University of Tennessee, Knoxville Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange

Masters Theses Graduate School

5-1923 The irC is and Ovid: A Study of the Language of the Poem Richmond Frederick Thomason University of Tennessee - Knoxville

Recommended Citation Thomason, Richmond Frederick, "The irC is and Ovid: A Study of the Language of the Poem. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 1923. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/3094

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Richmond Frederick Thomason entitled "The irC is and Ovid: A Study of the Language of the Poem." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in . , Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: ARRAY(0x7f6ffe6969f8) Accepted for the Council: Dixie L. Thompson Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official student records.) IIIII �Ill�l lllllllfllim1ifl�liHIIIIIII�II� Ill �

3 9029 02119730 0

THmiS

THE CIRIS AND OVID:

A STUDY OF THE LANGUAGE OF THE POEM

. SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE R!QUIREMENTS FO.R ... - THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS

...... ,., •. • •• eo -...... :: . . ··: ...... : . . . . .•..

BY

RICHMOND FREDERICK THOMASON

UNIVERSITY OF TENNBSSEE

MAY 1923 CON�ENTS

Chapter Jage

I. Introduction ...... 1

II . Additions to Ganz enmUller'a Collection of.

Phrases .• ...... 23

III . Ooourrenoes of words. Ovid and Vergil Con-

trasted ...... 28

rv. Indebtedness to Luoretius.and Catullus•.•• 37

• v. Close Rela t ion to the Tibullan APpendix.• • 40

VI . Extraordinary Use of Color-Terms and Color-

Contrasts...... 41

VII. Greek Words and Forms. • • • • • • • • • • 44

VIII . 'Conolusio'. Words Common Only to the Ciris

and Ovi d Among the Poets of the Golden Age ••46

IX . Character of the Words Not Us ed Later by Ovid . 61

X. The Meaning and Grammati cal Construction of

words . Ovid and Vergil Aga�n Contrasted . • • 61

44770 - l -

THE CIRIS AND OVID: A STUDY OF THE LANGUAGE

OF THE POEM.

I. Intr oduction . �ote, see belo�

Some twenty-five poems, known as the Vergilia.n

Appendix, and attributed by the an cien ts to the youth­

ful Vergil, have c ome down to us in inferior manuscripts,

. but not in the great Vergilian codices . Among the

best known of the se poems are. three short epios, the

.Culex, the Aetna and the Ciris. For centuries sc hol­

ars have been agreed that all the poems of the .Appen­

d� are spurious, with the possible excep tion of one

or two very short pieces which are contained in the Cat­ alepton and which purp ort to give certain personal detail�. [ote. The presen t s'tudy has heen prepared in cooper-

. . ation with Professor R. s. Radf ord, o� the Univerai�y

of T ennes see, who baa generously place d at�my disposal

his own large acquaintance with. Ovid and the Vergil­

and Tibullan .Appendices, and has made many valu ian ­

a'ble·au.ggeations both with respect to the literature

of the subject and to the most effective methode of

treatment. The conclusions to whi.ah the present study

of the Ciris has led me are in full accord with the views which he has maintained respecting. �e Ovidian

authorship of the whole Vergilian APPend� 1 -2-

.. It is usually held , however, ·that all :or ne a�ly' _all the po ems in question belong to the ·very best per�od: of Roman poetry, the Age of Augus tus .

In the present study I wish to examine the lan ­ guag e of the'Ciris, .o r story of Soylla and· Nisus, an ep;yll ion written in the manner of Catullus and of the

Greek poets of Al exandr�.

More a�tiol ea have probably been writ ten upon. the Ciris than up on most books of the Aeneid , and it. seems quite unnecessary t o enumerate al l thes e sepa ­ rate discussions here. Three studies , however , of remark abl e excellenc e cann ot be lightly passed ov er.

The fi rst is the discussion by Sillig in his EPilll§trum., N ot e . �ote � In th e Hayne-Wagner edition of Vergil , Vol . IV,pp.l37-157 , Leipzig, 1832 . Ganze�ull er,

Fleoke ia. Jahrb . Suppl• .XX,p.555, well says: "Ueberh&upt bat sei t Silligs. AusflihrllDgen wohl niems.nd. IJ;lehr im Ernst an Vergil ged�oht :3 in wh ich th is crit ic in- vestigates the authorship of the C iria at gr eat length and sh ows b;y many concl usive proofs that the po em ca . More than nnot possibl y be th� w ork of Vergil s�ty years after Sill ig, thedis tinguished Ovidian scholar, Gan�enmull er, published his masterly study of the Ciris , No�e. (!ot e . "Beitr&ge zur Ciris" , Fl eok­ eis . Jahrb . Supplementbd. XX 553-65�7) - an elabor�t e and comprehens ive work, in which he tr eats almost every -3-

phase of the subJect with a completeness which often approache s finality. Thus he discusses the ·biograph­ ical details of the poem with great acumen , and in order to exhibit ful ly th e tnnume rable borrowings which the poem conta ins fr om Catullus, Vergil and

Luoretiua, he assembles all ---or nearl� all--- the phrases an d wo rd-combinations which are drawn from these poe ts. He does not stop her e, howeve r, but he finds that a four�eat poet is eve rywhere l �i tat ed, namely Ovid, and he oolleo ts very many of th e almost innumerable 'imitations' of Ovid which are c ontained in the Ciris. The full argument of the · eminent Ovidian scholar may be stated in a somewhat abbreviated form as follow s: "Since Teuffel th e view has be en almost univer sally ac cepted that the Measalla to wh om the poem is addressed (v . 36) is Messalinus, th e son of the famous orator, an d that the poem itself was composed 18-16 B.C. The supposition is therefore na tural tbat our poe t has not known and baa not used

Ovid. I hope, however, to be able to show that ·this was by no means the case ..· .. Sinoe oe:rtain phrases and verse-closes have become the common property of the Roman poe ts, the power of proof belongs ex clusively to th ose expressions whioh are found only in the Ciria and in Ovid and then pe rhaps in late r write rs also

(pp. 557 f.) .•.•. Numerous half-vers es, verse-be gin- -4-

nings a�d verse-cl oses as well as other expressions and word combinations give the Ciris an unmistake'le: Ovid ian col oring. The frequency of thes e ooinoiden­ ces and the fact that they occur in all the works of

Ovid alike---the earl iest as well as the lates t--- show cl early that Ovid is not hims elf the imit at or ••. •.• Rather is it obvious that the author of the Oiris , this superlat iv e plagiarist, has known the whole of

Ovid , and while he has allowed himself an open, un­ conc eal ed borrowing from Vergil , he has resorted to a more hidden and shamefaced imitat ion of Ovid , as though the expressions and phrases which he had read in the latter , bad cl ung to his memory and had repro­ duc ed themselves involuntarily and in spit e of him­ self, since he was unable to resist the magic of the

Ovid ian po etry and its pot ent influence ( pp . 622 f. ) ". Note. (!ate. "Nu)1lat er den Ovid im Vergleich zu Vergil mehr verateckt, veracbimt naohgeahmt, oft wahl auoh unbewusst." - It should be added that, in his view of th e close relati on between Ovid and the Ciria,

Ganzenmull er had been preceded in large p art by another thoroughly comp et ent Ovidian critic , A. Zingerl e (Kl. philol . Abh. III, Innsbruok 1882, pp . 24-30), who gave many striking examples of the dependence of one poet up on the other. If therefore Draahmann (Her­ mes LXIII 425) expressly deola.rel.J that "all att empts -5-

to show the knowledg e of the po em in other poets than

Vergil are failures" , this is but anot h e r proof of

his wh olly inadequate preparation for this fi eld of

res earch (v. below, p • •••}. For where Ovidian study

is c oncerned , a Draohmann or even a Sudhaus (of.

·Herme s XLII 476 , n. 1} sh ould not match him self too c o nfid ently aga inst a Zinge rle and a Ganzenm1fll er: au �or B! ultra crepidamt--- On the r emarkable simi­

larity (first noted by Sillig) between the two nurse­

s cenes in the Ciri.s and in Ovid's story of Jlyr rha

(Met. X 382 ff .), see Sudhaus, Hermes XLII (1907), p. 49� •• Gan!enmu ller has assembl ed --- so far as one�can

judge--- abo ut eighty-five strik ing phr�ees and col­

locations ( incl ud ing a few ex ceptio nal or unusual

single words) , wh ich are common only to Ovid and the

Cirie. Th is latter poem, as is well known, imitates

the whole of the Aeneid, and also e xhibit� the metrical

oharaoteristioa of the early Augustan age (L. Muller, 2 R. M. 22 , 78). It has therefore long been th e al -

most universal judgment of sc holars that it was com­

p osed very ahortly after the· d eath of Ve rgil and in

the years 18-16 B. c.; we may add that th is is pre­

c is ely the date at which Ovid , on reaoh ing the age -6-

of twenty-five, renounced the senatorial �ank (Trist.

4,10,35_) a.nd beto ok him�elf to Athena fo r the purpose

of literary and philoso phica l study (ib.l,2,77).

Since, however, Ganzenmuller finds striking and fre­

qu ent coincidences of expression between the Ciris

and all the wo rks of Ovid, including the very latest,

he is led to re ject the received dat.e of i.H compo­

sition, and he conjectures instea d that it was writ­

ten shortly after Ovid's death, and about the year

19 .A.D., by an admirin g disciple (�.cit.623,656).

