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Siyaset Bilimi Ve Kamu Yönetimi (Siyaset Bilimi) Anabilim Dali

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Siyaset Bilimi Ve Kamu Yönetimi (Siyaset Bilimi) Anabilim Dali TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ SİYASET BİLİMİ VE KAMU YÖNETİMİ (SİYASET BİLİMİ) ANABİLİM DALI POST-TRUTH SİYASETİN POPÜLİZM, KAMUSALLIK VE GÜVEN EKSENİNDE İNCELENMESİ Doktora Tezi Mehmet Burak ÜNAL Ankara 2021 TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ SİYASET BİLİMİ VE KAMU YÖNETİMİ (SİYASET BİLİMİ) ANABİLİM DALI POST-TRUTH SİYASETİN POPÜLİZM, KAMUSALLIK VE GÜVEN EKSENİNDE İNCELENMESİ Doktora Tezi Mehmet Burak ÜNAL Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Aykut ÇELEBİ Ankara 2021 TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ SİYASET BİLİMİ VE KAMU YÖNETİMİ (SİYASET BİLİMİ) ANABİLİM DALI POST-TRUTH SİYASETİN POPÜLİZM, KAMUSALLIK VE GÜVEN EKSENİNDE İNCELENMESİ Doktora Tezi Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Aykut ÇELEBİ Tez Jürisi Üyeleri Adı ve Soyadı: İmzası: 1) Prof. Dr. Aykut ÇELEBİ ..……………….. 2) Prof. Dr. Filiz ZABCI ..……………….. 3) Doç. Dr. Cem DEVECİ ..……………….. 4) Prof. Dr. Filiz KARTAL ..……………….. 5) Doç. Dr. Ruhtan YALÇINER ..……………….. Tez Sınavı Tarihi: 28.06.2021 TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ MÜDÜRLÜĞÜNE, Prof. Dr. Aykut ÇELEBİ danışmanlığında hazırladığım “Post-Truth Siyasetin Popülizm, Kamusallık ve Güven Ekseninde İncelenmesi (Ankara 2021)” adlı doktora tezimdeki bütün bilgilerin akademik kurallara ve etik davranış ilkelerine uygun olarak toplanıp sunulduğunu, başka kaynaklardan aldığım bilgileri metinde ve kaynakçada eksiksiz olarak gösterdiğimi, çalışma sürecinde bilimsel araştırma ve etik kurallarına uygun olarak davrandığımı ve aksinin ortaya çıkması durumunda her türlü yasal sonucu kabul edeceğimi beyan ederim. 28.07.2021 Mehmet Burak ÜNAL TEŞEKKÜR Tez danışmanım Prof. Dr. Aykut ÇELEBİ’ye tez konusunun kararlaştırılması ve tezin yazım sürecinin tüm aşamalarındaki yardımları için teşekkür ederim. Tez izleme komitesi üyesi Prof. Dr. Filiz ZABCI ile tez jürisi üyeleri Prof. Dr. Filiz KARTAL ve Doç. Dr. Ruhtan YALÇINER’e değerli yorumları ve katkılarından ötürü şükranlarımı sunarım. Tez izleme komitesinde yer alan ve aynı zamanda yüksek lisansta tez danışmanlığımı yapmış olan Doç. Dr. Cem DEVECİ’ye bu tezin de kurgulanmasına yönelik ufuk açan fikirleri, yaratıcı eleştirileri ve her daim paylaştığı güzel anekdotları hasebiyle en derin minnet duygularımı belirtmek istiyorum. Bursiyeri olduğum ve doktora çalışmalarım boyunca birçok konuda bana desteklerini sunan TÜBİTAK’a teşekkür ederim. Varlıklarıyla her daim yanımda olan, hayatı kolaylaştıran ve ona keyif katan ailem ile arkadaşlarıma minnet borçluyum. Hususi olarak dedem Abdullah ÜNAL, babaannem Bostan ÜNAL ve kardeşim Yunus Emre ÜNAL’a; ayrıyeten arkadaşlarım Anıl İŞİSAĞ, Selim ORHAN ve Barış Feridun ARIKAN’a çok müteşekkirim. Son olarak bu hikâyenin iyisinde kötüsünde, bu yolculuğun inişinde çıkışında ve bu emeğin her bir zerresinde yanımda olan sevgili eşim Duygu ÜNAL’a anlayışı, sabrı, paylaştığı tüm hisleri, düşünceliliği ve nihayetinde getirdiği yaşama neşesi için sonsuz şükranlarımı iletiyorum. i İÇİNDEKİLER TEŞEKKÜR ..................................................................................................................... i İÇİNDEKİLER ............................................................................................................... ii GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM POST-TRUTH POPÜLİZM: UZMAN KARŞITLIĞI, KUTUPLAŞMA VE KOMPLOCULUK EKSENİNDE YENİ BİR SİYASET TARZI ............................ 