The Demon Barber of Fleet Street

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MRS. LOVETT’S MOTIVATION IN HELPING SWEENEY TODD IN HUGH WHEELER’S SWEENEY TODD: THE DEMON BARBER OF FLEET STREET

TITLE PAGE

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

HANDOKO WIJAYA

Student Number: 124214048

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2017 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

MRS. LOVETT’S MOTIVATION IN HELPING SWEENEY TODD IN HUGH WHEELER’S SWEENEY TODD: THE DEMON BARBER OF FLEET STREET

TITLE PAGE

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

HANDOKO WIJAYA

Student Number: 124214048

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVESITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2017

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A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

MRS. LOVETT'S MOTIVAnON IN HELPING S\\t'EENEY TODD Ii~ HUGH \-''HEELER'S SWEENEY TODD: THE DEMONBARBER OF FLEETSTREET

By HANDOKO WI.JAYA

Shldent Number:124214048

Approved by

Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M.Hum July 02, 201.8 Advisor '0P~~'d"'i' Ni Wh S.S., M.H= July 02, 2018 Co-Advisor

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A Sar:jana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

MRS. LOVETT'S MOTIVAnON IN HELPING SWEENEY TODD IN HUGH WHEELER'S SWEENEY TODD: THE DEMONBARBER OF FLEETSTREET

By HANDOKO WIJAYA

Student Number: 124214048

Defended before the Board ofExaminers On July 17,2018 and Declared Acceptable

BOARD EXAMINERS

Name Chairperson : Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M.Hum Secretary : Ni Luh Putu Rosiandani, S.S., M.Hum Member 1 : E. Arti Wu1andari, Ph.D Member 2 : Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M.Hum Member 3 : Ni Luh Putu Rosiandani, S.S., M.Hum

Yogyakarta, July 31, 2018 Faculty ofLetters __ " ata Dharma University

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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been previously submitted for the award ofany other degree at any university, and that, to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text ofthe undergraduate thesis.

Yogyakarta, 17 November 2017

Handoko Wijaya

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH

UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma

Nama : Handoko Wijaya

Nomor Mahasiswa : 124214048

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul

MRS. LOVETT'S MOTIVATION IN HELPING SWEENEY TODD IN HUGH WHEELER'S SWEENEY TODD: THE DEMONBARBER OF FLEETSTREET

beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (hila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perJu meminta ijin kepada saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama mencamtumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

DibuatdiYogyakarta Pada tanggal 17 November 2017

Yang menyatakan,

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MOTTO PAGE

Nobody can build the bridge for you to walk across the river of life, no one but you yourself alone. There are, to be sure, countless paths and bridges and demi-gods which would carry you across this river; but only at the cost of yourself; you would pawn yourself and lose. There is in the world only one way, on which nobody can go, except you: where does it lead? Do not ask, go along with it. -Nietzsche-

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to God and all of my friends. Without their supports, I would not be able to finish this thesis. I also thank my parents and family who never give up supporting me in every circumstances that helps me to finish my study. My parents always say, “Learn anything you could possibly learn, until you are not going to be able to learn any further.”

I would like to give my sincere gratitude to my thesis advisor, Drs.

Hirmawan Wijanarka, M.Hum., for his precious time and guidance in fulfilling the requirements for me to be able to be graduate. Without his support, I would not be able to finish this undergraduate thesis during my hard times. His advice is important for it motivates me to keep on going.

I also would like to thank Ni Luh Putu Rosiandani, S.S., M.Hum as my academic supervisor and as my undergraduate thesis co-advisor for her guidance and advice to improve my fluency in English language especially in writing.

I would like to thank Sanata Dharma University for the precious time and the opportunity to study in the current position. Furthermore, all of these years have given me so much brilliant experiences that I could never repay. The lesson I have learnt, the student exchange program that gave me such an excellent experience to give me several perspectives to make fair life decision as equals, the family I have in UKF English Letters basketball team, tons of wonderful people that have taught me a lesson in life would never be replaced.

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I am grateful for all of my friends who always support me in doing my undergraduate thesis and also helped me in doing my undergraduate thesis:

Natalia Sisca Dessensia, Sedyo “Dimas” Utomo, Laura Artha Manofa Sianturi,

Manganju Glory, Thesalonica Gita Pramesti Putri, Fariz Ibra Azani, Letisia Putri

Ekarini Gadi Pangestu, M. Iqbal Rayendi, Leoni Puteri Gusvayanti, Dismas

Raditya Diandra, Putri Melati, Glenn Puput, Kellysia Sophie Sumarlin and all

2012 English Letters Department’s students. Thank you for all of these wonderful moments we have experienced in this university.

These acknowledgements would not be complete without mentioning my beloved friends: Mikael Ari Wibisono, Sandy Rodan, Kevin Christy, Doni

Wijaya. Thanks for all of the sad, happy, fun, silly moments we experienced in all of these years. It is such a big opportunity for me to develop myself so that I can be a better person.

Handoko Wijaya

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...... i APPROVAL PAGE ...... iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...... iv STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...... v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ...... vi MOTTO PAGE ...... vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... x ABSTRACT ...... xii ABSTRAK ...... xiii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulation ...... 3 C. Objectives of the Study ...... 3 D. Definition of Term ...... 3 CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 6 A. Review of the Studies ...... 6 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 7 1. Theory of Characters and Characterization ...... 8 2. Theory of Basic Needs ...... 9 C. Theoretical Framework ...... 13 CHAPTER III : METHODOLOGY ...... 15 A. Object of the Study ...... 15 B. Approach of the Study ...... 18 C. Method of the Study ...... 19 CHAPTER IV : ANALYSIS ...... 20 A. The Characteristics of Mrs. Lovett ...... 20 1. Manipulative ...... 20 2. Calm ...... 23

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3. Greedy ...... 26 B. Mrs. Lovett’s Motives in Helping Mr. Todd in his Vengeance and Concealing his Victims ...... 28 1. To Establish Her Physiological Needs ...... 29 2. To Receive Her Belongingness Needs ...... 31 3. To Achieve Hierarchy of Needs ...... 34 CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION ...... 39

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 41

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ABSTRACT

HANDOKO WIJAYA. Mrs. Lovett’s Motivation in Helping Sweeney Todd in Hugh Wheeler’s Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2017.

Adapted from a true story that happened in London in the 17th century, the tale of Sweeney Todd developed into a novel, film, and a play. The play Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street is developed into a play script by Hugh Wheeler. A heartbreaking story of a woman named Lovett who was in a fond of a man, lies in order to receive Mr. Todd as her husband. Fifteen years later, Mrs. Lovett found her shop having a customer, Sweeney Todd. Returned with vengeance he was, lived along with Mrs. Lovett. Together, however, they live to support each other with their own intention. In this thesis, there are two problem formulations. First is, how Mrs. Lovett’s characteristics are portrayed and lastly, the elaboration of her motivation in helping Sweeney Todd. This research uses a library research method. In order to elaborate Mrs. Lovett’s motives, the writer analyzes with a psychological approach. The main source of this analysis is a play script by Hugh Wheeler, Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street. The writer also uses all the sources related with the motive’s theory according to Maslow about Hierarchy Needs. After analyzing this novel, there are two conclusions. Firstly, Mrs. Lovett is described as a manipulative, calm and greedy woman in order to get her motives done. Secondly, based on Maslow’s Hierarchy Needs, she, doing her both motives, are her effort in order to fulfill her needs. While she satisfies her Safety Needs, Mrs. Lovett fulfills her Physiological Needs at the same time. Mrs. Lovett also wants an acceptance from Mr. Todd in order to fulfill her Love and Belonging Needs; and while Mrs. Lovett chasing her Safety Needs, she had a chance to fulfill her Love and Belonging Needs because in her effort to satisfy her needs, she deals with a same character who is Mr. Todd.