Wha�ever we may think of the particular con­

olusi on reached respecting the date of the po em , there

can be no do ubt that Ganzenmuller's study is a veri-

. table masterpiece of its kind, and as such it excited

at first unbpunded admiration among sch olars interested·

in the study of the Vergili an Appendix. The mystery

relative to the actual author had not, however, been

solved, and when shortly afterwards the prolong ed

Sk utsoh-Leo controversy broke out in Germany over the

Ciris, the attention of critics was directed to a differ­

ent point. Skntsoh, as is well known, maintai�ed th&t

Gallus, the founder of the subjective erotic ele�.

was the author of the poem, and that, in compliment

to his friend, Vergil had borr owed from Gallu s the

twenty or more lines whi ch his works have in common

wit h the Ciris. After a ten years' debate nothing -7-

oam e of Skutsoh's cont ention, yet we should fre ely

rec ogniz e that his thesis constituted a great advance

up on th e lona-diaaarded Vergilian theory, in that it

attributed the epyllion to a genuine love poet of the

Catull&n and neoterio aohool, such as Gal lus undoubt- edly was, but such as we have no right to assume Vergil ever to have been in any sbape or form. Gan!ienmlhler's

solution meanwhile had been almost complet ely fo rgot­

ten exa ept by a few ori�ios of sup erior acum en, such as Nimetq, Klotz and the veteran Birt. Note. {!ote. -· 3 Th�a Sohanz (Rom. Lit. II 1 ,p. 98 , n.2) summarily dismisses the whole study and the pro!! of a "hidden,

shamefaced" dependence upon Ovid, solely up on the ground t�t it would make the poem fall in the year 19 A. D. N&met�, how ever, both in his edition (e.g.,p .lS) and

in Rh.Mus . LXII 484, everywh ere follows Ganzenmuller

only to o lit era l�. Klotz also follows him very closely

in a rec ent article in Herm es (LVII 2 � 588-599), [9 � � whiah shows oareful study and reflection , but adds

only a lit tle to his predec essor's great oolleati on

of material. Birt, though gr eatly underv aluing P.

Jahn'a proof of the dependence of Met. VIII up on the

Ciris, well says in his Kritik, �· Hermeneutik, p.240 u (M ller's Han dbuoh I3 , 1l"'unoh en 1913): "For th e Oirie we must still always go back to the work of Ganzenmuli er ,

whos e moat searching and thorougbr�Oi�g studies cannot -8-

be ignored I believe like him , that 'the Oiris .•... f ., stands under Ovidian influenoe Yet, in my judg- �, . ment, Ganzenmul. ,. ler in all his study has oommitted only a singl e error, and that one of a purely teoh­ nioal nature. The evidenoe which he so oarefully assembled did not justify the positive oonolusion that th e Cir is was composed after OVid ' s death by an imitator. Clearly he should first have concluded

' ' that th e poem was either written by Ovid himself in his youth � by some im itator after his death , and then he should have proceeded oareluli7-, to weigh these alternatives and to decide between them. Ganzenmuller was wholly unable , however , to surmount two serious difficulties, which obscured for him the first alter­ native: (1) Ovid's youthful wo rka,---with the excep­ tion of. the Hal. , the Kedio. , the Conaolatio , the first Amores , and the six double Epistl es (Her . xvr­

XXI)---had all been published anonymouslJ or pseud­ onymously, as Gruppe (1838) and Nlme�hy (1909) were

\ the first to perceive in part, (2) 'or centurie s ori tios had lost fifteen entire years out of the Pe­ lignian poet's produ ctive life and artistic develop­ ment , and the result had been to produce as gr eat I turmoil and confusion as if (for example) Shakespeare's greatest work�.Hamlet and King Lear , had been wrea�ed from hi s thirty-ninth and forty-third years respect- - ,_

iv ely , and violently transferred to his twenty-fourth and his twenty-eighth years. Note. �te. Thia forcible transfer to the juvenile period of consummate master­ pieces like the second Amores and Her6idea, I-XV, which show�wholly perfected art , is contrary to Ovid's ow n mos t express statementS{Am· II 18, 19-26 ; cf. III

15, 7-20), and has been rejected in reoent years by many of the best critics, as Jacoby, Bh . Kus . LX (1906), 3 p. 71, and Schanz , Rom. Lit . II 1 , J 29!J Further­ more , while Ganzenmuller render ed mos t valuable aer- vice in establishing the intimate relation existing between the Ciris and Ovid , yet in adopting the view that the poem was compos ed in 19 A.D. , he assumed a most improbable date for a work wh ich (as all agr ee)

is almost entirely dependent upon Catullus and the neoteric school , and whioh clearly belongs in its metrical characteristics to the early Augustan age.

It is needless to remark that , in the course of the Skutsoh-Leo controversy , valuable li�le ob­

servations were made upon th e Ciris by Skutsoh him­ self, by Leo, Sudhaua and others, yet the third really

important contribution to the study of the.poem is that of Paul Jahn (Rh. Mus. LXIII �0� , 79-106) . In addition to other valuabl e results , Jahn shows very clearly that the bri efer and the partly different story of Soylla and Nisus which is told by Ovid in -10-

Met. VIII, is dependent upon our Ciris and often im-.' itates it . Note.[!ote . Sudhaus , Hermes, XLII (1907) , p.476, n.l, express es briefly the sam e view , as al so do Knaack, Rh. Mus . LVII (1902), p.221 , Teuffel-Kroll , 3 Rom •.Lit . IIJ 230, 2,n.l, and Schanz II 1 , J 24Q His exact wo rds ar e: nOvid ha s therefore, I think, known our Ciris and read it very car efully for his purpose (p.86) •....• Ovid knows and values the Ciris

(p.B7)." It may be noted in passing that the two or three pa rticulars. in which the versi on which is given in Met . VIII differs from the story as told in the epyllion , Note. �ote. Thus in the Ciria Scylla is bound to Kinos' ship ahd dragged through the sea as a pun­ ishment for her orime, but in Met. VIII she leaps of her own accord int o th e water and swims after the de- parting ship . Again in th e epyllion Minoa had appar­ ently promised to marry Scylla in r�turn for the gi ft of the look , but in Met . VIII, after the crime has been committed, he rejects with horror th e proffered gift ; of. Kreunen, Proleg . in Cirin , Utrecht i882, p.S� by no mean s preclude Ovi d from�eing th e authQr of both versions;· for, as is well known, he often tells the same story· two or three times in his various works, 11eaoh time in a different wayn . Note. (!ote.

Cf. A. A.2, 128 (of Ulysses' stories ·to Calypso): ille referre aliter saepe solebat idem. See also G.Krass- -11-

owe�; Ovidius quomodo in isdem fabulia enarrandis �!! ipso discrePuer it , Konigsberg 1897 ; B. Pressler, De fabulis et in Jlet . et in Fastis diveraum in modum

narratia, Halle 1903. It wLll be sufficient , how­

ever, to refer the gen eral reader to the widely �ary­

ing accounts of the .nRape of Proserpina" , whioh are

given in the Met. (V 341 ff.J and the Fasti (IV 417

ff.) and which ar e discussed briefly by Sohans , aim. 3 Lit. II 1 , J 304, p. 32!) We may menti on final)y two articles dealing

either wholly or partly with the Ciris , whi�h cham­

pion the Vergilian authorsh ip of the poem , --- one by Draohmann (Hermes XLIII (!90� , pp. 406-426) , and the other by Vollmer , (Sitz. bayer. Akad. , 1907, pp.336-

374). Drachmann's study contains some valt1able m&­

terial and som e a�ut e observati ons , especially in re-·

lation to th e treatment of pause in the Latin poets

(pp. 415-417) , --- a subject up on which he has long

been a recognized authority, but which, I m� add,

affects the authorship of the Cir is only very remotely.

So far , however , as concerns the discussion of gram­

matical constructions and of nnuaual vocabulary, which

hie article also contains (pp. 418-426), I find mys elf

unable conscientiously to accord his treatment the

high praise which several American soholars, auoh as

Frank and Rand , have fieely bestowed upon it. Note. -12-

{§te. Thus Frank (Class. Philol. XV (!9�, p.l03) refers to Draobmann's discussion as "a masterly one", and Rand {H. �· .Q.· P. XXX (!91], p.l46) expressly says : ·�raohmann' s studies strike me as the best ye;

wr1tte n up on the subJect". Since Draohm&nn' a article

contains in fact many gross inacouracies , it is evi­

dent that bo'th th ese scholars have read it very hast­

il7 and without a.n opportunity fo r critical examtnatio� This part of the articl e is, in fact, a scholar's firs t rough draft of a grammatical study, Which pro­

duces the impression that it should scarcely have

been publis hed in its pres ent incomplete and uncorrected

form . Th� author .1& himself fully aware of the haa1;v

character of his own production, and writes apologet­

icall7 as follows (p . 419, n.l): 111 have brought together the following remarks with the aid of the

usual helps (lexic ons , indices , etc .), as far as was

possible (so gut es anging); I had not planned any

oolleotions of my own in this field, which in gen eral

lies far from my own studies (diesem Gebiete, das .\ meinen Studien uberhaupt fernliegt) "• According to his own statement, then , Drachmann has undertaken no investigati on of his own in a field whioh was almost wholly unfamiliar to him , and under the circumstances we.o annot but wonder that he should haTe attempted at all to treat the difficult Vergilian Appendix. - 13 -

After actually examining his data, however, we find

ourselves wondering also what the particular lexicons

and in dices were from whioh he has drawn his material.

They were certainly not of a ver y accurate or trust­ worthy kind. Thus he cites (p.422) ostrum (Cir. 387 )

as a rare word and as ooouring twice in Vergil. In reality it ooours twice in the Ciris, fourteen t�es

in Vergil, and five times in Ovid, whom he does no mention at all. Again commenting (p.420) on fecit ut asset (C1r.528), he tells us that this construct­ ion "ia archaic, but is found here and there in th e

Augustans". Nothing could be ·more misleading than this statement; for Ovid has facio � nine t�es, Note. �te. •ni faoerent, sine patre forem', without ut, also occurs in Ovid's own later version (Met.VIII

72 8 Catullus and Propertius use it often, and Luor.,

Hor. and Tib. each have it once. Similarly facio with ne and an obJect clause occurs once in Verg. and seven times in Ov.; for complete citations, see below, p. . • • On olim � (� olim) , which occurs Cir. 22, he cites �er., Luor., Verg., but omits Lygd. 6, 23 f.; � 29; M.4,65; b� II 3, Ov. 11 , 608, etc. On aerumna

0p. 420) he cites Cio., Plaut., Tar., but omits Ov.

