 3. Central abdominal tergites with small median mark clearly anterior to lateral marks (Fig. 1121); abdominal sternites pale ...... montanus Central abdominal tergites with median mark extending between lateral marks (Fig. 1120); abdominal sternites partially darkened ...... lineatus 4. Posterior abdominal sternites partly pale (0, gonarcus strongly hooded) ...... xadnus Posterior abdominal sternites wholly, or almost wholly, dark (0,gonarcus shallow, transverse) ...... manselli

Xantholeon helmsi Tillyard (Figs 1097-1106) Xantholeon helmsi Tillyard, 1916, p. 61; Esben-Petersen, 1923, p. 589. Cataleon gratiosus Navhs, 1933, p. 35. Syn. nov.

Coloration. Very pale yellow. Eyes dark grey to black. Face slightly browned immediately below antennae. Vertex unmarked except, sometimes, for paired pale brown posterior spots. Antennae with basal a of most flagellar segments browned. Pronotum pale, sometimes slightly browned medially. Pterothorax sometimes with slight brown shading on lateral scutal lobes. Abdomen pale: most of tergite 11, posterior half of later tergites4xown (Fig. 1106). Wings very pale; many crossveins brown, some apical veins very slightly shaded; Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111 11 pterostigma pale. Legs predominantly pale, apex of F dark; T with near basal brown annulus and dark apex; apices of tarsal segments slightly browned; F with long white hairs, I11 also with black bristles; T with few long black bristles. Morphology. Slender, delicate. Antennae slender, club moderately developed. Pro- notum longer than broad. Wing venation as in Figs 1097, 1098. Legs long and slender; tl>t5>t2>(t3 =t4). Spurs long and slender, extending to apex of t3. Claws short, about half t5. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1049: ectoproct with 5-6 long thickened black setae; lateral gonapophyses broad, with 6-43 thickened black setae; posterior gonapophyses long, moderately slender, with long slender setae; pregenital plate crescentic. Spermatheca (Fig. 1100) long and slender. Male. Abdominal apex as in Figs 1101, 1102: sternite IX broad, spatulate. Genitalia (Figs 1103-1105): gonarcus broad and short; mediuncus strongly extended ventrally; parameres large, moderate dorsal flange; 2 double rows of minute spicules between parameres, and longer anterior ventral spicules.

Types Holotype, 9, New South Wales, Sydney, Oct. 1909, (Helms) BMNH (seen). 'Cotype' designated as in Esben-Petersen collection (not seen). Holotype of Cataleon gratiosus Navas, 'Sydney : coll. Luddemann', 'Cataleon gratiosus Nav., Navas, S. J. det', 'Tipo' (Berlin).

Other Material Examined 22 ex. Queensland (4 ex.): Capricorn Is, Crows Nest. New South Wales (17 ex.): Belrose, Hornsby, Kenthurst, Ku-ring-gai Chase, Narrabeen, Nepean R., Sydney (area). Victoria (1 ex.): Chiltern. (ANIC, AM, SAM, QM, UQ, MVM, BMNH, MCZ.)

Comments This very delicate and pale species is readily recognizable by its abdominal pattern and almost unmarked wings. The type of Catoleon gratiosus is fragmented, and much is missing: it is represented by substantial parts of most wings. As these are distinctive, and as Navis' description clearly fits X. helmsi at both generic and specific levels, I have no hesitation in making the above synonymy.

Xantholeon xadnus, sp nov. (Figs 1107-1112) Coloration. Pale tawny brown. Eyes black. Labrum and clypeus pale, with pale hairs. Palpi pale. Frons with broad dark brown to black band. Vertex reddish in midline; red marks flanking 2 partial brown bands across central region; setae short pale, no supraorbitals. Antennae: flagellar segments pale, club black over last 10 segments. Pronotum with much of central third suffused with longitudinal brown streaks, posterior border partially blackened; anterodorsal setae short, black, most other setae pale, some posterolaterals long. Pterothorax dorsally pale, sutural lines and centres of mesoscutal lobes black; prescuta with irregular dark suffusion; sparse pale hairs. Abdomen predominantly pale, anterior of tergite I1 dark brown, and irregular uniform mark towards anterior of other tergites (Fig. 1108). Venation: longitudinal veins pale except at intersections with crossveins; a11 crossveins black, except near wing apices; pterostigma cream; forewing with greyish brown shading along some posterior crossveins and in rhegmal area. Legs pale except darkening of apices of all segments; FII with long dark sense hair, other femoral hairs pale; T with sparse outstanding black bristles. 12 T. R. New

Morphology. Slender. Antennae slender, widely spaced, flagellar segments longer than wide, club well defined. Pronotum slightly longer than broad, incipient transverse furrow. Forewing venation as in Fig. 1107. Hindwing characteristic for genus. Legs slender: TI or equal to F; t tl>(t2= t3 = t4). Spurs slender, incurved apically, simple, extending to apex of t3. Claws simple, slender, about = tl . Female. Unknown. Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1109: ectoproct with fringe of long black hairs; sternite IX similar, bluntly rounded. Genitalia (Figs 11 10-1 112): gonarcus deeply hooded, tapered posteriorly; parameres widely spaced anteriorly, with strongly developed dorsal flange. FW 25, HW 24, A 7, B 23.

TYP~ Holotype, D: Western Australia, 21 miles NE. Kalbarri, 12.xii.1971, D. and N. McFarland (ANIC).

Comments See under X. montanus.

Xantholeon lineatus, sp. nov. (Figs 1113-1120) Coloration. Pale yellow. Eyes grey. Face pale except for brown mandibles. Frons with broad dark brown band. Vertex with 2 medially interrupted transverse brown bands, these obsolete laterally. Antenna1 flagellum pale yellow, club browned. Pronotum pale; 2 sinuous narrow dorsolateral dark brown streaks diverging to dark posterior angles; setae pale. Pterothorax pale except for slight brown streaks along scuta above wing bases. Abdomen: tergite I pale, I1 dark, 111 and posterior segments with slender partial median streak and more pronounced posterolateral streaks (Fig. 1120). Wings: longitudinal veins pale except at junctions with crossveins; crossveins all very dark brown; pterostigma slightly indicated, cream; forewing with slight brownish grey streaking as in Fig. 1113; hindwing with small rhegmal spot. Legs pale: apices of T and t segments slightly darkened. Morphology. Slender. Antennae slender, flagellar segments longer than wide. Pronotum slightly longer than wide. Wing venation as in Figs 11 13, 11 14. Legs long and slender; t5>tl; t5 c. = (tl-t3). Spurs slender, incurved at tip, extending to apex of t3; claws slender, shorter. Female. Abdominal apex as Fig. 1115: ectoproct with 7 or 8 slightly thickened short setae ventrally; lateral gonapophyses with c. 8 similar setae; posterior gonapophyses long, slender, tapered; pregenital plate small, crescentic with median prominence. Spermatheca as in Fig. 1116. Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 11 17: ectoproct large. Genitalia (Figs 1118, 1119): gonarcus rounded; mediuncus a slight median lobe; parameres simple, arched in profile but without distinct dorsal flange. Q FW 32, HW 31, A 11, B 24. a FW 28, HW 26, A 8, B 20.

Types Holotype, Q, Queensland, Carnarvon Ra., Nov. 1944, N. Geary (AM). Paratype, g, same data as holotype (AM).

Comments This species is rather similar to X. helmsi but differs in the lighter abdomina-and leg patterning and the more pronounced wing markings, as well as in genitalic details. Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111 Xantholeon rnontanus, sp. nov. (Figs 1121-1125) Coloration. Tawny brown. Eyes black. Labrum, clypeus, genae and palpi pale yellow; labrum and clypeus with long outstanding pale hairs. Frons dark brown below antennae, paler dorsally. Vertex with traces of 2 darker brown transverse bands and 3 brown posterior spots: small median and larger laterals. Antenna1 flagellum tawny, club dark brown to black externally. Pronotum greyish brown, lateral margins pale yellow along anterior half; similar diagonal streaks from near midline towards posterior angles; slight black line behind each of these near posterior border; short black hairs, some laterals pale. Pteronota greyish tawny, lateral scutal lobes somewhat darkened; prescutal and anterior scutellar borders narrowly black; sparse short black hairs. Abdomen tawny; anterior of tergite I1 black; tergites 111 and beyond with central short black streak on anterior half and paired lateral posterior streaks almost fusing anteriorly (Fig. 1121). Wing venation: C pale; other longitudinal veins black at intersections with crossveins, otherwise yellow; costal crossveins pale, except posteriorly in FW; apical radial crossveins pale, other crossveins black. Wing markings (Figs 1122, 1123) very dark grey; pterostigma cream. Legs pale tawny yellow, apex of T and of t segments narrowly darker grey; TI11 with slightly darker dorsal spot near base; F bristles mainly pale, T with more numerous black bristles. Morphology. Vertex domed, scarcely elevated. Antennae slender, club well defined but narrow, over last 10 segments. Pronotum longer than wide. Wing venation as in Figs 1122, 1123. Legs long and slender; ttl; tl>t2>(t3 = t4). Spurs slender, straight, extending to beyond apex of t2 (111, other legs broken). Claws slender. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1124: ectoproct with black fringe and c. 6 thickened short ventral setae; lateral gonapophyses with c. 12 similar setae, and ventral region of tergite 1X with 5 or 6; posterior gonapophyses long, slender, tapered; pregenital plate triangular. Spermatheca as in Fig. 1125. Male. Unknown. FW 27, HW 26;, A 7:, B 24.

Type Holotype, 9, Western Australia, Mt Bruce (22"36'S., 118"08'E.), 6-15.v.1980, T. F. Houston et al. 320-1, in cave (WAM).

Comments The two species described above are clearly very similar. Both are known only from single specimens, and those of opposite sexes, and it is possible that they do, in fact, represent the same taxon. However, differences in body and wing markings are considerable, and are considerably more pronounced than sexual differences in the three species of Xantholeon for which both sexes are known. For the present, until more material becomes available, it seems prudent to take note of these differences as of probable specific value. Both the above individuals are darker than the three eastern species.

Xantholeon manselli, sp. nov. (Figs 1126- 1134) Coloration. Eyes dark grey to black. Body greyish yellow. Palpi black, especially along outer surface. Labrum pale, sometimes with minute central dark grey spot. Clypeus predominantly black, with narrow median pale stripe; long dense white hairs. Frons black; antenna1 sockets narrowly ringed with yellow. Vertex predominantly pale; a narrow pale castaneous band; more extensive transverse posterior mark each side of midline; some central spicules black. Antennae tawny brown, club darker. Pronotum pale grey, traces of pale midline and of diagonal lines converging towards posterior midline; setae short, pale, anterior setae from dark bases. Pterothorax predominantly very pale grey, with slight yel- - 14 T. R. New lowish streaks. Abdomen with slight central darker brown markings on tergites (Fig. 1128); sternites dark brown. Wings: longitudinal veins pale, many crossveins black; pterostigma slightly differentiated, in FW with dark base. Legs pale; apex of F, apex and central annulus of T, apex of t5 dark brown to black; F and T with short, mainly black, bristles. Morphology. Slender. Antennae slender, club well defined. Pronotum longer than broad. Wings slender, venation as in Figs 1126, 1127. Legs slender; tl>t5; tl about = (t2-t5). Spurs slender, extending to apex of t2 (111) or t3 (I, 11). Claws c. 4 spurs. Female. Abdominal apex as in Figs 1129, 1130: ectoproct with c. 6 short ventral thickened setae; lateral gonapophyses broad, with c. 10 slightly thickened black setae; posterior gonapophyses strongly tapered, long, with fringe of long pale hairs (as does ventral edge of tergite IX); ventral membrane with strong sclerotized plates; pregenital plate small, triangular. Spermatheca (Fig. 113 1) long and slender. Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1132: ectoproct broad; sternite IX with long pale fringe. Genitalia (Figs 1133, 1134): gonarcus a shallow transverse arch, with enlarged ventrally directed lateral plates; parameres long, parallel, slight anterodorsal angle, anterior membrane with short central setae.

Holotype, Q , Queensland, Carnarvon Mt Ra., 80 km N. Injune, 25"08'S., 148"35'E., 30.vi.1980, M. W. Mansell, reared from larva collected under rock overhang (ANIC). Para- types, 6 0, 1 Q , same data as holotype (1 0 in ANIC, others Pretoria).

Comments The reared adults of this very pale species were maintained alive for approximately 1 week (Mansell, personal communication), so it is likely that their full pigmentation would have developed. The abdominal markings (Fig. 1128) differ from those of other species of Xantholeon, and the dark abdominal sternites also appear distinctive. Male genitalia of manselli are particularly unusual, and differ substantially from those of the (three) known Xantholeon species. The female posterior gonapophyses are of very unusual form, and the ventral sclerotized plates much more pronounced than in other members of this genus.

Genus Brachyleon Tillyard Brachyleon Tillyard, 1916, p. 68.

Type-species: Macronemurus darwini Banks. Moderately slender. Wings: FW broader than HW, both acutely pointed; FW Rs arises just beyond cubital fork; HW Rs arises shortly before medial fork; preapical fields broad; no anterior Banksian lines present; FW posterior Banksian line indicated. Legs short; spurs about to end t2. Female: anterior gonapophyses absent; posterior gonapophyses long and slender; ectoproct and lateral gonapophyses with thickened setae; pregenital plate small. Male: sternite IX with dorsal fringe of small digitate processes, broad, transverse; gonarcus and parameres simple. Only the type-species has been referred to Brachyleon. The genus appears to differ from Bandidus on wing shape, but it is not clear whether the unusual ornamentation of the male sternite IX should be regarded as other than of specific value.

Brachyleon darwini (Banks) (Figs 1135-1143) Macronemurus darwini Banks, 1915, p. 619. - -- Brachyleon darwini (Banks). Tillyard, 1916, p. 59. Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111 15

Coloration. Eyes dark grey. Palpi pale. Labrum, clypeus and anterior of frons tawny: midline of frons darkened. Posterior of frons with broad dark brown to black band. Vertex mainly black; 2 pairs of transverse pale marks each side of posterior midline. Antennae dark brown. Pronotum with 2 parallel dark reddish brown stripes (Fig. 1143); midline and lateral regions buff; setae short, pale. Pterothorax with narrow pale midline; pale marks on lateral mesoscutal lobes; otherwise reddish brown. Abdomen dark brown to black. Wing venation mainly dark brown; central regions of many crossveins pale; shading (Figs 1135, 1136) greyish brown. Legs tawny brown; apex of T and of tarsal segments slightly darkened; F and T with sparse black bristles. Morphology. Moderately slender. Antennae sturdy; club well defined. Pronotum longer than wide. Wing venation as in Figs 1135, 1136. Legs short and sturdy; t5>tl. Spurs slender, extending to apex of t2. Claws slender, about = spurs. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1137: ectoproct broad, with c. 6 short black setae; lateral gonapophyses with c. 10 longer thickened setae; posterior gonapophyses long and slender; pregenital plate small, triangular. Spermatheca (Fig. 1138) long, slender. Male. Abdominal apex as in Figs 1139, 1140: ectoproct broad; sternite IX shallow, broad, apex with row of small irregularly digitate processes. Genitalia (Figs 1141, 1142): gonarcus broadly arched; mediuncus not distinct; parameres fairly slender, with convergent posterior lobes. FW 18-22, HW 17-22, A 3-4, B 15-20.

Types Holotype, 9,Northern Territory, Darwin (formerly MCZ, now ANIC). Paratypes 3 m, 2 9, same locality, various dates in 1909 (MCZ) (seen).

Other Material Examined 129 ex. Queensland (24 ex.): Bowen, Cape York, Cooktown (area), Kuranda, Macrossan, Mitchell R., Mornington I. Mission, Rollingstone. Northern Territory (102 ex.): Adelaide R., Batchelor, Brocks Creek, Burnside, Darwin, Katherine, Mt Cahill, Timber Creek. Western Australia (1 ex.). South Aus- tralia (2 ex.): W. Anna Creek. (ANIC, AM, SAM, QM, MVM, BMNH, MCZ.)

Comments See under generic diagnosis. B. darwini appears to have no very close relatives in Aus- tralia.

Genus Stenoleon Tillyard Stenoleon Tillyard, 1916, p 60.

Type-species: Stenoleon jieldi Tillyard. Small slender species with very narrow wings, these usually somewhat pointed; no Banksian lines; Rs arises in FW towards length of wing, beyond cubital fork; HW Rs arises basal to medial fork. Antennae and legs slender; spurs present, of various lengths, but usually

Key to Species FW without either spot at apex of CuA2 or spot on outer gradates (wings strongly tapered) ...... cingulatus FW with either or both of conspicuous marks at apex of CuA2 or on outer gradates (wings not as above) ...... 2 Both wings with conspicuous streak along outer gradate veins ...... gradostriatus Wings not as above ...... 3 FW radial crossveins and presectoral crossveins slightly shaded with black or dark brown; posterior apical region of both wings slightly shaded ...... fieldi FW presectoral crossveins not shaded as above; if occasional distal RI crossveins shaded, then wing margins hyaline ...... 4 HW without rhegmal spot (FW with continuous streak along outer gradate crossveins) ...... copleyensis HW with rhegmal spot (FW with spots, rather than continuous streak, along outer gradate crossveins) ...... 5 Spurs to apex of t2. Wings marked as Figs 1167, 1168 (p, posterior gonapophyses short; spermatheca long, c. 2 x posterior gonapophyses) ...... grandithecus Spurs about to apex of t3. Wings marked as Figs 1171, 1172 (p , posterior gonapophyses long; spermatheca relatively short, c. posterior gonapophyses) ...... navasi

Stenoleon jieldi Tillyard (Figs 1144- 11.50) Stenoleonfieldi Tillyard, 1916, p. 60.

Coloration. Eyes black. Face below antennae wholly pale yellow, above antennae dark brown. Vertex brown, unmarked. Antennae dark brown to black, flagellar segments with pale apices. Pronotum dark greyish brown; indication of pale median line and broad greyish stripe each side of this. Pterothorax and abdomen dark grey; apices of tergites 111-VII with narrow pale border. Wing venation mainly pale, anterior longitudinal veins darkened at crossvein intersections; FW strongly marked with dark brown (Fig. 1144); HW somewhat fumose along apical posterior border; pterostigma (both wings) with dark basal spot. Legs: F dark brown; T irregularly dark brown, most setae on dark basal spots; t with apices of all segments dark. Morphology. Small and slender. Antennae slender. Pronotum longer than broad. Wings: slender, venation as in Figs 1144, 1145. Legs slender; t5 about 2 x t1. Spurs slender, reaching almost to apex of t2. Claws simple. Female. Unknown. Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1147: ectoproct deep; sternite IX long. Genitalia (Figs 1148-1150): gonarcus broadly rounded, short; mediuncus slender; parameres with anterodorsal flange. FW 20, HW 19, A (broken), B 20.

Type Holotype, u, Northern Territory, 'Tennant's Creek', Nov. 1906, J. F. Field (BMNH) (seen).

Other Material Examined 1 ex. Western Australia: 40 km N. Jackson Lakes (WAM). Comments The heavily marked radial area of the forewing distinguishes S. jeldi fromPotKer species described here. Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111 Stenoleon cingulatus, sp . nov . (Figs 1151-1156) Coloration. Eyes greyish brown. Body dark, brown to black. Face yellow. Frons narrowly black below eyes; interantennal space and whole of dorsal head dark greyish brown. Antennae dark brown; much of scape yellow; apices of flagellar segments narrowly pale. Pronotum with trace of narrow median stripe; anterior angles narrowly ivory; partial weakly indicated dorsolateral streak; otherwise dark grey, most setae dark. Pterothorax dark, unmarked. Abdomen dark, posterior of tergites 11-VIII very narrowly pale. Wings: longitudinal veins predominantly dark, Sc with short intermediate pale lengths; crossveins in base of wing dark, then in alternating bands of white and brown to give wing a 'banded' appearance; pterostigma buff; slight greyish brown rhegmal shading (Figs 1151, 1152). Legs: F dark brown; TI mainly dark, (I1 missing), 111 pale except black apex; tl, t2, t5, whole of t3, t4 black; FI, TI with white bristles; TI11 also with black bristles. Morphology. Slender. Antennae long, filiform, club not developed. Vertex not raised. Pronotum about as long as broad. Wings slender, rather tapered; venation as in Figs 1151, 1152. Legs long and slender; t5>tl. Spurs slender, extending to apex of tl. Claws slender, < spurs. Female. Unknown. Male. Abdominal apex as in Figs 1153, 1154: ectoproct deep; sternite IX broad, apex transverse. Genitalia (Figs 1155, 1156): gonarcus shallow, broadly rounded; parameres linked medially, deep and rounded posteriorly.

Holotype, u, Queensland, Carnarvon, Nov. 1944, N. Geary (AM).

Comments See under S. jieldi. The pronounced 'banded' appearance of the forewing is an additional distinctive feature. The very long filiform antennae are unusual in this genus.

Stenoleon copleyensis, sp. nov. (Figs 1157-1161) Coloration. Eyes dark grey. Labrum and clypeus yellow. Frons very dark grey; vertex similar with posterior, and anterior line of dark marks slightly differentiated as shiny black patches. Antennae dark greyish brown; flagellar segments narrowly pale at apex; club overall rather paler. Palpi pale except dark apical segment to labial palp. Pronotum dark grey except ivory anterior angles and narrow pale midline; most setae black. Pterothorax dorsally dark. Abdomen wholly black except incipient paler patches at anterior of tergites I1 and 111 and (narrowly) along posterior of IV and V. Wing venation: FW longitudinal veins mainly dark, Sc and branches of Rs intermittently pale, MP pale; HW rather paler; pterostigma (FW) dark basally, (HW) not evident; other markings (Fig. 1157) pale greyish brown. Legs: coxae dark; dorsal side of F dark; TI, 11 with dark annuli, 111 lighter but darkened at apex; t dark greyish brown except pale base to tl; setae on T wholly black, F with additional smaller white hairs. Morphology. Slender. Antennae strongly clubbed. Pronotum slightly longer than wide, posterior angles produced. Wing venation as Figs 1157, 1158. Legs slender; t5>tl>(t2-t4). Spurs slightly curved, extending to, or slightly beyond apex of t3. Claws simple, rather long, slightly < t5. Female. Unknown. Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1159: sternite IX shallow. Genitalia (Figs 1160, 1161): gonarcus broad; parameres slender, with anterior dorsal flange. 18 T. R. New

Holotype, 0, South Australia, Copley, 9.x.1967, G. Gregory (SAM).

Comments This and the following species, each known from a single specimen representing opposite sexes, are very similar, and may prove to be the same. Differences between the two specimens suggest that they may, in fact be different: S. gradostriatus is darker, the tarsal claws are relatively shorter and the hindwing has a pronounced brown preapical streak which is completely lacking in copleyensis.

Stenoleon gradostriatus, sp. nov. (Figs 1162- 1166) Coloration. Eyes brownish grey. Labrum pale. Clypeus pale with black hairs. Palpi pale. Frons and vertex uniform matt black. Antennae black, club paler on outer edge. Pronotum black except yellow anterior angles; some lateral setae pale. Pterothorax and abdomen black, unmarked. Wing venation dark brown, except much of FW MPl pale; markings (Figs 1162, 1163) greyish brown. Legs: F dark dorsally; T with 2 or 3 dark annuli; t 1, t5 darkened apically, t2-t4 predominantly dark. Morphology. Very slender. Antennae widely spaced, slender; club well developed. Pro- notum almost square. Wings tapered, venation as in Figs 1162, 1163. Legs slender; tS>tl>(t2 = t3 = t4). Spurs very slender, almost straight, extending to beyond apex of t3. Claws long and slender, about = spurs. Female. Abdominal apex as in Figs 1164, 1165: ectoproct broad; lateral gonapophyses with c. 16-18 short thickened setae; posterior gonapophyses broad; convergent ventral sclerotized patches from between these to below tergite IX; pregenital plate small. Spermatheca (Fig. 1166) small, sinuous. Male. Unknown. FW 13, HW 13, A 5, B 11.

Type Holotype, 9,Northern Territory, 17 miles N. Alice Springs, 14.ii.1966, Britton, Upton and McInnes (ANIC).

Comments See under preceding species.

Stenoleon grandithecus, sp. nov. (Figs 1167-1 170) Coloration. Eyes grey. Labrum and clypeus yellow. Palpi brown at apices. Frons black, with pale hairs. Vertex dark pruinescent grey; an anterior glossy black band, narrowly obsolete at eye margins; central small paired median spots; posterior larger median spots and broad lateral spot; hairs sparse, black, 5-6 short pale supraorbital setae. Pronotum black except for trace of narrow ivory median stripe and slightly pale marks near anterior angles; dense black hairs. Pterothorax black. Abdomen black, tergites beyond I1 with narrow pale posterior border. Wing venation mainly dark brown, most longitudinal veins with alternating pale lengths; pterostigma dark cream; markings (Figs 1167, 1168) dark greyish brown. Legs: F dark; T ivory with 2 black annuli; apex of tl and t5, whole of t2-t4 black; F and T with outstanding black bristles and dense short white hairs. Morphology. Moderately slender. Antennae slender, widely spaced; basal -15 -- or so segments longer than broad; club strongly developed. Pronotum about as long as broad. Wing venation as in Figs 1167, 1168. Legs moderately sturdy; t = T; t5 about = (tl-t3). Spurs Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111 19 long, incurved, extending to beyond apex of t2. Claws long, strongly arched. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1169: ectoproct with 5 or 6 long thickened ventral setae; lateral gonapophyses with c. 8 similar setae; posterior gonapophyses moderately long, slender; pregenital plate small. Spermatheca (Fig. 1170) very large, rather sinuous. Male: Unknown.

Types Holotype, Q , Victoria, Lake Hattah, 15.ii.1969, G. W. Anderson (MVM). Paratype, 9, same data as holotype (MVM).

Comments This and the following species appear rather similar, but differ on ornamentation of the female ectoproct and on the lengths of the posterior gonapophyses. lntensity of forewing pigmentation may also aid their separation and should enable recognition of males, when found.

Stenoleon navasi, sp. nov. (Figs 1171-1175) Coloration. Black. Eyes dark brown. Labrum, clypeus and genae pale yellow. Palpi browned. Frons black with few pale hairs. Vertex mainly dull grey; a posterior transverse yellow bar narrowly interrupted by black line medially, and black bands each side of this. Antennae black; flagellar segments with narrow pale apices; medial edge of club rather paler than rest. Pronotum dull grey, with trace of narrow pale midline and anterior angles slightly pale; most setae short, black. Pterothorax dull grey to black, with 'polished' areas on lateral metascutal lobes. Abdomen black. Wing venation mainly dark brown; FW Sc (narrowly) and other longitudinal veins basally (more broadly) with alternating pale lengths; central tergites of MP and bands from Rs mainly white; HW similar but rather darker; pterostigma with brown base and white apex; other markings (Figs 1171, 1172) greyish brown. Legs mainly black; base of T, outer edge of TI11 pale; tl,t2,t5 black at apex, t3,t4 wholly black; F and T with short white hairs and few black bristles. Morphology. Slender, delicate. Vertex scarcely raised. Antennae slender, flagellar segments longer than broad; club gradually but distinctly developed. Pronotum longer than wide, slightly broadened posteriorly; transverse furrow distinct. Wing venation as in Figs 1171, 1172. Legs long and slender; t5 about = (11-14); tl>t2>(t3 = t4). Spurs long and slender, extending to apex of t3 (I, 11) or almost so (111). Claws long and slender, slightly < spurs. Female. Abdominal apex as in Figs 1173, 1174: lateral gonapophyses with c. 8 long thickened setae; posterior gonapophyses very long and slender; ventral sclerotized bars below these; pregenital plate very small. Spermatheca (Fig. 1175) simple. Male. Unknown.

Holotype, Q, New South Wales, 8 km W. Temora, 2.iii.1974, E. D. Edwards (ANIC).