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ABSTRAK

Diadaptasi dari kejadian yang terjadi di London pada abad ke-17, cerita Sweeney Todd kemudian dikemas dalam bentuk novel, film, dan drama. Drama Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street yang kembangkan dalam versi buku sastra oleh Hugh Wheeler. Kisah memilukan seorang wanita bernama Lovett yang menyukai seorang pria sehingga berbohong demi menjadikannya sebagai suaminya. Setelah 15 tahun berlalu, Mrs. Lovett menemukan seorang pelanggan di restorannya, dia adalah Sweeney Todd. Dia pulang demi membalaskan dendamnya dan tinggal bersama Mrs. Lovett. Bersama-sama mereka saling mendukung namun dengan tujuan masing-masing. Di dalam skripsi ini, terdapat dua rumusan masalah. Pertama tentang penggambaran sifat/ karakterisasi pada karakter Mrs. Lovett. Kedua tentang penjabaran motif Mrs. Lovett dalam membantu Sweeney Todd. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi kepustakaan. Dalam menjabarkan motif Mrs. Lovett tersebut, Penulis menganalisa dengan menggunakan pendekatan psikologis. Sumber utama dari bahan yang dianalisis adalah sebuah drama karya Hugh Wheeler, Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street. Semua sumber yang berkaitan dengan motif, terutama teori yang dikemukakan oleh Maslow tentang Hierarchy Needs. Hasil dari analisis, penulis menemukan tiga hal yang dapat disimpulkan. Pertama, Mrs. Lovett merupakan karakter yang memanipulasi, tenang dan juga merupakan karakter yang tamak sehingga semua rencana yang ia susun berjalan lancar. Kedua, dengan teori Hierarchy Needs menurut Maslow, kedua motif Mrs. Lovett merupakan usahanya dalam memenuhi Hierarchy Needs Mrs. Lovett sendiri antara lain; pertama dengan Mrs. Lovett memenuhi Safety Needs-nya, Mrs. Lovett dapat menjaminan keamanan atas Physiology Needs-nya; kedua Mrs. Lovett ingin mendapatkan penerimaan dari Mr. Todd untuk memenuhi Love and Belonging Needs-nya. Ketiga, sembari Mrs. Lovett mengejar Safety Needs-nya, Mrs. Lovett mendapat kesempatan untuk memenuhi Love and Belonging Needs- nya karena dalam usaha Mrs. Lovett untuk mencapai tujuannya, Mrs. Lovett berkutat dengan karakter yang sama, yaitu Mr. Todd. Dengan kata lain, Mrs Lovett dapat dikatakan dengan peribahasa, “Sekali dayung, dua-tiga pulau terlampaui.”

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

People have several motives in order to achieve their goals. For example, a man wants to own a restaurant, rent some space and own a café and so forth which are considered as his goal. Then, his motive appears because of poor.

A motive motivates people more to do several actions in order to achieve their goals. Therefore, goals and purposes motivate people the most in their life.

People could be driven mad about their purposes until life provides desperation and broken that takes everything from them. Therefore, people would do whatever it takes to get what they want no matter how violent it is and ended up to be a villain character for some reason.

The motivation itself also can be found in the literature. A play is one of the types of literature we can find in life. A play brings out our imagination about the story clearly. Besides, play is easier to be understood because it provides many dialogues that can convey the story well. One of the plays in our century is

Sweeney Todd; The Demon Barber of Fleet Street by Hugh Wheleer. This play is interesting to be analyzed because the story tells Mrs. Lovett conceals Mr. Todd’s victims. The main reason of them becoming a villain character is because of their hierarchy of needs which are not yet to be fulfilled. On the other hand, they do several actions because they have certain goals to fulfil their needs. The writer focuses on finding the motives of Mrs. Lovett which is in a way considered as a

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crime. By mentioning the crime, she does not feel guilty because of what she is doing. The reason of what she is doing is for the sake of Mr. Todd because her activities are related to a murdering plan.

A motive is the reason why a person makes certain action. According to

Kagan and Havemann, they define motive as, “a desire for goal that has acquired value for the individual” (1972: 344). On the other hand, they also illustrate,

“motives are related to biological drives, stimulus needs, and perhaps other inborn characteristics of the human organism” (1972: 344). Lewin mentioned,

“Underlying all of these goals is motivation, or the physiological driving force that enables action in the pursuit of that goal” (1935: 25-30).

Mrs. Lovett’s personality changes the way she thinks because of her motives as an effect of her goal for the motives are related to the characteristics of one to change. By which, she lies to Sweeney Todd, she comes up with such a cruel idea to draw advantages in every decision in short. All of these actions are done for Mrs. Lovett to fulfill her hierarchy of needs. Therefore, the writer uses the theory of characterization in order to analyze the characteristics of Mrs. Lovett herself.

In order to make this study more understandable, the writer uses some theories, which are the theory of character and characterization and theory of

Hierarchy Needs. Murphy’s theory helps the writer to portray the Mrs. Lovett characterization while Maslow’s theory emphasizes that the needs of human being should be fulfilled step by step. Those theories help the writer to find the motives of Mrs. Lovett in helping Mr. Todd in his vengeance.

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B. Problem Formulation

Below, the writer formulates the problem formulations:

1. How is the characterization of Mrs. Lovett portrayed in Wheeler’s Sweeney

Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet street?

2. In psychological perspectives, what are Mrs. Lovett’s motives in helping

Mr. Sweeney in his vengeance by concealing his victims in Wheeler’s

Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street?

C. Objectives of the Study

This thesis is made in order to understand several questions mentioned in the problem formulation. First, this thesis will describe the portrayal of Mrs.

Lovett. Thus, the portrayal of Mrs. Lovett leads us to the second object of the study which is her motives. Therefore, this thesis will elucidate her motives in helping Sweeney Todd in his vengeance in 1979’s play script by Hugh Wheeler’s

Sweeney Todd; The Demon Barber of Fleet Street. Furthermore, this thesis will explain the analysis by formulating the problem formulation in the last section of the forth chapter briefly.

D. Definition of Terms

In order to avoid misunderstanding on the term existed in the title, the writer explains the term occurred in the title.

Motivation, as Maslow mentions that the grounds in a character’s temperament and moral nature for his speech and actions constitute his motivation

(as cited in Abrams, 1981: 20). Which means that every speeches and actions occurred in a character has something to do with his/her motives.

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Holman and Harmon explain that a motive is the product of the

“combination of the character’s moral value with the circumstances in which the character is placed” (1986: 314). In support of Charles G. Morris, “motive is a specified need, desire, or what such as hunger, thirst or achievement that energizes and directs goal-oriented behavior” (1990: 408).

Maslow states that people are motivated to achieve certain physiological needs and that some needs take precedence over others. Our most basic need is for physical survival, and this will be the first thing that motivates our behavior. Once that level is fulfilled the next level up is what motivates us, and so on (1943-1954).

By thus, after the first stage of hierarchy of needs is fulfilled, one shall be able to move on to the next stages.

People have motives to achieve their goals. Yet, both motive and goal are a one different meaning. Fishbach and Ferguson define, “A goal is the cognitive representation of a desired state, or, in other words, our mental idea of how we’d like things to turn out” (1996: 490-491). On the other hand, Lewin mentioned,

“Underlying all of these goals is motivation, or the physiological driving force that enables action in the pursuit of that goal” (1935: 25-30).