T. 4,6,25 (see also below, p ••.. ) ; on adsigno he

quotes only Cic., and omits Catal., Tib. AP· , Hor . ; on appono he does not mention that Verg., Tib., Prop. -14-

each have it once , and Oy. has it thirty times; on nudo , 'disclose, diTulge', he omits Ov. A!·2,5,5; on sordes he quotes Ov. A. A. 1, 519, but omits Am. 1,10,

15. Examples of similar inc ompleteness might be mul­ tiplied , but I trust that it is already cl ear to th e reader that Dracbmsnn's articl e cannot be justlJ placed beside the learned and sorupultua studi es of the AP­ pendix which have proceeded fr�m such scholars as

Sillig , Naeke, Ribbeok, Ba ehrena , Ganzenmull er, Ellis,

Kunro , Leo, P. Jahn, Sudhaus , Schanz, �l,sent, Holt- / schmidt , Nanethy, Radford , Fairclough, Rand Note. aro te. I do not of course regard Band's oonolueions w�th respect to authorsh ip as correct, but his article does contain, in addition to the full literature of the subject, bo th a brilliant and sound account of the literary development and in part also of the per­ sonality of the author of the AppendLx� and several others .

Draohmann deserves comm endation , however , at one point especially . He has illus trated the rare words of the Cir ia very fully from the comic and tragic poets , includi ng Ennius , Aocius , Paouviua,

Afranius and others. This is a very happy circum­ stanc e; for not only does po etry almost always admit the free us e of arohaia�s , but Ovid himself in the famous epilogue of the first book of the Amo res {I -15-

15, 19 f. ), which commemorates the princ ipal Greek and Roman authors , pays a generous and enthus iastic tribute both to Ennius and to Aooius , whom he has sin.c erely loved and often imitat ed. Note. {Eote. For another tribute to Ennius, of . T. 2,42g Draohmann's comparisons at this point are therefore extremely apposite.

It r·emains to mention the well-known article of Vollmer published in.the Sitzb. bayer. Akad. , 1907 , in suppo rt of Vergilian authorship . Every student

of the Appendix will be sincerely gra teful to Vollmer for hi s fruitful labors as an editor and a diligent restorer of the text, but th is fact should not prevent us from recognizing clearly the extremely hasty and ill-considered character of the article in ques tion .

For Vollmer too mak es no indep endent investigation of his own of a positive character , but after refuting several hasty assertions of Jacobs , allows himself the following frank and unabashed confession �p.362):

" rjlmit other remarks of Sillig upon single words such as currus and natu ra, becaus e they prove absolutely noth ing respecting the authorship. On my part, more­ over, I oolleot nothing new , because such details give no real help." After this amaz ing statement with respect to the phraseology of the poem, we can­ not be surprised when he tells us expressly that he -16-

cur attaches no importance to such facta· as the non-oc -

renee of neuter (Cir.68) in Vergi l, or the use for

the first time (Oir. 383) of oapto with the .infin. ,

althou gh , in point of fact , both Gans en muller (p.607)

ea and Ellis (A. J. P • .•.•.. ) had alr dy noted that

this remarkabl e constructi on occurs als o in Ovid .

It is not strange then that the American disciples

of Draohmann and Vollmer are lik ewise gr eatly av erse

to any detailed study of the language and metre.

Thus DeWitt , in th e prefac e to his Virgil ' s Biographia

Litteraria (New York, 1923) says with remarkable

frankness : "I am more inclined than before to miDi-

mise the importance of stylia t io and metrical studi es as criteria of date or genuineness". Note. (!ote. It is not unfair to say that , of the American advocat es

of Vergilian authorship , Rand al one in his very able

article (H. s. c. P. XXX 103 ff . ) shows genuine int­ erest in the language of the APPendix and in the full lit erature of the aubjec� An en tirely new vi ew, however, of the authorship

of the whole Appendi x has lately been put forward.

In a aeries of articles published in recent years Professor Radford , as is well known , has maintained

that both the Tibullan and Vergilian APPendices con­ tain the youthful works of Ovid up to his thirt7-fifth year. Note. [iote. See Trans. Am. Phil. Ass. LI (1920}� -17-

146-171 , "The Juv enile works of Ovid", and LII ( 1921),

148-177, "The Priapea and the Vergilian .Appendix",

als o A. J. P. XLIV 1·-26, •• .... , etc. , " Tibullus and Ovid:!} In agreement with his vi ews I have undertaken a detailed study of the vo cab ulary and individual words

of the Ciria in relat ion both to Ovid and to Vergil,

with a view to supplementi�g Ganzenmu1ler's proof of

Ovidian in fluence, which is based upon a s tudy of phraaas

and s 'riking word-combinations. It is scarcely nec­

essary to point out that it was qui te impossible fo �

Ganz enmul1er in 1894 even to suspect that the C1r1s

was a youthful work of Ovid and to stuly its language

minutely in this connection, Note. £iilte. A few strik-

ing single words , it should be noted , are treated by

Ganz. , as quinquennium( p. 562), Pandionius ( p.572), eto:J since at that time the mature masterpieces , such as the Amo res and the perfected Heroides (I-XV) ,

had long been erroneously transferred to the Juvenile

period. Again a minute comparison with Vergil could

not seem to him in .any way desirable - or nec essary ,

since the ascript ion of the po em to this latter had

been universally rejected for ful ly hal f a oentury .

In recent years , howev er , as we hav e alre adJ seen,

the si tuation has ma teri ally obanged, and several

well-known scholars , suoh as Vollmer , Dr achmann ,

Ka ffenberger, Hardie , Band, Fr,ank and DeWitt , have revived the long-forgotten Vergilian hypothe sis, partly on purelf sentimental and emotional grounds, s�oh as a wish to utilise and exploit the great name of Verg11, and par tly also from a natural desire to reach some definite and positive conclusion respecting the auth­ orship of the mysterious APPendix.

The present study includes , firat, all words used in the Ciris which either do not occur at all in Vergil or ooaur rarely ( one hund�ed and thir�y-six oases); second, words which ooour in Vergil,_ but with a different meaning or construction (fif�J-three oases); third, words whioh do not occur later in the received

corpus of Ovid Cfort7- eight oases, in addition to eight Greek pro per names). I hav e al so examined all the words of the first group to see to what extent they are favorites with Ovid. As regards the words of the second group, I have endeavored to ascertain whether they have the same meaning and construction in Ovid ·as in the Oirie. In treating the third group of words it has been my purpose to show why Ovid later discontinues their use. Some additions are also made

•• to Ganzenmuller r s collection of Ovidian phrases, and the striking words which are common only to Ovid and the Ciris , or only to Ovid and the Culex, among the poets of the Golden Ag e are clearly shown. I have modelled my study in some respects upon the admirable -19-

work of w . Holtaohmi dt , No t e. ffi.O te.De Culiois �­ minis sermone , Marburg l9i9 a pupil of Birt ' s, who has shown that the languag e of the Culex is Ovid­

ian �hroughout . It . is believed tha t the results ob­

tained, if taken in conj unct ion wi th th e biographical

details of the poem , will go far towa rds settling

finally th e mooted qu estion of authorship.

It would be a seri ous mis take , however , to im-

agine that th e pr es ent study is conc erned onlJ with

minute details . It seeks to exhibit also the general

oharaoter of the language of the Ciris in a br oad

and comprehens ive way. Th us the use of Greek words

and fo�s (pp. ),of color-terms (p. ). and

many newl 7 coined words (pp. ) is shown to be

Ovidian. Es pec ially oonolusive is the evidence of

the many diminut ives (pp. ) and eroti.c terms which

are found 1n the poem. Thus Vergil soaroely ever

admits the use even of those words which were or ig­

i nal ly dimin utives , suc h as capillus ('little head',

'littl e hair') and pu ella, and prefer s to use in their

stead the more lofty �' orinis and virgo (pp .

); ocel lus , 'little eye' , which is an especial

favorite wit h Oa tullus , Propertiua and Ov id, he never

employs ( p. ) • Furthermore oupidus , • eager',

'passionate ', is purpo sely shunned by Vergil (only

onoe), who is no love poet in the prop er sense of th e word, but it is often used both by Catullus and. by

Ovid (p. ) . The oaae is similar with iucundus,

'joyous' ,'jocund' ( only once), wh ich is too gay and bright a word for Vergil (p. ) • Note. (!ote. See the exc ellent list of Catullua' "fashionable epi�hets. of style and conduct" in Simps on' s Select Poems of Catullua, p. l84� In a word , as is usU&lly recognized, the C1ris is a sec ond edition of the famous sixiy-f ourth poem

of Catullus, and its brilliant,but immature author models himself everywhere principally up on the soft, languishing and informal language of Catullus ( pp.

) • Note . l!_ote. In a less degree upori the language of Oalvua and Cinna (see Sudhaus, Hermes XLII (1907),

479-504 ), and doubtless upon that of Valgius also

(Paneg • .177}.) In short he aptly characteriz es his own style with th e words gracilem molli pede claudere versum (v.20 ). Every observant reader will perceive how widely this elegan t and dainty, but oft en collo­ quial manner depar ts from the lofty and majestic lan­ guage of Vergil , Which avoids everything that is familiar and commonplace.