Comments See under preceding species.

Genus Escura Navas Escura Navas, 1914b, p. 468. Alloformicaleon Esben-Petersen, 1915, p. 69; 1923, p. 589. - T. R. New Type-species: Escura divergens Navas. Type-species of Alloformicaleon: Formicaleon australis Esben-Petersen. Medium-sized to large species. Antennae with well developed club. Abdomen rather short. Wings rather narrow; FW widest at apex of CuA2, sometimes then noticeably tapered towards apex; no Banksian lines; FW CuA2 long, cell CuA2 distally narrow; venation in FW cubital fork dense, many crossveins there rather sinuous; Rs arising beyond cubital fork (FW) or basal to medial fork (HW). Legs moderately slender; spurs various, sometimes to, or beyond apex of t3. Female: anterior gonapophyses absent; posterior gonapophyses present; pregenital plate small. Male: gonarcus usually broad and short; parameres not hooked, angled dorsally at anterior. See comment on pp. 1-2. Nine species are here referred to Escura: these are alike in basic features of venation and genitalia, but vary somewhat in size, and in relative lengths of the tibia1 spurs. Distoleon nigrosignatus Tillyard is transferred to this genus.

Key to Species FW: stem of CuA, basal half of CuAl, inner radial gradate series with firm dark brown streak (Fig. 1183) ...... nigrosignatus FW without streak as above ...... 2 FW with brown streak from c. f length of CuA2 curving distally towards CuAI, may be continuous with streak along outer gradate veins ...... rhondae FW not as above ...... 3 FW with series of spots at crossvein intersections along CuA stem andCuAI; HW with similar marks linking to form distal streak along MPI ...... punctata Wings not marked as above ...... 4 Both wings with many distal gradate crossveins shaded ...... 5 Both wings without many distal gradate crossveins shaded ...... 6 Central abdominal tergites with conspicuous pale ivory or yellow markings ...... australis Central abdominal tergites wholly dark except for very narrow pale posterior rim .. divergens Both wings with slight shading apically from rhegmal area ...... patriciae Wings unmarked ...... 7 Pronotum with 2 broad stripes, these narrowly separated medially ...... josephinae Pronotum not as above ...... 8 Pronotum with much of midline and posterior region dark (Fig. 1220) (Q, posterior gonapophyses short and broad) ...... notostriatus Pronotum with midline pale, marked only with 2 pairs of small streaks (Fig. 1212) ( Q , posterior gonapophyses long and narrow) ...... fitzroyensis

Escura divergens Navas (Figs 245, 246: in Part I) Escura divergens Navas, 1914b, p. 468.

The following information is extracted from the original description: Eyes pale yellowish. Face and palpi pale. Frons and vertex almost wholly dark. Antennae brown, club strong; apex of segments narrowly yellow. Pronotum broader than long; median longitudinal line and 2 greyish anterior spots; hairs dark. Meso- and metanota dark, posterior margins pale. Abdomen with posterior margins of tergites narrowly yellow. Wings narrow and tapered, hyaline; pterostigma white, with brown and white reticulation. Venation as in Figs 947, 948. Legs strong, with white hairs, brown, marked with yellow; TI11 pale with brown spots; t pale, apices darkened. Spurs curved, extending (I) to apex of t4 or (111) t2. FW 24, HW 24.7, A 5.5, B ?21 (broken).

Type - -- Holotype, sex indet., 'Australia' ?'Par L'hi' (Vienna) (photograph seen). Australian Myrmeleontidae. I11 2 1

Comments The sole known specimen of E. divergens lacks the apex of the abdomen, but is otherwise in good condition with wings 'set'. It is one of two species described by Navas from an indecipherable locality (see Fig. 247, and comment on this in Part I). The wing venation of divergens is clearly very similar to that of australis, except for the latter having a rather broader area behind the HW fork. Its forewing is also rather broader. However, wings of australis are rather more heavily marked, even though possessing similar 'streaks' of colour, and the body markings of the two species appear to differ considerably.

Escura australis (Esben-Petersen) (Figs 1176- 1182) Formicaleon australis Esben-Petersen, 191 5, p. 69. Escura australis (Esben-Petersen). Esben-Petersen, 1923, p. 589.

Coloration. Eyes dark grey to black. Face and palpi pale yellow. Frons narrowly black below eyes. Vertex wholly black, posterior spots somewhat enhanced. Antennae black, flagellar segments with narrow pale apices. Pronotum mainly black: an anterior narrow median yellow streak and yellow markings laterally along transverse furrow; setae black. Pterothorax black. Abdomen mainly black; tergite I11 with paired central ivory or yellow spots, IV-VI with anterior $-+ pale except, sometimes, for dark midline; all tergites from 111 with narrow pale posterior rim. Wing venation mainly dark brown; main longitudinal veins with alternating pale lengths; FW with pale crossveins in 3 or 4 partial bands across wing, giving 'fenestrated' appearance; pterostigma white except (FW) base; markings (Figs 1176, 1177) greyish brown. Legs: F and T largely mottled with dark brown, apices of t segments darkened; F and T with black bristles arising from dark spots. Morphology. Sturdy. Antennae sturdy, club moderately developed. Pronotum broader than long. Wings slender, venation as in Figs 1176, 1177: venation dense in FW cubital fork. Legs moderately slender, tS slightly >tl. Spurs long, extending to about apex of t2. Claws < spurs, simple. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1178: ectoproct small, with c. 6 thickened setae in single crescent and fringe of simple setae; lateral gonapophyses large and tapered, with c. 35 thickened setae; tergite 1X with c. 4 ventral thickened setae; ventral membrane with dense simple setae; posterior gonapophyses slender, with c. 8 very long black simple setae towards apex. Spermatheca (Fig. 1179) slender, duct sinuous. Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1180: ectoproct large; sternite IX long, with fringe of long black hairs. Genitalia (Figs 1181, 1182): gonarcus broad, slightly tapered posteriorly; mediuncus deep and rounded; parameres broad, shallow, with pronounced anterodorsal flange. FW 30-36, HW 31-36, A 6-8, B 29-35.

Type Holotype, New South Wales, Sydney, W. W. Froggatt (ANIC) (seen, right antenna missing, body very mouldy).

Other Material Examined 17 ex. New South Wales (5 ex.): Blue Lagoon Res., Sydney (area). Victoria (7 ex.): Blairgowrie, Cowes, Eltham, Hurstbridge, Melbourne (area). Tasmania (5 ex.): Blackmans Bay, Hobart, Marion Bay, Taroona. (ANIC, SAM, AM, TAS.)

Comments The above type is in poor condition, many body details being now obscured by mould. Superficially, this species is rather like Distoleon somnolentus but is more sturdy, with more 22 T. R. New complex venation and generally more striking body coloration. It is considerably larger than most other species here referred to Escura.

Escura nigrosignatus (Tillyard), comb. nov. (Figs 1183-1189) Distoleon nigrosignatus Tillyard, 1916, p. 64. Eidoleon nigrosignatus (Tillyard). Esben-Petersen, 1918, p. 15.

Coloration. Eyes dark grey. Body dark brownish grey, with greyish yellow markings. Palpi pale except black apical segments to labial palp. Labrum, clypeus and anterior median area of frons pale yellow. Clypeus with c. 19 long pale hairs. Remainder of frons dark brown to black. Vertex dark except for central lateral transverse yellow patch; posterior with paired median spots and 2 lateral spots enhanced. Antenna1 base pale; flagellar and club segments black with narrow pale apices. Pronotum with 2 broad greyish brown stripes narrowly separated by pale midline; central lateral margin pale; most setae pale. Pterothorax dark, slight traces of yellow streaks along lateral scutal lobes. Abdomen dark; tergites beyond I1 with traces of anterior paired pale streaks, posterior rim usually narrowly pale. Wing venation mainly pale except where shaded; Sc dark at intersections with costal crossveins; HW Rs stem dark; pterostigma white to cream, other markings (Figs 1183, 1184) greyish brown. Legs: F black; TI, I1 with 3 black bands, including apex, 111 more extensively pale; t black except bases of tl, t5 and (sometimes) t2; F with white hairs and few black bristles, T with more black bristles. Morphology. Sturdy. Antennae slender, club well defined. Pronotum slightly longer than broad. Wings tapered, venation as in Figs 1183, 1184. Legs short and sturdy; t5>(tl-t4). Spurs long, slender, extending to beyond apex of t4. Claws long, slender, about = spurs. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1185: ectoproct unornamented; lateral gonapophyses moderately broad; posterior gonapophyses slender. Spermatheca (Fig. 1186) broadened apically. Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1187: ectoproct large, sternite IX short. Genitalia (Figs 1188, 1189): gonarcus broadly arched, mediuncus membranous; parameres simple, slender.

Types Holotype, u, Western Australia, Cottesloe, Feb.-Mar. 1913, W. B. Alexander (BMNH) (seen). Paratype, 9,Western Australia, Subiaco, 12.iii.1913, W. B. Alexander (WAM, No. 6898) (seen) (labelled as TYPE); 1 ex, Cottesloe, Dec. 1912, labelled as 'cotype' (WAM) [not cotype, as not mentioned in original description]; 1 ex. Claremont, Feb. 1914, labelled as 'cotype' (QM) [not cotype].

Other Material Examined 19 ex. Queensland (1 ex.): Hughenden. Western Australia (18 ex.): Claremont, Cottesloe, Fremantle, Kalgoorlie, Nedlands, Rottnest I., Tanimin. (ANIC, SAM, WAM, QM, UQ, MVM, BMNH.)

Comment This species is distinctive on forewing pattern.

Escura rhondae, sp. nov. (Figs 1190-1 199) Coloration. Eyes black. Labrum pale, with black marginal hairs; clypeus-yellow with 2 small black spots. Maxillary palpi and apical segment of labial palpi black. Frons and Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111 23 vertex wholly black. Antennae black. Pronotum wholly black or with anterior angles pale and partial dorsolateral ivory stripes (obsolete posteriorly); setae pale laterally and posteriorly, small black dorsal spicules. Pterothorax and abdomen dark grey to black. Wings: most longitudinal veins pale, darkened at intersections with crossveins and (especially FW) at setal bases; crossveins dark; markings greyish brown, in forewing somewhat variable in extent (cf. Figs 1190 and 1192): pterostigma cream apically. Legs: F black; TI black, TII, 111 partially pale externally; t black. Morphology. Sturdy. Vertex moderately raised. Antennae widely spaced, segments beyond fl broader than long; club short, rounded. Pronotum broader than long, transverse furrow distinct. Wings slender and tapered; venation as in Figs 1190-1 192. Legs short and stout; F and T short, somewhat inflated; t about = T; tl-t4 all short; t5 about = (tl-t3). Spurs long, slender, extending about to apex of t3. Claws long, slender, > t5. Female. Abdominal apex as in Figs 1193, 1194: ectoproct expanded ventrally, with 8-12 thickened cavisetae; lateral gonapophyses slender, with 8-10 longer cavisetae; posterior gonapophyses short, tapered; pregenital plate small, triangular. Spermatheca (Fig. 1195) short, broad. Male. Abdominal apex as in Figs 1196, 1197: sternite IX broad, apex transverse. Genitalia (Figs 1198, 1199): gonarcus broad anteriorly, tapered to narrow rounded apex, shallow; mediuncus membranous; parameres small, simple, with pronounced dorsal flange anteriorly.

Holotype, 9, Western Australia, 8 km SW. by W. Cane River HS., 22"07'S., 11S033'E., 31.iii.1971, E. F. Riek (ANIC). Paratypes: 1 u,New South Wales, 37 km E. by S. Wanaar- ing, 10.ii.1972, R. C. Lewis (ANIC); 10, Northern Territory, Ayers Rock, 16.ii.1967, M. S. Upton (ANIC); 1 9 , Northern Territory, 48 miles WSW. Alice Springs, lO.ii.1966, Britton, Upton and McInnes (ANIC); 19, Western Australia, Edjudina, 3.(?)ii.1956, A. Douglas leg.(WAM).

Comments This widely distributed species is readily separable on wing shape and venation from all similarly marked taxa in Australia.

Escura punctata, sp. nov. (Figs 1200- 1206) Coloration. Eyes very dark grey. Whole of face dark greyish brown, glossy. Palpi dark. Vertex pruinescent grey, with markings indicated as glossy black patches: 2 elongate median spots, a lateral transverse bar near anterior of these and more rounded lateral spot on posterior region; some individuals with indication of greyish yellow through pruinescence; setae short, dark. Antennae dark brown, segments without pale apices. Three or 4 short posterior white supraorbital setae. Pronotum dark grey; traces of dark double median stripe; anterior angles greyish yellow; lateral setae (some long and directed anteriorly) white; posterior border with row of long black setae; dorsal setae short, black. Pterothorax dorsally grey; small glossy dark patches near base of scutella. Abdomen grey, no pale areas except at apex. Wing venation mainly dark brown; Sc pale between crossvein intersections; pterostigma scarcely indicated; markings (Figs 1200, 1201) greyish brown. Legs: F dark brown, with dense pale setae and few black ventral spines; T dark with black spines: I 4, I1 8-10, I11 2 x 5; t paler, all segments darkened apically. Morphology. Sturdy. Antennae sited near eyes, segments broader than long; club scarcely defined. Pronotum slightly longer than wide. Wings long and slender, venation as in Figs 1200, 1201. Legs slender: t5>tl(t2 = t3 = t4). Spurs curved, extending to beyond apex of tl. Claws shallowly curved, slender,

Types Holotype, 9,Queensland, Mornington Island Mission, May 1963, P. Aitken (SAM); Paratypes: 8 m,7 9,same locality, various dates in May 1963, A. Aitken or N. B. Tindale (SAM).

Comments The wing pattern of this species affords simple separation from other Australian myrmeleontids. Within Escura, the FW'pattern is much less developed than in the two foregoing species, and more pronounced than the following ones.

Escura jtzroyensis, sp. nov. (Figs 1207-1212) Coloration. Eyes black. Face yellow. Labial palpi brown on outer edge. Interantennal space and frons above antennae brown. Vertex with irregular single brown patch each side of midline. Antennae: scape yellow, pedicel slightly darker; flagellum brown, paler ventrally. Pronotum pale yellow with small brown marks (Fig. 1212); setae white. Pterothorax black along anterior of each segment and on basal half of scutellum; otherwise yellow. Abdomen black dorsally, paler ventrally and towards apex. Wing venation wholly pale except darkened rhegmal area veins (HW), apical length of (FW) MP and minute black dots at apices of all veins around wing apex. Legs yellow; F with few white bristles; T with sparse (I) black or (11, 111) white bristles. Morphology. Slender. Antennae: flagellum stout; segments beyond f2 broader than long; club broad. Pronotum longer than broad. Wing venation as in Figs 1207, 1208: cells in FW cubital fork irregular. Legs short, relatively stout. Spurs extending to apex of t2. Claws slender. Female. Abdominal apex as in Figs 1209, 1210: ectoproct broad, with 6-8 small thickened setae; lateral gonapophyses with c. 12 thickened setae; posterior gonapophyses long, very slender; pregenital plate minute; a large ventral spiculate area below posterior gonapophyses; apex of sternite VII with 2 rounded lobes. Spermatheca (Fig. 1211): duct convoluted. Male. Unknown. FW 19, HW 17, A 4, B 16.

Type Holotype, 9,Western Australia, Fitzroy River crossing, Derby-Broome road, 3.xi.1978, M. S. and B. J. Moulds (AM).

Comments The few grey regions of longitudinal veins give the wings the appearance of having slightly grey streaks towards the apex. Wing shape and venation are similar to those of the following species, which is rather darker, and in which the female posterior gonapophysersafe longer and more slender. Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

Escura notostriatus, sp. nov. (Figs 1213-1220) Coloration. Eyes black. Face pale, tawny yellow; clypeus with 4 black setae. Frons with black 'V' immediately below antennae; dorsally black. Vertex wholly black. Antennae: parts of scape and pedicel black; flagellum and club dark tawny. Pronotum with dark greyish brown cruciform mark over most of central region, with points of 'X' pronounced (Fig. 1220); setae white, some laterals long. Pterothorax pruinescent dark greyish brown, posterior of mesoscutellum yellow. Abdomen black. Wings wholly pale except C grey and veins in apical third slightly darkened; pterostigma very pale cream. Legs: coxae yellow; F and T slightly browned dorsally, with several rows of 3-6 long black bristles; tarsal segments brown apically. Morphology. Slender. Antennae moderately stout, flagellar segments broader than long; club moderately developed. Pronotum as broad as long. Wing venation as in Figs 1213, 1214. Legs short and stout; t5 about = (tl-t4). Spurs extending to beyond apex of t2. Claws slender, about = spurs. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1215: ectoproct broad, with c. 6 long thickened setae; lateral gonapophyses tapered anteriorly, with 7-9 long thickened setae; posterior gonapophyses and pregenital plate small. Spermatheca (Fig. 1216) large. Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1217. Genitalia (Figs 1218, 1219): gonarcus broadly arched; mediuncus membranous; parameres long and broad, with slight anterior dorsal flange. FW 23, HW 22, A 5$, B 17.

Types Holotype, 9, Western Australia, 50 km SW. Sandfire Flat, between Broome and Port Hedland, 15.ii. 1977, M. S. and B. J. Moulds (AM). Paratypes: 2 9 , same data as holotype (AM); 1 u, Queensland, Barcaldine, lO.iii.1981, M. S. and B. J. Moulds (AM).

Comments See under preceding species.

Escura patriciae, sp. nov. (Figs 1221- 1227) Coloration. Mainly black. Eyes brownish grey. Face mainly dark: genae and central anterior region of clypeus dull greyish yellow. Palpi dark brown, bases of segments pale. Frons black, with few long anterior white hairs. Vertex with dark yellow patches laterally and posterolaterally; few small white dorsal hairs; 8-12 short white supraorbitals. Antennae black. Pronotum with irregular dorsolateral yellow stripe from each anterior angle; long white anteriorly directed lateral setae; short black anterior and dorsal hairs. Pterothorax mainly black; yellow spots, or annuli enclosing black spot on lateral scutal lobes; slight yellow spot above FW base; groups of short white setae behind each scutal spot and laterally on mesoprescutum. Abdomen black or pruinescent grey; white hairs concentrated laterally on anterior tergites. Wings: most longitudinal venation dark; FW Sc, RI, parts of MP intermittently yellow; HW MP partly pale; many crossveins pale except at ends; pterostigma dark basally, cream apically; shading brownish grey. Legs: F black except pale base; T largely yellow dorsally, I, I1 with 2 yellow annuli; F with dense white hairs, F and T with black bristles; apices of t segments black. Morphology. Antennae slender; club elongate, scarcely developed. Pronotum almost square, posterior angles extended; transverse furrow distinct. Wings: venation as in Figs 1221, 1222. Legs stout; t5>tl>(t2 = t3 = t4); t5 about = (tl + t2). Spurs extending about to apex of t2 (11, 111) or t3 (I). Claws slender, base expanded, about = tl. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1223: ectoproct broad, with c. 8 thickened setae; 26 T. R. New lateral gonapophyses long, with c. 10 thickened setae; posterior gonapophyses moderately developed; pregenital plate small, transverse. Spermatheca (Fig. 1224) large, curved. Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1225: ectoproct narrowed ventrally, with long black fringe; sternite IX long, with similar black fringe. Genitalia (Figs 1226, 1227): gonarcus short, broadly arched; mediuncus not distinct; parameres anteriorly divergent, partially linked by dorsal plate. FW 28-31, HW 28-30, A 8, B 24-28.

Types Holotype, Q , Western Australia, 10 km WSW. Point Malcolm (33"48'S., 123"46'E.), 15-18.i.1982, B. Hanich and T. F. Houston, 426-3a (WAM). Paratypes: 10, 2p, same data as holotype (WAM).

Comments This large species appears to be very distinct on wing pattern. It is much darker than similar species, most of which are also considerably smaller. Wing pattern is very similar to that of E. divergens.

Escura josephinae, sp. nov. (Figs 1228-1234) Coloration. Eyes black. Body dark. Face greyish yellow. Frons narrowly black below antennae; interantennal space and whole of dorsal head black; minute pale setae. Antennae dark brown, flagellar segments with pale apices. Pronotum with double broad median stripes narrowly separated by pale midline; posterior border and angles black; setae pale, some laterals long. Pterothorax mainly black; posterior of scutella yellow. Abdomen black, posterior margins of tergites narrowly pale. Wing venation pale, pterostigma slightly cream. Legs predominantly yellow; dorsal side of F and TI black; F and T with white, and few black, bristles. Morphology. Slender. Antennae sturdy, club well defined. Pronotum about as broad as long. Wings slender, venation as in Figs 1228, 1229. Legs short and slender; t5>tl. Spurs arched, extending about to apex of t2. Claws slender, slightly

Types Holotype, Q , Western Australia, 14"49'S., 126"49'E., Carson Escarpment, 9-15.viii. 1975, I. F. B. Common and M. S. Upton (ANIC). Paratypes, 1 u, 4 Q , same data as holotype (ANIC).

Comments Wing features of this small dark species clearly imply relationships with several others described here. They can be readily separated on both pronotal pattern and genitalic structure. Particularly, the posterior gonapophyses of josephinae are considerably longer than in the other species.

Genus Bandidus Navas -- Bandidus NavBs, 1914b, p. 475 (as genus or subgenus). Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

Bandidus Navas. Navas, 1935, p. 48. Formicaleon s. 1., Australian authors. Heteroleon Esben-Petersen, 1918, p. 16. Syn. nov.

Type-species: Bandidus canifrons Navas. Moderately sturdy to sturdy species. Antennae with club moderately developed. Wings rather narrow, sometimes distinctly tapered; no anterior Banksian lines; FW posterior Banksian line sometimes present; FW Rs arising distinctly beyond (very rarely, opposite) cubital fork; HW Ks arising basal to medial fork; FW CuA2 reaching posterior wing margin before separation of MA from Rs. Female: anterior gonapophyses absent; posterior gonapophyses usually elongate, never very broad; pregenital plate small; spermatheca usually slender. Male: gonarcus usually not strongly hooded; parameres usually not strongly hooked. See p. 2. As defined here, Bandidus is a large complex of rather different species. In particular, those with a distinct FW posterior Banksian line could be considered generically distinct and one species (B. cornutus, p. 51) is almost certainly so. The latter is known only from a single male, and its wings are not distinct from those of vafer and several other Bandidus: separation is deferred pending discovery of an associable female.

Key to Species FW Rs arising opposite, or very slightly basal to, cubital fork ...... oppositus FW Rs arising distinctly beyond cubital fork ...... 2 No, or only trace of marking at apex of FW CuA2; major wing markings as posterior marginal shading ...... marginalis No, or only trace of marking at apex of FW CuA2; sole wing marking a narrow preapical (and premarginal) streak along apex of one or both wings ...... 3 Wing markings more diffuse, usually including FW cubital streak or spot and/or shading of gradate veins ...... 14 Both wings with streaks ...... 4 FW only with streak ...... 5 HW only with streak ...... 7 FW streak more conspicuous than HW streak ...... spinosus HW streak more conspicuous than FW streak ...... pulchellus Pronotum with midline wholly dark ...... urnbronotus Pronotum with midline wholly pale ...... 6 Pronotum extensively marked with dark brown or black (Fig. 1278) ...... apicalis Pronotum with only traces of dark marking ...... antestriatus Pronotum with 2 stripes, these narrowly separated in midline ...... 8 Pronotum not as above, usually largely pale ...... 9 Pronotal stripes very broad ...... exilis Pronotal stripes narrow ...... abditus HW streak extending basally from rhegma to almost opposite separation of first branch of Rs from Rs stem ...... dispersus HW streak extending, if at all, only slightly basal to rhegma ...... 10 HW streak very close to wing margin ...... 11 HW streak separated from wing margin throughout its length by at least width of streak .. 12 ll(10). Pronotum with much of midline narrowly dark (9, posterior and lateral gonapophyses long and slender) ...... longigona Pronotum with only traces of dark midline (Q, posterior gonapophyses very short, lateral gonapophyses not conspicuously slender) ...... furcatus 12(10). Pronotum with anterior of midline dark ...... centralis Pronotum with anterior of midline pale ...... 13 13(12). Pronotum with median midline marking only on anterior half (Q, posterior gonapophyses relatively long) ...... barradalensis Pronotum with median midline marking mainly on posterior half (9, posterior gonapophyses very short) ...... dalyensis T. R. New FW with conspicuous thick dark streak extending anteriorly from rhegma ..... rydalmerensis FW without such a conspicuous streak ...... 15 Both wings with posterior margin, behind apex, shaded with grey or brown ...... 16 Wings not so shaded ...... 18 Large species, FW 30-35 (HW with pronounced rhegmal spot linked with marginal shading) ...... brisbanensis Smaller species, FW 26 or less (HW without pronounced rhegmal spot) ...... 17 FW oblique vein opposite margin of Rs (U, parameres convergent posteriorly) ... nebulosus FW oblique vein before origin of Rs (u, parameres clearly separated, not convergent posteriorly) ...... septus Wings entirely unmarked, except for pterostigmal shading ...... 19 Wings with, at least, some gradates shaded and/or FW cubital spot ...... 24 Pronotum with longitudinal stripes along whole length ...... 20 Pronotum without longitudinal stripes, posterior angles dark ...... 22 Pronotum with midline pale, a narrow dark stripe each side of this contiguous with dark posterior angle ...... xylotus Pronotum with midline dark ...... 21 Pronotum predominantly dark, irregular dorsoventral pale streaks (Q, posterior gonapophyses broad) ...... hyalinus Pronotum darkened along midline and around posterior angles only (9, posterior gonapophyses slender) ...... tibooburranensis FW Rs arising about 3 RI cells length beyond cubital fork; spurs to about tl; posterior angles of pronotum narrowly darkened ...... aeratus FW Rs arising just beyond cubital fork; spurs to about t4; posterior angles of pronotum more extensively darkened ...... 23 Pterothorax dorsally with broad median yellow stripe ...... amarillus Pterothorax dorsally without stripe, central region dark ...... fuscus FW with most radial area and cubital fork crossveins shaded ...... 25 FW with only distal radial gradate crossveins shaded ...... 26 Wings narrow, bluntly rounded (0, parameres relatively large) ...... congestus Wings broad, tapered (0, parameres small and narrow) ...... handschini Distinct streak along preapical area of FW, many cubital gradates shaded ...... cellon not us No such streak ...... 27 Frons with dense white hairs (FW cubital spot usually large) ...... canSfrons Frons with, at most, sparse white hairs ...... 28 Pronotum with dark median stripe ...... kimminsi Pronotum not as above, usually more extensively dark ...... 29 FW cubital mark extended as streak towards CuAl ...... breviusculus FW cubital mark present, not as above ...... 30 FW cubital mark absent ...... hiNi FW with some cubital crossveins near margin in cubital fork shaded; HW unmarked ...... occidentalis FW with marginal crossveins in cubital fork unshaded ...... 31 Relatively small (FW 24); FW apex rounded; HW unmarked ...... nigrifrons Relatively large (FW usually >30); HW usually with distinct rhegmal spot ...... 32 Central abdominal tergites with yellow spots each side of midline (U, parameres laterally hooked: Fig. 1485) ...... cornutus Central abdominal tergites black, marked only with narrow yellow posterior border .. vafer

Bandidus oppositus, sp. nov. (Figs 1235-1239) Coloration. Yellow. Eyes black. Face and palpi pale. Frons with relatively narrow black band below antennae and into interantennal space, not extending dorsal to antenna1 sockets. Vertex with anterior row of 4 shallow black transverse streaks; posteriorly with paired median black spots and 2-3 pairs of lateral spots. Antenna black with narrow pale apices to flagellar segments. Pronotum with lateral margins over posterior $ brown, these marks enlarged posteriorly to form large patch each side of midline; short black posterior and lateral bristles. Pterothorax grey laterally, with broad median yellow stripe. Abdomen: Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111 29 anterior tergites mainly pale; I, I1 grey laterally, 111-V with additional anterior grey median streak; posterior segments darker. Wings: longitudinal veins mainly pale, many crossveins dark brown; dark greyish brown shading as in ~igs1235, 1236. Legs: F slightly darkened dorsally towards apex; apices of tarsal segments darkened; T with several rows of black - bristles. Morphology. Slender. Antennae short and sturdy, moderately clubbed. Pronotum slightly wider than long. Wings narrow, venation as in Figs 1235, 1236. Legs moderately short, I11 not longer than others; t5 about = (tl-t4); tl>t2>(t3 = t4). Spurs slender, extending almost to apex of t4. Claws slender, about = t4. Female. Unknown. Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1237: ectoproct large and round; sternite IX short. Genitalia (Figs 1238, 1239): gonarcus deep; parameres simple, strongly angled dorsally at anterior end.

