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Masterarbeit / Master's Thesis MASTERARBEIT / MASTER’S THESIS Titel der Masterarbeit / Title of the Master‘s Thesis „Der transatlantische Rechtspopulismus: Die Kampagnen von Donald Trump und der Brexit-Bewegung 2016 aus demokratietheoretischer Perspektive“ verfasst von / submitted by Lukas Johannes Sapper, BA angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (MA) Wien, 2019 / Vienna 2019 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / UA 066 824 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt / Masterstudium Politikwissenschaft degree programme as it appears on the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: Univ.-Prof. Dipl.-Bw. Dr. Ulrich Brand Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung – Die Zeit ist aus den Fugen .........................................................................1 1.1 State of the Art: Rechtspopulismus in der Politikwissenschaft .......................................2 1.2 Konzeptualisierung und Fragestellungen der Arbeit ......................................................4 1.3 Methodik der Arbeit ......................................................................................................5 1.4 Aufbau und Ziel der Arbeit ...........................................................................................7 2. Populismus – Ein umkämpfter Begriff .........................................................................9 2.1 Der Populismus-Begriff in seiner historisch-räumlichen Dimension ............................ 10 2.2 Rechtspopulismus als Strategie, Ideologie und Politstil ............................................... 11 2.3 Demokratiekonzeption ................................................................................................ 18 2.4 Der Rechtspopulismus als Krisensymptom .................................................................. 21 2.5 Das Verhältnis von liberaler Demokratie und Rechtspopulismus ................................. 24 2.6 Zwischenfazit .............................................................................................................. 27 3. Die Genese der rechtspopulistischen Kampagnen ..................................................... 29 3.1 Die Brexit-Kampagnen und das gespaltene Königreich ............................................... 29 3.2. Dis-United States: Trumps populistischer Erfolgslauf................................................. 32 3.3 Die transatlantische Zusammenarbeit der Kampagnen ................................................. 35 4. Die strukturellen Grundlagen der rechtspopulistischen Kampagnen ....................... 38 4.1 Die sozioökonomische Basis des Populismus .............................................................. 38 4.1.1 Ungleichheit durch Neoliberalismus und Austeritätspolitik ................................... 39 4.1.2 Die Grenzen der Globalisierung ............................................................................ 43 4.1.2.1 Der Freihandel und die billigen Importe ........................................................ 43 4.1.2.2 Der sozioökonomische Wandel der „Zweiten Moderne“ ................................ 45 4.1.2.3 Die Auswirkungen der Globalisierung auf die Regionen ................................ 46 4.1.3 New Labour und New Democrats: Die Abkehr der Linken von ihren Wurzeln ...... 49 4.2 Die sozialliberalen Transformationen und der kulturelle Backlash ............................... 51 4.2.1 Die Ablehnung der Zuwanderung ......................................................................... 52 4.2.2 Die Abkehr von sozialliberalen Idealen und Intellektuellen ................................... 54 4.2.2.1 Der Konflikt zwischen den Generationen....................................................... 55 i 4.2.2.2 Anti-Intellektualismus und der ‚Tod der Expertise‘ ....................................... 56 4.2.3 Die Sehnsucht nach der alten Ordnung: Identitätskrisen und Nationalismus .......... 58 4.2.3.1 Identität als Trümmerfeld: Südstaatentraumata und der Exzeptionalismus ..... 59 4.2.3.2 Die Angst vor der Zukunft: Nostalgie und Nationalismus .............................. 60 4.2.3.3 Die Wiederkehr des Faktors „Rasse” ............................................................. 62 4.2.4 Genderaspekte: Populismus als antifeministischer ‚Skandal‘ ................................. 63 4.2.4.1 Gender top down: Die Exklusion von Frauen in der Politik ........................... 64 4.2.4.2 Gender bottom up: Reproduktionsverhältnisse und Populismus ..................... 66 4.3 Die institutionelle Krise des politischen Systems ......................................................... 67 4.3.1 Die Rolle von Verfassung und Wahlordnung für den Rechtspopulismus ............... 