The Oiria is th e work of a po et already well versed in the treatment of lighter thanes {vva. 20 f.,

92-100 ). It is not quite sufficient therefore to say with Klotz (Hermes LVII fu,2¥] , p. 596) that the dim- 1nut1ves and the ero t io expressions which he so freel7 usee belong to the epyllion in and of itself. Rather the preciosity , the elegance and the softness of the epylli on style are thoroughly suited to our poet's disposition and temperament, and have long been the salient characteristics of his Muse. Not e. �ote . It is a truism to say that the Metamorphoses themselves are fo r the moat pa rt a aeri es of epyllia skilfully Joined together , of. Schanz, pp •. 319 f., 326, 38� It is unnec essary to point out that thes e character­ istics in themselves ma terially limit and restrict the possible authorship of the poem. Ve�gil, fo r example , comp_oaed neither the el egy nor the erotic epylli on whi ch is so olos ely_akin to the elegy. Nor yet di d he possess either the remarkable fluency o.r the rea dy versatility whioh were the gifts of the gods both to Catullua and to Ovid , but which are by no mean s an unalloyed boon to thos e among the sons of men who would fa in achieve the truest mastery in literature and in art. Vergil himself attained sap­ re me greatness, not merely from the endowment of native genius or from the possession of a rioh fancy, but because he nsaw life clearly and saw it whole", and because also from the fi rst he "pursued a lofllly way" , his mind fixed on· high ideals and well-nigh on

o a single g a l . If he had eagerly cultivated in 7outh - 22-

Catullan excess in th e us e of diminut ives, eroti - · ciems and Grecisms, neoteri c exuberanc e of anaphora

and of exclamation , Al exandrian love of parallelism,

parenthesis andpa us e at the close of the line , Note • . §te. Al l these ohara.oteristio s are well treated by

Yay, De stilo epyll iorum Romanorum, Kiliae 1910 , and.

the comparison of the epyllion with Ov id is a topic

that natural ly reoura continually in his discussion,

as p. 57 (G reoiams ), p. 59 (d iminutives), p. 62 ( an­

aphora), p. 80 (par allelism ), p. 86 (rhetorical di ­ Yiaiona), et!:J and if with th is equipment he had written the Ciris at twenty-five in the lighter vein

of Catullus , Calvus and Oinna , it is hi gh ly improbable ,..t/ /,. i� that he woul d ever have composed the at&t&J.:l Aeneid '

at fifty in th e grand an d ma jestic style of Ennius

and of Ho�er. The author of our romantic epyllion

is muoh rather the great disciple and auo oessor of

Catullus , who , as competent oritios have often ob­

serve d, Note. m2 te. E. g. Zingerle, OYid .!!• seine •• fo-rHJ-fvL Vorganger , I 3�:/ was so similar his mas ter bo th to A

in his personal Qharaoter and in hie po etio genius . -23-

II . Addit ions to Ganzenmuller'e Collection of

Phrases.

Large a.a is· the oolleat·ioa of phrases common· to

Ovid and the Ciria, and occuring in no other author,

II• which Ganzenmulle r has made,it is far from be ing com- plete and probably includes only about two-thirds of . the entire number. I wish, so far at least as no��

.oU»raaae in Vergi l is concerned, to make the follow­ ing addit ions to his list, which do ·not apply, how­ ever, to the whole poem, but only to those linea which

I have fo und also to contain dis tinctive Ovidian words. I enclose in parenthesis phrases which are extEemel� frequent in Ovid and which occur only rarely in Verg il:

( V.l: iactatum laudia amore: laudis amor occurs three times in Ovid (T. 5,12, 38 ; M. 11 ,527 ; P. 4,7, 40 ), but also twice in Vergil (A· 7, 496 ; 5,394) ; of. also P. Jahn, Rhein. Mus. LXIII (1908), p. 10 2) .

V.ll: blandum deponere amorem: Ov.T . 1,3,49 blando patriae amore. V.21: sed magno intexena, si faa eat dicere, peplo: Ov. P. 4,8,55 si faa est dicere;

4,16 ,45 dicere ai faa eat; ---Ad Liv. 129 si talia dicere ---- faa eat. Ovid has si faa est al so wi th th e follow­ ing infini tives: contingere (T.3, 5,27), loqui ( T.5, -24-

2,46) , ire {T. 3,5,27) , soribere(T. 2,516), monuis se

( Am. 2,13,27), queri{H.3 ,6) , oomponere{M. 5,417). He has ei fa a es t alone th ree times (F.l,26; T.3,1,81;

P. 2 ,8,37). V. 27: felix illa dies: Ganz. ,p.662 , omits the following examples of ---illa dies.in the ,

tirst fo ot: Ov. H. 5,33; 7,93; T. 4,2,73; 5 ,3,1.

V. 32: �ata ouapide: Ov. M. 7 ,673 �ea ous pis .

V. 38: lunae sidera: of.Ov.M. 14 ,172 sidera eolia.

V.53: po enam solvena: Ov.M. 1,2 09 po enas.eo lvit.

(V.55: nam verum fa teamur: Catal.5,12 nam fatebimus

verum. In additi on to Ganzenmuller 's five examples ,

Ovid has the fo llowing fi ve oases of vera fateri:

H. 8,97; 14,47; R.409; M.7 ,728 ; T. l, 9,16; als o �

oonfiteri (R. 318, 320). Vergi l has !!!! fa teri only

onc e : A.2 , 77 ) . (Ve. 7l,l90,334 , 437 , 513: qu id �

commiserat illa? Ovid us es quid {quia) enim 26 ti mes ,

wh ile Vergil bas it on ly once (A. l2,798; of. 6,860).

Ganz. ,p.60l, omits four examples : K. 4, 704; 10,61;

H. 5, 69 i 16 , 7). V.77: forma oum vinoeret omnia:

Ov . H. l6, 70 vino ere qua e forma digna sit una duas;

F. 6,44 forma viota mea est. (V.83: numen fr audare

deorum: Aet.85 numina divom ; Ovid has numen deorum, � or dei four. tim es (F- .3,706; M.- ll,l34; --H. l6 ,30;

P •. 4 ,13,24) , and nu.men· iivam only· once (!!.6,542), while

Vergil has numen divom five times (A.2,777; 5,56;

6,368; 2,123; 4,204), and numen deum once {2, 623) . -25-

Of . Ganz. , ad loo; Al zinger , Stud ia in Aetnam oollata ,

p.50 ).

(V.93: magna praemi a: Ovi d has magna pra emia � aixA( H.l 6 ,19; Am. 2,9,40; A.A. 3,406;.M. 13 ,16; Ad Liv. 216) , Vergil has the phrase only once: A-12 ,437) .

V.l03: r identia litora oanchie: add to Ganz. ,p.5 73,

Ov. A. !.2,519 litore quot conchae ; 3,124 litore

concha; T.5,2,23 litora quo t conchas . V. l25 :

firmarant numi ne : OT. !•10 ,430 numine firmat.

V. l60: �ea tela: Ov.M.l ,468 du o tela • ••••quo d faoit

(amo rem) , �a tum; of. NanethI y , ad loc. V.l61:

nimium terret: Ov .F.3, 289 nimium terrere; of .T.l,5,37

nimium trepidat e. V. l69: teneris pe dib us: Ovi d

has tener R.!! six times �1 ,4,44; _.t.• .J,.l ,l62; 2,212;

2,534; H,l 6 ,66; F .l, 410 ). V. 218: aidera mundi:

Ov. F. 5,545 eiders mundo oedere. V. 238 : M)Tr ha

cepit �ellos: Ov. Am. 1,10,10 �ul os oapi t ista meoa.

V. 245: numina iuro: add Rad fo rd, .A• .l. P. XLIV•••••••

on T. A.4,13,15 (numi na turo ) to Ganz. ,p.591. v.

256: marmoreum pedem : Ov. Am . 2,11,15 marmo reia pedi-

bus . V.263 : falao imago : add Aet.88(falsa imagi ne )

to Ga.nz. , p.593. V. 275: ut me. si servare potee ,

nee perdere malis : Ov. H.21, 58 me, preoor. ut serves ,

perdere velle velis. Still mare striking is the

similarity to the verse of the Medea wh ich is quo ted

by Quint ilian (8,6.6}: servare potui; perdere an -26-

passim, rogas? Of. Heyne; ad loa. V. 319 : an nee-

ais , qua lege patris de vertice summa edita oandentis

praetexat purpura canoe: Similarly Ovid's aooounts

elsewhere ( Am. 3,l2 , 21; Jl. 8,9 ) emphasize the 'whi-te

( cani ) looks' , though he speaks onoe ( A.A.l,331) of

·'purple locks'. V.327 : tantum faoinus : ov. )[.13,

310 faoinus tantum. V. 340 : solliaitos animi aes -

tus: Ov. Am.3,2,39 hie meus est animi, non aerie

aeatua? V.354: (nutrix) sedula oauaas: ·av.H.21,

95 aedula nutrix. Y. 356 : summissis vocibus: L¥d ia

6 summissa vooe. V.360: orbum parentem: Ov.M.l3,

647 parentem brbum. •••••• V.364: nunc alia !! aliis: Catal. 9 ,53 nuno aliam

� alia; Ov.K.l5,253 � al11a alias figuras; of. Pan-

!Bl!• 17 alios aliosque. Cf. Ganz .,p.604 . V. 388:

divom responsa: Ov. M. l3 ,336 responsa deum. V.392: , pater Oceanus : Ov. Ad Liv. 438 Ooeanueque pater.

Vergil {G.4,328) adds rerum ( Ooean�que patrem rerum ) .

V eu.pprimite. .flamina venti : Ov.A • .A..3, 99 flam- .404: t-• -- � inibus venti. V.435: metus deorum : Ov.F.3,278.

deumque metu. V.440: aternetur lectu.lus: Ov.F.2,

337 strati ---leoti; of. -M. 6,431 atravere torum; --...... A4-L1v. 316 aternitur iorus . (V.444: famularum munere

fungi non liouit? munere three e •••• Ovid has fungi tim s

with the genitive after munere , as here ( A.A.2,158;

R.795; P.4,9,12 ), and once without (K. lO , 273 ) ; Vergil -27-

has th e phras e only once, and without the genitive :

A. 6,885). V.449 : infl exa cervio e recumbit: of.

Ov.A.A. 3,779 oervic e reflexa. Cf. Ganz. ,p. 613 ; Zin-

gerl e ,Abh. II ,p.27. V.460: braoohia nodis : Aet.