Type Holotype, W,Queensland, Funnel Creek, 50 km SW. Sarina, 3.xii.1979, M. S. and B. J. Moulds (AM).

Comments The posterior marginal wing shading of this species is similar to that of several other Bandidus. This species is, in pattern, most similar to septus and brisbanensis, but the forewing pattern differs slightly and the male genitalia more distinctly.

Bandidus marginalis (Banks), comb. nov. (Figs 1240-125 1) Formicaleo marginalis Banks, 1910, p. 44. Heteroleon marginalis (Banks). Esben-Petersen, 1918, p. 16. Not Formicaleon marginalis Banks 1939, p. 458.

Coloration. Eyes black. Yellow with black markings. Face yellow. Frons narrowly black below eyes, more extensively so above eyes. Vertex mainly yellow, paired black posterior spots; setae sparse, black. Antennae dark brown to black. Pronotum (Fig. 1251) with 2 narrow sinuous black stripes, well separated by pale midline and interrupted near anterior; setae pale, some laterals moderately long. Pterothorax with much of lateral dorsal areas black, mesoscutellum with narrow black band or 2 black spots. Abdomen usually predominantly black dorsally, anterior tergites with variable amounts of yellow: sometimes black confined largely to lateral regions of tergites. Wing venation pale except, usually, small dark spots on main longitudinal veins at crossvein intersections; posterior marginal vein dark; posterior border in apical half of wings fumose. Legs tawny yellow; F bristles mainly white; T with sparse black bristles. Morphology. Slender. Antennae slender, club well defined. Pronotum much longer than wide. Wings tapered, venation as in Figs 1240-1242. Legs moderately slender; tS>tl>(t2 = t3 = t4). Spurs slender, extending to slightly beyond apex of t 1. Claws slender, about = spurs. Female. Abdominal apex as in Figs 1243, 1244: ectoproct with c. 7 short thickened setae; lateral gonapophyses broad, with c. 12 longer thickened setae; posterior gonapophyses long and slender; pregenital plate poorly defined, transverse. Spermatheca (Fig. 1245): duct rather coiled. Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1246: ectoproct slender. Genitalia (Figs 1247-1250): gonarcus broadly rounded, shallow; mediuncus not pronounced, parameres slender, with convergent anterodorsal flanges. 30 T. R. New

Holotype, o', of Formicaleon marginalis Banks, Queensland, Kuranda, Mar. (Dodd) (formerly MCZ, now ANIC) (seen).

Other Material Examined 36 ex. Queensland (16 ex.): Mackay (area), Mutchilba, Palm I., Taroom (area). Northern Territory (17 ex.): Katherine (area), Mataranka (area), Mistake Creek. Western Australia (3 ex.): Kununurra, Liveringa, Napier Ra. (ANIC, AM, WAM, SAM, QM, UQ, MVM.)

Comments The diffuse forewing shading of this species, which is sometimes scarcely evident, is apparently distinctive.

Bandidus pulchellus Esben-Petersen, comb. nov. (Figs 1252-1255) Heteroleon pulchellus Esben-Petersen 1923, p. 583.

Coloration. Eyes black. Dark greyish brown. Face pale yellowish brown. Frons very dark brown to black immediately below antennae. Vertex with midline black, a median transverse black mark linked to midline. Antennae dark brown to black. Pronotum with broad median black stripe, laterally pale; setae pale. Pterothorax black, with yellow lines marking all mesonotal sutures. Abdomen dark grey to black. Wings: venation pale except at intersections and where shaded with greyish brown; broken preapical streaks on both wings. Legs brown, not darkened; F and T with few black bristles. Morphology. Moderately sturdy. Antennae sturdy, club moderately developed. Pro- notum slightly longer than broad. Wings rather slender, tapered; venation as in Figs 1252, 1253. Legs moderately sturdy; t5>(tl-t3); tl = (t2 + t3); t2 = t3 = t4. Spurs slender, almost straight, extending about to apex of t3. Claws slender. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1254: ectoproct with c. 8 long and 2 small thickened setae; lateral gonapophyses broad with c. 15 short thickened setae; posterior gonapophyses short, rounded. Spermatheca (Fig. 1255): duct convoluted. Male. Unknown. FW 22-23, HW 22, A 6, B 17-19.

Types Holotype, 9,Western Australia, Roebourne, Mar. 1914 (BMNH) (seen).

Other Material Examined 3 ex. Northern Territory (2 ex.): Alexandria. South Australia (1 ex.): Yunta. (MVM, BMNH.)

Comments This appears to be the rarest of the earlier described species formerly placed in Heteroleon, and few specimens have been seen. Wing pattern is generally more diffuse than other taxa included here.

Bandidus spinosus, sp. nov. (Figs 1256-1265) Coloration. Dark brown. Eyes black. Face and palpi pale, buff. Clypeus witlth- 4 long dark hairs. Frons narrowly black below antennae, this broader dorsally. Vertex mainly Australian Myrrneleontidae. I11 3 1 black, 2 lateral pale streaks. Antennae very dark brown. Pronotum mainly dark, anterior angles pale; elongate dorsolateral pale streak along posterior half. Pterothorax and abdomen wholly dark grey. Wing venation pale except branches of Rs, MA, MP, CuA with some dark alternating lengths; pterostigma cream; both wings with brownish grey streaks from rhegmal area towards wing apex (Figs 1256, 1257). Legs tawny; F and T slightly darkened ventrally, with sparse black bristles. Morphology. Fairly slender. Antennae long, gradually broadened to moderate club; all flagellar segments broader than long. Pronotum slightly longer than wide, transverse furrow well defined. Wing venation as in Figs 1256, 1257: wings slender and elongate. Legs relatively short and stout; t>T; t5>tl, about = (tl-t3). Spurs slightly curved, extending almost to apex of t2. Claws almost straight, about = spurs. Female. Abdominal apex as in Figs 1258, 1259: ectoproct with 8-10 short thick cavisetae; lateral gonapophyses with 12-14 cavisetae; posterior gonapophyses short; sternite VII transverse; pregenital plate small, with pronounced median prominence. Spermatheca (Fig. 1260) slender. Male. Abdominal apex as in Figs 1258, 1259: sternite IX long and tapered, with c. 33 thickened, socketed spines on inner side (Fig. 1263). Genitalia (Figs 1264, 1265): gonarcus deep, apex transverse; mediuncus membranous; parameres long, unornamented, with anterior dorsal flange. FW 26, HW 25, A 7;, B 22.

Types Holotype, 0,Queensland, Dimbulah, 2.i. 1941, J. E. Teach (UQ). Paratypes, 2 Q , Queensland, Drummond Range, E. of Alpha, 9.ii.1981, M. S. and B. J. Moulds (AM).

Comments On wing markings, this species is rather similar to B. pulchellus, but the forewing streak is more pronounced. The unusual sclerite IX ornamentation of the male has not been found in any other Australian myrmeleontid, and may eventually be considered of generic value.

Bandidus antestriatus, sp. nov. (Figs 1266-1270) Coloration. Yellow. Eyes dark grey. Face pale. Frons pale, except interantennal area very slightly browned. Vertex slightly tawny, especially along midline. Antennae greyish yellow. Pronotum very pale; 2 pairs of small dark brown spots (Fig. 1268), posterior angles slightly brown; setae pale. Pterothorax slightly browned anteriorly and in streaks along lateral scutal lobes. Abdomen, except tergite I, dark grey; posterior tergites paler. Wing venation pale except marginal veins darkened; pterostigma not differentiated; a brown streak along FW rhegma-apex line. Legs pale; F darkened dorsally at apex, with few ventral white bristles; T with more numerous black bristles. Morphology. Slender. Vertex strongly domed. Antennae long and slender, club slightly expanded. Pronotum slightly longer than wide. Wing venation as in Figs 1266, 1267. Legs short and stout; t5 about = (tl-t4); tl>(t2 = t3 = t4). Spurs extending to apex of t2. Claws slender, > spurs. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1269: ectoproct with c. 9 long thickened setae; lateral gonapophyses with 8-10 thickened setae; posterior gonapophyses and pregenital plate small. Spermatheca as in Fig. 1270. Male. Unknown. FW 21, HW 19, A 7, B 18.

Types Holotype, 9, Western Australia, Tunnel Creek, E. of Derby, l.xi.1978, M. S. and 32 T. R. New B. J. Moulds (AM). Paratype, 9, Western Australia, Fitzroy River Crossing, Derby-Broome Rd, 2(?).xi.1978, M. S. and B. J. Moulds (AM).

Comment This species is much paler than other taxa with solely a forewing streak.

Bandidus umbronotus, sp. nov. (Figs 127 1-1275) Coloration. Black. Eyes dark grey. Labrum, clypeus, genae, anterior of frons yellow. Clypeus with 2 long black posterior hairs. Palpi tawny, apical segment of labial palp partially blackened. Posterior of frons, whole of vertex black, with small decumbent pale hairs. Antennae: scape and pedicel black (rest missing). Pronotum (Fig. 1273) mainly black, with lateral yellow stripes except posteriorly; pale lateral and posterior setae. Pterothorax black except pale yellow posterior margin to each segment and small yellow spot posteriorly on lateral lobe of mesoscutum; dorsal and pleural hairs short, pale. Abdomen black, with short pale hairs. Wing venation: most longitudinal veins pale, darkened at intersection with crossveins; crossveins mainly pale except where shaded and in FW apical field; HW RI and stem of Rs more conspicuously dark; pterostigma intense white; FW streak greyish brown. Legs: CI yellow except external grey spot, other C pale only at apex; F brown laterally, with 2 rows of 4-5 lateroventral black bristles; T pale yellow, base and apex dark; I, I1 with slight central black annulus, 111 darkened ventrally, 2-3 rows of black bristles; tarsal segments darkened apically. Morphology. Stout. Vertex moderately raised. Pronotum slightly broader than long, broadened posteriorly; transverse furrow distinct. Wing venation as in Figs 1271, 1272. Legs fairly slender: t about = T; t5 about = (t 1-t4); tl>(t2 = t3 = t4). Spurs extending to apex of t3 (I, 11) or slightly shorter (111). Claws > spurs, about = t5, slender and strongly curved. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1274: ectoproct with 5 strongly thickened cavisetae; lateral gonapophyses with 6-8 setae; posterior gonapophyses and pregenital plate small. Spermatheca as in Fig. 1275. Male. Unknown. FW 24, HW 23, A (broken), B 18.

Type Holotype, Q, Western Australia, 9 km SSE. Mt Linden (29"19'S., 122"25'E.), 17-23.iii. 1979, T. F. Houston et al. 259-1 (WAM).

Comment This species is similar in general appearance to B. apicalis, but differs in its much more heavily marked pronotum.

Bandidus apicalis (Esben-Petersen), comb. nov. (Figs 1276-1283) Heteroleon apicalis Esben-Petersen, 1923, p. 583

Coloration. Eyes grey. Body grey to black, with yellow markings. Face, palpi and frons pale, except for black interantennal spot. Vertex with grey band across highest part, median brown paired spots and 1 small lateral brown posterior spot. Antennae brown, club rather darker, with dense black spicules. Pronotum (Fig. 1278) with 2 broad dark grey stripes, these sometimes interrupted by transverse fold; posterior angles and posterior lateral margins black; setae short, white. Pterothorax mainly pruinescent grey to black, posteriorof scutella pale. Abdomen black with white hairs. Wing pale, C slightly darkened, other veins pale Australian Myrmeleontidae. I11 33 except black at intersections; FW preapical streak (Fig. 1276) greyish brown; pterostigma white. Legs dark buff: F with white bristles, T with black bristles. Morphology. Sturdy. Vertex slightly raised. Pronotum about as long as broad. Antennae sturdy, moderately clubbed. Wing venation as in Figs 1276, 1277. Legs sturdy, strongly spined; t5>tl>(t2= t3 = t4). Spurs slender, extending about to apex of t2. Claws slender, about = spurs. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1279: ectoproct with c. 6 strongly thickened black setae; lateral gonapophyses with c. 10-14 thickened setae; posterior gonapophyses short; pregenital plate very small, transverse. Spermatheca (Fig. 1280): duct coiled. Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1281: ectoproct deep, sternite IX shallow. Genitalia (Figs 1282, 1283): gonarcus with apex transverse, arms slightly divergent anteriorly; parameres long, strong medial flange anteriorly.

Holotype, Q, Western Australia, Cunderdin, Feb. 1914 (BMNH) (seen).

Other Material Examined 349 ex. Queensland (3 ex.): Cunnamulla. Western Australia (44 ex.): Barradale, Boorabbin Rock, Cane River HS., Cunderdin, Dedari, Onslow (area), Southern Cross, Youanmi. South Australia (273 ex.): Arkaroola, Brachina Gorge, Cooper Crossing, Innamincka, Kalamurina WH., L. Eyre, Marree, Moomba Gas Field, Muloorina HS., Red Lake. New South Wales (25 ex.): Broken Hill (area), Finniss Springs, Menindee. Victoria (4 ex.): Pirlta. (ANIC, WAM, AM, SAM, QM, MVM, BMNH.)

Comments This is one of the most abundant species of Bandidus and has sometimes been captured in considerable numbers in inland Australia.

Bandidus dispersus (Banks), comb. nov. (Figs 1284-1288) Formicaleo dispersus Banks, 1910, p. 43.

Coloration. Eyes dark, rather iridescent greyish green. Face and palpi pale yellow. Frons with dark chocolate brown band. Vertex dark (crushed, any pattern not distinct). Antennae yellow basally, brown to greyish brown towards apex. Pronotum yellow, setae mainly dark. Pterothorax yellow, unmarked. Abdomen slightly darkened laterally. Wings with venation pale except where shaded; FW with slight pale greyish brown shading in many marginal forks and along outer gradate crossveins; HW also with more pronounced pale greyish brown apical streak (Figs 1284, 1285). Legs pale, unmarked; sparse black bristles. Morphology. Sturdy. Antenna1 club moderately developed. Pronotum about as long as broad. Wing venation as in Figs 1284, 1285. Legs short and sturdy; t5>tl>(t2 = t3 = t4); t5 about =(tl-t4). Spurs almost straight, extending about to apex of tl. Claws shallowly curved, < spurs. Female. Unknown. Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1286: ectoproct large, with black ventral and apical fringe; sternite IX shallow with black fringe, this with paired ovoid dorsal inserts each with 2 outer spines (Fig. 1287). Genitalia (Figs 1288, 1289): gonarcus long and rather tapered posteriorly; mediuncus shallow; parameres rather crescentic.

Type Holotype, 0, Northern Territory, Darwin, 13 Mar., Dodd (formerly MCZ, now ANIC) (left antenna and apex of right FW missing, head crushed) (seen). 34 T. R. New Comments This species, known only from the type, is rather similar to several new species (described here) in body and wing coloration but, on details, is not identical to any of these. The unusual inserts to sternite IX are not known in any other Australian species.

Bandidus furcatus, sp. nov. (Figs 1290-1298) Coloration. Very pale yellow. Eyes dark grey. Labrum and clypeus pale. Palpi pale except brown sensory area on apical segment of labial palp. Clypeus with c. 6 long outstanding hairs, some black. Frons pale anteriorly, except narrowly dark below antenna1 sockets; dorsally with broad brown band. Vertex with central dark brown to black band, its ends angled to reach posterior border about halfway between midline and sides. Antennae slightly darker than face, greyish brown dorsally; flagellar segments with pale apex; club darkened dorsally. Pronotum pale yellow with dark brown posterior angles and small anterior and median marks (Fig. 1292); setae white. Pterothorax dorsally predominantly yellow medially and brown laterally and across anterior of mesoprescutum. Abdomen dark laterally, most tergites yellow dorsally with slender dark brown median line and irregular posterior brown suffusion; setae short, dense, white. Wing venation pale yellow, except grey marginal veins; pterostigma scarcely indicated; hindwing with greyish brown streak close to posterior apical margin (Fig. 1291). Legs yellow except for slight darkening at apices of tarsal segments and on outer edge of F; FI with 4-6 black spines, I1 with 5 more pronounced spines, I11 with 2 rows of 4 or 5; T with 2 rows of 3-5 black spines, more numerous short black setae. Morphology. Moderately slender. Antenna1 flagellar segments broader than long; club slightly expanded. Pronotum (Fig. 1292) with transverse furrow slightly indicated. Wing venation as in Figs 1290, 1291. Legs strong; t5>tl>t2>(t3 = t4); t5>(t2-t4). Spurs slender, somewhat arched, extending almost to apex of t2. Claws simple, slender, c. 3 t5. Female. Abdominal apex as in Figs 1292, 1294: ectoproct with c. 7 thickened setae; lateral gonapophyses large, with c. 9 thickened setae dorsally; posterior gonapophyses short; pregenital plate with small anterior keel from large furcate area. Spermatheca as in Fig. 1295. Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1296: sternite IX short and deep. Genitalia (Figs 1297, 1298): gonarcus a simple arch; mediuncus not distinct; parameres with small spicules on posterior medial borders, strong anterior dorsal flange. FW 20-24, HW 19-22;, A 5, B 17-20.

Types Holotype, 9, Northern Territory, 8 miles N. Newcastle Waters, 22.x.1965, A. Mesa, R. Sandulski (ANIC). Paratypes: 1 0, Northern Territory, Larrimah, 8.x.1972, E. F. Riek (ANIC); 19, 8 miles N. Alice Springs, 5.xi.1955, A. Mesa, R. Sandulski (ANIC); 10, Queensland, 120 miles SSW. Normanton, 14.x.1965, A. Mesa, R. Sandulski (ANIC).

Comments The 'Alice Springs' individual differs slightly from the other specimens in lacking the central dark line on the pterothorax. In having the HW stripe close to the margin, furcatus resembles B. longigona, and differs in details of pronotal markings and in the very different form of both lateral and posterior gonapophyses.

Bandidus longigona, sp. nov. (Figs 1299-1 302) Coloration (after 12 years alcohol storage). Pale. Eyes black. Face and palpi-arked. Frons narrowly brown (probably black, in life) below antennae, more so dorsally. Vertex Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111 35 with central brown transverse band. Antennae pale yellow, club browned. Pronotum marked with reddish brown as in Fig. 1301; setae pale. Pterothorax with very narrow brown midline; anterior of mesoprescutum and lateral scutal lobes brown. Abdomen brown, very slight indications of pale posterior margin of central tergites. Wings pale: longitudinal veins with alternating dark and pale lengths; crossveins pale; hindwing marginal band (Fig. 1300) greyish brown. Legs tawny brown, F ? darker; F and T with few black bristles; FI with 4-5 very short black ventral 'pegs' in row. Morphology. Slender. Antennae slender, moderately clubbed. Pronotum slightly longer than broad. Wing venation as in Figs 1299, 1300. Legs short and stout; t5 about = (tl-t4). Spurs curved, extending about to apex of t3. Claws curved, slightly < spurs. Abdominal tergites VII and VIII with posterior black fringe of short setae. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1302: ectoproct with c. 4 thickened setae; lateral gonapophyses long and narrow, with 7-8 apical thickened setae; posterior gonapophyses long and slender; pregenital plate small; sternite VII with black fringe. Spermatheca (Fig. 1303) slender. Tergites VII and VIII with posterior fringe of black hairs. Male. Unknown. FW 22, HW 21, A 6, B 18.

Types Holotype, Q,Northern Territory, Renner Springs, at light, 2.vi.1970, J. A. L. Watson (ANIC). Paratypes, 3 Q , same data as holotype (ANIC). (All in alcohol.)

Comments This species closely resembles B. furcatus in pronotal marking and in having the hindwing streak very close to the posterior margin. The genitalia, though, are substantially different and well exemplify the need to examine these characters in this group of species.

Bandidus barradalensis, sp. nov. (Figs 1304- 1309) Coloration. Eyes dark grey. Labrum and clypeus tawny yellow; clypeus with several long outstanding pale hairs. Broad black frontal band. Palpi slightly darkened. Vertex narrowly black in midline, this mark contiguous with frontal band; posterior median brown patch; a transverse black bar each side of midline anterior to this, extending over central $ of vertex. Antennae dark brown; flagellar segment with narrow pale apices. Pronotum light yellow with dark brown to black markings (Fig. 1306); all setae pale. Pterothorax dorsally with broad median yellow stripe; anterior margin of mesoprescutum and much of lateral scutal lobes black. Abdomen black, setae short and pale. Wing venation, except margins and veins enclosed by hindwing stripe, pale yellow; stripe greyish brown; pterostigma faintly cream. Legs: outer edge of F, apex and sides of T darkened; apices of tarsal segments darkened; F and T with black spines. Morphology. Slender. Antenna1 flagellar segments broader than long; club slightly expanded. Pronotum longer than wide, transverse furrow distinct. Wing venation as in Figs 1304, 1305. Legs sturdy; t5>tl>(t2= t3 = t4); t5>(tl+ t2). Spurs slender, divergent, extending to beyond apex of tl. Claws simple, < t5. Female. Abdominal apex as in Figs 1307, 1308: ectoproct with 4-5 long and 2-3 short thickened setae; lateral gonapophyses rounded, with c. 12 thickened setae; posterior gonapophyses long, with long black apical setae; pregenital plate elongate with apical projection; a transverse sclerotized ventral patch between apices of posterior gonapophyses. Spermatheca (Fig. 1309) large, slender. Male. Unknown. FW 18-20, HW 17-18$, A 5, B 16-18. - 36 T. R. New

Holotype, Q, Western Australia, 23 km WSW. Barradale, 22"56'S., 114"45'E., 30.iii.1971, E. F. Riek (ANIC). Paratypes: 2 Q , same data as holotype (ANIC); 19,West- ern Australia, Marble Bar, 173.1977, M. S. and B. J. Moulds (AM); 29 ex. coll. E. P. Hodgkin (presumed W.A. specimens) (WAM).

Comments This, one of several pale species with the hindwing streak not reaching the posterior wing margin, has longer posterior gonapophyses and a more elaborate pregenital plate than its near relatives.

Bandidus centralis, sp. nov. (Figs 1310-1318) Coloration. Eyes dark grey. Labrum and clypeus pale yellow; clypeus with 6 outstanding black hairs. Maxillary palp pale; labial palp dark brown apically. Frons dark brown to black. Vertex black: incipient posterior median yellow patches. Antennae very dark brown to black, slight pale apices to all segments. Pronotum pale yellow with dark brown to black markings (Fig. 1312); setae pale. Pterothorax dorsally with much of midline black, as are anterior regions of lateral scutal lobes. Abdomen black, with dense short white hairs. Wing venation mainly pale yellow: Sc darkened at intersection of crossveins; marginal veins grey; all veins in greyish brown HW streak (Fig. 1318) brown. Legs slightly browned, tarsal segments darkened apically; F and T with sparse black bristles. Morphology. Slender. Antenna1 segments broader than long. Pronotum slightly longer than wide. Wing venation as in Figs 1310, 1311. Legs stout; t5>tl>(t2= t3 = t4); tl =(t2+t3). Spurs strong, extending to apex of t3. Claws shallowly curved, about = t5. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1313: ectoproct with c. 7 thickened setae; posterior gonapophyses and pregenital plate small. Spermatheca as in Fig. 1314. Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1315. Genitalia (Figs 1316, 1317): gonarcus broad, simple; mediuncus not distinct; parameres anteriorly divergent, with dorsal flange. FW 28, HW 28, A 6, B 23.

Types Holotype, 9,Northern Territory, Standley Chasm, 26 miles W. Alice Springs; 9.ii.1966, Button, Upton and McInnes (ANIC). Paratype, 10, same data as holotype.

Comment See under following species.

Bandidus dalyensis, sp. nov. (Figs 1319-1 325) Coloration. Mainly as preceding species. Differs as follows: labial and clypeal setae pale; posterior vertex markings more conspicuous; pronotal pattern as in Fig. 1320; no median black stripe on pterothorax; HW band somewhat longer (cf. Figs 1318 and 1319). Morphology. Antennae as preceding species. Pronotum broader than long, posterior angles produced. Wings as in preceding species. Legs as preceding species. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1321: ectoproct with c. 5 long and 2 (anterior) small thickened setae; lateral gonapophyses with c. 10 thickened setae; posterior gonapophyses and pregenital plate small. Spermatheca (Fig. 1322).

Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1323. Genitalia as in Figs 1324, 1325. - Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111 37

Types Holotype, 9,Northern Territory, 16°18'S., 133"26'E., 9 km SE. by S. of Daly Waters, 11.xi.1979, T. Weir (in alcohol, ANIC). Paratypes, 1 U, same data as holotype (ANIC); I U, 1 Q, Daly Waters airport, 25.xi.1972, D. H. Colless (ANIC); l U, Western Australia, Winjina Gorge, 140 km E. Derby, 31.x.1978, M. S. and B. J. Moulds (AM).

Comments The above two species are very similar, and may prove to be populations of the same taxon. At present the numerous small differences in pigmentation, pronotal shape, and shape of the male genitalia strongly suggest that they should be considered distinct. The two type localities are separated by about 8 degrees of latitude, but only a few minutes of longitude.

Bandidus abditus (Walker), comb. nov. (Figs 1326-133 1) Myrmeleon abditus Walker, 1853, p. 360. Macronernurus abditus (Walker). Hagen, 1866, p. 424.

Coloration. Eyes grey. Body predominantly pale yellow. Face and palpi unmarked. A broad dark brown frontal band. Vertex with anterior and posterior median black spot; a small transverse black lateral spot each side between these. Pronotum with narrow black stripe each side of midline; posterolateral margins black; few white hairs, especially laterally. Pterothorax mainly yellow; a narrow black arch around sides of mesonoturn; mesoscutellum with black median streak; similar but more restricted markings on metanotum. Abdomen dark brown to black. Wing venation mainly pale yellow; pterostigma pale tawny yellow; HW with greyish brown streak towards apex. Legs pale yellowish brown. Morphology. Slender. Pronotum longer than broad. Wing venation as in Figs 1326-1328. Legs moderately slender; t5>tl>t2>(t3 =t4). Spurs slender, extending to beyond apex of t2. Claws < spurs. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1329: ectoproct rounded, with c. 6 short spatulate thickened setae; lateral gonapophyses broad, with c. 16 thickened setae; posterior gonapophyses long and tapered; pregenital plate (Fig. 1330) slender, tapered. Spermatheca (Fig. 1331) large, slender, blunt at apex. Male. Unknown. FW 20, HW 18, A --, B -.

Type Holotype, Q , 'N. Holland', (BMNH) (seen) (antennae missing, right HW missing, tips of all other wings damaged).

Comments Although the type is rather damaged, it appears to be distinctive on both thoracic markings and genitalia. Several species described in this account are similar to the extent that they are pale with strongly contrasted markings, but none of them are clearly conspecific with abditus. A second specimen in BMNH (Western Australia, Nicol Bay Distr. 1900), labelled as abditus differs in pronotal markings, having the lateral margins dark and no dorsal stripes, although its venation is very similar to the type (Figs 1327, 1328).

