North-West Frontier Province Pakistan
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.'**••*- Hydrogeology And Groundwater Resources Of The _ North-West Frontier Province Pakistan 8 2 2 P K.N 0 8 9 WAPDA Hydrogeology Directorate Institute of Applied Geoj£ie.nce Peshawar, Pakistan Delft, The Netb HYDROGEOLOGY AND GROUNDWATER RESOURCES OF THE NORTH-WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE PAKISTAN Compiled and edited by G.P. Kruseman in cooperation with S.A.H. Naqavi •:...;.••••• f»LV" wi. (0/0) di •;+.•; il ext \A-'\'i. 88 1988 PESHAWARyDELFT TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Page LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES v 5 GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT 49 5.1 General 49 UNITS AND CONVERSIONS IX 5.2 Groundwater-hased irrigation development 49 5.3 Development of domestic water supplies 52 5.4 Groundwater development for water table control 55 ABBREVIATIONS XI 6 GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL 59 PREFACE xiii 6,1 General 59 6.2 Class I areas 61 CHAPTERS 6,3 Class 11 areas 62 6.4 Areas with a low groundwater potential 62 1 INTRODUCTION 1 6.5 Non-classified areas 63 6,6 Conclusion 63 /. / The purpose and scope of this book 1 1.2 The North-West Frontier Province 1 1.3 Climate 1 7 GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT: A LOOK AHEAD 65 1.4 Land and water 8 1.5 Population 9 7.1 Purpose 65 1.6 Economic activity 10 7.2 Groundwater investigations and monitoring 65 7.3 Groundwater policy formulation 66 7.4 Groundwater development and conservation planning 66 2 HYDROGEOLOGY 17 7.5 Costs and benefits 67 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Geological setting 18 8 THE REGIONAL GROUNDWATER RESOURCES 69 2.3 Stratigraphy and Quaternary geology 21 2.4 Occurrence of groundwater 23 2.5 Groundwater properties 24 9 THE INTERMONTANE BASINS OF D1R, SWAT AND CHITRAL DISTRICTS 71 3 GROUNDWATER BEHAVIOUR 31 9.1 General 71 9.2 The Talash and Adinzai valleys 73 3.1 Hydrological cycle 31 9.3 The Buner area 77 3.2 Groundwater flow 34 9.4 The Nikpikhel area 86 3.3 Groundwater storage 36 9.5 The Jandool area 91 3.4 Flow to wells 37 10 THE LEFT BANK AREAS 93 4 GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATIONS 39 10.1 General 93 4.1 Groundwater investigations in NWFP 39 10.2 The Pakhli plain 93 4.2 Methodology 39 10.3 The Haripur area 97 4.3 Details on the survey of available data 40 10.4 The Ghazi area 102 4.4 Details on the field investigations 40 4.5 Details on evaluation and analysis methods 45 IV Page Page 11 THE INTERMONTANE BASINS OF PESHAWAR 15 GROUNDWATER IN THE FEDERALLY AND MARDAN DISTRICTS 107 ADMINISTRED TRIBAL AREAS 171 11.1 General 107 15.1 General 171 11.2 The Peshawar Vale 107 15.2 The Bajaur Agency 173 11.3 The Nizampur Area 117 15.3 The Mohmand Agency 175 11.4 The Gadoon plain 121 15.4 The Khyber Agency 175 15.5 The Orakzai Agency 176 15.6 The Kurram Agency (excl. the Parachinar area) 176 12 THE INTERMONTANE BASINS OF KOHAT 15.7 The Parachinar area (Kurram Agency) 178 AND KARAK DISTRICTS 125 .15.8 North Waziristan 181 15.9 South Waziristan 183 12.1 General 125 12.2 The Kohatplain 127 12.3 The Hangu valley 131 REFERENCES 187 12.4 The Doaba valley 134 12.5 The Lachi plain 137 12.6 The Teri area 141 GLOSSARY 189 12.7 The Karak valley 141 LEGEND OF GROUNDWATER MAPS AND 13 THE BANNU BASIN 149 HYDROGEOLOGICAL CROSS-SECTIONS 195 14 THE DERA ISMAIL KHAN BASIN 161 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Page Table 1: Data from some meteorological stations in NWFP 3/4 Table 2: Population of NWFP (excl. Afghan refugees) 10 Table 3: Housing units by source of water and energy supply (1980) 11 Table 4: Employment of the working population of 10 years and older 12 Table 5: Land use in NWFP (excl. FATA) 12 Table 6: Districtwise number of farms and farm size distribution 13 Table 7: Crop production in NWFP 13 Table 8: The area in NWFP irrigated with water from various sources 14 Table 9: Livestock in NWFP (in millions) 14 Table 10: Electricity consumption by industry 14 Table 11: Relative tolerance of plants to boron 24 Table 12: Water quality criteria for various uses 25 Table 13: Substances affecting the acceptability of water 26 Table 14: Crop tolerance to salt 27 Table 15: The EC value, water type and SAR value of groundwater in NWFP 29/30 Table 16: Estimate of the water balance of the world (Nace, 1971) 32 Table 17: Hydraulic conductivity and specific yield of aquifer materials 37 Table 18: Water wells and their production in selected areas 50 Table 19: Public sector tubewells for irrigation outside SCARPs 51 Table 20: Construction costs of a tubewell; project estimate 52/53 Table 21: Operation and maintenance costs of a tubewell 54 Table 22: Abiana receipt of a groundwater-based irrigation scheme 54 Table 23: Selected abiana rates 55 Table 24: Comparative costs of various types of wells in NWFP 56 Table 25: Public rural water supply systems 57 Table 26: Tube well-based water supply systems in NWFP 58 Table 27: Groundwater Development Potential in NWFP 60/61 Table 28: Area irrigated by different sources in the Peshawar Vale 108 Table 29: Calculation of annual groundwater withdrawal for irrigation 109 Table 30: Geological formations in the catchment areas of the Kohat and Karak Districts 127 Table 31: Soil moisture balance of the Domail plain 157 Table 32: Major crops grown in D.I. Khan 163 Figure 1; Map of the North-West Frontier Province 2 Figure 2: Isohyetal map of the North-West Frontier Province 5 Figure 3: Climatic regions of the North-West Frontier Province 7 Figure 4: The Indo-Pakistani subcontinent during the last 80 Myr 17 Figure 5: Sketch of the Indo-Pakistani subcontinent 70 Myr ago 18 Figure 6: As Figure 5 but 55 Myr ago 19 Figure 7: As Figure 5 but 40 Myr ago 19 Figure 8: As Figure 5 but 20 Myr ago 19 Figure 9: As Figure 5 but at present 19 Figure 10: The Peshawar basin and its surroundings 8-10 Myr ago 20 Figure 11: As Figure 2.7 but 2-4 Myr ago 20 Figure 12: Situation of the Peshawar and Campbellpore basins now 20 Figure 13: Diagram for the classification of irrigation waters 28 Figure 14: Hydrological cycle 31 Figure 15: The landbased part of the hydrological cycle 32 Page Figure 16: Influent and effluent rivers 33 Figure 17: River water level changing with time 33 Figure 18: River flowing through impervious material 33 Figure 19: Lateral subsurface flow conditions 34 Figure 20: Influence of phreatophytes on the groundwater level 35 Figure 21: The illustration of Darcy's law 35 Figure 22: The specific yield of an unconfined aquifer and the storage coefficient of a confined aquifer 36 Figure 23: Cross-section showing principle of a pumping test 37 Figure 24: Principle of the vertical electrical sounding 41 Figure 25: Principle of the direct rotary drilling 42 Figure 26: Well log interpretation in the Bannu basin 44 Figure 27: Schematic representation of a well completion 45 Figure 28: Streamflow components in a hydrograph 46 Figure 29: Alluvial plains in the North-West Frontier Province 64 Figure 30: Legend of maps and cross-sections 195 Figure 31: Alluvium in Dir and Swat Districts and Malakand Agency 71 Figure 32: Groundwater map of the Talash and Adinzai valleys 72 Figure 33: Location map of the cross-sections of Figure 34 74 Figure 34: Cross-sections over Talash and Adinzai valleys 75 Figure 35: Location map of the Buner and Gadoon Amazai areas 77 Figure 36: Hydrogeological cross-sections over the Daggar valley 79 Figure 37: Groundwater map of the Daggar valley 80 Figure 38: Groundwater map of the Chamla valley 83 Figure 39: Hydrogeological cross-section over the Chamla valley 83 Figure 40: Hydrogeological map of the Totali area 84 Figure 41: Hydrogeological cross-sections over the Totali valley 85 Figure 42: Cross-sections over the Nikpikhel area 88 Figure 43: Groundwater map of the Nikpikhel area 89 Figure 44: Location map of the Jandool area 90 Figure 45: Cross-sections over the Pakhli plain 94 Figure 46: Groundwater map of the Pakhli plain 96 Figure 47: Hydrogeological cross-sections over the Haripur area 98 Figure 48: Groundwater hydrographs of the Haripur area 99 Figure 49: Groundwater map of the Haripur area 100 Figure 50: Hydrogeological cross-sections over the Ghazi area 104 Figure 51: Groundwater map of the Ghazi area 105 Figure 52: Groundwater investigations in the Peshawar Vale 110 Figure 53: Cross-sections A - A' and B - B' over Peshawar Vale 112 Figure 54: Cross-sections C - C and D - D' over Peshawar Vale 113 Figure 55: Groundwater map of the Peshawar Vale 114 Figure 56: Groundwater map of the Nizampur area 118 Figure 57: Hydrogeological cross-sections over the Nizampur area 120 Figure 58: Location map of the Gadoon plain 122 Figure 59: The intermontane basins of the Kohat and Karak Districts 126 Figure 60: Hydrogeological cross-section over the Kohat plain 128 Figure 61: Groundwater map of the Kohat plain 130 Figure 62: Groundwater map of the Hangu valley 132 Figure 63: Hydrogeological cross-section over the Hangu valley 133 Figure 64: Groundwater map of the Doaba Valley 135 Figure 65: Hydrogeological cross-sections over the Doaba valley 136 Figure 66: Groundwater map of the Lachi Valley 138 Figure 67: Hydrogeological cross-sections over the Teri area 140 Figure 68: Groundwater map of the Teri area 142 Figure 69: Cross-section A - A'over the Karak valley 144 Figure 70: Cross-sections B - B'and C - C over the Karak valley 145 Figure 71: Groundwater map of the Karak valley 146 Figure 72: Location map of the Bannu basin 150 Figure 73: Hydrogeological cross-section A - A1 over the Bannu basin 152 Figure 74: Hydrogeological cross-section B -B' over the Bannu basin 153 Page Figure 75: Hydrogeological cross-section C - C over the Bannu basin 154 Figure 76: Groundwater map of the Bannu basin 156 Figure 77: Physiographical map of the Dera Ismail Khan basin 162 Figure 78: Hydrogeological cross-section over the D.I.