366 braochia nodo . Cf. Sudha.us , ad loo. V.460 :

ainuantur lintea: of. · Ov.H. 8·, 23 ainuosaque vela.

Cf. Ganz. ,p.614 . V.461 : � oursu: Ovid has in

cursu at least three times (H.5,121 ; Am.l ,8, 109 ;

R.430 ). V.463 : angus tis fauoibua : Aet.l68 angus -

tis in fauoibus . V.491 : tenera effigies : cf. Ov.M.

3,354 tenera fo rma ; 4,345 tenero corpore. v.s12:

thalamus aooepit : Ovid has thalamo reoeptua (reoepit)

four times (H.l2,62; :U:. l4,297; 9,2'19 ; A.A.2, 407).

V.534 : duplio i sidere: of. Ov.K.3 ,420 geminum sidus . -28-

III. Oocurrenoes of words.

Ovid and Vergil Contrasted.

(1) We may consider first tho se words common

to the Ciris and Ovid , which either do not occur at

all in Vergil or occur rar ely. An asterisk( *) oppo�

1n4 t that in site a word ica es it does -.no t occur Vergil .

There· are 136 words in th is list: Note . {!.ot e. cor-

rections have been made in many oas es where Burman 's

Index omits one or more passages. Valuable citations

from Catullus and Ovid 1D8.Y be fo und 'through the ref­

�r«aoes given to GanzenmUller , Nlmethy and others.

For the two ,Appendic es I everJWhere use the abbrevi­

ations V.A. and T-!· Where T.A. and Aet . are not �x­ pressly mentioned , it is meant that the word in ques­

tion does not occur in th ese po��

� .. . Ac taeus ,102 , 10 Ov. ,l V.A. ,1 Verg . adsiduus , 346 ,417, 31 Ov. , 5 V .A. , 1 T.A. , 8 Verg. *Aegina ,,

476, 2 OV. ,1 V.A. aequoreus ,451 , 45 Ov. , 2 V .A. , * 1 Yerg . aerumna ,58, 1 OV. ,l V.A. *alumna,224 ,

246,274,289 ,311,324 ,331 , 338, 347 ,�81,441 , 7 Ov. ,ll V.A.

*Amathus1a ,242 , 1 Ov. ,l V.A. *animana ,491 , 3 Ov . ,

1 V.A. , 1 Aet . *antist1ta,166 , 1 Ov. ,l V.A. ; cf.

Ganz . 581 ; Sudhaus , Hermes XLII (l907 } ,p.481 . * appono ,532 , 30 Ov . ,l V.A. ,l Aet. ,l Verg. Athenae,

22 ,469 , 7 Ov. ,2V. A. ,l Aet . *Atticus (adj.),115 , -29 -

5 Ov.,2 V.A. *Biatonis ,l65, 2 Ov. ,l V.A. ·�

(subet .),320, 10 Ov. ,l V.A. ,l Aet. ,1 T.A. capillus ,

52 ,126,168 , 236 ,321 ,382 , 169 Ov. ,6 V.A. ,l Aet. ,5 T.A. ,

2 Verg . Ceoropius ( ad� .),3,128, 6 Ov. ,4 V.A. ,l Aet. ,

2 Verg. *obarta ,39 ,62, 14 Ov. ,5 V.A. ,6 T.A. * * ohorda,l78 , 5 Ov. ,2 V. A. ,2 T.A. oiris ,90,202 ,

205 ,488,489 ,537 , 1 Ov. ,6 V.A. *oOmploro ,286, 1

OT. ,l V.A. Note . f!ote. This whole line is peculiarly

Ovidian; for Ovid is th e first po et to � comploro ) (!!,! below •R· .•• , and he alone has the phras e questua

aniles (M.�,276 � oonsors ,l6, 16 Ov. ,l V.A. ,l Aet. ,

1 T.A. ,2 Verg . ooneuesoo ,259 , 17 ·0v. ,1 V.A. ,3 Verg .

*crata eis , 66(bie), 1 Ov. ,2 V.A. oupidus ,78,93,132 ,

393 , 28 Ov. ,6 V.A. ,5 T.A. ,l Verg. ; of. Kreunen , Pro-

leg. in Cirin, p.32, and Ganz .569 . *ouralium,434 ,

2 Ov. ,l V.A. *Cythnos,475 , 2 Ov. ,l V.A. *Dau-

delioiae,

433 , 18 Ov. ,l V.A. ,2 Verg. *denubo ,330 , 1 Ov. ,l

, V.A. Note. (¥ate . �· ·�- 60l ,points out that denub o ls first found in Ov; ; of. als o Draoh. ·42�

*detondeo,l86 , 3 Ov. ,l V.A. �iotyna ,245,

306 , � Ov. ,2 V.A. *Echidna, 67, 6 Ov. ,l V.A. * * :amathius (ad3 .• ),34 , 3 Ov. ,l V.A. Ereotheus ,22,

2 Ov. ,l V.A. *expall esoo,81, 4 Ov. , l V.A. ; of. efn N ethy , ad loa . •faoinus , 327, 28 Ov. ,l V.A.

figura ,56 , 51 Ov. ,3 V.A. ,2 Aet. ,3 T.A. ,3 Verg . fraudo,83, 11 Ov. ,1 V.A. ,l T.A. ,l Verg . fungor,

444 , 22 Ov. ,l V.A. ,l Verg. furial is( oonj eot. ) ,

374, 9 Ov. ,l V.A. ,t/��jJt/tJAii2 lerg . gemino ,

374, 13 Oy. ,l V.A. ,l Aet. ,l T.A. ,l Verg . *Gigan- teus,30 , 5 0v . ,2 V.A. ; cf. Holtsohmidt , p .86, and

Ganz . 563 . graoi lis,20,151 ,498 , 17 OV. ,4 V.A.,1 * ' T.A. , 1 Verg. halia�os ,204,528 ,536 , 1 Ov. ,3 V.A.; I of.Ganz . 586. •Hel1espontus ,4l3 , 3 Qv. ,2 V.A.

*Homerua ,65, 9 Ov. ,� V.A. ,l T.A. *Ilithyia ,326,

2 Ov. , 1 V .A. imperfeotus,492,7 Ov. ,l V.A.,1 Verg.

1noingo ,475 , 12 Ov. ,l V.A. ,l Aet . ,1 T.A. ,2 Verg.

*infamis ,87, 9 Ov. ,l V.A. •1nt es to( oonJ eot. ) ,57,

2 Ov. ,l V.A. ; of. Ganz . ,567 ,and Zingerle, Kl. Phi1o1 .

Abh . III,30. inf estus ,lll ,l17,466,532, 23 Ov. ,9

V.A. ,3 Aet. ,8 Verg. •internodium ,491 , 2 Ov. ,l V.A.

* Iolaiaous ,377, 1 Ov. ,l V.A. •rathmoe ,463 , 8 Ov. ,

1 V .A. , 1 T .A. iuoundua ,385, 12 Ov.,5 V.A. ,1 Aet . ,

3 T .A. , 1 Verg. iuro,166,235,245 , 80 Ov. ,3 • V.A. , 5 T.A. ,7 Verg. *1u11urandum ,l65 , l Ov. ,l V.A. labe1lum ,496, 7 Ov. ,l V.A. ,l Yerg. languidua ,461 , * 17 Ov. , 2 V 1 T.A. · 1 Verg . languor,2 23 , 11 Ov. , .A. , , 2 V.A. *lasciv1o ,l42 , 1 Ov. ,l V.A. *leotaiue ,

440, 2 Qv. ,l V.A. *Leuoothea ,396, 3 Ov .,l V.A. ; of . ad loa . •1evi ter ,ll, 10 Ov .,2 V.A. NJm.� * libido ,l3,16, 13 Ov. ,3 V.A. �ibla,440 , 3 Ov. , 1 V.A. ; of. Ganz .612 . ligo,371 , 14 Ov. ,3 v.A. , -31-

•

1 Verg .

1inteum ,460 , 9 Ov. ,1 V.A. ,l Aet. ,1 Verg.

1ustrum( 'period of time ' ) ,24, 14 Ov. ,l V.A. ,l Verg. * *mao ero ,244, 1 Ov. ,1 T.A. marita( noun) ,443, 8 ov. ,

1 V .A. marmoreus,222 ,450 ,476,603 , 18 Qv. ,o V.A. , • 3 T • A. , 4 Ve rg . mendao ium,362 , 9 Ov. ,l V.A. ,3 Aet . * meretrix , 86 , 6 Ov., 1 V .A. mulier., 83 , 4 Ov. , 1 V ·A· , I 1 T.A. ,1 Verg. "ll,yrrba,238 , 4 Qv.,l V • .A. ; cf.Nem.,, ---ad 1oo. �,447 , 18 Qv. ,l �.A. ,l T. A. ,l Verg. * - neuter,68, 3 Ov.,1 v.A. �ie eiua,3 90, 1 Ov. ,l

V.A. ; of. Ganz . 607. *novenus ,371, 2 Ov . ,l V.A. ;

of. Ganz . 605. •nubo ,354, 12 Ov. ,1 V.A. ,l �.A. * ooe1lus,132 ,238 ,348 , 20 Ov. ,4 V. A. ,l T.A. ; of. ianz. * V. A. ,1 576. Ogygius,220, 1 Ov. ,l Aet. ; of. Ganz.

588. oportet,262 , 8 Ov. ,2 V. A. ,1 T. A.,l Verg. * orb ue ,360 , 37 Ov. ,2 V.A. ,1 Yerg . osaaeus,33, 1

ov. ,1 l.A. J!!£iina ,41, 5 Ov.,2 V. A. , 1 Verg. ; of.