21 1.1. POST-TRUTH İLE POPÜLİZM: TARİHSEL ARKA PLAN VE KAVRAMSAL ÇERÇEVE .. 22 1.2. POST-TRUTH POPÜLİZM, YALAN VE HAKİKAT ...................................................... 38 1.2.1. Post-Truth Popülizm ile Yalan Siyaseti Arasındaki Farklar ......................... 38 1.2.2. Post-Truth Popülizm ve Hakikat: Hakikat Neyi İmler? ................................ 48 1.3. POST-TRUTH POPÜLİZMİN BESLENDİĞİ KAYNAKLAR ........................................... 55 1.3.1. Anti-Elitizm ve Uzmanlığa Yönelen Tepki .................................................. 56 1.3.2. Anti-Plüralizm: Çok Perspektifli Toplum Algısının Reddi .......................... 68 1.3.3. Kutuplaştırma: Ortak Politik Zeminin Uçlarına Savrulmak ......................... 76 1.3.4. Aşırılık ve Siyasetin Fanatizanlaşması .......................................................... 83 1.3.5. Komploculuk: Perde Arkasının Bilgisi ve Şüphecilik .................................. 91 1.3.6. Sadeleştirme ve “Sokaktaki Vatandaşçılık” .................................................. 97 1.3.7. İktisadi ve Kültürel Kaygılar Bağlamında Ontolojik Güvenliksizlik .......... 105 1.3.8. Siyaset-Siyasa Ayrımının Keskinleşmesi: Praxis ile Poiesis’in Kopuşu .... 113 1.4. POST-TRUTH POPÜLİZMİN SINIRLILIKLARI: ELEŞTİREL BİR BAKIŞ ..................... 117 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM POST-TRUTH KAMUSALLIK: ALENİLEŞME, EĞLENCE VE HIZ TEMELİNDE ORTAK SİYASAL DÜNYANIN DÖNÜŞÜMÜ ............................ 124 2.1. KAMUSALLIK VE KAMUSAL ALAN: ALENİYET, İSTİŞARE VE ORTAKLIK ............. 126 2.1.1. Arendt’te Kamusal Alan: Eylem ve Konuşmanın Ortak Siyasal Dünyası .. 131 2.1.2. Habermas’ta Kamusal Alan: İletişimsel Akıl ve Kamusallık ..................... 136 2.2. POST-TRUTH KAMUSALLIĞIN AYIRT EDİCİ NİTELİKLERİ .................................... 141 2.3. POST-TRUTH KAMUSALLIĞIN BESLENDİĞİ KAYNAKLAR .................................... 149 2.3.1. Özel Alanın Erozyona Uğraması ve Kişiselliğin Politize Olması............... 149 ii 2.3.2. Olgu ve Kanı İlişkisi Bağlamında Post-Truth Kamusallık ......................... 157 2.3.3. Kamusal Bir Edim Olarak Konuşmanın Dönüşümü ................................... 169 2.3.4. Tezahüratçılık: Siyasetin Bir Müsabaka Hâlini Alması .............................. 181 2.3.5. Hız: Kamusal Anlam ve Süreklilik Önünde Bir Engel ............................... 187 2.3.6. Eğlence: Bir Keyif Unsuru Olarak Siyaset ................................................. 195 2.3.7. Algoritmik Kamusallık, Yalan Haber, Botlar ve Troller ............................ 201 2.3.8. Mitler, Hikâyeler ve Duygular .................................................................... 213 2.3.9. Kârlılık Ekseninde Kamusallığın Şekillendirilmesi .................................... 220 2.4. POST-TRUTH KAMUSALLIĞIN SINIRLILIKLARI: ELEŞTİREL BİR BAKIŞ ................ 