Therefore, the writer acknowledges that people have several goals that occur inside a person’s mind which stimulates the person himself/ herself to have a certain action in order to achieve their goals.

In conclusion, the writer acknowledges that in general, people have several needs accordingly and those needs lead someone into creating certain actions that becomes one’s intention, in other words, purposes or goals.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This thesis uses several theories that support the validation of the following subjects and containing the information of the studies that is related which has the same theories beneath. Then, some related theories are explained after, related to the characterization and theory of basic needs. As well followed by the theoretical frameworks contains the explanation of the related studies applied.

A. Review of Related Studies

Firstly, the undergraduate thesis reviewed in this study is entitled “The

Motivations of Conducting Negative Actions as Reflected in Napoleon’s

Personality, in George Orwel’s Animal Farm” by Roy Andreas Sagara. In his undergraduate thesis, he is using characterization theory. In order to get certain point how to provide the portrait of Mrs. Lovett, this thesis, therefore, uses this following thesis for a guideline as a contribution towards this thesis. This thesis also uses various sources to ensure that Mrs. Lovett’s credibility is valid in order to reveal her motives in helping Sweeney Todd.

The same theories applied in this thesis, which are the theory of characterization and the theory of motivation, made to elaborate the portrayal of the following character that deals with Mrs. Lovett’s needs, belongings, and her dreams in order to reveal several motives of her in helping Sweeney Todd. Thus, the similarity between this thesis and thesis by Andreas lies on the same theories in analyzing the thesis yet different object of the study.

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Second, the undergraduate thesis reviewed in this thesis is entitled, “The

Motivation of The Main Characters To Cherish Their Life As Seen In John

Green’s The Fault In Our Stars” by Lia Damayanti. In Damayanti’s thesis, she uses the characterization theory to see the motives of the main character.

Therefore, this thesis uses the undergraduate thesis by Damayanti as well as a guide line to make a sufficient thesis.

The same theory is also applied in this thesis, which is characterization, made to understand the portrayal of Mrs. Lovett and to reveal several motives of her in helping Sweeney Todd. Thus, the similarity between this thesis and thesis by Damayanti lies on the same theory which is the theory of characterization in analyzing the thesis yet different object of the study.

B. Review of Related Theories

In order to elaborate the problem as mentioned in the problem formulation, the two following theories are used to identify the issues. Therefore, the very first theory that this thesis has acknowledged in using is the theory of characterization.

The theory of characterization is expected to construct the understanding of the characteristics of Mrs. Lovett in a story. In its usage, theory of characterization will break down all of the possible actions that can justify the characteristics of this character.

1. Theory of Characters and Characterization

Characters are the most important thing in a literary work. They support the idea of how the story is going. Characters are “persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work that are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with

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particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities” (Abrams, 1999: 34).

“Those values can be examined by the inferences of action, speech and motivation. Motivation in this context means ’character’ temperament, desires and moral natures for their speech and action” (Abrams, 1999: 161).

In his book entitled Understanding Unseen, Murphy states that there are several ways to make the characters in the novel understandable. The ways come from personal description, the way a character is seen by others, by character’s speech, his or her past life, from the conversation of others, the figure reactions, direct comment stated by author, the character’s thought, and manner ship (1972:

161-173). Below are the ways to characterize literary characters as formulated by

Murphy: a. Personal description

The author can describe a person’s appearance and clothes. b. Characters seen by others

Instead of describing a character directly the author can describe him or her

through the eyes and opinion of another. c. Speech

The author can give us an insight into character of one of the persons in a

book through what that person says. d. Past life

By letting the readers learn something about a person’s past life the author

can give us a clue to an event that have helped to shape a person’s character. e. Conversation of others

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The author can also give us clues to a person’s character through the

conversation of other people and things they say about him. f. Reaction

The author can give us clues to a person’s character directly. It can be seen

in their acts or behaviors. g. Direct comment

The author can describe a comment on a person’s character directly. h. Thoughts

The author can give us clues about what the character is thinking about. i. Mannerism

The author can describe a person’s mannerism, habits or idiosyncrasies

which may also tell us something about his character.

2. Theory of Motivation

Motivation is a main reason for people to spend their time in order to get what they actually want in order to fulfill their goals. Maslow believed that,

“human needs can be understood in terms of a hierarchy of needs” (as cited in

Herbert, 1981: 302). By means, hierarchy of needs supports physiological condition. It is important to be explained first for the misunderstanding might be reduced and avoided.

Furthermore, Abraham H. Maslow also developed a motivational theory that emphasize, “the striving to reach one’s full potential as basic to human motivation and includes additional motives besides self-actualization.” (as cited in

Herbert, 1981: 301) which means, one will be able to reach his/her full potential

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when he/she achieved his/her needs from physiological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem and self-actualization needs. Yet, Maslow added that,

“one must satisfy lower level needs first before progressing on to meet higher level growth needs. When a deficit need has been satisfied it will go away, and our activities become habitually directed towards meeting the next set of needs that we have yet to satisfy. Then, these become our crucial needs. However, growth needs continue to be felt and may even become stronger once they have been engaged. Once these growths needs have been reasonably satisfied, one may be able to reach the highest level called self- actualization.” (as cited in Herbert, 1981: 301)

Hierarchy of needs, as explained by Maslow, has five stages beneath which as explained above, each stages has to be satisfied step by step. One does not skip the stage for the very first stage is a crucial for human. Here are the hierarchy needs by Maslow which used to help the writer to develop the analysis.

Maslow’s Hierarchy Needs

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a. Biological and Physiological Needs

Biological and physiological needs is the basic need that is considered the most important of all needs which consist of air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex and sleep. It becomes the major motivation for, “A person who is lacking food, safety, love and esteem would most probably hunger for food more strongly than for anything else” (as cited in Abrams, 1954: 37). According to Maslow

(1954), “At once other (and higher) needs emerge and these, rather than physiological hungers, dominate the organism. And when these in turn are satisfied, again new (and still higher) needs emerge, and so on. This is what we mean by saying that the basic human needs are organized into hierarchy of relative prepotency” (as cited in Abrams, 1954: 38) b. Safety Needs

This basic need are the second important needs to be fulfilled after the biological and physiological needs which consist of protection from elements, security, order, law, stability and freedom from fear. Maslow stated,

we may generalize and say that the average child and, less obviously, the average adult in our society generally prefers a safe, orderly, predictable, lawful organized world, which he can count on and in which unexpected, unmanageable, chaotic or other dangerous things do not happen, and in which in any case, he was powerful parents or protectors who shield him from harm” (1954: 41).

It shows that each person needs safety from any harm that can be done by other people or any other uncomfortable circumstances.

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c. Love and Belongingness Needs

Love and belongingness needs is the third needs to be fulfilled which consist of friendship, intimacy, trust and acceptance, receiving and giving affection and love. Affiliating, being part of a group (family, friends, work).

Maslow stated, “Once the physiological and safety needs have been more of less satisfied, the belongingness and love needs come to the forefront as motivators. The individual now hungers for affectionate relationships with friends, a sweetheart or spouse, and/ or offspring” (as cited in Ewen, 2003: 221) d. Esteem Needs

“We strive to achieve self-confidence and mastery of the environment and to obtain recognition and appreciation from others” (as cited in Ewen, 2003: 221-

222). Therefore, esteem needs consist of achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, self-respect, respect from others. If the following needs are not fulfilled, one would feel worthless and alone. e. Self-Actualization Needs

Self-actualization needs will be the last needs to be fulfilled which consist of realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences. Yet, Maslow noted only one in a hundred people become fully self- actualized because our society rewards motivation primarily based on esteem, love and other social needs. Maslow (1962) believed self-actualization could be measured through the concept of peak experiences. This occurs when a person

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experiences the world totally for what it is, and there are feelings of euphoria, joy and wonder.