Kreunen, · p. 60. Pal1adius ,29, 7 Ov. ,2 V .A. , 1 .Verg• * .. Pandionius,l01 ,408 , l.Ov . ,3 V.A. Note. (!ote. Holt- sohm1dt , pp .96,124 , states inc orreotl7 that Ov. was

the first to use the adJ. Pandioniua . It ooours , however, in Prop. l,20,31 ; of. also Ganz . , 57'9 . pers equor,254, 14 Ov. ,1 V.A. ,3 Verg. •pertimesoo ,

82 , 17 Ov. ,l V.A. •p11a( 'bal1 '),149 , 8 Ov . ,l V. A. * · Piraeeus,468, 2 Ov. ,1 V.A. �ol1eo ,4ll ,483 , 7 Ov. ,3 V.A. Note. (!ate . Holtaohmidt , pp . 99 ,124 , po inte out that Ov. was the first poet to us e this -32-

word after Lucr. and Plau� *Polyhymnia ,55, * 2 Ov.,1 V.A. populato r,111 , 3 ov.,1 V .A. probo,388, 65 Ov.,3 V.A . ,1 T.A. ,3 ·verg. · pronuba ,

439 , 4 Ov. ,l V. A. , 2 Verg. puella, 64,91,140 , 189 ,

199, 223,261,361,484 ,522, 163 Ov. ,23 V. A. ,24 T .A. ,8

Verg.

*quaestus ,78, 2 Ov .,l V. A. *quinquennium, of 24 , 2 Ov . ,l V. A. ;AI•.&ns. 562. quiv1s ,241 , 4 Ov ., l·V.A. ,1 Verg. *relevo ,340 , 19 OV. ,l V .A. Not e.

§te. l'or th e phras e relevare aeatua , see Ganz . ,602.

He ad ds : "Except in Ov. I have nowher e found this term::J *remoror,217, 236 , 7 Ov. ,3 V. A. ,l T. A.; af. Ho lt . 103 ,124 ; Drach. 421 ; Ehr . ,!II 68.

*repent inua ,460, 2 Ov. , 2 V. A. reap ergo , 526 , 4 ()y·. ,

lV.A.,l Verg. •resideo( pres .stem) ,l26, 9 Ov. ,5

V.A. retineo,l52 ,170 ,436 ,511 , 57 Ov. ,4 V. A. ,3

Verg. �us ia ,228 , 2 Ov. ,l V.A. ; of. Ganz . 589 .

r1tus ,36,127 ,389 , 25 Ov. ,3 V.A. ,3 Verg. rudis ,243 ,

44 Ov. ,2 V.A. ,l Aet. ,2 Verg. *aalutifer,477, 4 ov. ,

1 V.A. *sapientia ,l4, 2 Ov. ,l V.A. *Soiron ,

465 , 1 Ov . ,l V.A. ,l T. A. Scorpioa ,535 , 7 OV .,l V -A� , * 1 Verg. *sedulue , 354 , 16 Ov• . , 2 V. A. seriphos ,

477 , 4 Ov. ,l V. A. sinuo ,460, 9 Ov. ,l V. A. ,l Aet. ,

2 Verg. *sordes ,249 , 2 Ov. ,l V.A. *equal idus ,

506 , 11 Ov. ,2 V. A. *atudeo ,240 , 3 Ov . ,l V.A.

submissus ( ad�. ) ,355, 8 Ov. ,l V.A. ,l T. A. ,2 Verg. ; of. -33-

I * Nem . .. ad loo . aupp rimo ,404 , 16 Ov. ,1 V.A. * tabee ,254 , 9 Ov. ,l V.A. ,3 Verg. tabeaoo(pres . atem) 1249 ,460, 1 ·av. ,3 V.A. Tethys ,392 , 9 Ov. , * 1 V.A. ,1 Verg . tribuo ,93,270, 19 ov . ,4 V.A. ,2

T· . A. ; of. Holt. , 60. tru.x,7 6, 21 Ov.,3 V.A. ,1 Aet. ,

2 Verg . •-twnulo , 442 , 8 Ov. , 1 V .A. ; o f . · Gans. ·, 612 .

*Tzndarides ,399, 3 Ov. ,1 V.A. *Typhon, 32 , 1 Ov. ,

1 V.A. *uniaus ,334 , 11 Ov. ,2 V.A. *!Yua , 19 7,

20 OT. ,8 V.A. ,6 T.A. ; of. Holt. 112 ,124.

60 ,481, 10 Ov. ,2 V.A. ,l T.A. ,2 terg. vigilo ,46,

28 Ov. ,l V.A. ,1 Verg. *vorax( aonj eat. ) ,5'1 , 3 Ov. ,

1 V. A. ; of. Zinger1e, �· �. ,p.30�

It will be noted that 87 words contained in the ...... ab ove list do not ooour at all in {ergil...... ··. ·: ·· • . · · • • • • : .J ..) .. · ...... • ...... ;) . ..

(2) Of th e non-lergilian words in th e Ciris the following ooour very .. :tr equently in Ovid:

faoinus ,327 , 28 times ; ocellus,l32 ,eto. , and vagus ,l97, 20 times ; relevo ,340 , and tribuo ,93, eta. ,

19 times ; pertimesoo ,82, 17 times ; aedulus ,354 , and suppr�Q, 404 , 16 times ; oharta ,39, eta. , 14 times ;

11b1do ,13,eto. , 13 times ; nubo ,354 , 12 times ; lan­ · gu or,223 , squalidus ,506 , and unioue ,334, 11 ttmea ; oani( subat .),320 , and leviter ,ll, 10 times ; Homerus ,

65 , infamis ,87, mendaoium ,362 , and res ideo (prea .stem), -34-

126, 9 times ; Isthmos,463 , mar1ta( subst. ),443 , pila ('ball'),l49 , and tumulo ,442 , 8 times ; a1umna ,441, Athenae,22,469 , polleo ,41l,eto. , and remoror,217,eto., 7 times ; Eohidna,67, and meretrix,86 , 6 times ; Attious(adj.),ll5, and Giganteus ,30, 5 times .

(3) The following words are very rare in Vergil, but are great favorites wi th Ovid and form an impor­

tant part of his vooabulary. The figur es in paren­ thesis indicate the frequency of usage in the two poets in proportion to the length of their works :

Aotaeus ,l02 , 10 OV. ,1 Verg. ,(3:1) . aequor-

�·�51, 45 Ov . ,l Verg. , (16:1). appono ,532, 30 Ov. ,l Verg. ,(11: 1). oapillus,52,etc . , 169 0v. ,2 Verg . , (34:1). oo nsors ,l5, 16 Ov.,2 Verg. , (3:1). oonauesoo,259, 17 Ov. ,3 Verg. , (3:1). cup1dus ,78,eto., 28 Ov. ,l V.erg. , (9:1). del1c1ae,433 , 18 Ov. ,2 Verg. , (4:1). figura ,56, 51 Ov. ,3 Verg. , {7:1). �-

do ,83, 11 Ov. ,l Verg. , (4:1). fungor,444 , 22 ov. , 1 Verg. , (7:1). grac11is,20, 17 Ov. ,l Verg. , (6: 1). i·.uoundus ,386, 12 Ov.,1 Verg. , (4:1). languidua , 461, 17 Ov. ,1 Verg. , (6:1). ligo ,37l, 14 _0v. ,1 Verg. , (5:1). lustrUm �'period of time') ,24, 14 Ov.,l Verg. , (5: 1). �,447, 18 Ov. ,l Verg. , (6:1). orbus ,360, 3 7 Ov .,l Verg. , (13:1). probo ,388, 65 Ov. ,3 Verg. , (9:1). pue1la,64,eto . , 163 Ov. , -35-

8 Verg. , ( 8:1) • rudia,243, 44 09'. ,2 Verg. , ·( 9:1). trux,76 , 21 Ov. ,2 Verg. , (4:1) •. vigi1o,461 28 ov . , 1 Verg. , (10:1).

(4) The fQ llowing words show the preferred Verg111an equiYalenta for the words common to the Ciris and Ovid : *animans ,491 , 3 Ov. ,l V.A. ,l Aet. ; Verg. has · animal 5 times. capillus , 52 , etc . , 169 Ov., 6 V . A. ,

1 Aet. ,5 T.A. ,2 Verg. ; Verg. has � 28 times , orinis 30 tim es , caesaries 5 times . consuesoo ,259 , 17 OT. ,l V.A. ,3 Verg. ; Verg. has auesoo 3 times . oupidus , 78 , etc., 28 Ov. , 5 V .A. , 5 T.A. , 1 Verg. ; Verg. has dulois 50 times , avidus llt imes. *detondeo ,

186, 3 OT. ,l V.A. ; Verg. has tondeo 20 times. *expalleaco ,Sl, 4 Ov. ,l V.A. ;Verg. has pal1eo 13 times. iuoundus ,386 , 12 Ov. ,5 V.A. ,1 Aet. ,3 T.A. ,l Verg. ; Verg . has dulo iB 50 times, gratus 20 times , auavis

6 times. labellum,496, 7 Ov. ,l V.A. ,l Verg. ; Verg. has labrum 3 times. *laaoiv1o ,l42 , 1 Ov. , 1 V.A. ; Verg. has lasoivua(adJ .) 3 times. *lectu- lus ,440 , 2 Ov. ,l V.A. ; Verg. has lectus onoe, aubi1e 14 times , torus 18 times. *Libya , 440 , 3 Ov. ,l V.A.; Verg. has Libyoua 14 times. ligo ,37l, 14 Ov. ,3 V.A. ,l Verg. ; Verg. has religo twice. linteum, 460 , 9 Ov. ,l V.A. ,l Aet. ,l Verg. ; Verg . has velum 36 times, carbaaus twice. •marita ( subs t. ) , 443 , . 8 Ov., 1 V.A. ; Verg. has matrona once, mulier once, femina

11 tim es , ooniunx(maso.and fem. ) 68 times .