Bandidus exilis (Esben-Petersen), comb. nov. (Figs 1332-1338) Heteroleon exilis Esben-Petersen, 1918, p. 16. - 38 T. R. New Coloration. Eyes black. Dark tawny brown. Face and palpi pale. Frons and vertex black, partly pale at rear. Antennae dark brown throughout. Pronotum with 2 broad dark brown stripes narrowly separated by pale midline; posterior angles dark; setae short, mainly black. Pterothorax greyish brown, sometimes pruinescent; posterior of scutella pale. Abdo- men dark brown, sometimes almost black, hairs white. Wing venation mainly pale, darkened at most intersections; parts of Rs stem (both wings) sometimes more extensively darkened; hindwing preapical band (Fig. 1333) greyish brown; pterostigma basally buff (FW), white (HW). Thoracic pleura dark grey. Legs dark buff; F darkened over apical half; T basally dark; apices of t segments blackened; F and T with sparse black bristles. Morphology. Slender. Antennae slender, club slightly broadened. Pronotum longer than broad. Wings tapered, venation as in Figs 1332, 1333. Legs sturdy; t5>tl. Spurs sturdy, curved inwards, extending almost to end of t4. Claws

Holotype, 9,Western Australia, Kimberley District, Mjoberg (Dec.) (Stockholm) (seen). Second specimen (Q) mentioned in description, same data, not labelled as 'Type' but apparently a paratype.

Other Material Examined 14 ex. Queensland (10 ex.): Barcaldine, Cape York, Coen (area), Lockerbie, Normanton. Northern Territory (3 ex.): Katherine. Western Australia (1 ex.): Minilya. (ANIC, SAM, MVM.)

Comments This species is distinctive on the combination of generally dark body and pronounced hindwing streak.

Bandidus brisbanensis, sp. nov. (Figs 1339-1347) Coloration. Black. Eyes black. Face and palpi tawny. Frons and vertex black. Antennae black. Pronotum dark except for narrow pale midline and small pale dorsolateral patch on posterior half; few long black setae, more numerous short black setae. Pterothorax black. Abdomen predominantly dark; I1 with apical third pale; 111 with median pale band and pale apex; IV and posteriorly with apical quarter sometimes pale. Wing venation mainly dark; longitudinal veins with alternating pale lengths; pterostigma cream, in FW with brown base; shading (Figs 1339, 1340) reddish brown. Legs: F dark with dense white hairs and few ventral black bristles; T with 2 or 3 black bands and few black bristles; t with apices of tl, t2, t5 black; whole of t3 and t4 black. Morphology. Sturdy. Antennae slender, all segments broader than long; club well defined. Pronotum slightly broader than long. Wings slender, venation as in Figs 1339, 1340. Legs moderately slender; t5 about =(tl-t4). Spurs extending to beyond apex of t3. Claws slender, about = spurs. Female. Abdominal apex as in Figs 1341, 1342: ectoproct slender with c. 12 ventral scarcely thickened setae; lateral gonapophyses tapered anteriorly, with c. 7 bng;rather thicker, black setae; posterior gonapophyses long, slender, with dense hairs; pregenital plate Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111 39 small, triangular; sternite VII with dense apical fringe of black hairs. Spermatheca (Fig. 1343) small. Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1344: ectoproct slender. Genitalia (Figs 1345-1347): gonarcus an almost transverse bar; mediuncus membranous; parameres slender, with right- angle band about $ length; anterior ventral membrane with spicules. FW 30-35, HW 30-33, A 8, B 25-27.

Types Holotype, Q , Queensland, Brisbane, 8.x.1940 (QM), Paratypes: 1 Q , same data as holotype; 1 Q , Brisbane, 10.xii.1939; 1 0,Stanthorpe, 1l.xii.1943 (all QM).

Comments This species is rather similar to B. vafer, except for having a pronounced hindwing streak, reminiscent of B. septus. It is larger than the latter species, and differs from the former in genitalia. The form of the male genitalia is particularly unusual. This species is known from several rather fragile pinned specimens.

Bandidus rydalmerensis, sp. nov. (Figs 1348-1355) Coloration. Black. Eyes black. Palpi dark. Labrum dark tawny yellow. Clypeus and frons broadly black; clypeus with c. 20 fine white hairs. Vertex with narrow pale band above frontal band, and small pale median posterior spot; otherwise black. Antennae: flagellar segments with pale apex, club black. Pronotum with incomplete pale median streak and slight pale streak extending posteriorly from pale anterior angles; setae mainly black, few laterals white. Pterothorax predominantly black; posterior and midline of metascutellum pale. Abdomen black. Wings: most longitudinal veins with alternating dark and pale lengths; many crossveins black; pterostigma white; shading in FW (Fig. 1348) greyish brown. Pleura with white hairs. Legs: F dark, I11 paler except dorsally and at apex; T with basal and apical dark bands, many setae from dark spots; apex of tl, most of rest oft black. Morphology. Slender. Antennae slender, club well defined. Pronotum slightly longer than wide. Wings narrow and tapered; venation as in Figs 1348, 1349. Legs long and slender; t slightly t5. Spurs long, very slender, extending about to apex of t4. Claws 2 short, slender, c. 3 spurs. Female. Abdominal apex as in Figs 1350, 1351: ectoproct small and rounded; lateral gonapophyses long, with dense 'brush' of black setae; posterior gonapophyses very long and slender; pregenital plate small, transverse. Spermatheca as in Fig. 1352. Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1353: ectoproct broad, with pale fringe; sternite IX shallow. Genitalia (Figs 1354, 1355): gonarcus arms anteriorly divergent; parameres parallel, angled dorsally at anterior. FW 22, HW 22, A 6, B 18.

Types Holotype, Q, New South Wales, Rydalmere, 243.1979, G. R. Brown (RYD). Paratypes: 10, New South Wales, Khancoban, Kosciusko region, 14.i.1981, G. R. Brown and M. J. Fletcher (RYD); 10, Australian Capital Territory, Mt Coree, 6.ii.1957, E. F. Riek (ANIC); 3 Q , Australian Capital Territory, Canberra, (1) 4.i, (2) 2.ii. 1960, E. F. Riek (ANIC).

Comments This heavily marked species is rather similar to B. breviusculus, but differs in the more extensive apical forewing markings, and in the very long and slender posterior gonapophyses. - 40 T. R. New

Bandidus nebulosus, sp. nov. (Figs 1356-1360) Coloration. Tawny. Eyes grey. Labrum, clypeus, palpi pale; clypeus with c. 16 white hairs. Frons with broad black band. Vertex mainly black; a narrow transverse pale band narrowly interrupted medially and a slender pale arc subtending posterior median region. Antennae dark, all segments with pale apices. Pronotum dark, with slight paler patches near anterior angles. Pterothorax dark except extremities of scutella pale with black marginal dots. Abdomen predominantly dark; tergite I1 with pale posterior margin; tergites 111-VII with posterior median pale streak. Wing venation mainly dark, except for alternating pale lengths on main longitudinal veins; pterostigma cream; markings (Figs 1356, 1357) brownish grey. Legs: F dark dorsally; TI, I1 with 2 dark bands, I11 with only apex dark; apices of tl, t2, t5, whole of t3, t4 dark. Morphology. Slender. Antennae with well defined club moderately developed. Pro- notum about as broad as long. Wings slender and tapered; venation as in Figs 1356, 1357. Legs moderately slender; t slightly

Type Holotype, 0, Queensland, nr Tepon, Byfield, 16.x.1958, R. Dobson (AM).

Comments This species is very similar to B. septus, and also resembles a small brisbanensis. On gross form of male genitalia it is undoubtedly allied to these, but details of genitalia afford simple separation.

Bandidus septus (Gerstaecker), comb. nov. (Figs 1361-1368) Formicaleon septus Gerstaecker, 1885, p. 91.

Coloration. Eyes dark grey. Body predominantly dark grey to black. Palpi darkened apically. Labrum and clypeus tawny yellow, rather darker medially. Clypeus with white posterior hairs. Frons dark brown to black except at extreme ventral edge, with adpressed, medially convergent white hairs. Vertex mainly black; an anterior tawny yellow bar and posterior row of 3 yellow spots, the outer ones transverse. Antenna: flagellar segments black with narrow pale apices, club paler. Pronotum dark grey with traces of pale median stripe and of irregular pale streaks from anterior angles; setae mainly short and black. Pterothorax dark. Abdomen dark, narrow posterior yellow rims to most tergites. Wings: main veins with alternating dark and pale lengths; pterostigma white except (FW) small dark base; markings greyish brown; posterior apical margin of both wings fumose. Legs mainly pale yellow: apex and dorsal edge of F dark; TI, I1 with 2 or 3 dark bands, TI11 with apex dark; t with apex of t2, tS, whole of t3, t4 black; F and T with sparse black bristles. Morphology. Slender. Antennae slender, club well defined. Pronotum about as wide as long, slightly broadened posteriorly. Wings slender, venation as in Figs 1361, 1362. Legs short and sturdy; t short, t5 about =(tl-t4). Spurs slender, extending to beyond apex of t3. Claws < spurs. Female. Abdominal apex as in Figs 1363, 1364: ectoproct with slight ventral-posterior projection, no thickened setae; lateral gonapophyses slender, with c. 7 thickened black setae; Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111 4 1 ventral membrane with slender sclerotized bars; posterior gonapophyses moderately long, curved; pregenital plate small, transverse. Spermatheca (Fig. 1365) short and curved. Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1366. Genitalia (Figs 1367, 1368): gonarcus transverse posteriorly, lateral arms short; mediuncus deep, moderately broad; parameres deep, anteriorly divergent, posteriorly heavily sclerotized; groups of lateral spicules in membrane.

Type Holotype, 9,of Formicaleo septus Gerstaecker, Peak Downs, Greifswald (seen). Diag- nosis also based on specimens det. by Banks (MCZ) and photograph of type by Esben- Petersen (1923).

Other Material Examined 3 ex. Queensland: Brisbane (area) (MCZ).

Comments This is one of several rather similar species in which the apical posterior regions of the wings are shaded. It is most similar to nebulosus, which is also slender and small, but which differs in genitalia features and body markings. B. brisbanensis is a considerably larger species. Bandidus fuscus, sp. nov. (Figs 1369- 1377) Coloration. Eyes dark grey. Labrum and clypeus pale, clypeus with few black setae. Palpi pale. Frons black. Vertex black except for pale (yellow) posterior border; setae small, dark, sparse. Antennae tawny yellow; base of scape and apex of pedicel dark; club darker dorsally. Pronotum yellow with U-shaped black mark from each posterior angle (Fig. 1371); setae pale and concentrated laterally. Pterothorax dorsally dark; yellow lateral and posterior borders to scutella. Abdomen dark grey, setae pale, short. Wing venation almost wholly pale yellow; FW marginal veins, including marginal lengths of most costal crossveins, dark grey; HW similar, but grey not as pronounced; pterostigma feebly indicated as slight cream patch. Legs tawny brown; F with few pale ventral spines, dark setae dorsally; T with few dark spines; apex of F and of tarsal segments slightly darkened. Morphology. Slender. Antennae widely spaced, segments beyond f2 broader than long; club not developed. Pronotum almost square, transverse furrow weakly developed. Wing venation as in Figs 1369, 1370. Legs fairly stout; t5 about twice tl; tl>(t2 = t3 = t4). Spurs strong, slender, extending to beyond apex of t3. Claws simple, < t5. Female. Abdominal apex as in Figs 1372, 1373: ectoproct with c. 5 short thickened setae; lateral gonapophyses with 5-6 longer thickened setae; posterior gonapophyses short with long slender setae; pregenital plate small, triangular. Spermatheca as in Fig. 1374. Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1375: ectoproct deep; sternite IX long and shallow. Genitalia (Figs 1376, 1377): gonarcus regularly arched, membranous bilobed apex; mediuncus narrow, rounded; parameres simple, tapered, broad laterodorsal flange. FW 21, HW 20, A 44, B 19.

Types Holotype, 9,Northern Territory, 2.8 miles S. Renner Springs, 8.iv.1966, N. McFarland (SAM). Paratypes: 4 , same data as holotype (SAM); 1 g, 1 9,Western Australia, Hill W. of 5-40, White Mts N. of Halls Creek, 2.vi.1970, Lemley Expedition (WAM).

Comments This, and the following two species form a related group. They are alike in having - ---- T. R. New unmarked wings and pale pronota with dark markings. Details of pronotal markings appear to be themselves reliable for species separation. B. fuscus is most similar to B. aeratus, from which it differs also in the form of the pregenital plate and the relatively smaller spermatheca.

Bendidus xylotus, sp. nov. (Figs 1378-1383) Coloration. Eyes dark grey. Labrum and clypeus pale yellow. Palpi yellow. Frons and vertex wholly black. Antenna1 scape and pedicel black; flagellum dark brown with narrow pale apices, paler towards base of club; club darker dorsally, pale laterally and ventrally; most antennal hairs black. Vertex setae minute, pale. Pronotum (Fig. 1380) mainly bright yellow, with dark brown to black posterior angles and double longitudinal stripes near midline; setae pale, concentrated laterally. Pterothorax dorsally mainly dark grey; posterior border of scutella pale; lateral scutal lobes with yellow spot, on mesoscutum divided by dark longitudinal streak. Abdomen dark grey; tergite I mainly pale, tergites IV and beyond irregularly with narrow pale posterior rim. Wing venation pale yellow, except grey wing margin in apical half of both wings; pterostigma slightly indicated, pale cream, membrane otherwise unmarked. Legs predominantly tawny yellow, with outer edges of F and T partly browned; F with 3-5 long pale ventral bristles; T with 2 rows of sparse black ventral bristles; t wholly pale. Morphology. Slender. Antennae widely spaced; segments beyond f3 broader than long; club weakly developed. Pronotum longer than wide. Wing venation as in Figs 1378, 1379. Legs moderately stout; t5>tl>(t2 = t3 = t4); t5 about = (tl-t4). Spurs slender, extending slightly beyond apex of tl. Claws simple, shallowly curved, < t5. Female. Abdominal apex as in Figs 1381, 1382: ectoproct with c. 8 short cavisetae; lateral gonapophyses with c. 8 cavisetae; a triangular sclerotized ventral plate below tergite IX; posterior gonapophyses short, tapered; pregenital plate a slender sclerotized ridge. Spermatheca as in Fig. 1383. Male. Unknown.

Holotype, 9, Northern Territory, 4 miles W. Timber Creek, 14.iv.1966, N. McFarland (SAM); 2 Q , same data as holotype (SAM); 1 Q , Northern Territory, c. 7 miles W. Roper Bar, 20.iv.1966, N. McFarland (SAM); 1 Q , Northern Territory, 2-8 miles S. Renner Springs, 8.iv. 1966, N. McFarland (SAM).

Comments See under preceding species. The complete double median lines on the pronotum, and the somewhat longer posterior gonapophyses, separate xylotus from related taxa. It is also rather more 'delicate' in appearance than the other two new species in this group.

Bandidus aeratus, sp. nov. (Figs 1384-1388) Coloration. Pale yellow. Eyes black. Face pale, except slight darkening of apical segment of labial palp; clypeus with c. 8 pale setae. Brown interantennal patch and medially interrupted dark brown bar immediately above antennal sockets. Vertex anteriorly with shallow brown arcuate band, this obsolete posteriorly, where markings slightly indicated. Antennae tawny. Pronotum (Fig. 1386) yellow; slight trace of median brown streak anteriorly, posterior angles more conspicuously black; setae pale. Pterothorax mainly yellow; anterior of mesoprescutum black; both scuta with dark lateral streaks above wing bases. Abdomen black except posteriorly and partly pale tergites I, 11. Wing venation pale except slight black marginal spots at apices of veins around apical half; pterostigma cream. Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111 43

Legs: F slightly browned dorsally, bristles mainly pale; T with few black bristles; t pale. Morphology. Slender. Antennae fairly stout, segments beyond f3 broader than long; club well defined. Pronotum slightly broader than long; trace of transverse furrow. Wing venation as in Figs 1384, 1385. Legs moderately stout; t5 about = (tl + t2). Spurs slender, extending to beyond apex of tl. Claws simple, slightly < spurs. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1387; ectoproct and tergite IX closely associated; ectoproct with 5-6 thickened setae; lateral gonapophyses with c. 12 thickened setae; posterior gonapophyses short; pregenital plate transverse, with small median prominence. Spermatheca (Fig. 1388) long and slender. Male. Unknown.

Types Holotype, Q , South Australia, c. 28"26'S., 14"111E.,S. of Moomba Gas Field, 23.i.1976, M. S. and B. J. Moulds (AM). Paratypes: 29, same data as holotype (AM).

Comments See under B. fuscus. B. aeratus is also rather paler than fuscus, which it most resembles.

Bandidus hyalinus (Tillyard), comb. nov. (Figs 1389-1395) ANoformicaleon hyalinus Tillyard, 1916, p. 62. Formicaleo hyalinus (Tillyard). Esben-Petersen, 1923, p. 589.

Coloration. Eyes grey. Body predominantly dark brown to black. Palpi dark brown. Labrum tawny yellow, genae pale. Clypeus and frons dark brown to black, with conspicuous white hairs. A median pale spot immediately above antenna1 sockets. Vertex with midline dark, a shallow transverse bar each side; much of posterior dark. Antennae dark brown to black, flagellar segments with narrow pale apices. Pronotum dark: dorsolateral irregular yellow streak over central length; anterior angles rather paler than body of plate; setae mainly short, black. Pterothorax black. Abdomen black, central tergites sometimes with narrow pale posterior rim. Wing venation dark brown except alternating pale lengths to main longitudinal veins; pterostigma white except (FW) slightly darkened at base; wings otherwise unmarked. Legs: buff, F and T darkened apically and ventrally, with sparse black bristles; t segments darkened apically. Morphology. Moderately slender. Antennae slender, club large and well defined. Pro- notum slightly broader than long. Wings slender, venation as in Figs 1389, 1390. Legs moderately slender; t5>tl>t2>(t3 = t4). Spurs slender, extending to slightly beyond apex of tl. Claws slender, about = spurs. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1391: ectoproct short, with c. 6 slightly thickened setae; lateral gonapophyses large and tapered, with c. 20 thickened black setae; ventral membrane with dense simple setae; posterior gonapophyses short and rounded, with dense black hairs; pregenital plate small, triangular in profile. Spermatheca (Fig. 1392) simple. Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1393: ectoproct and sternite IX with black fringe. Genitalia (Figs 1394, 1395): gonarcus short, very broadly arched; parameres with tapered anterodorsal flange. FW 26-27, HW 24-25, A 5-7, B 19-22.

Types Holotype, Q, Queensland, Stradbroke I., bred, Nov. 1915, R. J. Tillyard (BMNH) (seen). Paratype, Q , same data (ANIC). 44 T. R. New

Other Material Examined 3 ex. Queensland: Scarborough, Stanthorpe, Stradbroke I. (QM).

Comments This very pale species appears not to be very common. It is so in which the abdomen is more heavily patterned and the wings m at the apex.

Bandidus hilli Esben-Petersen (Figs 1057-1061) Formicaleo hilli Esben-Petersen, 1923, p. 582.

Coloration. Eyes dark grey. Palpi yellow. Labrum, genae and clypeus yellow; clypeus with median reddish streak and few long pale hairs. Frons above antennae and vertex dark brown to black. Antenna1 scape yellow, pedicel brown (remainder missing). Pronotum greyish brown, a median pale stripe. Pterothorax with indistinct pale median stripe. Abdo- men: tergites I, I1 dark brown, I11 (Fig. 1061) and beyond with anterior half yellow and narrow median yellow streak along whole length. Wing venation mainly pale, many intersections darkened; membrane hyaline except pterostigma: yellowish buff with (FW) dark basal spot. Legs dark brown, basal region of F and TI11 pale; F and T with sparse black bristles. Morphology. Moderately slender. Pronotum slightly broader than long. Wings long and slender, venation as in Figs 1057, 1058. Legs short and sturdy; tS>(tl-t4). Spurs strong, extending almost to apex of t4 (I, 11) or of t2 (111). Claws moderately curved. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1059: ectoproct deep with 6 short thickened setae, some only slightly thickened; lateral gonapophyses broad, with c. 20 thickened setae; posterior gonapophyses tapered. Spermatheca (Fig. 1060) small, slender, duct coiled. Male. Unknown.

Type Holotype, 9, Northern Territory, Darwin, no date, G. F. Hill (BMNH) (seen).

Comments See under B. hyalinus. Wing shape and abdominal pattern afford separation of the sole known specimen of hilli from specimens of hyalinus.

Bandidus tibooburranensis, sp. nov. (Figs 1396-1399) Coloration. Eyes dark grey. Body pinkish tawny brown, with black markings. Apical segment of labial palp dark. Face pale except frons slightly browned immediately below antenna1 sockets. Vertex slightly browned in midline and across 2 bands; minute black setae. Antennae dark tawny; flagellar segments narrowly pale at apex. Pronotum broadly darkened along midline and around posterior angles; setae pale. Pterothorax darkened along lateral scutal angles. Abdomen: much of dorsal midline narrowly black; anterior half of tergites 111, IV otherwise tawny, posterior black; more posterior segments more completely dark. Wing venation mainly pinkish tawny, most intersections darker; pterostigma pinkish buff, scarcely evident in HW. Legs tawny, apex of T and of t segments slightly blackened; F and T with long black bristles. Morphology. Moderately sturdy. Antennae with well defined club. Pronoturn about as broad as long, transverse furrow evident. Wings rather narrow, venation as in Figs 1396, Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111 45

1397. Legs sturdy; t5 about = (tl-t3). Spurs extending about to apex of t2. Claws about = spurs. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1398: ectoproct slender, with 3-4 long thickened ventral setae; lateral gonapophyses with 5 or 6 thickened setae; posterior gonapophyses short, with long black setae; pregenital plate small, with median keel. Spermatheca (Fig. 1399) long and slender. Male. Unknown. FW 21, HW 20, A 5, B 20.

Types Holotype, Q , New South Wales, Wittabrenna Ck, 20 km N. Tibooburra, 25.iii.1972, R. C. Lewis (ANIC). Paratype, 9, same data as holotype (ANIC).

Comments The pale body ground colour and rather narrow wings of this species appear to be distinctive.

Bandidus amarillus, sp. nov. (Figs 1400- 1403) Coloration. Yellow. Eyes dark grey. Face and palpi pale; labrum with c. 6 black setae; clypeus with c. 10 shorter black setae. Dark brown frontal mark below antennae tapered dorsally in midline; broad black band above antennae. Antennae dark brown, segments with shallow pale apices. Vertex with 2 brown bands linked medially by brown stripe. Pronotum: posterior angle black with mark extended along much of lateral lobes. Pterothorax with broad median yellow stripe; greyed at border of mesoprescutum and lateral scutal lobes almost wholly grey. Abdomen dark grey, pleural membrane yellow. Wings wholly pale except slight greying of C and of rhegmal area veins in HW. Legs tawny yellow; F very slightly darkened at apex; F and T with black bristles. Morphology. Slender. Antennae slender, moderately clubbed. Pronotum slightly broader than long. Wing venation as in Figs 1400, 1401. Legs moderately stout; t >T; t5 = (tl + t2); tl>t2>(t3 = t4). Spurs long, extending almost to apex of t3. Claws slender, about = spurs. Female. Abdominal apex as in Figs 1402, 1403: ectoproct with c. 8 thickened setae; lateral gonapophyses slender, with 8-10 thickened setae; posterior gonapophyses short; pregenital plate transverse, with slender conical prominence. Spermatheca (Fig. 1404) broadened at apex. Male. Unknown.

Type Holotype, Q , Western Australia, Hamersley Range, Wittenoom Gorge, 20.ii.1977, M. S. and B. J. Moulds (AM).

Comments This species is structurally, and in general pattern, rather similar to several of the pale species having well defined streaks on one or other wing. Lack of such streaking renders it distinct.

Bandidus handschini, sp . nov. (Figs 1405-141 1) Coloration. Eyes black. Body predominantly black. Labrum, clypeus and anterior of 46 T. R. New frons tawny brown, with few short white hairs. Rest of head black. Antennae dark greyish brown; flagellar segments with narrow paler brown apices; club rather paler than flagellum. Pronotum with trace of very narrow paler median stripe and of paler posterolateral patches; short black setae. Pterothorax and abdomen black. Wing venation mainly dark brown; longitudinal veins (except HW Sc) with paler lengths between crossvein intersections; pterostigma dark buff, paler in HW; FW with crossveins extensively shaded with greyish brown (Fig. 1405). Legs predominantly dark brown to black; outer edge of TI11 pale; F and T with sparse black bristles. Morphology. Sturdy. Antennae with well defined club. Pronotum broader than long. Wings tapered, venation as in Figs 1405, 1406. Legs short and sturdy; t5>tl. Spurs slender, extending about to apex of tl. Claws slender,

Types Hobtype, 9, South Australia, Marryat Ck., 20.xi.1963, P. Aitken and N. B. Tindale (SAM). Paratype, 0, South Australia, Musgrave Ra., 25-Mile Bore, 9.ii.1966, P. Aitken and N. B. Tindale (SAM).

Comments The extensive crossvein shading of this species, which affects nearly all forewing crossveins behind RI, differentiates it from similar taxa.

Bandidus ocellonotus, sp. nov. (Figs 1412-1419) Coloration. Eyes brownish grey. Labrum and clypeus yellow. Maxillary palpi pale, apical segment of labial palp black except at apex. Frons black. Vertex grey to black, with 3 rows of spots distinct as glossier black; numerous short pale setae. Antennae black; flagellar segments with very narrow pale apices; club dark dorsally, predominantly yellow ventrally. Pronotum black with yellow markings anterolaterally as in Fig. 1414; setae white. Pterothorax dorsally pruinescent dark grey, with black streaks along lateral scutal lobes and mesoscutellum. Abdomen dark, except narrow yellow posterior margin to tergites 111- or IV-VIII. Wings: longitudinal veins with alternating dark and pale lengths; HW Sc wholly dark; most crossveins wholly dark; pterostigma (FW) dark basally, cream apically, (HW) wholly cream; markings (Figs 1412, 1413) greyish brown. Legs: FI dark ventrally, 11, I11 more conspicuously dark; T with base, apex and central annulus dark; F and T with few black bristles; apices of all tarsal segments black. Morphology. Moderately sturdy. Face narrow, antennae widely spaced. Antennae slender, all flagellar segments broader than long, club moderately developed. Pronotum broader than long, posterior angles produced. Wings broad, venation as in Figs 1412, 1413. Legs short and stout; t5 = (t 1-t4); tl>(t2 = t3 = t4). Spurs slender and long, extending to apex of t4. Claws strong, simple, = t5. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1415: ectoproct with c. 8 thickened black setae; lateral gonapophyses with c. 7 thickened setae; posterior gonapophyses short; pregenital plate transverse, with small median prominence. Spermatheca (Fig. 141Vrong and broadened apically. Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111 47

Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1417. Genitalia (Figs 1418, 1419): gonarcus arched, shallow; parameres anteriorly divergent, short and with anterior dorsal curve.

Holotype, Q , South Australia, nr Muloorina HS., N. base of sandridge, Mar. 1965, N. McFarland and J. Mitchell (SAM). Paratypes: 1 u,1 9,same data as holotype (SAM); 2 D, 1 Q , Gap Creek, Ediacara Mining Field, 20 miles W. Beltana, 19.iii. 1958, Mus. Exped. (SAM).

Comments This small dark species is rather similar to F. congestus.

Bandidus canifrons Navas (Figs 1420- 1428) Formicaleo canifrons Navas, 1914b, p. 473; Esben-Petersen, 1923, p. 588. Alloformicaleon canifrons (Navas). Esben-Petersen, 1917, p. 208. Bandidus canSfrons (Navis). Navas, 1914b, p. 475; 1935, p. 48.