C. Theoretical Framework

First of all, this thesis uses the theory of motives. The theory of motives is occurred because this thesis’s main target is to get the acknowledgement of someone’s goals. Therefore, this theory is needed to crack the hidden object that appears to be the problem. Either way, to describe and explain the problem as formulated in the previous section. It also appears to be a guideline to elaborate the motives of the following character.

Accordingly, the fact that Mrs. Lovett is in love with Sweeney Todd, her life has getting better because the arrival of Sweeney Todd. The usage of the motivational theory over the story is placed in the idea that pops up through the

Mrs. Lovett that it turns into short of business. By thus, this thesis found that she is an ambitious business woman. The assumption of Mrs. Lovett being a business woman takes us into the appliance of the characterization theory.

Lastly, the appliance of the characterization theory, likewise the contribution of analyzing the motives, this theory is contributes to define the portrayal of Mrs. Lovett. Accordingly, in the A Glossary of Literary Terms, motivation is characters’ physiological ground on which they stand in order to justify their doings (1981: 20). This theory’s existence in this thesis is crucial and is needed because the analysis of characteristics in the following character is needed to explain the motives of the character itself.

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According to Ryle, motivation is the relationship of a person’s mind and body, by which the “body” has more to do with the physical, and relatively observable through objective manner, whereas the “mind” is where the view can only be observed by the one possessing the body, and it may as well be infinite time-wise (1978). This thesis uses the following theory to justify the validation of

Mrs. Lovett’s motives; about what she has been thinking about and as well about how she is going to run all of her plans and so forth.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

This thesis focuses on the study of Mrs. Lovett’s motives in Wheeler’s

Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street. This thesis uses a play script as the main source. This thesis also uses several works related to the theories which are used in order to uncover several portrayers of Mrs. Lovett’s characteristics which have a big influence towards the play. This thesis is made as well because this thesis sees a woman who feels no qualms doing a crime for the sake of their own purposes regardless other purpose. Despite of the fact that they both are actually succeed in their life, the business they are running is not going to last any longer.

The story begins back in late seventeen century under the King George the third, lived a barber named Mr. Sweeney Todd who in his life time, murdered lots of people lived in a circumstance where the revolution, war, starvation and machine breaking were massively happened stated on the history. On the other hand, Mrs. Lovett, a crazed woman who felt no qualm while making her meat pies out of Sweeney Todd's freshly murdered victims in Bell Yard. Based on this true story, a lot of writers create several works related to the following story into a movie, play, and novel.

Luddites they are, worked in the barber shop and got their perfect era to

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misdeed. Considered as a misdeed because seen in Charles Dickens' Pickwick

Papers (1836-1837: 278, 335), the servant Sam Weller says that “a pieman used cats for beefsteak, veal and kidney, according to the demand, and recommends that people should buy pies only when you know the lady as made it, and is quite sure it ain't kitten.". It assures us enough that long time ago, they could not even fulfill their physiological needs, and it is the main reason why they were triggered to do such horrible things as it is considered nowadays. However, in this analysis, this thesis has found that the motives of Mrs. Lovett are beyond the state of survival yet a love and belonging needs and becoming a business woman. Thus, the misdeed which is done has a motive to receive certain goals in her life.

As also mentioned by Wilde, back then was the industrial era. The people in

Britain experienced massive changes during the first Industrial Revolution such as scientific discovery, expanding output, new buildings and structures. As the matter of fact, the population changed too, in number, growth, and location as people gathered in factories. By the growth of the population, Mr. Todd along with Mrs. Lovett kept their own shop to earn more pennies with misdeed.

Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street arranged by Hugh

Wheeler, as the authorship of this tale in 1979, was born in April 19, 1912 in

London; immigrated to United States in 1934 and become naturalized American citizen since 1942. Along with Stephen Sondheim as the musical score writer in the play that creates about 198 pages along with some pictures and was directed by Christopher Bond, Sweeney Todd; The Demon Barber of Fleet Street was written by Hugh Wheeler in the year 1978-1979, Uris Theater, New York City.

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Accordingly, this play script was published by Dodd, Mead & Company, Inc.

New York. Based on a version of “Sweeney Todd” by Cristopher Bond, this play has won many awards.

This work has managed the 1979 Tony and drama critics circle award as best musical “Attend the tale of Sweeney Todd. His skin was pale and his eye was odd. He shaved the faces of gentlemen. Who never thereafter were heard of again.” –from The Ballad of Sweeney Todd. Moreover, Richard Eder from new york times mentioned, ”there is very little in Sweeney Todd that is not, in one way or another, a display of extraordinary talent. There is more artistic energy, creative personality and plain excitement than in a dozen average musicals”. As well as

Clive Barnes in the new york post mentioned “Sweeney Todd is surely the greatest work in the American musical theatre. This is sensationally entertaining theatre. Simply great.”

Wheeler’s Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street is a thriller genre musical theatre. The plot begins with the return of Sweeney Todd to his old barber shop in London after being accused by Judge Turpin and was sent to the prison in Australia. He expects to reunite with his family yet knowing that his family has also been ruined by Judge Turpin and sent him to the prison; he swears to make Judge Turpin pays for what he has done to his family; by murdering him.

Mrs. Lovett, however, as a woman, who is in love with Sweeney Todd or undoubtedly Benjamin Barker, recognizes Sweeney Todd since he entered her pie shop. Shocked herself with such unpredicted costumer who is Benjamin Barker, thus she tells the truth according to her which is the opposite way of the universal

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truth. Sweeney Todd has pumped up of vengeance that he could not control what is being said whether it is true or false. Meanwhile in Mrs. Lovett, she brings the

‘friend’ of Sweeney Todd which is a box of razor. The guidance of Mrs. Lovett into a business woman has become clear once Mr. Sweeney killed Mr. Pirelli in his barber shop. The idea of making a meat pies out of human flesh was came through Mrs. Lovett’s idea and by that, she is going to fulfill her dreams of being a business woman and pursuing her dream to get married with Sweeney Todd.

However, Sweeney Todd focuses on his vengeance that he does not really put any attention towards Mrs. Lovett’s dreams because his main goal is only to kill Judge

Turpin and reunite with his family once more.

The story told by Mrs. Lovett about Lucy’s death (such as the potential fabrication of Lucy's public rape) would make this play even more interesting to be analyzed. Exploring the depths of Mrs. Lovett's manipulation enhances the writer’s knowledge that the biggest villains are those who most emotionally manipulate, rather than those who physically or explicitly inflict damage.

B. Approach of the Study

In order to answer the problem formulation, this thesis uses the psychological approach regarding to the story that is related to human motivation which helps the writer to provide several items required to answer of the problem formulation number two.

Although this thesis analyzes the play using the Theory of Character and

Characterization and Theory of Motivation that is basically from one of the terminologies exist in psychology dealing with her psychological conditions.

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Thus, this thesis focuses on the close reading analysis in order to tell what it is all about without relating other works of Hugh Wheeler or any further opinions about the play.

By using the following approach, this thesis will be done effectively without injecting other source outside of the play script. What this means is that this thesis could be read to explain the core of the problem as formulated above as detailed as possible.

C. Method of the Study

This method of the study was library research. There were several books, journals and articles that have been used to this study. The primary book was

Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street by Hugh Wheeler to be the object of this study. Another book used was by M. H Abrams titled Glossary

Literary Term Seventh Edition on the theory of character and characterization. For this theory, the writer also used Understanding Unseen by Murphy to completely understand about theory character and characterization.