447 , 18 Or. , 1 V .A. , 1 T._.A.. , 1 Verg. ; Verg.· has oaedo

31 times , ocaido 3 times , interficio once.

1us ,132 ,eto. , 20 Ov. ,4 V.A. ,1 T.A. ; Verg. ha s oculus

98 times . peraequor,254, 14 Ov. ,1 V.A. ,3 Verg. ;

Verg. has aequor 151 times , ins equor 16 times and oonsequor 6 times . *per timesco ,82, 17 Ov. ,1 V.A. ;

Verg. has timeo 18 times . puel1a,64,eto. , 163

Ov.,23 V.A. ,24 T.A. ,8 Verg. ; Verg . has vi rgo 53 times .

•remoror, 217 , eto. , 7 Ov. , 3 V .A. , 1 T.A. ; Verg . has moror 36 times. *resideo (prea .stem) ,126 , 9 Ov . ,

5 V.A. ; Ye.rg. has sedeo 42 timll · retineo , 152 , et o. , 57 Ov.,4 V.A. ,3 Verg. ; Verg. has teneo 153 times . •aupprimo ,404, 16 Ov .,l V.A. ; Verg hasprem o 73 times , reprimo 4 �imes and deprimo tw ice. *tumulo ,442 ,

8 Ov.,1 V.A. ; Verg. has sepelio 6 timea atld � 3 times • *vagus ,l97 , 20 Ov. ,8 V.A. ,6 T.A. ; Verg. has th e verb vag or 6 times . -37-

IV. Indebtedness to Lucretius and Catullua .

Th e following are distinctively Ovidian words , drawn pr imarily by Ovi d from his gr eat exemplars , Lucretius and Catullus , Note. (!ote. Th e relation of the Ciris to Catullus has best been described by

Schwabe (In Cirin carmen obs ervati ones , Dorpat 1871, p.3 ) : "Si opus poetioum cum textrino aomparare lioet, quae Catullo Ciris poeta deuet , ea quas i stamen effioiunt , aui subtemen maxi• • Vergilianum ins ertum es t" ; of. Teuffel-Kroll , Rom.Lit. I!Jr 230, ( 2), 2.

The words andph ras es of th e poem are drawn largely

·from Catullus , Lucretius and Vergil; see Baehrene ,

P.L.Jl. II 186 ff . ; Kreunen , Proleg. in Oirin, p .

36 ff. ; Ganzenmuller , �. cit. , 557, 562 ff. ; N amethy , edition, 17 ff. ; Schanz , Rom. Lit. Ir , $ 241 , p. 99 ;

Rand , H.s.c.P. XXX (1919 ), 151-153. --- It is po ssibl e al so that a few words may be taken from PropertiuSJ but as a rul e rarf:!elyv. , used elsewhere: *aerumna ,68/'l V.A.. ,3 Luo r. ,(lHor . ). ·�- * thusia,242 , 1 Ov. ,l V.A. ,l Cat. a.nimans , 491,

3 Ov.,1 V.A. ,1 A�t. ,41 Lucr. ,(lHor. ). *Bistonis ,

1.65, 2 Ov., 1 V .A. , Calvus fr. , ( lHor. ) • Oe oropius

(adj. ),3,eto. , 5 Ov. ,4 V.A. ,l Aet. ,3 Cat . ,(2 Verg. ,

2 Prop. ). *charta,39 ,eto.,l4 Ov. ,5 V .A. ,6 T. A. ,

4 Luc r. , i 0at . ,(l3 �or. ). oonsora ,l6 , 16 Ov. , -38-

1 V.A. , 1 Aet. , 1 T.A. , 2 Luor. , (2 Verg. , 1 Hor· .,

1 Prop. ). *curalium,434, 2 Ov.,1 V.A. , 1 Luor.

$.Daulias ,200, 2 Ov . ,l V.A. ,l Cat. �ectheua ,

22 , 2 Ov . , 1 V.A. ,2 Cat. ,(l Prop. ). *9xpallesoo ,

81, 4 Ov. , 1 V.A. ,1 Cat. , (1 Hor. ). figura,56,

51 Ov. ,3 V."A. ,2 Aet.,3 T.A. ,57 Luor. ,4 Cat. , (3 Verg. ,

1 Hor. , 11 Pro·p. ). fran.do , 83 , 11 Ov.,1 V. A · , 1 T.A.. ,

1 Cat. , (1 Verg. ). fungor ,444 , 22 Ov. ,1 V.A . ,8

Luor. , (1 Ve�g. ,4 Hor. ,1 Prop. ). *Rel1espontua ,

413 , 3 Ov . ,2 V.A. ,l Cat. imper feotus ,492, 7 Ov. , l V.A. ,1 Lucr. , (1 Verg. ). incin&o.475 , 12 Ov. ,

1 v:A. ,l Aet.,l T.A.. ,2 Cat. , ( 2 Verg . ). labe11um,

4 9 6 , 7 Ov . , 1 V.A. , l L uo r. , 7 Cat . , ( 1 Ve rg . , 1 Prop. ) •

*1anguor, 223 , 11 Ov. ,2 V.A. ,1 Luor. ,2 Cat. , (2 Hor. ).

*levi ter ,11, 10 OT. ,2 V.A. ,4 Cat. , (1 Hor. ,5Prop. ).

*libido ,l3,eto., 13 Ov. ,3 V.A. ,2 Luar. ,4 Cat. , (6 Hor. ,

4 Prop. ). �,371 , 14 Ov. ,3 V.A. ,l Oat. , (1 Verg. ,

1 Ti b , 3 Prop . ) • •

*mao ero , 244 , 1 Ov. , 1 V .A; ,2 Luor. , (2 Hor. ).

*mendaoium ,362 , 9 Ov.,1 V.A..,3 Aet. , 1 Cat. , (10 Hor. ,

1 Prop. ). *nubo ,354, 12 0\r., 1 V .A. , 1 T.J..,2 Luor .,

12 Cat. , (1 Hor. ,6 Prop. }. *oo ellua,l32 ,etc.,

20 Ov.,4 V.A. ,1 T.J.. , 7 Cat., (18 Prop. }. orbus ,

360 , 37 Ov.,2 V.A. ,2 Luar. ,2 Cat. , (1 Verg. ).

*pi1a( 'ball'),149 , 8 Ov. , 1 V .A. ,3 Luor. , ( 3 Hor. ,4

Prop. ) . *Piraeeus ,468, 2 Ov. ,1 V.A. ,l Cat. , (1 -39-

* Prop. ). po 11 eo , 411 , etc . , 7 0'1'., 3 V. A. , '1 L �or • ,

(1 Hor. ,1 Pr op. ). . quivis ,241 , 4 Ov.,1 V.A. ,36 * Luor. ,6 Cat. , (1 Verg. ,9 Hor. ,9 Prop. ). remoror,

217 , eta. , 7 Ov.,.3 V .A. ,1 T.A. ,6 Lucr . , 2 Cat., ( 2 Prop. ). respergo ,625 , 4 Ov. ,1 V.A. , 2 Cat . , (1 Verg. ). * resideo (pres .atem) ,l26 , 9 Ov. ,5 V.A.,2 Lucr. ,2 Cat. ,

(1 Prop . ). Ov. ,1 V.A. ,3 Cat. , * squal idus ,506 , 11 Ov. ,2 V.A. ,3 Luo r. ,1 Cat.

*atudeo ,240 , 3 ov.,1 V.A. ,2 Lu.cr. , 1 Oat. , (5 Hor . ). tab es , 2 54 , 9 • , 1 V. A. r. , ( 3 V erg. • Ov , 4 Luc ) *tab-- esoo()prea .atem) ,249 ,eto. , 1 Ov. ,3 V.A. ,7 Lucr. ,l Cat. ,

(1 Hor. ,2 Prop. ). Teth;ys ,39 2, 9 Ov. , 1 V.A. ,3 Cat.', * ( 1 Verg. ). tribuo , 93 , eto . '· 19 Ov. , 4 V . A..,2 T .A. , * 12 Luar. ,1 Cat. , (2 Hor . ,3 Prop. ). tumulo , 442 , . * 8 Ov. ,1 V.A. ,l Cat. Tyndar1des ,399, 3 Ov. ,1 V. A . ,

• • 2 Lucr. , (2 Hor. ,l Prop. ). un1ous ,334 , 11 Ov. ,

2 V.A. ,6 Lucr. ,7 Cat., 1 3 Hor. ,2 Prop. ). *yorax

( o onj eo t. ) , 57 , 3 Ov., 1 V .-A. , 4 Cat. -40-

V Close Relation to th e Tibullan jppendix.

The following are striking words common to the

Ciris and Ovid, which al so ooour in the T.A. : Note.

�ote. On the numerous phrases which ar e common to the Ciris and Culex, on the one hand, and to th e T.A.

(the Lygdamus and the Panegyric), on the other, see Ntmethy, Rh.Mus.LXI I 59ol), 484!_.] •oani( subat. ),320, l V . A. ,l T.A. ,lO Ov. oapillus ,62,etc. , 6 V.A. ,5 T.A. ,l69 Ov. •charta,

39 , eto. , 5 V.A. ,6 T.A. ,l4 Ov. *ohorda,l78, 2 V.J.. ,

2 T.A. ,5 Ov. oonsora ,l6, 1 V.A. ,l T . A. ,16 Ov. A fraudo ,83, 1 V.A. ,1 T.A. ,11 Ov. gemino ,374, 1 V.A. , 1T ·,

13 Ov. graoilis ,20, 4 V.A. ,l T.A. ,l7 Ov. in- oingo ,475, 1 V .A. ,l T.A. ,l2 Ov. •Isthmoa,463 ,

1 V.A. ,1 T.A.. ', S OV. iucundus ,386, 5 V • . A. ,3 T.A. ,

12 Ov. marmoreus ,222, etc. , 6 V.A.. ,3 T.A. ,18 Ov.

�,447 , l Y.A..,1 T.A. ,18 Ov. *ooellua ,132 , etc. ,

4 V. A. , 1 T • A. , 20 OT. puella,64,etc. , 23 V.A. ,24 T .A.. , 163 Ov. *remoror,217, eto. , 3 V.A. ,1 T.A.,

7 Ov. *so iron , 465, 1 V .A. , 1 T.A. ,l Or. sub- missus ( adj . ) , 355, 1 V.A. ,l T.A. ,8 Ov. •tribuo ,

93 ,eto. , 4 V.A. ,2 T.A. ,l9 Ov . *vagus ,l97 , 8 V.A. ,

6 T.A. ,20 Ov. -41�

VI. Extraordinary Us e of Color-Terms and

Color-contrasts.