Coloration. Eyes dark grey to black. Body predominantly black. Labrum, clypeus and palpi pale tawny. Frons black, with dense white hairs. Vertex predominantly black, with anterior pale transverse arc; this narrowly interrupted medially by black; a pale posterior arc surrounding discrete median posterior patch. Antennae black, flagellar segments with traces of pale apices. Pronotum dark, trace of narrow pale median stripe; anterior angles pale; most setae black. Pterothorax black. Abdomen black, tergites from I11 backwards with narrow dull yellow posterior rim. Wing venation mainly dark brown, main longitudinal veins with pale intermediate lengths; pterostigma (FW) darkened basally, otherwise white; other markings (Figs 1420, 1421) greyish brown. Legs dull greyish yellow; F pale only at base, otherwise dark brown; apex of T, tl, t5, whole of t2-t4 black. Morphology. Moderately slender. Antennae slender with well defined club. Pronotum broader than long. Wing venation as in Figs 1420, 1421: sometimes 2 HW presectoral crossveins. Legs fairly short and sturdy; t5>tl; tl-t4 short. Spurs long, extending about to apex of t4. Claws long, about = spurs. Female. Abdominal apex as in Figs 1422, 1423: ectoproct with c. 5 blunt thickened setae; lateral gonapophyses broad, angled, with c. 18 short thickened setae; posterior gonapophyses short, tapered; ventral membrane with sclerotized bars; pregenital plate transverse, with hooked median projection. Spermatheca (Fig. 1424) slender. Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1425. Genitalia (Figs 1426-1428): gonarcus hooded, with anterior flange, somewhat tapered posteriorly; parameres deep posteriorly. FW 21-27, HW 20-26, A 5-6, B 17-22.

Type Holotype, 9, Queensland, Rockhampton, 1867 (Vienna) (photograph seen, right hindwing missing, antennae missing, apex of abdomen detached).

Material Examined 189 ex. Queensland (15 ex.): Cunnamulla, Edungalba, Stanthorpe. South Australia (1 ex.): Wilpena Pound. New South Wales (7 ex.): Bald Rock, Ilford, Mendooran (area), Warrumbungle Ranges. Australian Capital Territory (146 ex.): Canberra, Mt Majura. Victoria (20 ex.): Dandenong, Hurstbridge, Kyabram, Melbourne, Nagambie, Pascoe Vale. (ANIC, AM, QM, MVM.) 48 T. R. New

Comments The specific epithet of this species refers to the white hairs on the frons, which may be quite dense. The type, and a few of the above individuals, have two presectoral HW crossveins instead of the one usual for this group of species. Navh considered that this character could be of generic value, but it appears to be trivial. See also comments under B. breviusculus.

Bandidus kimminsi, sp. nov. (Figs 1429-1434) Coloration. Yellow. Eyes dark grey. Face and palpi pale; clypeus with 4-6 long grey hairs. Broad dark brown frontal band continued narrowly along midline of vertex; small lateral posterior brown patches linking with median stripe on vertex. Antennae brown, except narrow pale apices to flagellar segments. Pronotum (Fig. 1434) pale with broad brown median stripe and slight browning along central lateral margins; setae white, short. Pterothorax darker; 11, sides of prescutum pale, scutellum largely yellow medially; inner side of scutal lobes yellow; metathorax darker. Abdomen very dark grey-black. Wing venation mainly colourless except where shaded with greyish brown (Figs 1429, 1430); C dark; pterostigma cream. Legs: coxae grey dorsally; F slightly darkened dorsally; TI, I1 1 with slight dark bands obsolete ventrally, at base, apex and c. j from base; t pale. Morphology. Slender. Antennae moderately clubbed. Pronotum slightly longer than broad; transverse furrow distinct. Wing venation as in Figs 1429, 1430. Legs relatively short and stout. Spurs slender, extending to apex of t2. Claws slender. Female. Abdominal apex as in Figs 1431, 1432: ectoproct with c. 3 longer and 6 shorter thickened setae; lateral gonapophyses slender, with c. 8 thickened setae; posterior gonapophyses short; pregenital plate transverse, with strong median keel. Spermatheca as in Fig. 1433. Male. Unknown. FW 22, HW 21, A 6, B 20.

Types Holotype, Q , Western Australia, Marble Bar, 17.ii.1977, M. S. and B. J. Moulds (AM). Paratype, 9,Western Australia, 3 km before West Strelley R., c. 70 km SE. Port Hedland, 16.ii.1977, M. S. and B. J. Moulds (AM).

Comments The distinct pronotal stripe is not, in this species, flanked by dorsolateral stripes, and the whole insect is rather more sturdy and has much shorter legs than superficially similar narrow-winged taxa.

Bandidus breviusculus (Gerstaecker), comb. nov. (Figs 1435-1444) Myrmeleon breviusculus Gerstaecker, 1885, p. 100. Formicaleo breviusculus (Gerstaecker). Esben-Petersen, 1923, p. 582. Alloformicaleon waterhousei Tillyard, 1916, p. 63; Esben-Petersen, 1923, p. 582.

Coloration. Eyes dark greyish brown. Body predominantly black. Palpi dark brown. Labrum, genae, most of clypeus pale yellow. Median posterior of clypeus, whole of frons dark brown to black, almost or entirely bare. Vertex black, sometimes trace of pale streak along posterior midline. Antennae black, flagellar segments with narrow pale apices. Pro- notum black; anterior angles usually narrowly ivory; trace (only) of paler midline; setae mainly black. Pterothorax black. Abdomen black; tergites I1 and beyond with narrow ivory Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111 49 posterior border. Wing venation mainly pale except at intersections with crossveins and where shaded; pterostigma dark basally, white apically in both wings; other markings greyish brown to dark brown (Figs 1435-1437). Legs: F dark brown except (11, 111) pale base and (I) with lateral and ventral pale streaks; TI generally dark brown, I1 and 111 dark ventrally; t dark beyond base of tl; F with white hairs, T with sparse short black bristles. Morphology. Moderately slender. Antennae slender with club well defined. Pronotum slightly broader than long. Wings slender, venation as in Figs 1435, 1436. Legs slender, t5>tl. Spurs slender, extending about to apex of t2 (I, 11) or beyond apex of tl (111). Claws < spurs. Female. Abdominal apex as in Figs 1438, 1439: ectoproct extended ventrally, unornamented; lateral gonapophyses with c. 15 thickened setae; posterior gonapophyses long, slightly tapered; pregenital plate small, triangular. Spermatheca (Fig. 1440) slender, duct coiled. Male. Abdominal apex as in Figs 1441, 1442: ectoproct broadened ventrally; sternite IX broad, transverse. Genitalia (Figs 1443, 1444): gonarcus broad, apex transverse; parameres shallow, anteriorly divergent, small anterodorsal flange. FW 25-28, HW 24-27, A 5-7, B 19-23.

Holotype of Myrmeleon breviusculus Gerstaecker, Peak Downs, Greifswald (not seen). Holotype, 9, of Alloformicaleon waterhousei Tillyard, New South Wales, Woodford, 12.ii.1909, G. A. Waterhouse (BMNH) (seen); paratypes: 1 D, Queensland, Stradbroke I., 5.i.1915 (ANIC) (seen).

Other Material Examined 144 ex. Queensland (59 ex): Barcaldine, Brisbane, Hughenden, Injune, Milmerran, Roma (area), Stanthorpe. Western Australia (4 ex.). South Australia (60 ex.): Blackwood, Ediacara, Flinders Ranges, Tintinara. New South Wales (10 ex.): Sydney (area), Tenterfield, Thornleigh. Australian Capital Territory (4 ex.): Canberra. Victoria (7 ex.): Abbeyard, Licola, Melbourne (area). (ANIC, AM, SAM, QM, UQ, MVM, BMNH, MCZ.)

Comments This species is rather similar to B. canifrons in many details of general appearance. Generally, the FW cubital streak of breviusculus is more pronounced, and the frons is bare and polished. The latter may be the main point of distinction from heavily marked specimens of canifrons.

Bandidus occidentalis, sp. nov. (Figs 1445-1449) Coloration. Black. Eyes dark grey. Labrum, clypeus and genae yellow; clypeus with c. 6 long black hairs. Apical segment of labial palpi black. Frons with medially emarginate black band; sparse white setae below antennae. Vertex matt black. Antennae dark grey, flagellar segments narrowly pale at apex; anterior edge of club dark tawny yellow. Pro- notum with narrow yellow midline and elongate yellow oval mark on each side of posterior region; anterior angles yellow; setae predominantly black. Pterothorax black. Abdomen black, except very narrow ivory posterior rim to most tergites. Wing venation with alternating dark and pale lengths; markings as greyish brown suffusion (Figs 1445, 1446): HW pterostigma pale. Legs mainly black: anterior of Fl, outer edges of T pale, TI11 more so than anterior legs; F and T with sparse black bristles. Morphology. Sturdy. Antennae stout, gradually thickening to broad club. Vertex scarcely raised. Pronotum slightly broader than long, broadened posteriorly; transverse furrow distinct. Wing venation as in Figs 1445, 1446. Legs short and stout; t about = T; t5>tl; spurs strong, extending to apex of tl; claws strong,

Types Holotype, Q, Western Australia, Prairie Downs Station, Jan.-Mar. 1963, C. Snell (WAM). Paratypes, all Western Australia, all Q : 1, Kathleen Valley, 1963, T. Moriarty leg. (WAM); 1, Weld Range, 3.iii.1963 (WAM); 1, Landor Stn, 29-903 (WAM); 1, '1963' '63-261 ' (WAM).

Comments This species resembles several other species of Bandidus in general appearance. Tarsal and genitalic features enable its separation from all of these.

Bandidus nigrifrons (Navas), comb. nov. (Figs 1073, 1074) Nelees nigrifrons Navas, 1922, p. 19. Neleoma nigrifrons (Navas), nom. nov. for Nelees. Kimmins, 1938, p. 366.

Coloration. Eyes black. Labrum and clypeus pale. Palpi pale. Posterior of clypeus and anterior of frons with long slender white hairs. Frons and vertex wholly black. Antenna1 scape and pedicel black. Pronotum dark greyish brown, with trace of pale midline over posterior half; setae mainly black, some laterals long. Pterothorax black. Wings with venation mainly dark; longitudinal veins intermittently pale; pterostigma pale; FW with greyish brown shading as in Fig. 1073. Legs: F dark brown; TI, I1 pale centrally, 111 generally pale except apex; t dark except base of tl. Morphology. Sturdy. Vertex not raised. Pronotum almost square. Wing venation as in Figs 1073, 1074. Legs moderately short and stout; T about = F; tS>tl>(t2 = t3 = t4); t5 about =(tl-t4). Spurs slender, extending to beyond apex of t2. Claws slender,

Holotype, sex indet., 'Australie. Verreaux 1.46' (:1846) (Paris) (seen).

Comments The above type is somewhat damaged, lacking the abdomen and antennae beyond their base. The specimen was more complete at the time of original description, and Navas (1922) adds 'antennis fuscis, thorace longioribus, clava mediocri, medio testacea' and 'Abdomen fuscum, fusco breviter pilosum, margine postico segmentorum fulvo (magna pars deest)'. Although it is clearly rather similar to several other species of Bandidus, I have not seen any other individuals identical in wing formation with this individual.

Bandidus congestus (Gerstaecker), comb. nov. (Figs 1450-1455) Myrmeleon congestus Gerstaecker, 1885, p. 99. Formicaleo congestus (Gerstaecker). Esben-Petersen, 1923, p. 582.

-- Coloration. Eyes dark brownish black. Body very dark brown to black. Labrum and Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111 5 1 clypeus pale, yellow. Apical segment of labial palp dark brown. Frons black, with outstanding pale hairs. Vertex black. Antennae black, flagellar segments with narrow pale apices. Pronotum dark; anterior angles very narrowly pale laterally; a slight dorsolateral pale spot on posterior half; setae black, none conspicuously long. Pterothorax black, except slight pale bandacross anterior edge of metaprescutum. Abdomen black; all tergites with very narrow pale posterior borders, otherwise unmarked. Wing markings pale greyish brown; all FW gradates shaded; HW with post-rhegmal spot only; HW pterostigma pale, FW pterostigma pale greyish brown. Legs predominantly dark; outer edge of TI, I1 with small pale spots, of TI11 more completely pale; t, beyond base of tl, black; F and T with sparse black bristles. Morphology. Sturdy. Antennae basally slender, club well defined. Pronotum slightly broader than long, transverse furrow well developed. Wings slender, FW bluntly rounded, venation as in Figs 1450, 1451. Legs short and sturdy; spurs (I, 11) about to t3, I11 to end of tl. Female. Unknown. Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1452: sternite IX broad, rounded. Genitalia (Figs 1453, 1454): gonarcus very broad; parameres with rounded inner ventral lobe, dorsally angled at anterior. FW 23, HW 22, A 5, B 18.

Type Holotype, 0,'Australia, Peak Downs. Zool. Mus. 11 27-430' (Greifswald) (seen).

Comments This species, 'known only from the type, resembles several other species of Bandidus in having many FW gradate veins shaded. However, it differs from all of these on wing shape - the combination of intensive shading and long, narrow, bluntly rounded wing appears to be diagnostic. Bandidus cornutus, sp. nov. (Figs 1455, 1456, 1482-1485) Coloration. Eyes grey. Body predominantly black. Face pale yellow. Apical segment of labial palpi dark brown. Clypeus dark brown laterally, with long outstanding white hairs. Frons black with short white hairs. Vertex black, with minute black hairs. Antennae black, flagellar segments with narrow pale apices. Pronotum predominantly dark; trace of narrow pale midline; anterior angles narrowly ivory; indistinct pale lateral streak over posterior half; setae black. Pterothorax black. Abdomen: tergites beyond I1 with irregular series of c. 3 yellow spots each side of midline. Wing venation: most longitudinal veins with alternating pale and dark brown lengths, many crossveins partly black; pterostigma white, in FW with dark basal spot; FW with most of outermost 2 series of crossveins shaded with greyish brown; crossveins in apical field shaded; many marginal forks very lightly shaded; HW hyaline except for small rhegmal mark. Legs: F dark brown, pale basally; TI, I1 with 2 dark brown bands, I11 more completely pale except at apex; t dark beyond tl; F with short white hairs; F and T with sparse black bristles. Morphology. Sturdy. Vertex not raised. Antennae with well defined fusiform club. Pronotum broader than long, transverse furrow well defined. Wings as in Figs 1455, 1456. Legs moderately slender; t5 about = (tl-t4). Spurs long and slender, extending about to apex of t4. Claws shallowly arched,

Type Holotype, 0, Victoria, Springvale, 11.ii. 1892, J. A. Kershaw (NMV) (in series of B. vafer, specimen labelled 'det. by Mr Tillyard 5-17').

Comments Although it is superficially rather similar to B. vafer, this species has very distinctive genitalia. No female has been found, but specimens differing from typical vafer in small features of colour pattern should be critically examined.

Bandidus vafer (Walker), comb. nov. (Figs 1457-1481) Myrmeleon vafer Walker, 1853, p. 343. Formicaleo vafer (Walker). Hagen, 1866, p. 401. Myrmeleon desperatus Walker, 1853, p. 359. Macronemurus desperatus (Walker). Hagen, 1866, p. 424. Formicaleon desperatus (Walker). van der Weele, 1909, p. 22. Myrmeleon perniciosus Walker, 1853, p. 360. Macronemurus perniciosus (Walker). Hagen, 1866, p. 424. Formicaleo perniciosus (Walker). van der Weele, 1909, p. 22. Myrmeleon malefidus Walker, 1853, p. 364. Myrmecaelurus malefidus (Walker). Hagen, 1866, p. 432. (The above three taxa synonymized with vafer by McLachlan, 1869, p. 278.) Nelees strigatus Navis, 1914b, p. 471. Syn. nov.

Coloration. Eyes dark brownish grey. Body predominantly black. Palpi dark brown. Labrum and clypeus mainly tawny; clypeus sometimes blackened laterally and posteriorly, with long white hairs. Frons black, with short white hairs around ventral rim of antenna1 socket. Vertex black. Antennae black. Pronotum with indistinct yellowish grey midline; irregular yellowish suffusion over lateral regions; setae black. Pterothorax black. Abdomen black; central tergites with narrow pale median posterior border. Wings: longitudinal veins mostly with alternating dark and pale lengths; most crossveins dark; pterostigma (FW) with dark basal spot, (HW) white; shading greyish brown (Figs 1457-1464), extent of hindwing spot rather variable. Legs: F dark brown; TI, I1 with small pale marks on outer edge, 111 more completely pale; t black except base of tl; F and T with black bristles. Morphology. Sturdy. Antennae slender, club moderately defined. Pronotum slightly broader than long. Wings long, venation as in Figs 1451-1459. Legs moderately slender; t5 slightly >tl. Spurs slender, extending about to apex of t2 (I, 11) or beyond apex of tl (111). Claws slender,

Types Holotype, 0, of Myrmeleon vafer, New South Wales; holotype, 0, of M. desperatus (New Holland); holotypes of M. malefidus (Tasmania) (abdomen missing) and of M. perniciosus (locality unknown) (all BMNH, seen). Holotype of Nelees strigatus Navas, Tas- Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111 53 mania, 3. 1844, Verreaux (Paris) (seen) (antennae, much of right FW, some legs, abdomen beyond segment I1 missing).

Other Material Examined 47 ex. South Australia (7 ex.): Blackwood, Mt Lofty. New South Wales (12 ex.): Blackheath, Blue Mts, Brown Mountain, Coffs Harbour, Guyra, Mt Kosciusko, Sydney (area), Triabunna, Tubrabucca, Wahroonga. Australian Capital Territory (6 ex.): Blundells, Canberra. Victoria (18 ex.): Blairgowrie, Grampians, Melbourne (area). Tasmania (4 ex.): Bruny I., Derwent Bridge, Flinders I., Hobart (area). (ANIC, AM, SAM, MVM, TAS, MCZ.)

Comments Several authors (including McLachlan 1869; van der Weele 1909) have suggested the probable synonymy of the Walker species listed above. Van der Weele (1909) regarded perniciosus and vafer as identical, and gave all these Walker taxa as subspecies of F. audax (Walker) from Nepal. Several other taxa were given similar status, including the single New Zealand ant-lion, Weeleus acutus (Walker). Whereas W. acutus is very distinct (New 1983), 'true' audax appear not to have been critically examined. The various Australian forms differ somewhat in intensity of wing markings. For the types, the hindwing spot of malefidus is considerably larger than that of vafer (cf. Figs 1464, 1461), and no such spot is present in desperatus or perniciosus. Other material shows substantial variation in this feature and in the forewing mark (Figs 1460, 1462, 1463). The type, and a second determined specimen of N. strigatus closely resemble maleJidus. I have figured male genitalia of the type of vafer (Figs 1470-1472), of the type of desperatus (Figs 1475, 1476) and of a specimen labelled by Walker as maleJidus (BMNH) (Figs 1479-1481), for comparison. Some differences are present, in the shape of sternite IX and the angles and size of the gonarcus, and it is possible that more than one species is represented here. However, only one kind of female has been found and it seems unwise to upturn a long-believed synonymy without more substantial justification based on both sexes. Variations in wing pattern appear to have no strict geo- graphic pattern, although Tasmanian specimens tend to have more intense hindwing spots.

Subfamily ACANTHACLISINAE This subfamily, although the species are frequently encountered, is not very diverse in Australia and only 16 species are here recognized. It includes the largest and sturdiest ant- lions (excluding Stilbopteryginae) and most species are characteristic of dryer areas. The group is widely distributed in many parts of the world, and the genera have been raised almost entirely on characteristics of wing venation and legs, especially claw and spur features. These still appear to be the most useful characters for separation at this level: genitalia are remarkably similar in basic plan in all Australian species and some venational features, although more variable than earlier supposed, are sufficiently constant for generic diagnosis. Most of the species are densely hairy, and this pilosity can obscure colour features of parts of the body; some body markings are rather variable and some earlier used as diagnostic of some species of Heoclisis, for example, are not wholly reliable. Four genera are now known from Australia. Three described earlier are all valid, and a highly unusual new one is described below. Only one, Heoclisis, is known to occur outside Australia, although the provenance of one species earlier referred to Cosina is unknown. Kimmins (1939) discusses and keys this group in Australia.

Key to Genera 1. FW with costal cells doubled along whole, or most, of prestigmal length of costal cell .... 2 FW with costal cells doubled along, at most, c. f of prestigmal costa length ...... 3 2. HW with Rs arising c. wing length; usually 5-8 presectoral crossveins ...... Heoclisis HW with Rs arising more distally, sometimes c. wing length; usually 11-20 presectoral crossveins ...... Cosina 54 T. R. New

3. Distal length of FW prestigmal costal cell with 2 ranks of cells; HW anterior Banksian line developed ...... Mestressa Basal length of FW prestigmal costal cell with 2 ranks of cells, all costal cells beyond origin of Rs simple; HW anterior Banksian line absent ...... Arcuaplectron

Genus Heoclisis Navas Heoclisis Navas, 1923, p. 12. Acanthaclisis, Rambur, 1842, p. 378, sensu Australian authors. Fadrina Navas, 1912b, p. 141, partim.

Type-species: Myrmeleon fundatus Walker. Large sturdy species; head, thorax and legs densely hairy. Antennae with well developed club. Pronotum about as long as broad. Wings long, usually moderately narrow and tapered; posterior margins sometimes slightly sinuous; FW costal cells doubled throughout prestigmal length of costal cell; anterior and posterior Banksian lines present in both wings; Rs arising beyond major fork in both wings; HW usually with <8 presectoral crossveins. Legs short and sturdy; spurs gradually curved, in profile bent at right angle at c. $ length, extending about to t3; claws strongly curved, very broad basally. Female: posterior gonapophyses elongate broadly rounded; anterior gonapophyses absent; lateral gonapophyses, with thickened setae. Male: ectoproct greatly elongated ventrally; gonarcus usually with transverse apex; mediuncus a strong median hook; parameres ventrally aligned, strongly hooked. Several of the species included here are very variable in details of wing venation and of body and wing coloration, as well as in size, and it is possible that more species may be represented. See also comment on Cosina vaga Navas (p. 67). The species have been vari- ously referred to the above genera by different authors and, most recently, Kimmins (1939) included the Australian species in Acanthaclisis. The Australian species appear to be con- generic and, on claw and spur characters, are best referred to Heoclisis, to emphasize their differences from Acanthaclisis, s.str. Key to Species 1. Veins CuAl and MP of FW strongly curved apically towards posterior wing margin (large, pale tawny species) ...... fulva Veins CuAl and MP of FW not curved as above (body and wings not predominantly tawny) ...... 2 2. Venation very dense; HW apex largely shaded with dark brown to black ...... ramosa Venation not as dense; HW apex not densely shaded, usually hyaline ...... 3 3. FW posterior Banksian line indicated, but not well defined; FW often with conspicuous dark spots along RI cells and along CuAl ...... conspurcata FW posterior Banksian line well defined, at least for part of its length; FW without large spots as above ...... 4 4. Pronotum with main dark markmg a median longitudinal black stripe, this sometimes narrowly divided; lateral borders usually darkened ...... 5 Pronotum more extensively dark; black with small yellow markings ...... 7 5. FW with extensive patches of brownish suffusion ...... fulvifusa FW without such suffusion ...... 6 6. Pronotal stripe solid, parallel-sided (large, common species) ...... fundata Pronotal stripe sinuous, sometimes divided anteriorly ...... acuta 7. Wings broad; FW cell Sc intermittently darkened ...... tdlyardi Wings narrow and tapered; FW cell Sc pale ...... angustipennis

Heoclisis fundata (Walker) (Figs 1486-1495, 1538) Myrmeleon fundatus Walker, 1853, p. 320. Acanthaclisis fundata (Walker). Hagen, 1866, p. 378; Kimmins, 1939, p. 584. Australian Myrmeleontidae. I11

Myrmeleon subtendens Walker, 1853, p. 321. Syn. nov. Acanthaclisis subtendens (Walker). Hagen, 1866, p. 379; Kimmins, 1939, p. 586. Heocljsis fundata (Walker). Navas, 1923, p. 12.

Coloration. Eyes grey. Body predominantly grey with black markings. Palpi browned apically. Labrum, clypeus, genae, anterior of frons pale yellow. Frons with dense white hairs, these extending dorsal to antennae. Interantennal space and frons above antennae black. Vertex predominantly black with short black and white hairs intermingled; c. 6 short white supraorbitals; trace of central lateral pale patch; a small yellow posterior spot each side of midline. Antennae black, most segments with narrow pale apices ringed with short white bristles. Pronotum (Fig. 1538) greyish yellow with pronounced black median stripe, partial irregular dorsolateral stripe, posterior angles and much of posterior border black; dense long hairs, some dorsals black, most laterals grey or white. Pterothorax with black median stripe; lateral mesoscutal lobes with anterior rim darkened, 2 slender black stripes; metascutal lobes largely polished black; dense long white hairs towards posterior of each segment. Abdomen black, traces of pale posterior rim to most tergites. Thoracic pleura grey, with dense white hairs. Wing venation mainly dark brown; longitudinal veins with short alternating pale lengths; pterostigma cream to buff, in FW with small dark spot at base. Legs predominantly black; T with 2 or 3 small yellow dorsal spots; F and T with dense white hairs, T also with sparse black bristles. Spurs and claws black. Morphology. Sturdy. Antennae with club moderately defined. Pronotum about as broad as long. Wings broad, venation as in Figs 1486, 1487. Legs short and sturdy; t5>(tl-t4). Spurs strongly arched, extending about to apex of t2. Claws deep, about = spurs. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1488: ectoproct with c. 3 ventral thickened setae; lateral gonapophyses with c. 10 thickened setae; posterior gonapophyses rounded. Spermatheca short. Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1489: ventral expansion of ectoproct slender, with short thickened dorsal setae. Genitalia (Figs 1490-1493): gonarcus very broad, lateral arms rather divergent anteriorly; mediuncus not markedly large, a simple curved spine; parameres large and broad.

Holotype, U,West Australia (BMNH) (seen). Paratype, Q , Tasmania (BMNH). Walker listed four specimens in his type series: Kimmins (1939) commented that one is now missing, another is really A. conspurcata (q.v.).

Other Material Examined 231 ex. Queensland (54 ex.): Atherton, Barcaldine, Brisbane, Bowen, Cairns, Carnarvon Ra., Clermont, Cooktown, Cunnamulla, Dawson, Dipperu, Fraser I., Hammond I., Hughenden, Milmerran, Mitchell, Moreton I., Mittaburra, Mutchilba, Richmond, Townsville, Westwood. Northern Territory (15 ex.): Ayers Rock, Barrys Caves. Western Australia (72 ex.): Avon Valley, Barrow I., Broome, Buningonia Springs, Busselton, Cottesloe, Darlington, Fremantle, Karratha, Landor Stn, Marble Bar, Minilya, Nicol Bay, Northampton, Onslow, Perth, Pinjarra, Rottnest I., Sandfire Flat, Tammin, Wandajee Stn, Warburton R., Wilga, Winjina Gorge, Yabalgo Stn. South Australia (15 ex.): Adelaide, Ardrossan, Arkaroola, Innamincka, Reevesby I., Roseworthy. New South Wales (12 ex.): Broken Hill (area), Fowlers Gap, Hornsby, Mendooran, Mt Kosciusko, Sydney (area). Australian Capital Territory (10 ex.): Canberra. Victoria (45 ex.): Blairgowrie, Cheltenham, Melbourne (area), Little Desert, Ouyen. Tasmania (8 ex.): Cape Portland, Flinders I., Hobart, South Arm. (ANIC, AM, WAM, SAM, DATAS, TAS, QM, UQ, MVM, BMNH, MCZ.)

Comments This species is very widely distributed and is rather variable. The pronounced median dorsal stripe on the pronotum appears to be a good specific character, and specimens I have dissected from various localities vary very little in genitalic details. The type of subtendens 56 T. R. New (9, BMNH, seen) is somewhat damaged, and the wings (Figs 1494, 1495) are rather darker than usual in fundata. However, I have not found structural features within long series of specimens to consistently separate the two forms, and I believe that they represent the same species. Banks (1913) apparently suspected this synonymy.

