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Human Aspects in Afghanistan Handbook NATO HUMINT CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE HUMAN ASPECTS IN AFGHANISTAN HANDBOOK ORADEA - 2013 - NATO HUMINT CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE HUMAN ASPECTS IN AFGHANISTAN HANDBOOK ORADEA 2013 Realized within Human Aspects of the Operational Environment Project, NATO HUMINT Centre of Excellence Coordinator: Col. Dr. Eduard Simion Technical coordination and cover: Col. Răzvan Surdu, Maj. Peter Kovacs Technical Team: Maj. Constantin Sîrmă, OR-9 Dorian Bănică NATO HUMINT Centre of Excellence Human Aspects in Afghanistan Handbook / NATO HUMINT Centre of Excellence – Oradea, HCOE, 2013 Project developed under the framework of NATO's Defence against Terrorism Programme of Work with the support of Emerging Security Challenges Division/ NATO HQ. © 2013 by NATO HUMINT Centre of Excellence All rights reserved Printed by: CNI Coresi SA “Imprimeria de Vest” Subsidiary 35 Calea Aradului, Oradea Human Aspects in Afghanistan - Handbook EDITORIAL TEAM Zobair David DEEN, International Security Assistance Force Headquarters, SME Charissa DEEN, University of Manitoba, Instructor Aemal KARUKHALE, International Security Assistance Force Headquarters, SME Peter KOVÁCS, HUMINT Centre of Excellence, Major, Slovak Armed Forces Hubertus KÖBKE, United Nations, Lieutenant-Colonel German Army Reserve Luděk MICHÁLEK, Police Academy of the Czech Republic, Lieutenant Colonel, Czech Army (Ret.) Ralf Joachim MUMM, The Defence Committee of the Federal German Parliament Ali Zafer ÖZSOY, HUMINT Centre of Excellence, Colonel, Turkish Army Lesley SIMM, Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC), NATO, SME Constantin SÎRMĂ, HUMINT Centre of Excellence, Major, Romanian Army Răzvan SURDU, HUMINT Centre of Excellence, Colonel, Romanian Army I HUMINT Centre of Excellence (INTENTIONALLY BLANK) II Human Aspects in Afghanistan - Handbook TABLE OF CONTENT INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 7 HISTORY .................................................................................................................... 9 Overview .......................................................................................................... 9 Early Conquests ............................................................................................... 9 Various Empires ............................................................................................. 11 Recent History................................................................................................ 16 Role of the International Community in Afghan recent history .................... 26 United Nations .............................................................................................. 26 The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) ....................................... 27 Recent International Community Concerns .................................................. 29 Afghan history timeline ................................................................................. 30 POPULATION .......................................................................................................... 35 Population Patterns ....................................................................................... 35 Ethnicity and Tribes ....................................................................................... 36 Main Ethnic Groups ....................................................................................... 37 The Pashtuns ................................................................................................. 37 The Tajiks ...................................................................................................... 43 The Hazaras .................................................................................................. 45 The Uzbeks .................................................................................................... 48 Some Other Ethnic Groups ............................................................................ 50 Aimak ............................................................................................................ 50 Arab .............................................................................................................. 50 Baluchi .......................................................................................................... 51 Brahui............................................................................................................ 51 Farsiwan ....................................................................................................... 51 Gujjar ............................................................................................................ 52 Jat ................................................................................................................. 52 Kabuli ............................................................................................................ 53 Kirghiz ........................................................................................................... 53 Kuchi ............................................................................................................. 54 1 HUMINT Centre of Excellence Nuristani ....................................................................................................... 56 Pashai ........................................................................................................... 57 Qizilbash ....................................................................................................... 57 Sayyid (Sadat) ............................................................................................... 58 Tatar ............................................................................................................. 58 Turkmen ........................................................................................................ 58 Wakhi ............................................................................................................ 59 Non-Muslims ................................................................................................. 59 Interethnic Relations ..................................................................................... 60 Religion .......................................................................................................... 62 Shia personal status law ............................................................................... 64 Rites of passage ............................................................................................ 66 Ramadan ....................................................................................................... 67 Languages ...................................................................................................... 70 Education and Literacy................................................................................... 72 SOCIAL ASPECTS ..................................................................................................... 75 Society............................................................................................................ 75 Interpersonal Relations .................................................................................. 76 Family ............................................................................................................. 89 Tribe ............................................................................................................... 94 Gender Roles .................................................................................................. 95 Recreation ...................................................................................................... 99 GOVERNANCE ....................................................................................................... 101 Community Councils .................................................................................... 101 The State ...................................................................................................... 101 Government ................................................................................................. 105 Afghanistan’s government ........................................................................... 106 Executive Branch ......................................................................................... 107 Legislative Branch ....................................................................................... 107 Judicial Branch ............................................................................................ 109 Local Level .................................................................................................... 110 The Afghan Civil Service ............................................................................... 112 POLITICAL ASPECTS .............................................................................................. 113 Politics .......................................................................................................... 113 Political Parties ............................................................................................ 114 Main Political Parties .................................................................................. 114 Foreign Relations ......................................................................................... 116 2 Human Aspects in Afghanistan - Handbook Pakistan .....................................................................................................
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