The writer also used books and articles of motives and motivation in order to support this study. This study was discussed about the motive of Mrs. Lovett.

Therefore, the writer chose the theory of basic needs by Maslow to understand deeply about the Hierarchy Needs that was unfulfilled which made it as a motive.

It is related to the main character discussed.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

In the beginning of this part, this study covers the characteristics of Mrs.

Lovett which are followed by the evidence. The characteristics of Mrs. Lovett will be broken down through Murphy’s theory of characterization, which is the main theory that this study uses. Ultimately, after finding the characteristics, the next analysis discusses about the motivation of Mrs. Lovett as questioned in the second problem formulation accordingly.

A. Mrs. Lovett’s Characteristics

1. Manipulative

The definition of the word manipulative is a word to describe someone who tries to control people in order to get advantages (“Manipulative”). From this analysis, the writer sees that the particular activity started since the beginning of the story from Mrs. Lovett action ever since she knew that she had someone coming into her shop who is Benjamin Barker or Mr. Sweeney Todd. In order to prove it, the writer is supported by Murphy’s theory focusing in the conversation of others. Murphy (1972) states, “the author can also give us clues to a person’s character through the conversation of other people and things they say about him”

(Pp. 161-173).

Mrs. Lovett tries to manipulate Mr. Todd about his wife, Lucy that she poisoned herself and has died long ago. Mrs. Lovett tries to make Mr. Todd believes that the family he owns at the recent moment was only his daughter who

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has been kept by the Judge Turpin as his own ward for approximately fifteen years by not telling him explicitly.

Mrs. Lovett says, “She poisoned herself. Arsenic from the apothecary on the corner. I tried to stop her but she wouldn't listen to me. And he’s got your daughter. (Wheeler, 1979: 19)

By this statement, she basically does not tell Todd literally that Lucy, his wife, is dead but the statement above implies that someone is possibly be dead by poison. Feeling sorry and leaving the information unclear, she shows remorse by saying “I tried to stop her but she wouldn’t listen to me”. In this case, they assumed that Lucy is dead and is considered as a negative connotation for the fact stands in the opposite way around. Ended with that premise, she changes the topic by discussing it no further about his wife and moved on into his daughter’s current state to sort of distract him into his vengeance towards the Judge Turpin.

Mrs. Lovett tries to manipulate Mr. Todd again in the matter of business.

The using of human flesh idea is popped out from Mrs. Lovett’s head to use it on her pies instead rather than waste it for nothing, as she mentioned, “Seems an awful waste…” (Wheeler, 1979: 97)

Mrs. Lovett becomes his willing accomplice and suggesting him to bake them into pies by disposing the bodies from the skeleton of each and bake them into pies to lift up her business. Then, Todd enthusiastically agrees by saying,

MR. TODD: Mrs. Lovett, What a charming notion, MR. TODD: Eminently practical and yet Appropriate as always. MR. TODD: Mrs. Lovett, how I've lived without you All these years I'll never know! How delectable! Also undetectable.

(Wheeler, 1979: 98)

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He soon rigs his barber's chair with a pedal-operated mechanism, which deposits his victims through a trap door into Lovett's bake house. Then later on

Mrs. Lovett bakes the human flesh pies to be sold down at the bake house.

Together they cooperate to fulfill their goal.

Mrs. Lovett does manipulate other characters named Tobias Ragg. In the scene when Toby found some odd activity of Mr. Todd, he planned to tell Mrs.

Lovett. Later when he met Mrs. Lovett, Toby tried to convince Mrs. Lovett as in direct speech below.

MRS. LOVETT What is this foolishness now? What’re you talking about? TOBY: Little things wot I’ve been thinking and wandering about... It’s him, you see-Mr. Todd.

(Wheeler, 1979: 150)

Nevertheless, Mrs. Lovett denies that judgement as she began nervous which show that she tried to defend Mr. Todd of what he has done. Driven by panic and nervous, she pulls out Sn. Pirreli’s purse to give him a nice shiny penny and all of a sudden, Toby says,

TOBY: That's Signor Pirelli's purse! MRS. LOVETT: What’s that? What was that, dear? TOBY: That proves it! What I’ve been thinking. That’s his purse! MRS. LOVETT: Silly boy! It’s just a silly little something Mr. T. gave me for my birthday

(Wheeler, 1979: 151-152)

Agitated she was, pulled his arm and tried to calm him down. Above we see that Mrs. Lovett is shocked and also panic to found out that Toby knew the real fact about what is Mr. Todd has done recently. Then she tries to comfort him by saying,

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MRS. LOVETT: You know, dear, it's the strangest thing you coming to chat with me right now of all moments because as I was sitting here with my needles, I was thinking: "What a good boy Toby is! So hard working, so obedient." And I thought. . . know how you've always fancied coming into the bakehouse with me to help bake the pies? TOBIAS: Oh yes, ma'am. Indeed, ma'am. Yes.

(Wheeler, 1979: 153)

She convinced Tobias Ragg who had been suspicious towards Mr. Todd all along. She manipulated him by the speech above. Although in this scene, she felt deeply troubled and ended up with a dreadful decision to have him to help down to the bake house. There were tears in her eyes. Eventually, her gentle song has calmed him.

She is a real manipulative woman indeed. As the matter of fact, there is no absolute proof about the story that she told mostly to Mr. Todd. This fact leaves the writer full of doubts as well about certain information which could be a lie as well. The reason for Mr. Todd’s drastic downfall that changed into anger is assumed to be the information about Judge Turpin rapes his wife that Mrs. Lovett was telling about. Yet again, the writer does not find any significant source stated that Judge Turpin rapes Lucy. Therefore, if it is not true, it is considered as a manipulative in form of lies for she realizes that she was having a conversation with Benjamin Barker. Yet, if it is true, she is also considered as a manipulative as well because she wants to convince Mr. Todd that Lucy his wife is dead, while she was actually there all of these years wandering as a beggar woman.

2. Calm

The definition of the word calm is a word to describe someone who is peaceful, quiet and also make a movement without haste (“Calm”). Mrs. Lovett is

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a calm person. Yet the calmness of hers applied more into others, in other words, she uses her calmness to calm other characters down for their impatience. First of the example is taken from the dialogue when Todd feels impatient of waiting

Judge Turpin in his barber shop for the first time and Mrs. Lovett tries to calm him down.

MR. TODD: Why doesn’t Beadle come? “Before the week is out,” that’s what he said. MRS. LOVETT: And who says the week’s out yet? It’s only Tuesday.

(Wheeler, 1979: 56) In the speech above, it is clear that Mr. Todd gets a little bit angry because he feels impatient about waiting the judge in his barber as he promised. As the matter of fact, Mrs. Lovett calms him in a speech below.

MRS. LOVETT: Slow, Love, slow. Time’s so fast. Now goes quickly- see, now it’s past! Soon will come. Soon will last. Wait. Don’t you know, silly man, Half the fun is to Plan to plan? All good things come to Those who can wait.-

(Wheeler, 1979: 57-58) She basically said to Mr. Todd to take it easy because time is so fast. Soon the moment will come. At first, Mr. Todd does not really calm yet. In the end, Mr.

Todd seemed to be calm a little bit because Mrs. Lovett. Then, Mrs. Lovett continues with another distraction and come up with an idea of flower to brighten up the room to avoid Mr. Todd to think about the judge.

