Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 507 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Education, Language, Art and Inter-cultural Communication (ICELAIC 2020) Guangling Ci Circle and Its "Amorous Ci" Chimed Activities Qinglv Huang1,* Suxiang Yu2 1College of Liberal Arts, Tibet University, Lhasa, Tibet 850000, China 2College of Arts and Social Science, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, Sichuan 617000, China *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Through the literature analysis, the paper probes into the features of Guangling Ci Circle (ci, a type of classical Chinese poetry, originating in the Tang Dynasty and fully developed in the Song Dynasty) as well as its amorous ci chimed activities, as Guangling Ci Circle has actually become an important milestone to carry forward the practical changes and theoretical construction of prosperity of ci poem, especially the amorous ci in Qing Dynasty, and laid the solid foundation for the far-reaching and significant development of ci poem, especially the amorous ci in Qing Dynasty. As the ci poems were mainly under the theme of love between men and women, the research value of amorous ci cannot be ignored absolutely. Keywords: Guangling Ci Circle, Amorous Ci, chimed activities for the first time in the early Qing Dynasty. It was large I. INTRODUCTION in scale, wide in lineup, high in self-consciousness and The concept of "Guangling Ci Circle" can be found vigorous in momentum. first in the exposition of Yan Dichang in his "History of The amorous ci chimed activities of Guangling Ci Ci in the Qing Dynasty": "When the tinder of 'Yun- Circle not only contributed to the birth of important chien' lit by Chen Zilong in Zhengjiang and other forms of artistic expression in the creation of amorous provinces were about to burn out, a group of his ci such as "feng ren zhi zhi" and "a tune with eight Jiangdong disciples had been active in the cultural pieces", etc., but also became a milestone to promote centers of Suzhou, Wuxi and Changzhou etc. the practical reform and theoretical construction of successively, and finally joined hands with Wang Qing ci, especially amorous ci, laying a foundation for Shizhen from the north. Finally, with the combination the far-reaching development of ci, especially amorous of opportune time and favorable geographic position, ci in Qing Dynasty. the right men gathered together in Yangzhou, the ancient Guangling city, and triggered an unprecedented upsurge of ci study. This is the first time in the early II. GUANGLING CI CIRCLE PROMOTES THE Qing Dynasty to form a large scale, wide lineup, high PRACTICAL REFORM AND THEORETICAL awareness of the momentum of the ci center. In terms CONSTRUCTION OF THE REVIVAL OF CI, of its keynote, it was originally the aftereffect of 'Yun- ESPECIALLY THE AMOROUS CI IN QING chien' style of ci, but in fact it had been transformed DYNASTY generally to the ci center characterized by 'hua-jian' 55 sentiments." [1] This paragraph highly summarizes A. The formation time of Guangling Ci Circle: early several important aspects of Guangling Ci Circle. First, Qing Dynasty Guangling Ci Circle was formed in the Early Qing Dynasty. Second, Guangling Ci Circle was active "So the evolution of works is related to the social situation, and the ups and downs of the literary world mainly in Yangzhou. Third, the leading figure of 511 Guangling Ci Circle was Wang Shizhen. Fourth, the are related to the dynamic of the times" [2] The literary nature of Guangling Ci Circle is the center of ci transformation of literature and even culture is closely studies. Fifth, the literary characteristics of Guangling related to the change of dynasties and the survival of Ci Circle is outwardly the aftereffects of "Yun-chien" ci the nation. At the turn of Ming and Qing dynasties, the style, but actually have been transformed into "hua- literati and official classes were stunned, distressed, and jian" sentiments generally. Sixth, the literary value of disturbed. The formation of Guangling Ci Circle is Guangling Ci Circle lies in that it initiated an closely related to the ruling class's attitude towards unprecedented upsurge of ci study, which was formed literati in early Qing Dynasty. Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Atlantis Press SARL. This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license -http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. 367 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 507 According to Chen Yishan's "Liyuan Unofficial are constantly changing, and the same is true in ancient History": "When Qing invaded China, the official Hong times as it is today!" [2]496 Chengchou taught the authorities to buy popularity since those coveting money and wealth would surrender; B. The activity area of Guangling Ci Circle: Yangzhou as for the scholars, if they can enjoy honor and "Guangling, the ancient name of Yangzhou, has distinction just by making stereotyped writing, they been a gathering place for scholars since ancient times." certainly would abandon their previous emperor. 