67 4.3.1.1 Die Verfassungen zwischen Improvisation und Stagnation ............................ 67 4.3.1.2 Politische Partizipation zwischen Gerrymandering und Exklusion ................. 71 4.3.2 Der Fall der konservativen Parteien ...................................................................... 74 4.3.2.1 Euroskepsis: Konservative Tradition unter Druck der „Kipper“ ..................... 74 4.3.2.2 Die Radikalisierung der Grand Old Party ....................................................... 77 4.3.3 Öffentliche Polarisierung: Die Ambivalenz traditioneller und sozialer Medien ...... 79 4.3.3.1 Populism sells: Die Krise der arrivierten Medien ........................................... 79 4.3.3.2 Die Rolle der sozialen Medien für die Ausbreitung des Rechtspopulismus .... 82 4.4 Zwischenfazit .............................................................................................................. 84 5. Die Kampagnen: Analyse der rechtspopulistischen Wahlkämpfe............................. 86 5.1 Die Strategien der populistischen Kampagnen von 2016 ............................................. 88 5.1.1 Im Namen des Volkes: Die inszenierte Revolte gegen das Establishment .............. 88 5.1.1.1 Der Kampf ums Königreich: Die britische Elite gegen Brüssel ...................... 89 5.1.1.2 Trumps ambivalentes Verhältnis zum amerikanischen Volk .......................... 90 5.1.2 Die rechtspopulistische Agitation gegen die politische Ordnung ........................... 92 5.1.2.1 Die Leave-Kampagnen und die Diskreditierung der Europäischen Union ...... 92 5.1.2.2 Trumps präzedenzlose Angriffe auf die politischen Gegner ........................... 93 5.1.2.3 Die rechtspopulistischen Kampagnen und das Justizsystem ........................... 94 5.1.2.4 Der Kampf gegen die Mainstream-Medien .................................................... 96 5.1.2.5 Der „Common Sense“ gegen jedwede Expertise ............................................ 97 ii 5.1.3 Von Tabubrüchen und Unwahrheiten: Die Emotionalisierung der Debatte ............ 98 5.1.3.1 Strategisch eingesetzte Regelbrüche und Kontroversen .................................. 98 5.1.3.2 Die Verbindung von Unwahrheiten und Emotionen ..................................... 101 5.1.4 Weaponising social media: Die Macht des digitalen Populismus ......................... 104 5.1.4.1 Auf allen Kanälen: Wie der #populismus die Debatte dominiert .................. 104 5.1.4.2 Bots, dark Ads und BigData: Die Manipulation der sozialen Medien ........... 106 5.2 Die dünne Ideologie des transatlantischen Populismus .............................................. 107 5.2.1 Die Rückkehr der Nation: Die Vergangenheit als populistisches Zukunftsideal ... 107 5.2.1.1 Migration als ‚signature issue‘ des Rechtspopulismus .................................. 109 5.2.1.2 Die Politik nationalautoritärer Stärke ........................................................... 111 5.2.1.3 Die Vision einer goldenen Zukunft .............................................................. 114 5.2.2 Opportunismus und Leerstellen: Die Inhalte der populistischen Kampagnen ....... 115 5.2.2.1 Die Beliebigkeit des CEO von Amerika....................................................... 115 5.2.2.2 Brexit – Was nicht gesagt wurde ................................................................. 117 5.2.2.3 Die populistischen Kampagnen am Beispiel der Gesundheitspolitik ............ 118 5.3 Rhetorik und Stil der rechtspopulistischen Kampagnen ............................................. 121 5.3.1 Die rhetorischen Formen der populistischen Überzeugungskunst ........................ 122 5.3.2 Mit Verve und Etikette: Die Sprache der britischen Populisten ........................... 124 5.3.2.1 Der Brexit als humoriges Spiel in „received Pronunciation“ ........................ 124 5.3.2.2 Stil und Stilfiguren des britischen Populismus ............................................. 126 5.3.2.3 Die ‚darkest hour‘ als Referenzrahmen für britischen Heroismus ................. 127 5.3.3 Trumps rhetorischer Kampf gegen alle Normen .................................................. 128 5.3.3.1 Einfach und leidenschaftlich: Die Sprache des Verkäufers ........................... 128 5.3.3.2 Die Verachtung der politischen Korrektheit ................................................. 130 5.3.3.3 Angreifen, niemals verteidigen: Trumps gewaltaffiner Jargon ..................... 131 5.3.4 Das Auftreten der Rechtspopulisten .................................................................... 132 5.4 Zwischenfazit ............................................................................................................ 135 iii 6. Rechtspopulismus vs. Demokratie: Die Folgen der Wahlen von 2016 .................... 137 6.1 Die Fortführung der Kampagnen
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