MRS. LOVETT: I’ve been thinking, flowers-Maybe daisies-To brighten up the room. Don’t you think some flowers, Pretty daisies, Might relieve the gloom? Ah, wait, love, wait.

(Wheeler, 1979: 58)

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As we can see, Mrs. Lovett is calm despite of her qualm less feeling. Not only by speech above, but also by distracting the conversation as quoted above to calm him down. She plans everything ahead that she does not leave any emotional touch to ruin her plan. It affects her and changes her into a patience lady.

However, Mr. Todd does not seem as a man with mercy for his vengeance outraging inside his mind. Therefore, Mrs. Lovett comes up with another idea to calm him for the second time in the first proves as explained in the speech below.

TODD: Send him up, woman. MRS. LOVETT: Him too! Now surely one's enough for today, dear. Shouldn’t indulge yourself, you know. Now let me see, he’s half seas over already with the gin…

(Wheeler, 1979: 57-58)

The second evidence above pretty much convinces us that she is a calm woman. She calms Mr. Todd while he was in a rage of killing because he just killed Sn. Pirelli a moment ago. Yet she refuses to have the child killed because she basically has a plan to do with Toby, in other words, for the sake of her goal.

There is another speech as evidence in order to prove that she is a calm woman.

This speech happened when she calms Toby.

(Wheeler, 1979: 153)

At this rate, after she manipulates Toby, she calms him as well for both action support one another. She calms Toby with a certain complement towards

Toby himself in this very direct speech above. Yet, eventually she ends up in a

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dreadful decision to have him help at the bake house. It is considered dreadful because all the evidence that Toby needs to convince Mrs. Lovett lays on the bake house in a form of a corpse who are Mr. Todd’s victims.

MRS. LOVETT: And I thought. . . know how you've always fancied coming into the bakehouse with me to help bake the pies? TOBIAS: Oh yes, ma'am. Indeed, ma'am. Yes.

(Wheeler, 1979: 153)

From this characteristic, the writer found that the way Mrs. Lovett calms another person is so typical. Mrs. Lovett tends to calm other person and ended up in a distraction. For example she comes up with a daisy flower towards Mr. Todd and she comes up with some complement as a distraction towards Toby in order to calm him from being suspicious to Mr. Todd.

3. Greedy

The definition of greed appears to be a person who has a very strong wish to continuously get more of something, especially food or money (“Greed”). Mrs.

Lovett is a greedy woman in terms of money. For example, when Sn. Pirelli was brutally murdered, she searched around the Pirelli’s body, pulled out Pirelli's purse and then dropped the lid of the chest.

MRS. LOVETT: You're crazy mad! Killing a man wot done you no harm? And the boy downstairs? TODD: He recognized me from the old days. He tried to blackmail me, half my earnings forever.

(Wheeler, 1979: 82)

She shocks to find out that Mr. Todd kills Sn. Pirelli. She asks Mr. Todd why and in a sudden, right after he tells Mrs. Lovett the reason, she is thinking for

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a while about Mr. Todd going mad and feeling urged to kill everyone he met because of his vengeance. Yet, instead of telling him not to kill, she feels relief about that by saying, “Oh well, that's a different matter! What a relief, dear! For a moment I thought you'd lost your marbles” (Wheeler, 1979: 82). The speech above implies that she thinks only about money and money. She accepted the reason why Mr. Todd killed Sn. Pirelli.

The second evidence is shown when Mrs. Lovett returns after her conversation with Mr. Todd with a razor case. A box of razors as far as Mr. Todd concerns are his faithful friends. She gave it to him to set him to be a barber again and said,

MRS. LOVETT: I hid 'em. I thought, who knows? Maybe the poor silly blighter'll be back again someday and need 'em. Cracked in the head, wasn't I? Times as bad as they are, I could have got five, maybe ten quid for 'em, any day. See? You can be a barber again. TODD: My, them handles is chased silver, ain't they?

(Wheeler, 1979: 20)

In order to avenge the judge, Mrs. Lovett told Mr. Todd to be a barber again to earn some penny for them to stay alive at the very least.

The thirds evidence is shown in the moment when Mrs. Lovett and Mr.

Todd were conversing about Sn. Pirelli’s plan to bury him when the night got dark. In a random circumstance, Mrs. Lovett got an idea to use the flesh instead of having the corpse buried. After she thought about her plan, she told her plan to

Mr. Todd,

MRS. LOVETT: Seems an awful waste. Such a nice plump frame Wot's- his-name Has... Had . .. Has... Nor it can't be traced. Business needs a lift —

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Debts to be erased — Think of it as thrift, As a gift... If you get my drift.. . No? MRS. LOVETT: Seems an awful waste. I mean, With the price of meat what it is, When you get it, If you get it— TODD: Ah!

(Wheeler, 1979: 97)

Becoming aware, Mr. Todd did, he started to think and how her plan could actually bring penny into their purse regularly. The first idea came up in her head was about his money. Although she wants to help Mr. Todd, but if he had no money, the possibility remains empty.

MRS. LOVETT: Good, you got it. Take, for instance, Mrs. Mooney and her pie shop. Business never better, using only Pussycats and toast. And a pussy's good for maybe six or Seven at the most. And I'm sure they can't compare As far as taste —

(Wheeler, 1979: 98)

The speech above implies the most important message that the writer wants to prove the evidence. She implicitly asks Mr. Todd to murder people more.

Hence, the supply of her main ingredient which is human flesh for her pie will be sufficient enough to be baked into a pie. This plan was thought for the sake of receiving more money.

B. Mrs. Lovett’s Motivation

Maslow stated that people are motivated to achieve certain needs and that some needs take precedence over others. Our most basic need is for physical survival, and this will be the first thing that motivates our behavior. Once that level is fulfilled the next level up is what motivates us, and so forth (1954).

However, in the play, Mrs. Lovett finds her motives could be done simultaneously.

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1. To Establish Her Physiological Needs

Supported by her greedy characteristics, in order to get money for her life in the future or to finance her life at the very least, she wants to be a business woman. She used to be the landlord of the property in which she resides.

However, the rumor about her property being haunted spreads all over the town a long time ago which causes the people not wanting to rent it.

When she knows she is talking to Benjamin Barker, she takes the opportunity to seize the moment. From that point on, everything seems go well for her. “Times is hard” is what Mrs. Lovett says when she met Mr. Todd at her pie shop. Then she starts to explain everything that is going on in her store even nearby to show that her time has been so hard.

MRS. LOVETT: Mrs. Mooney has a pie shop, Does a business, but I noticed something weird-Lately all her neighbors' cats have disappeared. And I'm telling you them pussy cats is quick. No denying times is hard, sir- Even harder than The worst pies in London. MRS. LOVETT: Times is hard. Times is hard. (Wheeler, 1979: 12-14) Mrs. Lovett finds out the reason why Mr. Todd kills Sn. Pirreli and she responses with pretty obvious in the dialogue when Todd kills Pirreli. Mrs. Lovett shows her intention of protecting herself from any other character who is going to hunt them down economically.

MRS. LOVETT: You crazy mad! Killing a man wot done you no harm? TODD: He recognized me from the old days. He try to blackmail me, half my earnings forever. MRS. LOVETT: Oh well, that’s a different matter!-

(Wheeler, 1979: 82)

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It shows that her intention of her first priority is all about money to lift up her business. By looking at her response, she prefer to have the business stays as good rather than humanity, which shows her priority as well as her goal. Her way to lift up her business is listed below:

MRS. LOVETT: Business needs a lift, debts to be erased, think of it as thrift, as a gift, if you get my drift. I mean, with the price of meat what it is, when you get it, if you get it. (Wheeler, 1979: 97 – 98)

There was a room upstairs of Mrs. Lovett’s pie shop. She was a landlord back then before Mr. Todd was transported for life. She could have rent that out yet she does not because of the rumor that has been spread for many years. The rumor said that the room upstairs was haunted for many years because of the dreadful accident had happened up there. Here is the explanation.

