Zahoor Ahmad Bazai

“ETHNOBOTANICAL AND BIODIVERSITY STUDIES OF COMMON TREES AND SHRUBS ALONG WITH NEXUS BETWEEN CLIMATE CHANGE AND GENE DIVERSITY OF Juniperus excelsa IN ZARGHOON ECOSYSTEM, BALOCHISTAN (PAKISTAN)” A thesis submitted to University of Balochistan, Quetta in the fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Submitted By ZAHOOR AHMAD BAZAI DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UNIVERISTY OF BALOCHISTAN, QUETTA PAKISTAN (2012) “ETHNOBOTANICAL AND BIODIVERSITY STUDIES OF COMMON TREES AND SHRUBS ALONG WITH NEXUS BETWEEN CLIMATE CHANGE AND GENE DIVERSITY OF Juniperus excelsa IN ZARGHOON ECOSYSTEM, BALOCHISTAN (PAKISTAN)” A thesis submitted to University of Balochistan, Quetta in the fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Submitted By ZAHOOR AHMAD BAZAI DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UNIVERISTY OF BALOCHISTAN, QUETTA PAKISTAN (2012) Dedicated To THOSE WHO CARE FOR EARTH, THE EARTH ONCE OUR MOTHER, NOW OUR CHILD IT NEEDS TO BE NOURISHED AND TAKE CARE DECLARATION I hereby declare that the work presented in this thesis is my own effort except where other acknowledged and that the thesis is my own composition. No part of the thesis has previously been presented for any other degree. Zahoor Ahmad Bazai Ph.D. Scholar CERTIFICATE It is hereby, certified that this thesis entitled “Ethnobotanical and Biodiversity Studies of Common Trees and Shrubs Added by the Nexus Between Climate Change and Gene Diversity of Juniperus excelsa in Zarghoon Ecosystem, Balochistan (Pakistan)” based on the results of experiments carried out by Mr. Zahoor Ahmad Bazai. We, the supervisor and co-supervisors are fully satisfied with his research work, which was completed under our supervision and guidance. Mr. Zahoor Ahmad Bazai has completed thesis write up. It is recommended that thesis should be sent to external for evaluation. Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Rasool Bakhsh Tareen s CERTIFICATE This is certifying that Mr. Zahoor Ahmad Bazai, Ph.D. scholar conducted research studies under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Rasool Bakhsh Tareen on the topic entitled “Ethnobotanical and Biodiversity Studies of Common Trees and Shrubs Added by the Nexus between Climate Change and Gene Diversity of Juniperus excelsa in Zarghoon Ecosystem, Balochistan (Pakistan)” He carried out his Ph.D. work in Department of Botany, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan. The work presented by the scholar in the thesis is an original work of great scientific knowledge. In future, other works will also benefit by the methodology, review of literatures, results and references presented in the thesis. I do recommended and forward Ph.D. thesis to the Board of advanced Studies and Research (BASR) for its onward transmission to the external examiners for its evaluation. Chairperson_____________ Department of Botany University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan Dean _________________________ Faculty of Life Science University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan LIST OF FIGURES Contents Page # Fig. 1. Map of the Zarghoon Juniper Forest Research Area (▲) with five 12 clusters Killi Tor Shor (KTS), Medadzai (M), Gunda (G), Sarobai (S) and Killi Shaban (KS) 20km NE of Quetta City Fig. 2. Pie Chart Showing Percentage of Different Uses of Juniper 36 Tree’s Wood by the Community Fig. 3. Livestock population in Zarghoon Ecosytem owned by local 37 communities Fig. 4. Average Income sources of the community in percentage 38 Fig. 5. Bar Chart showing Percentage of Men/Women with 39 respect to ethnobotanical Knowledge/ Ignorance” Fig. 6. Bar Chart showing %age of Different Routes of Administration 40 Fig. 7. Bar Chart representing percentages of different modes of plants 41 Fig. 8. Average Diameter at Breast Height (inches) of Juniperus excelsa 47 Fig. 9. Ratio of Sex distribution of Juniper in 5 clusters of the study area. 48 Fig. 10. Mean New Regeneration Ground Cover %age 49 Fig. 11. Mean old Regeneration Ground Cover %age 50 Fig. 12. Rate of Deforestation in five localities 51 Fig. 13. Mean percentage values of Clay; Silt; Water holding capacity; 55 and Sand Fig. 14. Lanes representing the DNA isolation with agarose gel (1%) of 58 Juniperus excelsa.in gel electrophoresis Fig. 15. The DNA isolation but not intact form due to presence of 58 secondary metabolites etc. before protocol modified Fig 16. The DNA isolation with intact DNA shown after protocol 59 modified Fig 17. Intact DNA in lanes representing the DNA isolation with agarose 59 gel (1%) of Juniperus excelsa.in as fingerprints LIST OF TABLES Contents Page # Table 1. Quantity of Buffer extraction used for PCR amplification 28 Table 2. Time, activity and temperature of Genomic DNA initiated in 29 PCR amplifier Table 3. Priority of local community using plant species as fuel wood in 36 Zarghoon Juniper forest Table 4. Ecological Characteristics of five clusters in Zarghoon 46 Forest Table 5. Soil Physicochemical Characteristics of 5 Locations at 54 Zarghoon Juniper Forest Table 6. List of location, altitude, collection date, and University of 57 Balochistan Botany Herbarium (UoBBH) voucher number of Juniperus excelsa Table 7: No. of Polymorphic Bands (P.B.) per locus from J. excelsa 60 populations of Zarghoon Table 8. Genetic diversity of populations of