44 106-107 [10] Yangzhou and the southern political center of Therefore, Provincial Examination was held. "[3] Nanjing face each other across the river, coupled with In his "Cultural History of Ming and Qing Dynasties", extremely convenient waterway traffic, and close Feng Tianyu said, "the Qing government had different contact with the anti-Manchu front. Due to such a attitudes towards literati in different periods of the early special geographical location, a large number of Qing Dynasty: during the first decade of Emperor dismissed officials and literati gathered in Yangzhou. Shunzhi's Reign, it adopted the exploitation policy; After the country was ruled by the Qing Dynasty, from the eleventh year of Shunzhi's Reign to the tenth Yangzhou city once became a place where the year of Kangxi's Reign, it adopted the coercion policy; 'adherents of Ming Dynasty' from the north and the after the tenth year of Kangxi's Reign, it adopted the 63 332 south met and discussed the court." [11] Yangzhou, policy of conciliation." [4] Since the tragic "10-day once a bustling city, was in a terrible state since Qing Massacre in Yangzhou" carried out by the Qing army troops moved south. from the 25th of the fourth lunar month to 5th of the fifth lunar month in the second year of Emperor Yangzhou has been a fertile ground for ci literature Shunzhi's Reign, Yangzhou bore the brunt of the Qing since ancient times. In the late Tang Dynasty and the government's tyranny and coercion as a terror area. Five Dynasties Period, Guangling, that is, Yangzhou According to Meng Sen's "Series of Heart History", the and Jinling, namely Nanjing, was the cultural center in people involved in the case were "more than 13,500 the South of the Yangtze River, especially the lyric literati and 240 officials" [5]1. Most of them were creation base. [12]33 During the Song Dynasty, Ouyang Jiangnan people near Yangzhou. The treatment of those Xiu, Su Shi, Liu Yong, Zhou Bangyan, Jiang Kui and involved in the case was extremely cruel. "The current Qin Guan all left immortal poems here to praise about officer was demoted by two grades, sent to Beijing and Yangzhou. In the Yuan and Ming dynasties, although sent to the Ministry of Penalty for severe punishment" ci-ology was declining, the musical and literary [5]10. According to "San Gang Shi Lue" by Dong Han, tradition in Guangling, namely Yangzhou was not cut "They were being even crueler before long, for example, off. The famous ci writers Guan Yunshi and Bai Pu an official was punished so severely that the school were all engaged in creative activities here. In the mid became empty."[6]56 In this passage, the official Ye and late Ming dynasty, famous ci-ologist and ci writer Fang'ai was punished severely just for a little amount of Zhang Wei and Wang Wei were produced here. Due to money in debt. It can be seen that the punishment of the the special political and cultural background in early Qing government was very severe. The brutal Qing Dynasty, the specific region, Yangzhou with a punishment resulted in a phenomenon that "there were long and profound tradition of ci studies, has become a almost no officials in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces". hotbed for the revival of literature prosperity, especially The literati in the south and north of the Yangtze River the reform and revitalization of ci style. were very afraid all day long. In her master's thesis "Study Yangzhou Ci of "What was the timing of the resurgence of ci-ology? Guangling Ci Tan in Shunkang", Liu Sainan believed The author's conclusion is Wang Shizhen's ci-related that the heritage of "urban prosperity" and "urban activities in Yangzhou. This is the most unique part of destruction" coexist in Yangzhou. Although Yangzhou his literary activities, but also the most noteworthy has long ceased all activities and become an obscure event in the whole Ci Circle of Qing Dynasty." [8]92 city, scholars and poets have been portraying it This is Jiang Yin's self-questioning and self-answering throughout the centuries. Yangzhou's ups and downs in his "Wang Yuyang and the Origin of Ci in Qing are necessary to show the city, its reversal of fortune Dynasty", which is very to the point. Several years later, are the its natural and unshakeable fate. These themes Li Dan explained in the "Introduction" of the book, have guided generations of Yangzhou people to depict "Research on the Guangling Ci Circle During the Reign the city, to give and express the special connotation of of Emperor Shunzhi and Emperor Kangxi in Qing it.