TODD: Isn’t that a room up there over the shop? If times are so hard, why don’t you rent it out? That should bring in something. MRS. LOVETT: Up there? Oh, no one will go near it. People think it’s haunted. You see- MRS. LOVETT And who's to say they're wrong? ... You see, years ago, something happened up there. Something not very nice... (Wheeler, 1979: 15)

One of her motives had shown pretty obvious in this speech below and clearly said that she wants to have a stable business, because basically all she wants so far was to have a stable business in her meat pies.

Mrs. Lovett statement, “What I dream-If the business stays as good,”

(Wheeler, 1979: 136) is essentially implied that properly maintaining the business was her dream, meaning to say she wants to be a business woman. Yet the fact that her pie shop was not good enough especially for the main ingredient which is

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hard to get caused a hard times for Mrs. Lovett as she said many times, “No denying times is hard sir! Even harder than the worst pies in London.” (Wheeler,

1979: 14)

As the matter of fact, she received certain needs, for instance, her food, her clothes, her property, and so forth for the gold that could be afforded. Yet, once the lowest needed level is fulfilled, the next level up is what motivates her. In this case, her other motives are to receive the acceptance of Mr. Todd in terms of love and belonging needs which is the forth stages.

The writer found that her greedy characteristic leads Mrs. Lovett into his motive to be a business woman. Mrs. Lovett being a greedy person is her effort to be a business woman which appears to be her motive. Mrs. Lovett being a greedy person can be seen from the topic she come up with, for example, she always comes up with money and the thoughts of how to lift up her business.

2. To Receive Her Belongingness Needs

Throughout the story, it can be assumed that Mrs. Lovett is a middle aged lady who is willing to be married with Mr. Todd and has had fallen for Mr. Todd for a long time.

MRS. LOVETT: There was a barber and his wife, and he was beautiful, a proper artist with a knife, but they transported him for life. And he was beautiful . . . (Wheeler, 1979: 15) The statement “Always had a fondness for you I did,” occurred in the song entitled My Friend clearly implies that Mrs. Lovett wants Mr. Todd to acknowledge her passion towards him. Even though, Mr. Todd later

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acknowledges that Mrs. Lovett lies to him, Mrs. Lovett still wants to marry with

Mr. Todd.

MRS. LOVETT: Do you mean it? Everything I did I swear I thought was only for the best, believe me! Can we still be married? (Wheeler, 1979: 185) Mrs. Lovett is in love with Todd ever since Todd had his beautiful life. Mrs.

Lovett is also shown to be someone who has a knack to pretend as what will be proven through the following dialogue by Mrs. Lovett.

In the scene when the sailor boy, Anthony, comes to his barber shop asking for a help to keep Johanna in his shop, Mrs. Lovett shows that she is disturbed by the predicament of the sailor boy’s intention. However, she brings the acceptance of his daughter into their relation because that is probably an opportunity for her to get him to be her husband by saying:

MRS. LOVETT: . . . that’s the throat to slit, dear. Oh Mr. T., we’ll make a lovely home for her. You and me. The poor thing! All those years and not a scrap of motherly affection! I’ll soon change that, I will, for if ever there was a maternal heart, it’s mine.

(Wheeler, 1979: 61)

This is clear evidence that she wants to be the wife for Mr. Todd. This also shows another proof that Mrs. Lovett is, in fact, in love with Mr. Todd. This dialogue occurs when Mr. Todd enters the pie shop for the first time by saying,

”(Coolly) so it is you- Benjamin Barker” (Wheeler, 1979: 18). According to this statement, she definitely acknowledges about what is happening since he first entered her pie shop, yet she pretends to know nothing but a stranger who dines in her pie shop. Additionally, she says about her feelings a long time ago shown in the dialogue of Mr. Todd and Mrs. Lovett about the friend of Mr. Todd.

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MRS.LOVETT: I’m your friend too, Mr. Todd. If you only knew, Mr. Todd- Ooh, Mr. Todd, You’re warm in my hand. You’ve come home. Always had a fondness for you I did. (Wheeler, 1979: 22)

It is an evident that clearly shows before he was imprisoned in the dock,

Mrs. Lovett has fallen for Mr. Todd. Even until the time when Mr. Todd found that his wife, Lucy, died because of what he has done, Mrs. Lovett still in love with Mr. Todd and wants to marry Mr. Todd.

The time when Mr. Todd walked into her shop, Lucy was still alive wandering about the city as a beggar woman. Yet, the truth has spoken way too late until Mr. Todd finds out his wife, Lucy lies on the ground with her throat slit for he believes what Mrs. Lovett says.

MR.TODD: You lied to me. MRS. LOVETT : No, no, not lied at all. No, I never lied. MRS. LOVETT: Said she took the poison — she did — Never said that she died — Poor thing, She lived — MRS. LOVETT: Better you should think she was dead. Yes, I lied 'cos I love you! MRS. LOVETT: I'd be twice the wife she was! I love you!

(Wheeler, 1979: 184)

Based from the speech above, we know that she intentionally lies to him from the first time in order to fulfill her third stage of Hierarchy of Needs which is the need for Love and Belonging that could be achieved from Mr. Todd’s acceptance. She pleads guilty towards Mr. Todd and persuades Mr. Todd for her to be his wife twice better than Lucy does. Yet, she uses inappropriate way which is to lie at Mr. Todd and also manipulates him.

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After Mr. Todd finds out that Mrs. Lovett lies to him about his wife, he gets really disappointed that Mrs. Lovett manipulates him. By the time Mr. Todd figured it out, he looked at Mrs. Lovett unbelievably as he said, “You knew she lived. From the first moment that I walked into your shop you knew my Lucy lived!” (Wheeler, 1979: 182). Yet, again, Mrs. Lovett asks him after that happened, “can we still be married?” (Wheeler, 1979: 184)

3. To Achieve Hierarchy of Needs

Mrs. Lovett has these two motives in order to achieve her goal which is the fulfillment of her needs. Before the third stage of Maslow’s theory of hierarchy of needs, one should fulfill the second stage first which is safety needs. However, in this play, Mrs. Lovett receives certain possibilities to acquire both stages which are safety needs and love and belonging needs at the same circumstances and one achieved by the middle of the play.

According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the first stage of hierarchy needs is physiological needs which have been fulfilled by Mrs. Lovett. She owns a pie shop which makes it clear that she could produce her own physiological needs such as food and water. However, physiological needs are the things that are consumed daily. In other words, things are decreased every day that requires receiving in a daily basis. At this rate, Mrs. Lovett needs to fulfill her safety needs in order to get her physiological needs to be in the safe point.

Second stage of hierarchy needs is safety needs which are not yet fulfilled.

She needs a security for her physiological needs from decreasing stock of food and water which are consumed periodically. Therefore, in order to achieve such,

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she wants to be a business woman in order to get to the safe position. By lift up her business, she could pay for her own food and water and even pay her debts.

Then, as the matter of facts, the writer does acknowledge that Mrs. Lovett has not fulfilled her second basic needs, which is safety needs. Not only that, the second reason her safety needs is not yet fulfilled is because she feels anxious and scared for Lucy is still alive wandering as a beggar woman by the fact that she lied to Mr.