226 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM POST-TRUTH VE GÜVEN: KİŞİSELLİK VE SAMİMİYETİN KURUMLARA DUYULAN GÜVENMEZLİĞİ KİTLESELLEŞTİRMESİ ................................... 232 3.1. GÜVEN KAVRAMI VE SİYASAL GÜVEN ............................................................... 233 3.1.1. Tarihsel Arka Plan ve Kavramsal Çerçeve ................................................. 233 3.1.2. Kişisel-Kurumsal Güven Ayrımı ................................................................ 237 3.1.3. Sosyal Sermaye Kavramı ve Güven ............................................................ 241 3.1.4. Sosyal Güvenden Siyasal Güvene Geçiş ..................................................... 243 3.2. GÜVEN, GÜVENMEZLİK VE GÜVENSİZLİK: HASSAS BİR DENGE .......................... 249 3.3. POST-TRUTH VE GÜVEN: HAKİKATİ ÖNEMSİZLEŞTİREN GÜVENMEZLİK ............. 255 3.4. OLGUSAL HAKİKATİN ÖN KOŞULU OLARAK GÜVEN .......................................... 265 3.5. KAMUSAL GÜVENMEZLİĞİ PERÇİNLEYEN BİR TALEP OLARAK SAMİMİYET ....... 274 3.6. OTORİTE: ŞÜPHECİLİĞİN AŞINDIRDIĞI ORTAK DÜNYANIN KALICILIK VE İSTİKRAR UNSURU ..................................................................................................................... 282 3.7. POST-TRUTH AÇISINDAN GÜVEN KAVRAMININ SINIRLILIKLARI: ELEŞTİREL BİR BAKIŞ ........................................................................................................................ 294 SONUÇ ve DEĞERLENDİRME .............................................................................. 297 KAYNAKÇA ............................................................................................................... 309 ÖZET ........................................................................................................................... 351 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ 353 iii Anneannem Gülsüm YILMAZ’ın anısına… GİRİŞ “Hâlbuki ne şeytanı azizim, ne şeytanı? Bu bizim gururumuzun, salaklığımızın uydurması… İçimizdeki şeytan pek de kurnazca olmayan bir kaçamak yolu… İçimizde şeytan yok, içimizde acz var… Tembellik var… İradesizlik, bilgisizlik ve bunların hepsinden daha korkunç bir şey: Hakikatleri görmekten kaçmak itiyadı var…” - Sabahattin Ali, İçimizdeki Şeytan Yalan, hakikat ve siyaset arasındaki ilişki, siyasal teoride ele alınan ilk tarihsel dönem ve metinlerden güncel döneme değin birçok tartışmaya sahne olmuş, farklı düşünürlerin süzgecinde alternatif çerçevelerde yer almış, buna binaen de muhtelif yaklaşımlar geliştirilmiştir. Antik Yunan’da Sofistler ile Sokratiklerin retoriğe yönelik diyaloglarından, önemli olanın görünümler olduğunu söyleyerek yalanlara yer açan Machiavelli’ye; yalana karşı kategorik ve ilkesel bir muhalefet sergileyen Kant’tan, polis’in uyumu ile birliğini sağlamak adına “soylu” yalanlara (noble lie) müspet bakan Leo Strauss’a; son olarak da yalanları bir yandan insanın yaratıcı eylem potansiyeline benzer şekilde dünyayı olduğundan farklı hayal edip dönüştürebilmesine, diğer yandan da insanların üzerinde kendilerini sabitlediği ortak zemin olarak olgusal hakikati yıpratabilmesine muktedir olarak gören Arendt’e, siyasal düşünceler
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