Heoclisis tillyardi (Kimmins), comb. nov. (Figs 1496-1501, 1533) Acanthaclisis tillyardi Kimmins, 1939, p. 588.

Coloration. Eyes dark grey to black. Body predominantly black with yellow markings. Face pale yellow. Vertex black. Antennae dark grey to black. Pronotum (Fig. 1533) predominantly black, less hairy than other species; c. 6 small yellow spots aligned in 2 stripes each side of midline. Pterothorax with small yellow patches on all mesonotal areas; metanotum wholly black. Abdomen black except for extreme apical border of tergites 11-V and pale suffusion over apical region of more posterior tergites; male ectoproct expansion black. Wings with most crossveins lightly shaded with brown or greyish brown; pterostigma centrally (FW) or apically (HW) white to pale buff. Legs black, except base of tl and t5 and parts of tl; dense white hairs on F and T. Morphology. Moderately sturdy. Pronotum with transverse furrow very distinct. Wings with blunt apex, venation as in Figs 1496, 1497. Legs short and sturdy. Spurs extending about to apex of t3. Claws strongly curved. Female. Abdominal apex of usual form for genus; lateral gonapophyses with c. 8-10 thickened setae; posterior gonapophyses rounded. Spermatheca short. Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1498: ectoproct short, ventral expansion long and slender, with short thickened dorsal setae. Genitalia (Figs 1499-1501): gonarcus with arms slightly divergent anteriorly, apex slightly rounded; mediuncus a slender dorsal hook with a single seta (in type); parameres vertically aligned, with short broad ventral hook and external setae; membrane with few long gonosetae.

Type Holotype, P, Western Australia, Yanchep, 32 miles N. Perth, 9-23.i.1936, Miss Raymond (BMNH) (seen). Paratype, 9 (Oxford) (not seen).

Other Material Examined 14 ex. Northern Territory (9 ex.): Mataranka, Mt Cahill. Western Australia (5 ex.): Broome, Cape Bertholet, Ivanhoe, Wyndham. (ANIC.)

Comments This species is not common. It is rather similar to H. fundata in the position of the FW posterior Banksian line, but usually has the wings rather more slender. It differs substantially in pronotal pattern (cf. Figs 1533, 1538).

Heoclisis fulva Esben-Petersen, comb. nov. (Figs 1502-1505, 1528-1532) Acanthaclisis fulva Esben-Petersen, 1912, p. 269. Acanthaclisis peterseni Tillyard, 1916, p. 66. Syn. nov.

Coloration. Eyes dark brownish grey. Body tawny brown. Face tawny, with white hairs. Vertex with central-posterior black transverse spot each side of midline; short black hairs. Antennae tawny. Pronotum (Fig. 1532) with indistinct grey anterior crescent each-side of midline, posterior border partly darkened; dorsal hairs black, lateral hairs (some long) pale. Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111 57

Pterothorax slightly greyed on lateral scutal lobes, a distinct black patch on each side of both scutella; and at anterior of mesoprescutum; most hairs long, white. Abdomen predominantly tawny, each tergite with pair of posterior black patches; midline irregularly and narrowly black. Wing venation mainly tawny yellow, many intersections dark brown; pterostigma buff. Legs: F pale, T with 2 or 3 dark brown bands; apices of t segments sometimes slightly darkened, or t2-t4 mainly dark; F and T with white hairs. Morphology. Large, sturdy. Antennae: club moderately developed. Pronotum longer than broad. Wings very broad, somewhat falcate, venation as in Figs 1502, 1503. Legs short and stout, t5 about = (tl-t4). Spurs deep and strongly arched, extending about to apex of t3. Claws simple, slightly < spurs. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1504: lateral gonapophyses with c. 6 long thickened black setae; posterior gonapophyses fairly short. Spermatheca short. Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1505: ventral expansion of ectoproct very long, dorsal setae thickened; sternite IX short. Genitalia (Figs 1528-1531): gonarcus short, broad transverse apex; mediuncus a long slender dorsal spine; parameres broad, with inner setose sclerotized rim and small ventral hooks.

Types Holotype, Q , of Acanthaclisis fulva, North Queensland (Copenhagen) (not seen). Diag- nosis based on specimen det. Esben-Petersen. Holotype, Q , of Acanthaclisis peterseni Tillyard, Queensland, Cooktown, Jan. 1908, R. J. Tillyard (BMNH) (seen).

Other Material Examined 15 ex. Queensland (6 ex.): Carnarvon R., Nelia. Northern Territory (5 ex.): Ayers Rock, Borroloola (area), Emily Plains, Cahills Crossing (E. Alligator R.). Western Australia (4 ex.): Fortescue R., Hamersley Ra., Wittenoom Gorge. (ANIC, AM, SAM, WAM, QM, MVM, MCZ.)

Comments This species is very distinct on its Iarge size, exceptionally broad wings and pale body colour. Tillyard recognized the close similarity of peterseni to fulva and separated it on rather small details of size, colour, and number of presectoral crossveins. Esben-Petersen's photograph of the type of fulva indicates the wings to be rather more shaded than the type of peterseni. The series of specimens now seen vary in intensity of wing markings and extend the extremes of size exemplified by the above types. 'Fulva' is exceptionally large (FW 72) and 'peterseni' rather smaller (FW 66). Some individuals now seen are considerably smaller. I have no doubt about reducing peterseni to a synonym. H. fulva appears to be rare, but widely distributed in northern and western Australia.

Heoclisis acuta (Kimmins), comb. nov. (Figs 1506-1512, 1534, 1537) Acanthaclisis acuta Kimmins, 1939, p. 588.

Coloration. Eyes dark brownish grey. Face yellow with white hairs. Palpi sIightly browned. A dark brown to black frontal band enclosing antenna1 sockets. Vertex strongly marked with black. Antennae pale greyish brown basally, darker towards apex. Pronotum (Figs 1534, 1537) tawny yellow, with broad dark brown median stripe; anterior margin dark, most of lateral borders black; posterior angles dark; a partial (centrally broken) dorsolateral stripe from anterior midline towards posterior angles. Pterothorax predominantly dark brown to black; small yellow markings on lateral prescutal and scutal lobes; much of scutella except midline pale; long white hairs. Abdomen mainly dark, an indistinct sinuous 58 T. R. New tawny yellow stripe each side of midline. Male ectoproct expansion yellow. Wings: most longitudinal veins with alternating dark and pale lengths; many crossveins dark; markings greyish brown. Legs: I, I1 predominantly dark; TI11 mainly pale; pleura, F, T with dense grey and white hairs. Morphology. Sturdy. Pronotum slightly longer than broad. Wings (Figs 1506, 1507) narrow, apex acute in HW, less so in FW. Legs sturdy. Spurs extending about to apex of t3. Claws thick, strongly curved. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1509: lateral gonapophyses broad, with c. 10 long thickened setae; posterior gonapophyses short, bluntly rounded. Spermatheca short. Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1508: ventral expansion of ectoproct long and slender, with thickened dorsal setae. Genitalia (Figs 1510-1512): gonarcus with sides parallel, apex transverse, with slight posterior rim; mediuncus a slender sinuous hook; parameres broad, with ventral hooks and external setae. FW 38-44, HW 35-41, A 6-8, B 35-39.

Types

Holotype, Q, Western Australia, Fremantle, 1879, Legge (Oxford) (not seen); diagnosis based on specimens det. by Kimmins (BMNH).

Other Material Examined 107 ex. Queensland (1 ex.): Windorah (area). Northern Territory (2 ex.): Alice Springs (area), Tennant Creek (area). Western Australia (22 ex.): Barradale, Barrow I., Carnac I., Dunsborough, Kalbarri, Kathleen Valley, Millstream (area), Murchison R., Perth (area), Roebourne, Rottnest I., Wittenoom. South Australia (82 ex.): Moornba Gas Field, Tingatingana Crossing. (ANIC, WAM, BMNH).

Comments The forewing posterior Banksian line in this species runs much closer to the hind margin than in other Heoclisis, reflecting the narrow wings. As the specific name implies, the wings are also unusually tapered. It appears to most resemble H. tillyardi but differs substantially in pronotal coloration. The median pronotal stripe of acuta is sometimes anteriorly divided, as in Fig. 1537.

Heoclisis conspurcata (Gerstaecker), comb. nov. (Figs 1513-1520, 1536) Acanthaclisis conspurcata Gerstaecker, 1885, p. 88. Myrmeleon fundata Walker (partirn). Kirnmins, 1939, p. 586. Acanthaclisis subtendens sensu Esben-Petersen, 1915, p. 61; Kimrnins, 1939, p. 586. Fadrina conspurcata (Gerstaecker). Navas, 1912b, p. 141.

Coloration. Eyes brownish grey. Body mainly pruinescent greyish yellow, with black markings. Face pale, clypeus and frons with white hairs. Palpi tawny, not darkened apically. A slight dark grey arc above each antenna1 socket. Vertex mainly grey: an anterior black bar, midline narrowly black, a central partial black bar and 4-6 posterior dark brown or black spots; hairs white, including 6-10 short supraorbitals. Antennae black, flagellar and club segments with conspicuous pale apices. Pronotum (Fig. 1536) with double median black stripe, slender dorsolateral black stripe diverging towards posterior angles, lateral margins black except at anterior; setae mainly long and white. Median black stripe(s) continued along pterothorax and abdomen, flanked by greyish yellow areas and dark lateral streaks (irregular). Pterothorax with short black dorsal hairs and more numerous longer white dorsolateral hairs. Wing venation mainly pale: longitudinal veins intermittently shaded, and veins darkened where shaded. FW with irregular brown spots (Fig. 1513), these Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111 59 very variable in occurrence and may be absent. Thoracic pleura with dense white hairs. Legs dark brown, TI11 pale; F and T with white bristles; t segments apically darkened. Morphology. Sturdy. Antennae sturdy, with club moderately developed. Pronotum about as long as wide. Wings bluntly rounded, venation as in Figs 1513, 1514. Legs short and stout, t5>(tl-t4). Spurs strongly arched and incurved, extending about to apex of t3. Claws thick, strongly curved. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1515: lateral gonapophyses with c. 15 long thickened setae; posterior gonapophyses incurved; ventral membrane between them with spiculate sclerotized ridges (Fig. 1516). Spermatheca small. Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1517: ventral expansion of ectoproct with thickened dorsal black setae; sternite IX short. Genitalia (Figs 1518, 1520): gonarcus with lateral arms parallel, apex transverse; mediuncus a very large dorsal 'beak'; parameres shallowly hooked, an outer dorsal group of setae.

Types Holotype of Acanthalisis conspurcata Gerstaecker (Greifswald) (not seen); diagnosis based on specimens det. by Kimmins, Esben-Petersen, Banks and Markl.

Other Material Examined 53 ex. Queensland (29 ex.): Cape York, Fraser I., Mt Carbine, Townsville. Northern Territory (17 ex.): Larrimah, Mt Cahill (area). Western Australia (7 ex.): Broome, Fremantle, Millstream (area), Rottnest I., Sandfire Flat. (ANIC, AM, BMNH, MCZ.)

Comments The combination of double median pronotal stripe and lack of posterior forewing Banksian line is here used to diagnose this species, which is rather similar to H. fulvifusa (q.v.). Wing pattern is rather variable: some individuals have the forewing almost colourless, whereas others have a series of well defined spots, as in Fig. 1513.

Heoclisis fulvifusa (Kimmins), comb. nov. (Figs 1521-1527, 1535) Acanthaclisis fulvifusa Kimmins, 1939, p. 589.

Coloration. Eyes dark grey to black. Face pale yellow, scattered white hairs. Palpi pale, apical segment of labial paIp browned. Frons and vertex very dark brown; vertex with long grey hairs. Antennae mainly dark grey; basal segments with pale apices and short white hairs. Pronotum (Fig. 1535) with double dark brown to black median stripe with very narrow pale midline; a short anterior-half stripe each side of this; a broader more lateral stripe; posterior angles dark; long hairs mainly pale grey to silver. Pterothorax mainly black: pale tawny yellow spots on sides of prescuta and, more extensively, around posterior streaks on lateral scutal lobes and scutella; posterior long grey hairs. Abdomen: tergites 1-111 dark medially and laterally, with irregular dorsolateral yellow stripes; these more lim- ited on more posterior tergites. Wing venation with alternating brown and white lengths to main longitudinal veins; crossveins brown or white, and membrane irregularly fumose, giving FW the appearance of fumose bands (Fig. 1521); pterostigma white. Legs densely hairy; F dark; T with dark central and apical bands; base of tl and tS pale, t otherwise dark brown to black. Morphology. Sturdy. Pronotum about as broad as long. Wing venation as in Figs 1521, 1522. Legs short and sturdy. Spurs extending to apex of t3. Claws thick, strongly curved. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1523: lateral gonapophyses with c. 10 long thickened setae; posterior gonapophyses blunt and slightly angled. Spermatheca small. T. R. New Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1524: ventral ectoproct expansion long and slender, with thickened dorsal setae. Genitalia (Figs 1525-1527): gonarcus broad, apex transverse; mediuncus a narrow dorsal spine from a broad basal plate; parameres with long ventral hook, lateral setae; membrane with central anterior group of setae. FW 47-55, HW 42-51, A 8-10, B 40-45.

Types Holotype, 0, Queensland, Townsville (BMNH) (seen). Paratypes, 1 0, 8 9, various Queensland localities (BMNH) (seen).

Other Material Examined 12 ex. Queensland (9 ex.): Atherton, Cape York, Clermont, Drummond Ra., Hughenden, Mt Carbine, Mossman (area), Sarina (area). Northern Territory (1 ex.): Darwin. Western Australia (1 ex.): Broome (area). New South Wales (1 ex.): Richmond. (ANIC, AM, UQ.)

Comments Kimmins (1939) listed a number of colour characters which he believed to separate this species from H. conspurcata. The two species are rather alike in having the forewing posterior Banksian line feebly developed, and the posterior wing margin somewhat sinuous. The Banksian line is, though, generally better developed in fulvifusa, which has the forewing with distinct patches of brownish suffusion. Although the wing of conspurcata is very variable in pattern, such suffusion has not been observed in that species (q.v.).

Heoclisis ramosa, sp. nov. (Figs 1546-1548, 1575) Coloration. Mainly black. Eyes dark grey. Labrum and clypeus pale yellow, with long pale setae. Maxillary palpi pale, labial palpi slightly browned. Anterior of frons pale; remainder of frons, including antenna1 interval, black; pale lateral bands above antennae. Vertex predominantly dark grey, glossy anteriorly and on median posterior spot; intermediate row of 4 glossy spots; very slight pale yellowish grey areas flanking posterior spot and laterally above anterior glossy band; setae short, black. Antennae dark grey, basal segments with slight pale apices, basal 8-10 flagellar segments with white hairs, remainder with black hairs. Pronotum (Fig. 1575) black with small ivory anterolateral spots, and similar marks c. f length near lateral margins; long black posterolateral setae; anterolateral setae mainly white. Pterothorax black, slight pale marks on mesoscutum. Abdomen black; tergites beyond I1 with narrow pale posterior margins, these partially obsolete on posterior tergites. Wing venation mainly dark brown; longitudinal veins (FW: Sc, RI, CuAI; HW: Sc, MP, CuA) with irregular pale lengths. Shading greyish brown, pterostigma especially dark; hindwing with extensive apical suffusion except flanking anterior Banksian line. Legs black, except for slight ivory areas on T; thoracic pleura, abdominal membrane, F and T with dense white hairs; F and T with black bristles (TI, 11, dorsal and ventral, TI11 ventral only). Spurs and claws dark brown. Morphology. Sturdy. Antenna1 club scarcely developed, flagellar segments beyond base broader than long. Pronotum almost square. Wing venation as in Figs 1546, 1547: dense, both wings with both Banksian lines well developed; FW costal region biareolate for almost whole length; HW with 4 presectoral crossveins. Legs short and stout; t5>(tl-t4), tl>(t2 = t3 = t4). Spurs thick, unornamented, slightly inwardly curved, extending to beyond apex of t3; claws simple, strongly curved. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1548. Lateral gonapophyses slender, tapered anteriorly and with c. 6 long thickened setae. Male. Unknown. -- FW 38, HW 37, A 6;, B 32. Australian Myrmeleontidae. I11 61

Type Holotype, 9,Western Australia, Forrest River Mission, 24.xii.1953, K.J.G. (A. N. Burns Coll.) (NMV). Paratype, Q , Western Australia, Wyndham, 18.i.1930, T. G. Campbell

(ANIC). -

Comments This species is much darker than other Australian Heoclisis and the wing markings are strongly reminiscent of those of Cosina rnaclachlani. However, the low number of hindwing presectoral crossveins readily differentiate it from species of Cosina, and the hindwing apical suffusion is, in any case, more extensive than in the various Cosina species.

Heoclisis angustipennis, sp. nov. (Figs 1539- 1545) Coloration. Eyes dark brownish grey. Body black and pale yellow. Apical segment of labial palp brown externally. Face pale yellow, with white hairs. A shallow black transverse band immediately above antenna. Vertex with midline black, a narrow anterior black band, and much of posterior black; hairs short, intermingled black and white. Pronotum strongly marked with bIack (Fig. 1541); most lateral hairs white, some posterior and dorsal hairs black. Pterothorax with broad interrupted dorsolateral pale stripes; few dorsal hairs black, dorsolaterals white; pleura with dense white hairs. Abdomen: posterior margin of anterior tergites pale; posterior tergites with narrow dorsolateral pale stripes. Wing venation with alternating dark and white lengths; membrane almost completely hyaline, very slight greyish brown shading; pterostigma greyish brown. Legs: F mainly dark brown; TI, I1 with 3 narrow dark bands, 111 dark ventrally and at apex; tl pale, t2-t4 black, t5 black at apex. F and T with long white hairs, FI, I1 with short ventral black spines. Morphology. Sturdy. Antennae sturdy with gradual club. Pronotum about as broad as long, transverse furrow distinct. Wings slender, tapered, venation as in Figs 1539, 1540. Legs short and stout; t5 about = (tl-t4). Spurs curved and arched, extending beyond apex of t3. Claws strongly arched, about = spurs. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1542; lateral gonapophyses very long, with c. 10 long thickened setae; posterior gonapophyses moderately long, rounded. Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1543: ventral extension to ectoproct with long dorsal thickened hairs in c. 2 rows. Genitalia (Figs 1544, 1545): gonarcus broad; mediuncus a long ventrally directed spine; parameres vertical, with indistinct blunt ventral hook; membrane with ventral gonosetae. FW 27-28, HW 25-26, A 5, B 23-25, ectoproct 24-3.

Holotype, W, South Australia, Leigh Creek, Oct. 1964-Mar. 1965, G. C. Gregory (ANIC). Paratypes, 100, 15 9, same data as holotype; 19, same locality, 28.ii.1967, G. C. Gregory (all ANIC).

Other Material Examined 14 ex. Queensland (4 ex.): Eromanga (area). Northern Territory (10 ex.): Andado HS. (area). (ANIC.)

Comments This small slender species is unusual in Heoclisis in that the mediuncus is primarily directed ventrally, rather than dorsally. Details of body markings are also distinctive.

Genus Cosina Navas Cosina Navas, 1912a, p. 47 62 T.R. New

Fadrina Navas, 1912b, p. 141, partim. Acanthaclisis sensu Australian authors, partim.

Type-species: Acanthaclisis mclachlani van der Weele. General appearance as Heoclisis. Differs: (1) HW with at least 10 presectoral crossveins; (2) wings generally narrower; (3) spurs rather shorter; (4) claws sometimes broader at base. The more distal origin of the HW Rs is the most diagnostic separation feature of Cosina from Heoclisis; although the validity of the genus was doubted by some earlier authors such as Esben-Petersen (1915; but see Esben-Petersen 1917) and Kimmins (1939), this character appears to be very sound. Cosina vaga Navas, known only from the type of unknown provenance appears not to belong here (p. 67) and is not included in the following key.

Key to Species 1. FW with conspicuous large dark spots ...... maculata FW with more diffuse shading ...... 2 2. Origin of HW Rs c. 4 wing length ...... distivena Origin of HW Rs distinctly in basal half of wing ...... 3 3. Smaller species (FW 28); FW with traces of suffused brown bands ...... nana Larger species (FW at least 35, usually considerably more); FW not suffused as above: more distinctly black-veined ...... 4 4. Central abdominal tergites with conspicuous broad yellow bands ...... annulata Central abdominal tergites predominantly black, narrow yellow posterior borders .. mclachlani

Cosina mclachlani (van der Weele) (Figs 1549-1554, 1572) Acanthaclisis mclachlani van der Weele, 1904, p. 210. Fadrina mclachlani (Weele). Navas, 1912b, p. 141. Cosina mclachlani (van der Weele). Navas, 1912a, p. 47.

Coloration. Eyes dark brownish grey to black. Body dark grey to black. Palpi slightly browned. Face below antennae yellow. Clypeus with few black hairs, frons with sparse white hairs below antenna1 sockets. Vertex dark grey, sometimes traces of anterolateral pale patches. Antennae: scape yellow with black hairs, otherwise black; flagellar segments with traces of pale apices. Pronotum (Fig. 1572) dark, traces of 2-3 pale tawny spots each side of midline, these rarely well defined; most setae black, some long laterals pale. Pterothorax dark except for pair of yellow marks on mesoscutellum; hairs mainly white. Abdomen black except for narrow pale posterior rim to most tergites. Wing venation dark brown except for short alternating pale lengths to main longitudinal veins; most FW veins (Fig. 1549) shaded with greyish brown. Thoracic pleura dark. Legs dark brown to black; FIII and TI11 rather paler; F and T with black and white bristles. Morphology. Sturdy. Antennae sturdy, club not well defined. Pronotum slightly broader than long. Wing venation dense, as in Figs 1549, 1550. Legs short and sturdy; tS>(tl-t4). Spurs strongly arched, extending about to apex of t2. Claws >spurs. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1551: ectoproct with 3-5 thickened black setae, and numerous simple setae; lateral gonapophyses slender, with c. 14 long thickened setae; ventral membrane densely setose; posterior gonapophyses slightly tapered, with long simple setae. Spermatheca small. Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1552: ventral expansion of ectoproct long and slender, with short thickened dorsal setae; sternite IX very short. Genitalia (Figs 1553, 1554): gonarcus with transverse apex and pronounced dorsal rim; mediuncus a strong dorsal hook; parameres strongly hooked ventrally. -- Australian Myrmeleontidae. I11 63

Type Holotype, 9,Western Australia, Roebourne (? Copenhagen, not seen). Diagnosis based on presumed paratype 9,same locality as holotype, ex McLachlan coll. (BMNH), and specimens det. by Tillyard, Banks, and Esben-Petersen.

Other Material Examined 229 ex. Queensland (13 ex.): Barcaldine, Blackall, Charleville, Claudie R., Eromanga (area), Mornington I. Mission, Mt Isa. Northern Territory (38 ex.): Alice Springs, Cape Crawford, Cobourg Pen., Darwin, Hermannsburg, Gosses Bluff, Groote Eylandt, Narwietooma, Tennant Creek. Western Australia (166 ex.): Arrowsmith R., Banjiwarn HS., Barradale, Broome, Cane River HS., Carnarvon, Charles Knob, Derby, Edjudina, Forrest River Mission, L. Magenta, Landor Stn, Marble Bar, Mill- stream (area), Minilya R., Mt Tom Price, Nicol Bay (area), Roebourne, Wiluna, Wittenoom, Wyndham. South Australia (12 ex.): Amata (area), Marryat Creek, Muloorina, Musgrave Ranges. (ANIC, AM, SAM, WAM, QM, UQ, MVM, BMNH, MCZ.)

Comments This very dark species, as C. annulata, varies considerably in size. It appears to be the commonest species of the genus, and to be widely distributed in Australia.

Cosina maculata Esben-Petersen (Figs 1555-1563, 1573, 1574, 1577) Cosina maculata Esben-Petersen, 1918, p. 23.

Coloration. Eyes dark grey to black. Body black, with extensive yellow markings. Palpi and whole of face below antennae tawny brown to yellow; frons with sparse white hairs. Interantennal space black. Vertex black. Antenna: scape partially pale; flagellar segments pale apically; club more extensively pale ventrally. Pronotum (Figs 1573, 1574, 1577) with yellow streaks from anterior angles, a central broad U-shaped yellow patch, posterior border each side of midline yellow; hairs white, some (especially laterals) long. Pterothorax with dense white hairs; much of median third, except base of mesoscutellum and parts of metascutum, yellow. Abdomen: tergite I black, I1 yellow with narrow central black band; 111 and beyond with narrow anterior median yellow triangle, a pair of small yellow spots c. length and posterior 4-4 bright yellow. Wings: venation pale except where shaded; FW with dark brown spots, these very variable in extent (Figs 1555, 1557, 1558); HW usually with 1 or 2 such spots. Thoracic pleura dark, with dense white hairs. Legs black except part dorsal edge of FII and basal spot on TIII; dense white hairs and few black bristles. Morphology. Sturdy. Antennae rather short, sturdy, club well defined. Pronotum broader than long. Wings rather slender, venation as in Figs 1555, 1556. Legs short and sturdy, t5>(tl-t4). Spurs extending to beyond apex of t2. Claws strongly curved, > spurs. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1559: ectoproct with c. 9 short thickened setae; lateral gonapophyses long and slender, with c. 16 thickened setae; ventral membrane densely setose; posterior gonapophyses slender, with long simple setae. Spermatheca small. Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1560: ventral ectoproct process with 2-3 rows of dorsal thickened setae and dense basal setae, dorsal region of ectoproct with dense black fringe. Genitalia (Figs 1561-1563): gonarcus transverse and short; mediuncus a pronounced dorsal 'beak'; parameres closely associated, with ventral processes tapered and strongly sclerotized. FW 37-43, HW 34-39, A 5-74, B 35-40.

Type Holotype, U,Western Australia, Kimberley district, Mar., Mjoberg (Stockholm) (seen). 64 T. R. New

Other Material Examined 22 ex. Northern Territory (1 ex.): Timber Creek (area). Western Australia (21 ex.): Halls Creek, Kununurra, Ord R., Wyndham. (ANIC, SAM, WAM, MVM).

Comments Wing markings and the rather blunt forewing readily separate this species from other Cosina. It appears to be not as common as either mclachlani or annulata.

Cosina annulata (Esben-Petersen) (Figs 1564-1570, 1576) Acanthaclisis annulata Esben-Petersen, 1915, p. 59. Cosina annulata (Esben-Petersen). Esben-Petersen, 1918, p. 22.

Coloration. Eyes black. Body black and bright yellow. Palpi, face and frons yellow. Labrum and clypeus with few brown hairs, frons with white hairs. Vertex mainly dark grey to black, often irregular anterolateral ivory patch abutting eye margin. Antennae black except yellow scape; flagellar segments with traces of pale apex. Pronotum (Fig. 1576) black, with 2 or 3 ivory to yellow spots each side of midline and posterior margin each side of midline pale; all markings rather variable in extent; some dorsal and posterior setae black, laterals mainly pale, long. Pterothorax with dense white long hairs; extensively marked with yellow: small lateral marks on mesoprescutum, median streak on metaprescutum, inner regions of lateral scutal lobes yellow, mesoscutellum with posterolateral yellow spots, metascutellum dark. Abdomen: tergites beyond I1 yellow anteriorly and posteriorly, central f-i black. Wing venation mainly dark brown, except alternating pale lengths to main longitudinal veins; shading extensive, dark greyish brown (Figs 1564, 1565). Thoracic pleura dark, with dense white hairs. Legs black; F and T with few black bristles and more white hairs. Morphology. Sturdy. Antennae long, sturdy, club not well defined. Pronotum slightly broader than long. Wing venation as in Figs 1564, 1565. Legs short and sturdy; t5 about =(tl-t4). Spurs strong and arched, extending about to apex of t2. Claws >spurs. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1566: ectoproct with black simple surface setae and pale fringe; lateral gonapophyses long and slender, with c. 10 long thickened setae; ventral membrane with dense setae; posterior gonapophyses slightly tapered, with long black setae; sternite VII with dense black fringe. Spermatheca small. Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1567: ventral ectoproct expansion with 4-5 rows of thickened setae dorsally and on inner edge, outer basal groups of fine black setae. Genitalia (Figs 1568, 1569): gonarcus long, transverse apically, lateral arms slightly divergent, with slight apical dorsal process; mediuncus a median dorsally directed spine from a transverse basal plate; parameres convergent ventrally and extended dorsoventrally, with outer groups of setae; anterior ventral membrane with few setae. FW 40-50, HW 37-46, A 8-10, B 38-44 (excluding male ectoproct).