Todd as a reason for her worries. As for the third reason, people such as Lucy or the beggar woman, Beedle Bamford and even Toby knew that Mr. Todd is up to no good. Thus, she does not receive the freedom from fear yet.

According to Maslow about love and belongingness needs, “Once the physiological and safety needs have been more of less satisfied, the belongingness and love needs come to the forefront as motivators. The individual now hungers for affectionate relationships with friends, a sweetheart or spouse, and/ or offspring” (as cited in Ewen, 2003: 221)

Love and belongingness needs in this case was undergoes along with safety needs because she is at the same circumstances where she was cooperating with

Mr. Todd in terms of lift up her business and possibly earn the acceptance of Mr.

Todd in fulfilling love and belongingness needs.

The song named “by the sea” tells us obviously what she wants all along.

The beginning of the song tells us that Mr. Todd does not care at all and could not care less. At this rate, Mrs. Lovett thinks that her business and her relationship with Mr. Todd went well that she thinks ahead of time to plan everything.

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However, in Mr. Todd’s perspective, Mrs. Lovett does not seem to be care about his revenge but her business as long as Mr. Todd plays his part.

MRS. LOVETT: You know what I'd like to Do, Mr. Todd? What I dream-If the business stays as good, Where I'd really like to go-In a year or so... Don't you want to know? TODD: Of course. MRS. LOVETT: Do you really want to know?

(Wheeler, 1979: 182)

In this part, she tells everything in her mind. Yet, Mr. Todd does not seem interested even a bit for he is blinded to have his vengeance.

MRS. LOVETT: By the sea, Mr. Todd, That's the life I covet; By You and me, Mr. T., We could be alone In a house wot we'd almost own Down by the sea... We'll grow old together By the seaside! MRS. LOVETT: It'll be so quiet That who'll come by it Except a seagull? Hoo! Hoo! We shouldn't try it, Though, till it's legal For two-hoo!

(Wheeler, 1979: 182)

In the speech above, she wants to have a house down by the sea that no one could find them and to live happily ever after just the two of them with no one could interrupt. Mrs. Lovett also mentions about the things she hoped to be legal yet it is otherwise at the present which refers to the murdering thing. She wants to get the business stay as good but people clearly disagree for them to turn the victims into a business as a matter of fact is an abomination. Mrs. Lovett says,

“But a seaside wedding could be devised, Me rumpled bedding Legitimized. They exchange vows and kiss. My eyelids'll flutter, I'll turn into butter, The moment I mutter "I do-hoo!" (Wheeler, 1979: 182)

She really wants to get married with Mr. Todd. She always had a fondness for him ever since before Mr. Todd was transported in a false charge by the Judge

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fifteen years ago. This evidence has shown actually several times about her dream to get married with Mr. Todd.

MRS. LOVETT: By the sea, in our nest, We could share our kippers With the odd paying guest From the weekend trippers, Have a nice sunny suite For the guest to rest in-A dark shape quickly moves past the guest -- Todd -- then the guest slides down the wall -- a splash of blood on the wallpaper MRS. LOVETT: By the sea. Married nice and proper, By the sea-Bring along your chopper To the seaside, Hoo! Hoo! By the beautiful sea!

(Wheeler, 1979: 182)

As she said before that she wants to keep the business stay as good and by that, she wants to keep doing this business. Therefore, she suggests Mr. Todd to bring his friends which refer to the razor for if there any weekend trippers, they could kill them and bake them which means that she wants to keep their business as it is. Yet the different is only that Mrs. Lovett wants it to be in the seaside that she thought nobody else would interrupt them. She also mentioned that she wants to get married at the seaside then live happily ever after with Mr. Todd.

The rather odd feeling come to get Mrs. Lovett in her effort to achieve her safety needs is seen in this play. Yet, as the matter of facts, she is the only one who causes the anxiety, afraid and worry feeling because she lied to Mr. Todd about Lucy’s death. Yet, the reason that motivates her to be a deceitful and manipulative person is because she finally met Mr. Todd whom she has always had a fondness even after fifteen years.

Her both motives are supported by her characteristics. Her manipulative characteristic helps Mrs. Lovett in achieving her motives to be a business woman and receiving Mr. Todd’s acceptance. She manipulates Mr. Todd to believe that his Lucy is dead, and also manipulates Mr. Todd to make his victim into meat pie

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so that he has nothing to worry about his trace. Her greed characteristic helps her in her way to achieve her motives to be a business woman. Her greed makes Mrs.

Lovett turns into someone who always think about money and the way to gain money is to make a business which is her pie shop so that she can earn more penny in a regular basis. Her calm characteristic helps her to achieve her motive to receive Mr. Todd’s acceptance. Her calmness helps her to maintain Mr. Todd’s anger because Mr. Todd is impatience towards his vengeance.

Her characteristics explained support her in achieving her motives. Her motives explained support her in fulfilling her Hierarchy of Needs. Thus, the relation of her characteristics and her motives are her characteristics support her to achieve her motives so that her goal might be able to be fulfilled.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

In the play Sweeney Todd; The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, Mrs. Lovett is considered as a villain character because she manipulates Mr. Todd. Yet, Mrs.

Lovett appears to fulfill her Hierarchy needs for a short period of time. Mrs.

Lovett’s goals about her third stage of Hierarchy Needs were actually motivated by the lust for Mr. Todd, just as Turpin's falsely accuses towards Mr. Todd were driven by lust for Lucy.

First of all, the portrayal of Mrs. Lovett appears to be a villain character.

She is manipulative, calm and greedy woman. She manipulates Mr. Todd emotionally. As a comparison between Lovett to Turpin, both do wrong to get what they lust after and have no qualms about acquiring their goals by wrong means. Lucy was alive, and he had a chance to rebuild a married life, but the manipulative characterization of Mrs. Lovett would continuously whisper in his ear. Mrs. Lovett however, supports Mr. Todd’s vengeful obsession, so that he will forget the possibility of Lucy being alive and progressively begin a life with Mrs.

Lovett and also receives the dead body to turn into meat pies.

From these three characteristics, the writer sees the usage of her characteristics to be very supportive towards her motive. Mrs. Lovett being manipulative support her both motives which are; to be a business woman; and to get the acceptance from Mr. Todd. However, her calmness only supports her in getting the acceptance from Mr. Todd, and her greed only supports her in her way to be a business woman.

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Second of all, seen from psychological perspective, her both motives appear to fulfill her goal, which is to fulfill her Hierarchy of Needs. However, Mrs.

Lovett's plan backfires on her in the end and she gets herself spotted liar and manipulated him as Mr. Todd lunges her into the bake oven and lets her burn to death.

She wants to be a business woman in order to fulfill her second stages of hierarchy of needs which is safety needs. She also wants to receive Mr. Todd’s acceptance in order to fulfill her third stages of hierarchy of needs which is love and belongingness needs.

However, she fails to receive those stages for the fact that Mr. Todd eventually found out that Lucy was alive that leads to the collapse of the plans of

Mrs. Lovett.

Thus, Mrs. Lovett does manipulative action towards the people surrounds her in order to make the line straight as she intends. She gathers money as much and as possible as she can. Yet, she has to be calm to achieve the things she desires. Eventually, she will be able to fulfill her motives which are to be a business woman and to receive Mr. Todd’s acceptance.

The characteristics of hers are related with her motives. Her characteristics support her to fulfill her motives. For example, her manipulative-ness and her greed support Mrs. Lovett in achieving her motive which is to be a business woman. On the other hand, her manipulative-ness and her calmness support Mrs.

Lovett in achieving her motive which is to receive Mr. Todd acceptance. In other words, her goal is to fulfill her safety needs and her belongingness needs.

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