Juniperus excelsa in 61 Zarghoon Table 9. Mean soil Physicochemical Characteristics of 5 Locations at 62 Zarghoon Juniper Forest Table 10. Climatic characteristics of different distribution area of 62 Juniperus excelsa populations in Zarghoon region (average values of 1980 - 2010) Table 11. Correlation coefficients between genetic diversity and 63 environmental variables for J. excelsa populations in Zarghoon APPENDICES Contents Appendix-A. Village level Questionnaire appendix Appendix-B. Ethnototany Questionnaire Appendix-C. SPSS calculations Appendix-D. Acceptance letter of first research manuscript by Ph.D. dissertation Appendix-E. Copy of 2nd research manuscript published by Ph.D. dissertation ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I ABSTRACT II CHAPTER1 5 1. INTRODUCTION 5 1.1. GEO-CLIMATE OF ZARGHOON REGION: 11 1.2. PARTICIPATORY RAPID/RURAL APPRAISAL (PRA) TYPE PARTICIPATORY APPRAISAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES (PANR): 13 CHAPTER 2 16 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 16 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 23 CHAPTER 3 24 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 24 3.1. QUESTIONNAIRES: 24 3.2. THE PARTICIPATORY RAPID/RURAL APPRAISAL (PRA)-TYPE, PARTICIPATORY APPRAISAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES (PANR): 24 3.3. PRA TOOLS APPLIED: 24 3.4. PLANTS UTILIZATIONS: 25 3.5. ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS: 25 3.6. LOCATION: 25 3.7. VEGETATION STUDY: 26 3.8. SOIL ANALYSIS 26 1 3.9. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 27 3.10. GENE DIVERSITY: 27 CHAPTER 4 30 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 30 4.1. ETHNOBOTANICAL ASPECTS: 30 4.1.1. DISCUSSIONS ETHNOBOTANY: 44 4.2. CONSERVATION ASPECT OF JUNIPER FOREST IN ZARGHOON: 46 4.2.1. Discussions Conservations Aspects: 52 4.3. SOIL ANALYSIS: 53 4.3.1. DISCUSSION SOIL: 56 4.4. GENETIC DIVERSITY: 57 4.4.1. DISCUSSIONS GENE DIVERSITY: 63 CHAPTER 5 66 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 66 CHAPTER6 72 REFERENCES: 72 APPENDICES 89 2 Acknowledgement My deepest gratitude to the “Almighty Allah”, the most merciful, the creator and the provider, because all it was possible only by his mercy, kindness and providence. I am extremely grateful to my earnest Supervisor Prof. Dr. Rasool Bakhsh Tareen, Dean Life Sciences/Research University of Balochistan, for providing me amenities, and support during my research work. I am gratified to my co-supervisors Dr. Atta Muhammad Sarangzai & Dr. Muhammad Younas Khan Barozai of Botany Department, University of Balochistan, for the provision of appropriate guidance and facilitation. I pay my special gratitude to Higher Education Commission (HEC), Pakistan for awarding me the Ph.D. Indigenous Fellowship Batch-IV. The HEC’s financial support for this Ph.D. research helped me considerably and improved my work. I thank Prof. Dr. Abdul Kabeer Khan Achakzai, Chairman Department of Botany, University of Balochistan, for his sincere guidance and cooperation in reviewing this dissertation and helping out in writing publications. I am thankful to Prof. Dr. Masoom Yasinzai for the provision of his lab to perform my research. I am particularly thankful to Mr. Yasser. M. S. A. Al-Kahraman, from Department of Biochemistry, for his assistance and support to my lab work. Last but not the least; I am very thankful to Mr. Shai Mazar Baloch for his facilitation in perusal of documentations administratively. Every effort has been made to eliminate any error during the preparation of this dissertation, yet as in case of any human enterprise, mistake does happen. 3 Abstract The Biodiversity assessment using ethnobotanical and ecological inspection complemented by genetic variation investigation of tree Juniperus excela was undertaken in Zarghoon Juniper Forest during the years 2009-11. In contemporary study the illustrious data assortment procedure entitled Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)-Type Participatory Assessment of Natural Resources (PANR) was applied. PRA tools social map, transit walk, structured, semi structured interviews and pie diagrams were used. PRA was piloted in five villages as central habitat of five constellations embraced of total 17 villages in Zarghoon Juniper ecosystem.Meetings with local communities both male and female separately were conducted and PRA tool carried out using charts and markers. Ethnobotanical assessment revealed that 60%, 35% and 5% medicines were used orally, topically and boiled to inhale, respectively. Correspondingly, in case of parts of plants usage 57, 26, 10 and 7% leaves, seeds, flower and roots were used, respectively. The socio-economic condition of the area indicated local community was deficient of basic amenities of life. The dependency on natural resources was high and unplanned land fragmentation occurred as the major source of income (90%) was from agriculture and livestock rearing and only 10% income by trade, services and labor. Rate of deforestation assessed by counting cut stumps, ranged from 6.69 to 4.70/acre. Average Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) in inches above ground at 4.5 measured and that ranged from highest 37.13 to lowest as 29.40. Goat made the dominant livestock population of 75%, sheep 23% and donkey 2%.

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