Type Holotype, 0, Western Australia, Southern Cross, 1912, Froggatt (ANIC) (labelled also with mss. name 'froggatti E-P', seen).

Other Material Examrned 169 ex. Queensland (35 ex.): Bundeena HS., Cunnamulla, Eromanga, Gladstone, L. Dynevore, Longreach, Noccundra, Quilpie (area), Windorah. Northern Territory (8 ex.): Alice Springs (area), Newcastle Waters. Western Australia (13 ex.): Mt Jackson, Southern Cross. South Australia (60 ex.): Etadunna Stn, Kalumurina WH., L. Eyre (various sites), L. Palankarinna, Leigh Creek, Marree, Mulorina HS., Olary, Stuart Creek HS., Tingatingana Crossing, Warburton R. New South Wales (53 ex.): Bourke, Broken Hill, Elovera, Finniss Springs HS., Fowlers Gap, Mossgiel, Tibooburrq-Wanaar- ing, Wilcannia. (ANIC, SAM, WAM, AM, MVM, BMNH, MCZ.) Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111 65 Comments The striking abdominal pattern of this species readily distinguishes it from mclachlani, which is also generally rather darker in wing pattern. Other large species of Cosina are separable pn wing pattern (maculata) or venation (distivena).

Cosina nana, sp. nov. (Figs 1571, 1579-1585) Coloration. Eyes dark grey. Labrum, clypeus and frons yellow; clypeus with sparse outstanding pale setae and (in some specimens) 2 black lateral setae near junction with frons. Frons above antennae with dense white hairs, mainly directed medially. Antenna: scape with white hairs, flagellum ventrally pale yellow towards base, otherwise black but most segments with pale apices. Vertex mainly black: a narrow yellow transverse band across highest point, interrupted by narrow black median line; indistinct small posterolateral yellow marks; numerous white hairs, 3-5 short supraorbitals. Pronotum (Fig. 1571) mainly black; interrupted yellow spots on each anterolateral half, and transverse medially interrupted yellow band; anterior and lateral setae mostly white; some posterodorsals black, others white, directed anteriorly. Pterothorax dorsally predominantly black, with yellow spots on most mesothoracic sclerites; metanotum overall darker; most hairs white, some dorsal mesothoracic setae black. Abdomen black, tergites beyond I1 with narrow pale posterior border. Forewing venation mainly dark brown, especially when shaded, otherwise yellow, as in lengths of Sc and Rl between crossvein intersections; several crossveins at apex of CuA2 and CUPvery pale; much of wing apex and transverse band pale greyish brown, pterostigma darker. Hindwing venation similar, but generally not as dark. Thoracic pleura with dense long white hairs. Legs: dark brown to black, TI11 paler on dorsal half; C, F with long white hairs, T less pilose; TI11 without white hairs, black bristles present. Morphology. Sturdy. Vertex moderately raised. Antennae slender, widely spaced, flagellar segments broader than long. Pronotum slightly broader than long. Wing venation as in Figs 1579, 1580, both wings with Banksian lines evident. Legs short and sturdy; T = F; t slightly tl>(t2 = t3 = t4). Spurs short, curved at apex,

Types Holotype, 0,Western Australia, 23 km WSW. Barradale, 22"56'S., 114"4S1E., 30.iii.1971, E. F. Riek (ANIC). Paratypes: 1 u,3 9,same data as holotype (ANIC).

Comments This species is much smaller than other known species included in Cosina. It otherwise appears like C. mclachlani, especially with the wings folded.

Cosina distivena, sp. nov. (Figs 1586-1589) Coloration. Black, with contrasted bright yellow markings. Eyes greyish brown. Whole of face below antennae yellow. Clypeus with few long brown lateral hairs; frons with short - 66 T. R. New medially convergent sparse white hairs. Palpi yellow; apical segment of labial palp slightly browned. Head above antennae mainly black; midline yellow immediately above antennae, linking with indistinct yellow band bearing short white hairs; slight lateral yellow spot anteriorly; posterior hairs short, black, not outstanding; few minute white hairs overlapping eye margin. Antennae yellow basally, then brown ventrally and mainly black dorsally, with pale apical annuli to all segments. Pronotum black, with 2 or 3 small dorsolateral spots in longitudinal row and larger yellow streak near posterior angles; intermingled black and (generally longer) white lateral setae. Pterothorax mainly black; posterior rim of metaprescutum yellow; nota with sparse hairs, pleura with dense short white hairs. Abdo- men black; posterior margin of tergite I1 and up to posterior third of other tergites light yellow. Wing venation mainly dark brown to black; longitudinal veins yellow intermittently between crossveins; pterostigma cream apically or centrally, otherwise black; forewing mainly dark greyish brown, hindwing with preapical greyish brown streak (Fig. 1587). Legs: F dark with dense white hairs and few black bristles; T with 3 narrow tawny yellow annuli, more numerous black bristles; t black. Morphology. Vertex moderately raised. Antenna1 club gradual, not well defined. Pro- notum broader than long. Wing venation as in Figs 1586, 1587: hindwing with Rs arising c. wing length, c. 16 presectoral crossveins; wings slender, both with both Banksian lines well defined; forewing venation dense. Legs short and stout; t5 about = (tlGt4). Spurs < claws, inwardly curved to slightly beyond apex of tl. Claws strong. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1588: lateral gonapophyses with c. 12 thickened setae; posterior gonapophyses slender. Spermatheca (Fig. 1589) short, broad. Male. Unknown.

Holotype, 9,Western Australia, L. Magenta, Feb. 1971, L. Smith (WAM). Paratypes (allp): Western Australia: 1, Landor Stn, 29-899 (WAM); I, Well 36, Canning Stock Route, 19.iii. 1971, D. Williams (WAM); 1, Billy Well Creek, 20 km NE. Mt Sandiman HS., 11-13.iii.1981, B. Hanich and T. F. Houston 378-8, at light (WAM).

Comments In general appearance, this species is rather similar to both C. mcluchlani and C. annuluta. It differs from both in the much more distal origin of the hindwing vein Rs.

Cosina vaga Navas (Figs 1590- 1592) Cosina vaga Navas, 1914a, p. 231.

Coloration. Eyes dark grey. Face predominantly yellow. Central region of frons brown, dense white setae. Vertex dark grey to black. Antennae (missing). Pronotum with broad black median stripe; broken, sinuous, narrow dorsolateral black streak; lateral margin black except at anterior; many setae black, others whitc. Mesonotum predominantly black, small yellow spot on each side of prescutum; lateral scutal lobes yellow around narrow posterior black streak; scutellum yellow laterally. Metanotum rather darker. Abdomen mainly dark grey, irregular yellow dorsolateral streaks. Wings: longitudinal veins with alternating dark and pale lengths; FW cell Sc intermittently brown; cubital margin shaded; pterostigma (FW) basally brown, (HW) wholly white. Legs predominantly dark brown, F and T with dense white hairs; TI11 pale on dorsal edge; tl and base of t5 pale. Morphology. Sturdy. Pronotum slightly longer than broad. Legs short and stout; t5>(tl-t4). Spurs thick, curved, extending beyond apex of t3. Female. Unknown. -- Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1590. Genitalia (Figs 1591, 1592): gonarcus broad, Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111 67 with strong posterior rim; mediuncus a slender dorsal hook; parameres broad, with short ventral hook. FW 56, HW 47.

Type Holotype, 0, locality unknown (BMNH) (seen).

Comments C. vaga is known only from the type, a large specimen whose origin is unknown. It is redescribed here for comparative purposes, as it is the only possibly non-Australian species earlier referred to Cosina. No similar specimens have been found during this survey, and the affinities of vaga must remain speculative. It is exceptionally large For the genus and, as the hindwing has only six presectoral crossveins, may not be a true Cosina. Within the Australian fauna it most resembles an exceptionally large specimen of H. fundata.

Genus Mestressa Navas Mestressa Navas, 1914b, p. 464. Type-species: Mestressa misera Navas. General appearance as Heoclisis. Differs: (1) FW costal cells doubled only in distal half of prestigmal costal cell; (2) spurs more strongly curved, about as long as first 2 or 3 tarsal segments. The single species included in this genus is very variable in coloration but usually has at least traces of three or four FW brown transverse bands.

Mestressa subfasciata (Banks) (Figs 1578, 1593-1599) Acanthaclisis subfasciatus Banks, 1913, p. 141. Mestressa misera Navas, 1914b, p. 465; Esben-Petersen, 1918, p.22. Mestressa subfasciafa (Banks). Esben-Petersen, 1918, p. 22; 1923, p. 590.

Coloration. Eyes dark brownish grey. Body predominantly dark grey. Palpi tawny brown. Face below antennae bright yellow. Clypeus and frons with sparse white hairs. Vertex dark grey with enhanced anterior black band; short white hairs. Antennae: scape pale, remainder black with pale apex to each segment. Pronotum (Fig. 1578) tawny orange; a partly divided median black stripe expanded across anterior margin; partial dorsolateral black stripe; posterior angles and much of lateral margin black; some short dorsal hairs black, others and most longer laterals white. Pterothorax mainly dark, traces of dark tawny markings on scutal areas; hairs mainly white. Abdomen black, with short white hairs. Wings and venation largely alternating dark brown on colourless, to aid appearance of 'banded' wings (Fig. 1593): membrane usually fumose in 'dark-vein' areas; markings and intensity of colour very variable; some specimens with wings almost unicolorous. Thoracic pleura dark grey, with long white hairs. Legs predominantly dark brown to black; TI, I1 with traces of 2 or 3 pale bands, TI11 more extensively pale dorsally; t with bases of tl, t5 pale, otherwise black; F with dense white hairs; FIII and all T with black bristles. Morphology. Sturdy. Antennae with club moderately defined. Pronotum about as long as broad. Wing venation as in Figs 1593, 1594. Legs short and stout; t5>(tl-t4). Spurs strongly arched, extending about to apex of t3. Claws about = spurs. Female. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1595: ectoproct unornamented; lateral gonapophyses long, with c. 10 long thickened setae. Spermatheca (Fig. 1596) short and angled. Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1597: ventral expansion of ectoproct with several rows of thickened dorsal setae; sternite IX short. Genitalia (Figs 1598, 1599): gonarcus rather 68 T. R. New narrow, sides almost parallel, apex transverse; mediuncus a short pointed 'beak' from broad basal plate; parameres strongly hooked ventrally, with group of setae c. 4 height. FW 36-41, HW 32-37, A 6-8, B 32-38.

Type Holotype, a, Queensland, Kuranda, Dodd (formerly MCZ, now ANIC) (seen).

Other Material Examrned 267 ex. Queensland (16 ex.): Boulia (area), Hughenden (area), Kuranda, Mornington I. Mission. Northern Territory (82 ex.): Gosses Bluff, Groote Eylandt, Liverpool R., Mataranka, Mt Cahill (area), Nirnbuwah Rock (area), Roper Bar, Yuendumi. Western Australia (169 ex.): Barradale, Cane River HS., Carnarvon, Dampier, Derby, Learmonth, Liveringa, Marble Bar, Minilya R., Ord R., Pilgangoora, Port Hedland (area), Sandfire Flat (area), Warburton Stn, West Kimberley, Wyndham. (ANIC, WAM, AM, SAM, MVM, MCZ.)

Comments The intensity of wing markings of this species varies considerably. Some individuals are almost unicolorous, with no trace of the banding characteristic of this species. I have dissected several such pale individuals, and they are clearly conspecific with more heavily marked specimens. M. subfasciata is widely distributed on the Australian mainland.

Genus Arcuaplectron, gen. nov. Type-species: Arcuaplectron woocallensis, sp. nov. Small sturdy species. Wings rather slender; FW with few basal costal cells interlinked; no anterior Banksian line in either wing; posterior Banksian line present (FW) or strongly indicated (HW); HW with about 6 presectoral crossveins; these (in single known specimen) partly linked by spurious longitudinal vein. Legs short and sturdy, FI swollen, t very short; spurs small, strongly incurved and bent at right angle; claws small, curved. Male genitalia as in Heoclisis, except hair pencils absent. This genus is by far the smallest Australian acanthaclisine, and is known from only a single distinctive specimen, in which both wing and leg characters differ substantially from our other Acanthaclisinae. The combination does not appear to occur in any other acanthaclisine genus, although I have not been able to examine some of these-most are larger and have the FW anterior Banksian line present.

Arcuaplectron woocallensis, sp. nov. (Figs 1600- 1605) Coloration. Eyes dark grey. Labrum slightly darkened laterally, otherwise (as clypeus) greyish yellow, with long outstanding setae. Palpi pale. Frons black, with dense medially convergent white hairs anteriorly, these sparser above antennae. Vertex very dark grey, with traces of paler greyish yellow marks posteriorly; white setae, some grouped; c. 6 short supraorbitals. Antennae ventrally pale yellow, dorsally black, all segments with pale apices; scape with white hairs. Pronotum dark grey to black with paler greyish median streak (obsolete at borders), anterolateral yellow streaks; setae mainly white, some posterolaterals black. Pterothorax and abdomen dark grey, pleura with dense long white hairs. Venation mainly dark; longitudinal veins intermittently pale, FW MP and HW MP2 particularly pale; pterostigma dark; other wing shading (cell Sc and along FW CuAI) brown. Legs mainly dark, dorsal apex of F pale, T with 2 or 3 pale annuli, t wholly dark; F and T with dense white hairs. Morphology. Sturdy. Antennae widely spaced, with well developed club; all flagellar segments broader than long. Pronotum slightly longer than wide, transverse furm-distinct; long setae (to half width of pronotum) concentrated laterally and at posterior angles. Wing Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111 69 venation as in Figs 1600, 1601. Legs short and stout; FI very swollen, about 3 x width of TI; F = T; other F rather more slender; t very short; t5>tl>(t2 = t3 = t4). Spurs extending to just beyond apex of tl, strongly incurved and bent almost at a right angle at about level of tl apex. Claws short, simple, curved, about = tl. Female. Unknown. Male. Abdominal apex as in Fig. 1602: ectoproct strongly extended ventrally. Genitalia (Figs 1603-1604): gonarcus broad, with dorsal apical flange; mediuncus a pronounced dorsally directed spike; parameres closely associated, hooked in profile, more rounded at apex in ventral aspect (Fig. 1605), with few short inner dorsal setae; some membrane setae immediately anterior to parameres. Hair-pencils absent.

Type Holotype, 0, South Australia, Woocalla, 21.iii.1939, H.G.A. (SAM) (also bears labels 'subfam Myrmeleontinae' and 'Franzenia irrorata').

Comments This unusual form appears to have no close relatives in Australia. It is immediately separable from all other Acanthaclisinae by its very small size. See comments under generic diagnosis, above.

Acknowledgments Preparation of this account could not have been completed without the help of many museum curators; all of those approached have given positive help, some going to a considerable amount of trouble to examine specimens on my behalf, or entrusting type specimens to the lottery of our international postal services. The foundation for this work was laid at the British Museum (Natural History) in 1980, and I am especially grateful to Dr P. C. Barnard and Dr P. Freeman for the generous facili- ties and access to the collections. During that time, Dr B. Gustafsson (Stockholm) allowed me to borrow types for direct comparison with other material. Other European material was provided by Dr N. P. Kristensen (Copenhagen), Dr F. Espaiiol (Barcelona), Dr G. Muller (Greifswald), Dr G. Petersen (Berlin-Dahlem), Dr A. Kaltenbach (Vienna) (who prepared superb colour slides of several critical Navas types), and an unknown correspondent (Paris). Dr M. K. Thayer lent me Banks' material from Harvard University, and Dr M. W. Mansell (Pretoria) several critical specimens collected by himself. Within Australia, Miss J. C. Cardale (ANIC), Dr C. N. Smithers (AM), Dr G. R. Brown (RYD), Dr A. Neboiss and Mr K. Walker (NMV), Mr E. C. Dahms (QM), Dr E. G. Matthews (SAM), Miss A. Green (TAS), Dr M. Williams (DATAS), Miss M. Schneider (UQ) and Dr T. F. Houston (WAM) have all allowed me full access to coIlections in their care. I also thank Mrs Rhonda McLauchlan and Mrs Patricia Younger for their care and patience in typing this script, and Mrs Josephine Tenberge for numbering the figures and other technical support. 1 gratefully acknowledge financial assistance from the Australian Biological Resources Study in 1982.

References Adams, P. A. (1959): Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae and Chrysopidae. Insects Micronesia 8, 13-33. Banks, N. (1910). Myrmeleonidae from Australia. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 3, 40-4. Banks, N. (1913). Synopses and descriptions of exotic Neuroptera. Trans Am. Entomof. Soc. 39, 201-48. Banks, N. (1915). New neuropteroid insects, native and exotic. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 66,608-32. Banks, N. (1931). Some Oriental neuropteroid insects. Psyche J. Entomol. 38, 56-70. Banks, N. (1939). New genera and species of neuropterous insects. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. 85, 466-504. Banks, N. (1942). Neuropterous insects from Guam. BUN. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 172, 25-30. 70 T. R. New

Costa, 0. G. (1835). 'Fauna de Regno di Napoli, ossia enumerazione di tutti gli animali che abitano le diverse regione di questo regno.' (Naples: published in parts 1832-70.) Esben-Petersen, P. (1912). A few new Neuroptera Planipennia. Entomol. Mitt. 1, 267-73. Esben-Petersen, P. (1915). Australian Neuroptera. Part 11. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. 40, 56-74. Esben-Petersen, P. (1917). Australian Neuroptera. Part 111. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. 42, 203-19. Esben-Petersen, P. (1918). Results of Dr. E. Mjoberg's Swedish scientific expedition to Australia 1910-1913. 18. Neuroptera and Mecoptera. Ark. Zool. 21, 1-37. Esben-Petersen, P. (1923). Australian Neuroptera. Part IV. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. 48, 576-92. Gerstaecker, C. E. A. (1884). Vier Decaden von Neuropteren aus der Familie Megaloptera, Burm. Mitt. Naturwiss. Ver. Neu- Vorpomm. 16, 1-49. Gerstaecker, C. E. A. (1885). Zwei fernere Decaden australischer Neuroptera Megaloptera. Mitt. Naturwiss. Ver. Neu- Vorpomm. 16, 84-1 16. Hagen, H. A. (1866). Hemerobidorum Synopsis synonymica. Stettin. Entomol. Ztg 27, 369-461. Holzel, H. (1972). Die Neuropteren Vorderasiens. IV. Myrmeleonidae. Beitr. Naturkd. Forsch. Suedwestdtsch. 37, 3-103. Kimmins, D. E. (1938). Nelees Navas 1912 a preoccupied name in the Myrmeleonidae (Neuroptera). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (11) 2, 366. Kimmins, D. E. (1939). The Australian species of the genus Acanthaclisis Rambur (Neuroptera, Myrmeleonidae). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (11) 3, 584-91. Kimmins, D. E. (1955). Neuroptera from the Monte Bello islands, 1952. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 165, 128-3 1. Kirby, W. F. (1900). Neuroptera. In 'A Monograph of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean)'. (Ed. C. W. Andrew.) pp. 139-41. (London.) McLachlan, R. (1869). New species etc. of Hemerobiinae, with synonymic notes (first series). Entomol. Mon. Mag. 6, 21-7. Navhs, L. (1910). Neuropttres nouveaux de I'Orient. Rev. Russe Entomol. 10, 190-4. Navas, L. (1912a). Notas sobre mirmeleonidos (Insectos Neuropteros). Broteria 10, 29-60. Navas, L. (19126). Insectos neuropteros nuevos o poco conocidos. Mern. R. Acad. Cienc. Artes Barc. 10, 135-202 (reprint paginated 1-70). Navk, L. (1912~). Notes sur quelques Neuropttres d'Afrique. Rev. Zool. Afr. 1, 401-12. Navas, L. (1914a). Myrmeleonides nouveaux ou critiques. Ann. Soc. Sci. Brux. 38, 229-54. Navas, L. (1914b). Neuroptkres de Oceania. Rev. Acad. Cienc. Fis. Nat. 12, 464-83. Navas, L. (1922). Algunos insectos del Museo de Paris. Rev. Acad. Cienc. Exact. Fix-Quim. Nat. Zaragoza 7, 15-5 1. Navis, L. (1923). Insecta nova, Ser. 8-10. Mem. Accad. Pont. Nuovi Lincei 2 (6), 1-27. Navas, L. (1933). Decadas de insectos nuevos. Decada 23. Broteria 31, 34-44. Navas, L. (1935). Neuropteros exoticos 2 serie. Mern. R. Acad. Cienc. Artes Barc. 25, 37-59. New, T. R. (1983). Notes on the New Zealand antlion Weeleus acutus (Neuroptera). N.Z. J. Zool. 10, 281-4. Okamoto, H. (1910). Die Myrmeleoniden Japans. Wien. Entomol. Ztg 29, 275-300. Rambur, P. (1842). 'Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Neuropttres.' (Paris.) Tillyard, R. J. (1916). Studies in Australian Neuroptera. No. 2. Descriptions of new genera and species of the families Osmylidae, Myrmeleontidae and Ascalaphidae. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. 41,221-48. Walker, F. (1853). Catalogue of the specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part 2, pp. 193-476. (London.) Weele, H. W. van der (1904). New and little-known Neuroptera. Notes Leyden Mus. 24, 203-15. Weele, H. W. van der (1908). Notizen iiber Gerstaecker's Myrmeleonidae. Notes Leyden Mus. 30, 57-62. Weele, H. W. van der (1909). Mecoptera and Planipennia of Insulinde, with biological notes from Edw. Jacobson. Notes Leyden Mus. 31, 1-100. Zimmerman, E. C. (1957). Neuroptera. Insects Hawaii 6. Australian Myrmeleontidae. I11 Appendix 1. Allocation of Australian Genera to Tribes Based on Markl (1954) Tribe Dendroleonini Dendroleon Periclystus Chrysoleon Compsoleon Glenoleon Mossega Froggattisca Austrogymnocnemia Ceratoleon Anomaloplectron Adeloplectron Platyleon Franzenia Nuglerus ( = Bullanga)

Tribe Acanthoplectrini Acan thoplectron

Tribe Acanthaclisini Cosina Mestressa Heoclisis

Tribe Myrmeleonini Myrmeleon Callistoleon Hagenomyia [ Weeleus] Leptoleon Myrmeleonellus

Tribe Formicaleonini Formicaleon Macronemurus Distoleon ( = Eidoleon) Bandidus Escura ( = Alloformicaleon) Neleoma ( = Nelees) Brachyleon Heteroleon Cataleon

Tribe Protoplectrini Protoplectron Pseudoformicaleo ( = Tahulus) Neoplectron Pseudoplectron Mjobergia Distoplectron

Tribe Glenurini Stenoleon Xantholeon Stenogymnocnemia Eophanes . --- 72 T. R. New Appendix 2. Checklist of Australian Myrmeleontidae, excluding Stilbopteryginae, with Distributional Summary Hagenomyia australis Q Callistoleon erythrocephalum Q, NT, NSW illustris Q, NSW Myrmeleon pictzji-ons Q, NT, NSW, SA, WA uptoni Q, NT, WA territorius NT acer Q, NT, WA, SA, NSW, ACT, V, T regularis Q, NT, WA, NSW iridescens Christmas I. croceicollis Q, NT, WA, SA, NSW comptus Q, NT, WA, SA maculaclypeus Q sagittarius WA nigromarginatus NT, WA diminutus Q, NT, WA, SA, NSW, V mcfarlandi NT striatifrons WA, SA, NSW houstoni WA commoni V pallidus WA bifasciatus Q albivenosus WA tigrinum (?) Periclystus laceratus Q, WA, NSW aureolatus Q, NT, WA, SA circuiter Q, NT, NSW, ACT Ceratoleon brevicornis Q, NT, WA, SA, NSW mjobergi Q, NT, WA Chrysoleon punctatum Q,NT, WA Compsoleon occultus SA bembicidis NSW Platyleon froggatti Q, NSW Austrogymnocnemia bipunctata Q, NT, WA, SA, NSW, V pallida Q,NT, W.4 forcipata NT arcuata WA procta Q maculata Q, NT, WA, SA, NSW, ACT, V edwardsi Q, WA, NSW striata WA, SA tindalei SA

interrupts Q, NT, WA, SA, NSW - - lineata WA Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

lulinguensis Q, NT, WA cardaleae WA sarahae WA nigrescens Q, NT, WA, SA, ACT pygmaea WA, SA, V pentagramma Q, WA emmae SA Franzenia irrorata Acanthoplectron tenellum NT, WA umbratus NT Anomaloplectron lineatipenne WA, SA Glenoleon pulchellus Q, SA, NSW, ACT, V falsus Q, WA, SA, NSW, ACT, V, T conspersum Q, NT, WA, ACT mcalpinei Q dissolutus Q radialis Q, NT, WA stigmatus Q berthoudi Q, WA meteoricus Q, NT, WA, SA, NSW, ACT, V lesouefi Q minutillus SA, NSW gerstaeckeri WA brevigonarcus WA, SA mouldsorum WA osmyloides Q, NT, WA, SA, NSW, ACT, V drysdalensis WA nigristriatus NT secula NT, WA mulesi WA, SA parviprocfus SA rudda ACT annulatus Q, NT, WA, SA roseipennis Q, NT, WA, SA, NSW aurora NT, WA, SA banksi NT, WA pingrupensis WA tillyardi WA cahillensis NT pictus WA dannyae NT tergitus WA maculatus v Dendroleon amabilis Q, NT, WA, SA, NSW, ACT dumigami Q longipennis Q, SA, NSW, V koongarrensis NT Csiroleon tumidipalpus NT, WA T. R. New Froggattisca pulchella Q, NSW gemma Q,WA testaceum NT rieki NT, WA radiostriata NT, WA tipularia Q anicis NT, WA Fusoleon stigmatus NT, WA Mossega indecisa Q, NT, WA, NSW, V, T govensis NT hyalina Q - rosea Q Riekoleon con vergens furcatus Parvoleon minimus NT, WA Protoplectron venustum Q, NT, WA, SA, NSW inversum Q, WA, SA eremiae Q, NT, WA, SA, NSW striatellurn Q, NT, WA, SA, NSW pallidum Q, NT, WA peterseni WA longitudinalis Q, NT, WA, SA, NSW, V umbratum NT Mjo bergia fulviguttata Q, WA Distoplectron gerstaeckeri Q, NT, WA, SA minor Q, SA, NSW, V campbelli NT Antennoleon carsonensis Fenestroleon douglasi Pseudoformicaleo nubecula Distoleon somnolentus Q, NT, WA, SA, NSW morpheus Christmas I. b$trigatus Q, NT, WA, SA, NSW, ACT, V nefarius (3 Stenogymnocnemia malus angusta Eophanes distinctus WA, SA Xantholeon helmsi xadnus Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111 lineatus montanus manselli Brachyleon darwini Q, NT, WA, SA Stenoleon jieldi NT, WA cingulatus Q copleyensis SA gradostriatus NT grandithecus v navasi NSW Escura divergens (?I australis NSW, V, T nigrosignatus Q, WA rhondae WA, NT, NSW punctata Q Jitzroyensis WA notostriatus Q,WA patriciae WA josephinae WA Bandidus oppositus Q marginalis Q, NT, WA pulchellus NT, WA, SA spinosus Q antestriatus WA umbronotus WA apicalis Q, WA, SA, NSW, V dispersus NT furcatus Q, NT longigona NT barradalensis WA centralis NT dalyensis NT, WA abditus (?I exilis Q, NT, WA brisbanensis Q rydalmerensis NSW, ACT nebulosus Q septus Q fuscus NT, WA xylotus NT aeratus SA hyalinus Q hilli NT tibooburraensis NSW amarillus WA handschini SA ocellonotus SA canifrons Q, SA, NSW, ACT, V kimminsi SA breviusculus Q, WA, SA, NSW, ACT, V occidentalis WA . - --- T. R. New

nigrifrons (?) congestus Q cornutus v vafer SA, NSW, ACT, V, T Heoclisis fundata Q, NT, WA, SA, NSW, ACT, V, T tillyardi NT, WA fulva Q, NT, WA acuta Q, NT, WA, SA Conspurcata Q, NT, WA fulvifusa Q, NT, WA, NSW rarnosa WA angustipennis Q. NT, SA Cosina mclachlani Q, NT, WA, SA rnaculata NT, WA annulata Q, NT, WA, SA, NSW nana WA distivena WA vaga (? Australia) Mestressa subfasciata Arcuaplectron ~oocallensis

Manuscript received 24 August 1983; accepted 1 February 1984 Australian Myrmeleontidae . 111 Index to Generic and Specific Names Valid names in italics; synonyms in roman type Page Page abditus ...... 37 fulvifusa ...... 59 Acanthaclisis ...... 54. 61 fundata ...... 54 acuminatus ...... furcatus ...... 34 acuta (Heoclisis) ...... fuscus ...... 41 acutus ( Weeleus) ...... aeratus ...... Glenurus...... 7 Alloformicaleon ...... gradostriatus ...... 18 amarillus ...... grandithecus ...... 18 angusta ...... gratiosus ...... 10 angustipennis ...... annulata ...... handschini ...... 45 antestriatus ...... helmsi ...... 10 appendiculatus ...... Heoclisis ...... 54 apicalis ...... Heteroleon ...... 27 Arcuaplectron ...... hilli ...... 44 audax ...... hyalinus ...... 43 australis ...... josephinae ...... 26 Bandidus ...... barradalensis ...... 48 bistrigatus ...... Brachyleon ...... lineatus ...... 12 brahmanicus ...... longigona...... 34 breviusculus ...... brisbanensis ...... Macronemurus ...... 2. 14 maculata ...... 63 canifrons ...... malefidus ...... 52 Cataleon ...... malus ...... 7 centralis...... manselli...... 13 cingulatus ...... marginalis ...... 29 congestus ...... mclachlani ...... 62 conspurcata...... Mestressa ...... 67 copleyensis ...... misera ...... 67 cornutus ...... montanus ...... 13 Cosina ...... morpheus ...... 4 Myrmeleon ...... 7 dalyensis ...... darwini ...... nana ...... 65 desperatus ...... navasi ...... 19 dispersus...... nebulosus 40 distinctus ...... nefarius distivena ...... 6 Nelees ...... 2. 50. 52 Distoleon ...... Neleoma ...... 2 50 divergens ...... Neuroleon ...... Eidoleon ...... nigrifrons ...... Eophanes ...... nigrosignatus ...... Escura ...... notostriatus ...... exilis ...... occidentalis ...... Fadrina ...... 54. 62 ocellonotus...... falcata ...... 9 oppositus ...... fieldi ...... 16 fitzroyensis ...... 24 patriciae ...... Formicaleo ...... 1 perjerus ...... Formicaleon ...... 1. 3. 27 perniciosus ...... fulva ...... 56 peterseni (Distoleon) ...... T . R . New

Page Page peterseni (Heoclisis) ...... 56 tillyardi ...... 56 pulchellus ...... 30 torvus ...... 5 punctata ...... 23 ramosa ...... 66 umbronotus...... 32 rhondae ...... 22 rydalmerensis ...... 39 vafer ...... 52 septus ...... 40 vaga ...... 66 somnolentus ...... 3 verticalis ...... 3 spinosus ...... 30 Stenogymnocnemia...... 7 Stenoleon ...... 15 waterhousei ...... 48 strigatus ...... 52 Weeleus...... 53 striola ...... 5 woocallensis ...... 68 subfasciata ...... 67 subtendens ...... 55 xadnus ...... 11 thoreyi ...... 3 Xantholeon ...... 10 tibooburranensis ...... 44 xylotus ...... 42 Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

Figs 1042-1049. Distoleon somnolentus (Gerstaecker): 1042, forewing; 1043, hindwing; 1044, female, apex of abdomen; 1045, spermatheca; 1046, male, apex of abdomen; 1047, sternite IX, ventral; 1048, male genitalia, lateral; 1049, same, ventral. T. R. New

1052

1053 1056 Figs 1050-1056. Distoleon bistrrgatus (Rambur): 1050, forewing; 1051, hindwing; 1052, female, apex of abdomen; 1053, spermatheca; 1054, male, apex of abdomen; 1055, male genitalia, lateral; 1056, same, ventral. Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

Figs 1057-1066. Distoleon spp. 1057-1061, D. hilli (Esben-Petersen): 1057, forewing; 1058, hindwing; 1059, female, apex of abdomen; 1060, spermatheca; 1061, third abdominal tergite. 1062-1066, D. morpheus (Kirby): 1062, forewing; 1063, male, apex of abdomen; 1064, sternite, IX, apex, ventral; 1065, male genitalia, lateral; 1066, same, ventral. T. R. New

Figs 1067-1071, Stenogymnocnemia malus (Walker): 1067, forewing; 1068, hindwing; 1069, female, apex of abdomen; 1070, same, ventral; 1071, spermatheca (all from type). Figs 1073, 1074. Bandidus nigrifrons, type: 1073, forewing; 1074, hindwing. Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

Figs 1075-1080. Stenogymnocnemia angusta, sp. nov.: 1075, forewing; 1076, hindwing; 1077, male, apex of abdomen; 1078, sternites VIII and IX, ventral; 1079, male genitalia, lateral; 1080, same, ventral. .- --- T. R. New

Figs 1081-1084. Eophanes distinctus (Banks): 1081, forewing and (1082) hindwing of type of Eophanes falcata Kirnmins; 1083, forewing and (1084) hindwing of type of Formicaleon distinctus Banks. Australian Myrmeleontidae. I11 85

1087 Figs 1085-1087. Eophanes distinctus: examples of variations of forewing cubital region. - T. R. New

Figs 1088-1096. Eophanes distinctus: 1088, female, apex of abdomen, with inserts of pregenital plate (upper, profile; lower, ventral); 1089, spermatheca; 1090, 1091, male, apex of abdomen (1091 type, 1090 specimen det. as tfalcata'); 1092, 1093, genitalia, lateral and ventral of type; 1094-1096, lateral, ventral, dorsal of specimen det. as 'falcata'). Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

Figs 1097-1105. Xantholeon helmsi Tillyard: 1097, forewing; 1098, hindwing; 1099, female, apex of abdomen; 1100, spermatheca; 1101, male, apex of abdomen; 1102, sternites VIII and IX, ventral; 1103, male genitalia, lateral; 1104, same, ventral; 1105, same, caudal. T. R. New

1112 1111 1110 Figs 1106-1112. Xantholeon spp. 1106, Third abdominal tergite of X. helmsi. 1107-1112, X. xadnus, sp. nov.: 1107, forewing; 1108, third abdominal tergite; 1109, male, apex of abdomen; 1110, male genitalia, lateral; 1111, same, dorsal; 1112, same, ventral. Australian Myrmeleontidae. I11

-2 00 Figs 1113-1119. Xantholeon lineatus, sp. nov.: 1113, forewing; 1114, hindwing; 1115, female, apex of abdomen; 1116, spermatheca; 1117, male, apex of abdomen; 1118, male genitalia, lateral; 1119, same, ventral. .- - T. R. New

Figs 1120-1125. Xantholeon spp. 1120, Third abdominal tergite of X. lineatus. 1121-1125, X. montanus, sp. nov.: 1121, third abdominal tergite; 1122, forewing; 1123, hindwing; 1124, female, apex of abdomen; 1125, spermatheca. Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

Figs 1126-1134. Xantholeon rnanselli, sp. nov.: 1126, forewing; 1127, hindwing; 1128, third abdominal tergite; 1129, female, apex of abdomen; 1130, same, part, ventral; 1131, spermatheca; 1132, male, apex of abdomen; 1133, male genitalia, lateral; 1134, same, dorsal. T. R. New

Figs 1135-1143. Brachyleon darwini (Banks): 1135, forewing; 1136, hindwing; 1137, female, apex of abdomen; 1138, spermatheca; 1139, male, apex of abdomen; 1140, margin of sternite IX, ventral; 1141, male genitalia, lateral; 1142, same, ventral; 1143, pronotum. - - Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

Figs 1144-1150. Stenoleon jieldi Tillyard: 1144, forewing; 1145, hindwing; 1146, cubital area of left forewing; 1147, male, apex of abdomen; 1148, male genitalia, lateral; 1149, same, dorsal; 1150, same, ventral. T. R. New

Figs 1151-1156. Stenoleon cingulatus, sp. nov.: 1151, forewing; 1152, hindwing; 1153, male, apex of abdomen; 1154, sternites VIII and IX, ventral; 1155, male genitalia, lateral; 1156, same, ventral.

- Australian Myrmeleontidae. I11

Figs 1157-1160. Stenoleon copleyensis, sp. nov.: 1157, forewing; 1158, hindwing; 1159, male, apex of abdomen; 1160, genitalia, lateral; 1161, same, ventral. Figs 1162-1166. Stenoleon gradostriatus, sp. nov. : 1162, forewing; 1163, hindwing; 1164, female, apex of abdomen; 1165, same, ventral; 1166, spermatheca. Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

Figs 1167-1175. Stenoleon spp. 1167-1170, S. granditheca, sp. nov.: 1167, forewing; 1168, hindwing; 1169, female, apex of abdomen; 1170, spermatheca. 1171-1175, S. navasi, sp. nov.: 1171, forewing; 1172, hindwing; 1173, female, apex of abdomen; 1174, same (part), ventral; 1175, spermatheca. T. R. New

Figs 1176-1182. Escura australis (Esben-Petersen): 1176, forewing; 1177, hindwing (both of type); 1178, female, apex of abdomen; 1179, spermatheca; 1180, male, apex of abdomen; 1181, male genitalia, lateral; 1182, same, ventral. Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

Figs 1183-1189. Escura nigrosignatus (Tillyard): 1183, forewing; 1184, hindwing; 1185, female, apex of abdomen; 1186, spermatheca; 1187, male, apex of abdomen; 1188, male genitalia, lateral; 1189, same, ventral. . --- T. R. New

Figs 1190-1199. Escura rhondae, sp. nov.: 1190, 1192, forewing; 1191, hindwing; 1193, female, apex of abdomen; 1194, sternite VII and pregenital plate, ventral; 1195, spermatheca; 1196, male, apex of abdomen; 1197, sternites VIII and IX, ventral; 1198, genitalia, lateral; 1199, same, ventral. Australian Myrmeleontidae. I11

Figs 1200-1206. Escura punctata, sp. nov.: 1200, forewing; 1201, hindwing; 1202, female, apex of abdomen; 1203, spermatheca; 1204, male, apex of abdomen; 1205, male genitalia, lateral; 1206, same, ventral. - -- T. R. New

Figs 1207-1212. EscuraJitzroyensis, sp. nov.: 1207, forewing; 1208, hindwing; 1209, female, apex of abdomen; 1210, same (part), ventral; 1211, spermatheca; 1212, pronotum.

- Australian Myrmeleontidae. I11

Figs 1213-1220. Escura notostriatus, sp. nov.: 1213, forewing; 1214, hindwing; 1215, female, apex of abdomen; 1216, spermatheca; 1217, male, apex of abdomen; 1218, male genitalia, lateral; 1219, same, ventral; 1220, pronotum. T. R. New

1224 1227 Figs 1221-1227. Escura patriciae, sp. nov.: 1221, forewing; 1222, hindwing; 1223, female, apex of abdomen; 1224, spermatheca; 1225, male, apex of abdomen; 1226, male genitalia, lateral; 1227, same, ventral. Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

Figs 1228-1234. Escura josephinae, sp. nov.: 1228, forewing; 1229, hindwing; 1230, female, apex of abdomen; 1231, spermatheca; 1232, male, apex of abdomen; 1233, male genitalia, lateral; 1234, same, ventral. T. R. New

Figs 1235-1239. Bandidus oppositus, sp. nov.: 1235, forewing; 1236, hindwing; 1237, male, apex of abdomen; 1238, male genitalia, lateral; 1239, same, ventral. Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

Figs 1240-1251. Bandidus marginalis (Banks): 1240, 1242, forewings (note differential development of posterior Banksian line); 1241, hindwing; 1243, female, apex of abdomen; 1244, sternite VII and pregenital plate, ventral; 1245, spermatheca; 1246, male, apex of abdomen; 1247, same; 1248, male genitalia, lateral; 1249, same, ventral; 1250, same, caudal; 1251, pronotum. T. R. New

Figs 1252-1255. Bandiduspulchellus (Esben-Petersen): 1252, forewing; 1253, hindwing; 1254, female, apex of abdomen; 1255, spermatheca. Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

I264 Figs 1256-1265. Bandidus spinosus, sp. nov.: 1256, forewing; 1257, hindwing; 1258, female, apex of abdomen; 1259, sternite VII and pregenital plate, ventral; 1260, spermatheca; 1261, male, apex of abdomen; 1262, sternites VIII and IX, with position of dorsal inserted setae indicated; 1263, enlarge- ment of sternal setae; 1264, male genitalia, lateral; 1265, same, ventral. T. R. New

Figs 1266-1270. Bandidus antestriatus, sp. nov.: 1266, forewing; 1267, hindwing; 1268, pronoturn; 1269, female, apex of abdomen; 1270, spermatheca.

-- Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

Figs 1271-1275. Bandidus umbronotus, sp. nov.: 1271, forewing; 1272, hindwing; 1273, pronotum; 1274, female, apex of abdomen; 1275, spermatheca. T. R. New

Figs 1276-1283. Bandidus apicalis (Esben-Petersen): 1276, forewing; 1277, hindwing; 1278, pronotum; 1279, female, apex of abdomen; 1280, spermatheca; 1281, male, apex of abdomen; 1282, male genitalia, lateral; 1283, same, ventral. Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

Figs 1284-1289. Bandidus dispersus (Banks): 1284, forewing; 1285, hindwing; 1286, male, apex of abdomen; 1287, sternite IX inclusions, dorsal; 1288, male genitalia, lateral; 1289, same, ventral. T. R. New

Figs 1290-1298. Bandidus furcatus, sp. nov.: 1290, forewing; 1291, hindwing; 1292, pronotum; 1293, female, apex of abdomen; 1294, sternite VII and pregenital plate, ventral; 1295, spermatheca; 1296, male, apex of abdomen; 1297, male genitalia, lateral; 1298, same, ventral. Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

Figs 1299-1309. Bandidus spp. 1299-1303, B. longigona, sp. nov.: 1299, forewing; 1300, hindwing; 1301, pronotum; 1302, female, apex of abdomen; 1303, spermatheca. 1304-1309, B. barradalensis, sp. nov.: 1304, forewing; 1305, hindwing; 1306, pronotum; 1307, female, apex of abdomen; 1308, same (part), ventral; 1309, spermatheca. T. R. New

Figs 1310-1317. Bandidus centralis, sp. nov.: 1310, forewing; 1311, hindwing; 1312, pronotum; 1313, female, apex of abdomen; 1314, spermatheca; 1315, male, apex of abdomen; 1316, male genitalia, lateral; 1317, same, ventral. Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

Figs 1318-1325. Bandidus spp. 1318, B. centralis, detail of hindwing streak. 1319-1325, B. dalyensis, sp. nov.: 1319, detail of hindwing streak; 1320, pronotum; 1321, female, apex of abdomen; 1322, spermatheca; 1323, male, apex of abdomen; 1324, male genitalia, lateral; 1325, same, ventral. T. R. New

Figs 1326-1331. Bandidus abditus (Walker): 1326, forewing of type; 1327, forewing; 1328, hindwing; 1329, female, apex of abdomen; 1330, pregenital plate (upper, profile; lower, ventral); 1331, spermatheca.

-- - Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

Figs 1332-1338. Bandidus exilis (Esben-Petersen): 1332, forewing; 1333, hindwing; 1334, female, apex of abdomen; 1335, spermatheca; 1336, male, apex of abdomen; 1337, male genitalia, lateral; 1338, same, ventral. T. R. New

Figs 1339-1347. Bandidus brisbanensis, sp. nov.: 1339, forewing; 1340, hindwing; 1341, female, apex of abdomen; 1342, same (part), ventral; 1343, spermatheca; 1344, male, apex of abdomen; 1345, male genitalia, lateral; 1346, same, ventral; 1347, same, caudal.

-- Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

Figs 1348-1355. Bandidus rydalmerensis, sp. nov.: 1348, forewing; 1349, hindwing; 1350, female, apex of abdomen; 1351, sternite VII and pregenital plate, ventral; 1352, spermatheca; 1353, male, apex of abdomen; 1354, male genitalia, lateral; 1355, same, ventral. - T. R. New

Figs 1356-1360. Bandidus nebulosus, sp. nov.: 1356, forewing; 1357, hindwing; 1358, male, apex of abdomen; 1359, male genitalia, lateral; 1360, same, ventral. Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

Figs 1361-1368. Bandidus septus (Gerstaecker): 1361, forewing; 1362, hindwing; 1363, female, apex of abdomen; 1364, same (part), ventral; 1365, spermatheca; 1366, male, apex of abdomen; 1367, male genitalia, lateral; 1368, same, ventral. T. R. New

Figs 1369-1377. Bandidus fuscus, sp. nov.: 1369, forewing; 1370, hindwing; 1371, pronotum; 1372, female, apex of abdomen; 1373, same (part), ventral; 1374, spermatheca; 1375, male, apex of abdomen; 1376, male genitalia, lateral; 1377, same, ventral. Australian Myrmeleontidae. I11

Figs 1378-1383. Bandidus xylotus, sp. nov.: 1378, forewing; 1379, hindwing; 1380, pronotum; 1381, female, apex of abdomen; 1382, same (part), ventral; 1383, spermatheca. - T. R. New

I388 Figs 1384-1388. Bandidus aeratus, sp. nov.: 1384, forewing; 1385, hindwing; 1386, pronotum; 1387, female, apex of abdomen; 1388, spermatheca. Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

Figs 1389-1395. Bandidus hyalinus (Tillyard): 1389, forewing; 1390, hindwing; 1391, female, apex of abdomen; 1392, spermatheca; 1393, male, apex of abdomen; 1394, male genitalia, lateral; 1395, same, ventral. ---- T. R. New

Figs 1396-1399. Bandidus tibooburranensis, sp. nov.: 1396, forewing; 1397, hindwing; 1398, female, apex of abdomen; 1399, spermatheca. Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

Figs 1400-1404. Bandidus amarillus, sp. nov.: 1400, forewing; 1401, hindwing; 1402, female, apex of abdomen; 1403, sternite VII and pregenital plate, ventral; 1404, spermatheca. . --- T. R. New

14 10 141 1 Figs 1405-1411. Bandidus handschini, sp. nov.: 1405, forewing; 1406, hindwing; 1407, female, apex of abdomen; 1408, spermatheca; 1409, male, apex of abdomen; 1410, male genitalia, lateral; 1411, same, ventral. Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

14 18 Figs 1412-1419. Bandidus ocellonotus, sp. nov.: 1412, forewing; 1413, hindwing; 1414, pronotum; 1415, female, apex of abdomen; 1416, spermatheca; 1417, male, apex of abdomen; 1418, male genitalia, lateral; 1419, same, ventral. - - T. R. New

Figs1420-1428. Bandidus canijrons Navas: 1420, forewing; 1421, hindwing; 1422, female, apex of abdomen; 1423, same (part), ventral; 1424, spermatheca; 1425, male, apex of abdomen; 1426, male genitalia, lateral; 1427, same, dorsal; 1428, same, ventral. Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

Figs 1429-1434. Bandidus kimminsi, sp. nov.: 1429, forewing; 1430, hindwing; 1431, female, apex of abdomen; 1432, sternite VII and pregenital plate, ventral; 1433, spermatheca; 1434, pronotum. -- --- T. R. New

Figs 1435-1444. Bandidus breviusculus (Gerstaecker): 1435, forewing; 1436, hindwing; 1437, detail of left forewing (1435-1437 all type of waterhouser); 1438, female, apex of abdomen; 1439, pregenital plate, ventral; 1440, spermatheca; 1441, male, apex of abdomen; 1442, sternites VIII and IX, ventral; 1443, male genitalia, lateral; 1444, same, ventral. Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

Figs 1445-1449. Bandidus occidentalis, sp. nov.: 1445, forewing; 1446, hindwing; 1447, female, apex of abdomen; 1448, sternite VII and pregenital plate, ventral; 1449, spermatheca. T. R. New

Figs 1450-1456. Bandidus spp. 1450-1454, B. congestus (Gerstaecker): 1450, forewing; 1451, hindwing; 1452, male, apex of abdomen; 1453, genitalia, lateral; 1454, same, ventral; 1455, 1456, B. cornutus, sp. nov.: 1455, forewing; 1456, hindwing. Australian Myrmeleontidae. I11

Figs 1457-1464. Bandidus vafer (Walker), wings; 1457, forewing and (1458) hindwing of type; 1459, forewing of type of desperatus; 1460, forewing cubital detail and (1461) hindwing rhegma of type of vafer; 1462, forewing cubital detail of type of desperatus; 1463, forewing cubital detail and (1464) hindwing rhegma of type of malefdus. T. R. New

Figs 1465-1472. Bandidus vafer: 1465, female, apex of abdomen; 1466, same (part), ventral; 1467, spermatheca; 1468, male (type) apex of abdomen; 1469, sternite IX, ventral; 1470, male genitalia, lateral; 1471, same, dorsal; 1472, same, ventral. Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

Figs 1473-1485. Bandidus spp. 1473-1481, B. vafer (1473-1476, type of desperatus; 1477-1481, type of malejidus); 1473, 1477, male, apex of abdomen; 1474, 1478, sternite IX, ventral; 1475, 1479, male genitalia, lateral; 1476, 1481, same, ventral; 1480, same, dorsal. 1482-1485, B. cornutus, sp. nov.: 1482, male, apex of abdomen; 1483, sternite IX, ventral; 1484, genitalia, lateral; 1485, same, ventral. T. R. New

Figs 1486-1493. Heoclisis fundata (Walker): 1486, forewing; 1487, hindwing; 1488, female, apex of abdomen; 1489, male, apex of abdomen: 1490. male genitalia, lateral; 1491, same, ventral; 1492, same, dorsal; 1493, same (part), caudal. Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

Figs 1494-1495. Heoclisis subtendens, type: 1494, forewing; 1495, hindwing. . ---- T. R. New Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

1505 1504 , 3.0 5.0 Figs 1502-1505. Heoclrsrs fulva (Esben-Petersen). 1502, forewing; 1503, hindwing; 1504, female, apex of abdomen; 1505, male, apex of abdomen. . --- T. R. New

Figs 1506-1512. Heoclisis acuta (Kimmins): 1506, forewing; 1507, hindwing; 1508, female, apex of abdomen; 1509, male, apex of abdomen; 1510, male genitalia, lateral; 1511, same, ventral; 1512, same, dorsal. Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

Figs 1513-1520. Heoclisis conspurcata (Gerstaecker): 1513, forewing; 1514, hindwing; 1515, female, apex of abdomen; 1516, same (part), ventral; 1517, male, apex of abdomen; 1518, male genitalia, lateral; 1519, same, dorsal; 1520, same, ventral. -- - T. R. New

Figs 1521-1524. Heoclisis fulvifusa (Kimmins): 1.521, forewing; 1522, hindwing; 1523, female, apex of abdomen; 1524, male, apex of abdomen. Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

1529 1531 Figs 1525-1531. Heoclisis spp., male genitalia. 1525-1527, H. fulvifusa: 1525, lateral; 1526, ventral; 1527, posterodorsal. 1528-1531, H. fulva: 1528, lateral; 1529, parameres, ventral; 1530, caudal; 1531, gonarcus and mediuncus, dorsal. T. R. New

1538 Figs 1532-1538. Heoclisis spp., pronotal patterns: 1532, fulva: 1533, tillyardi, type; 1534, acuta; 1535, fulvifusa, type; 1536, conspurcata; 1537, acuta, heavily marked specimen; 1538, fundata, type. Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

1543 Figs 1539-1545. Heoclisis angustipennis, sp. nov.: 1539, forewing; 1540, hindwing; 1541, pronoturn; 1542, female, apex of abdomen; 1543, male, apex of abdomen; 1544, male genitalia, lateral; 1545, same, caudal. . T. R. New

Figs 1546-1548. Heoclisis ramosa, sp. nov.: 1546, forewing; 1547, hindwing; 1548, female, apex of abdomen. Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

Figs 1549-1554. Cosina mclachlani (van der Weele): 1549, forewing; 1550, hindwing; 1551, female, apex of abdomen; 1552, male, apex of abdomen; 1553, male genitalia, lateral; 1554, genitalia, caudal. T. R. New

Figs 1555-1563. Cosina maculata (Esben-Petersen): 1555, forewing; 1556, hindwing; 1557, 1558, variations in forewing pattern; 1559, female, apex of abdomen; 1560, male, apex of abdomen; 1561, male genitalia, lateral; 1562, same, apex, dorsal; 1563, same, apex, ventral. Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

Figs 1564-1570. Cosina annulata (Esben-Petersen): 1564, forewing; 1565, hindwing; 1566, female, apex of abdomen; 1567, male, apex of abdomen; 1568, male genitalia, lateral; 1569, same, dorsal; 1570, same, ventral. 154 T. R. New

Figs 1571-1578. Acanthaclisine pronotal patterns: I581, Cosina nana; 1572, C. mclachlani; 1573, 1574, 1577, C. maculata, indicating variations; 1575, C. ramosa; 1576, C. annulata; 1578, Mestressa subfmciata (Banks). Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

Figs 1579-1585. Cosina nana, sp. nov.: 1579, forewing; 1580, hindwing; 1581, female, apex of abdomen; 1582, spermatheca; 1583, male, apex of abdomen; 1584, male genitalia, lateral; 1585, same, caudal. T. R. New

Figs 1586-1589. Cosina distivena, sp. nov.: 1586, forewing; 1587, hindwing; 1588, female, apex of abdomen; 1589, spermatheca. Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

1592 Figs 1590-1592. Cosina vaga Navis, type male: 1590, apex of abdomen; 1591, genitalia, lateral; 1592, same, ventral. - T. R. New

Figs 1593-1599. Mestressa subfasciata (Banks): 1593, forewing; 1594, hindwing; 1595, female, apex of abdomen; 1596, spermatheca; 1597, male, apex of abdomen; 1598, male genitalia, lateral; 1599, same, dorsal. Australian Myrmeleontidae. 111

Figs 1600-1605. Arcuuplectron woocullensis, sp. nov.: 1600, forewing; 1601, hindwing; 1602, male, apex of abdomen; 1603, male genitalia, lateral; 1604, same, dorsal; 1605, parameres, ventral. Bibliography of the Neuropterida

Bibliography of the Neuropterida Reference number (r#): 4496

Reference Citation: New, T. R. 1985 [1985.06.17]. A revision of the Australian Myrmeleontidae (Insecta: Neuroptera). III. Distoleontini and Acanthaclisinae. Australian Journal of Zoology, Supplementary Series 106:1-159.

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File: File produced for the Bibliography of the Neuropterida (BotN) component of the Global Lacewing Digital Library (GLDL) Project, 2005.