As has often been not ed , Ovid is the great coler poet of antiquity. Note. {!ote. See Badford., A.J.P. XLIV (1923 ) on {!i'b_3 IV 2,12; McCrea, Ovid's �of Color-Terms ("Studies in honor of H. Drisler" ), pp.

180-194 ; s. G. Owen in Gordon 's "Engl ish Lit. and the

Classics", p.l73 ; Zingerle, Kl. Philol. Abh. II 30 f.

For the same exceptional use of colo.r-terms and oolor­ contras�s in the 'Lygdamua ' poems , see Teuffel , -S tad . (1871) , p.378; Kleemann , De libri III oarminibus ,p.a .. j;J. Henoe s. G. Owen b eg ins his brilliant analysis (60vid and Romano e" ,p.l73 ) of Ovid's aesthetic powers with the words : "Of all Ro man poets Ovid has the richest and mos t sensuous eye for ooloarq ,the red gold of the golden fl eece or lion's mane, the orange red of cedar or Apollo 's hair , etc ". He writes als o els ewh ere 11 ( Ency. Brit • .XX 388 ): "Ovid has a keener eye . for ....• the life and col�u.. and forms of nature, than any Rom- an or _perhap s than any Greek poet". This well-known pre- eminence which Ovid possesses in the delicate and loYing perc ep tion of color affords us an excellent cri terion for differentiating his works rather sharp-

17 from those of Vergil. It is tru e that Vergil also "used a rioh variety of color-terms with a delicate -42-

precision of meaning" , Note. �ote. Cf. , for example, Price, "The Color-Sys tem of Vergil", !· J·�· IV (1883), 1 f� and that in the use of a few specific color­ terms , suoh as viridia or the ap ondaic candens , he equals or even slightly exc eeds OV id, Note.�ote. Thus viridis , which occurs 35 times in Verg. and Q6 times in OT. (of. McC rea, p.l96) , is proportionally slightly more fr equent in Verg. (1: .8); the same is true of the sp ondaic candens , whieh occurs 8 times in each author. -The occurrences of the color-adjs. are incomplete in· Burman , but may be obtained from KoC re� yet in the broad treatmen� both of ext er.nal nature in general and of color in particular the ear­ lier poet cannot easily hope to sus tain the c omparison wi th his brilliant and mro antic successor •

. . The s�riking and varied use of color-ter:ms in the Ciris bas by no means escaped the notice of Gan­ zenmuller , and it seems worth while to quote at least a part of his thorougligoing analys is : "0� poet has in general a very color-loving disposition ••••• The poet calls the bigae of the moon-go ddess oaeruleae

(v.38) ; he so des�tes al so the wings of the Scylla

Ciris (51) , the clouds (203), immediately afterwards

( 206) the .shadows , then 39 0 and 483 the sea. "Pu.:rple". is employed not only of th e hair of Nisus (52, 281 ,

382) , but also of the sun (37 ), th e fillets of the head (511 ) and the sh ells of the Attic coast (103). -43-

Viridis is the term applied , 196, to the f�res.ts ; 476, to

Donysa ; 461, to the salt waves, but also, v.4, to the

"umbra florentis aophiae", and, v. 225, to the pallor of Scylla " •.•••

Finally we m� give some conc�ete examples il­ lus trating how far the V.A. as a whole exc eeds Vergil in the fre e employment of color-terms. The figure s in parenthesis indicate the frequency of usage in the two sets of works in proportion to the ir length: --- . Note.(!ote. These figures all ow 12, 902 vs . fo r Vergil and 1,584 vs . for the V.A. without the Aetna. The in­

clusion of the latter w ork would somet�es slightly diminish the preponderan ces, --- for viridis , for ex­ ample , fro m 5 to 3, fo r purpureua from 5 to � --- but the Ma ecenas and the great Priapea, if added , wou.ld ra ise th em agai� luteua and luteolus, 2 V. A., 2 Ve rg. , {B: l ) . candidus , 11 V.A. , 18 Ve rg., (5:1) . purp� , 12 V.A. 1 21 Verg. , {5:1). rosene , 5

: • V. A. , 7 V erg . 1 ( 5 1 ) virid�a , 19 V.A. , 35 Verg. ,

· (5:1). rub er and rubens , 7 V. A. , 15 Verg �, (4:1) • caerule us and caerulua, 9 v. A. , 23 Verg. : (3:1). purpura, 1 V.A. , 4 Verg. , (2:1). fiavus , 2 V.A.. , 12 Verg. , ( l·t ·: l ) . candens, 1 V. A. , 8 Verg. , (1:1). VII . Gre ek Wor ds and Fo rms �

Th e Ciris has been compo sed at Athens (v.3),

' an d its author has evidently been an ardent lover both of Athenian and of Al exandrian li terature. He not only exhibi ta the mo st in timate acquaintanc e with

the customs and tradit ions of Atti ca, but he employs

in his poem a surprisingly large numb er of Greek words . Some of th ese wo rds , suah as nympha e (v.435),

ev en retain th ei r sp ecial Greek meaning , wh il e others , like th allus , styrax , Adras tea , and ps al terium , are

#f/ scarcely found elsewhere in the Roman poets ; see below , pp . • The usage of the poem at this point has been treat ed mos t accurately and fully .by Ganz­ enmttller , �.cit. 639 f. , Note. �ote . See also Sillig , EpimBtrum, p.l43 ; Kreunen , �.cit. 48 f. ; Skuts oh,

Gallus �· Vergil , p.95; May , De stilo epylliorum Rom. ,

Kiliae 1910 , pp.54 ff. --- May in his diss ertation gives complete lis ts of Greek words and fo rms for bo th Catullus , o.�4, the Culex and th e Ciria] lkwho shows tha t, in its use of Greoisms , the Ciri s sur­ passes even the sixt7-fourth poem of Catullus . Thus among some 1360 lifferent words wh ich th e poem con­ ta ins ab out 146 are Greek, i.e. 11% of the wh ole num­ ber. Again it is very striking tha t in Cat.64 the proportion of th e Greek proper names to the other - 45 -

Greek words is 75% , while in the Cirie it is only

69� , and the other Greek words constitut e 31%.

Furthermore Greek declensional fo rms are much

mor e freely employed than in most Roman poets , and

in fa ct are in well -nigh exclusive us e; as Typhon ,

32, Crataein,66, Amphitrites ,73, Cirin,90, Minos( nom . ) ,

111, Polyidos ,ll2 , Cybeles ,l66, haliaeetos ,204 , Carma ,

220,278,286, Kinos (voo.),286, Kinoa ,387 , Tethye,392,

Palaemon ,396, cf. Leuo othei,396, Proone,410 , Libys ,440 ,

Istbmos ,463 , Pmiraeea ,468, Cyoladas ,471, Delos ,473,

Paron , 476, Seriphon, 477, Oriona, 535 C= 24 ). Note. (!ote. See Ganz .640 ; May , p.54; Kreunen , p.49. Voll­ mer -perhaps ·rightlJ'- even corrects the reading

of the codd . to Cythnon , 475 . � All this .agrees in a remarkable manner not only with th e usage of th e Panegyric �ote. (!ote. See Ehr . I 42 ff. , II 1 f �nd the Culex, but al so subs tan- 9 t .. tially wi th the practice of thematur e OVi d, who , as

is well known , has surpassed al l other Roman poets

in the free admission of Gr eek fo rms and other Gre­

cisms; cf. Sniehotta , De �ooum Graeo . apud poetaa Lat. dactyl. (Breal. Phil . Abhandl . IX 2 (!9@ ) ,pp. 60 ff. ; Kocz�ski , De flexura Graeo . nominum propr. ap ud Ov. , Radautz 1896; May , .2R·01t. 57 ; Linse, De

Ovidio vooabulorum inventore , pp. S ff. ; Bednara , �­

chiv. f.Lat . L�ikogr . XV (1908 ) , 226 f. , 231 . -46-

VIII . 'Conolus io '. words Common Only to the

Ciris and Ovid Among the Po ets of th e

Golden 4ge .

If we group together t�e gr eat Republican poets ,

Lucretius and Catu llus , with tlae chief Augus tans (Verg. ,

Hor. ,Tib . ,Prop . ,Ov.), Ovid is the only one of this

oen tral group of Roman poets -inot h er words , the

only poet of the Golden Age of Roman Literatur e

wh o, in common with the Ciris , uses th e following

26 words :

Aegina ,476, twice. alumna,224 ,etc ., 7 times

(also Plaut. ). an tistita, 166, once ( Plaut. ,Ace. ).

ciria ,90,eto. , once• comploro ,285 , once (first

in Ov. ). _ Crataeis ,66 (bis ), once (only Ov. ).

Cythno s,475 , twi ce. denubo ,330, once (first in

Ov. ). Echidna,67, 6 t�ea (only ·av . and Hygin.

Fab. ). Fmathius (adJ.) ,34, 3 times (first in Ov . ).

haliaeetos ,204 ,eto. , onoe {only Ov. �nd Plin. ).

infeato (conj eot. ),57, twice (prosaic ). interno -

dium,49 1, twice (tDly in Varro R. R. ( 2,9), Plin. and

Calp . Ecl. ). Leucothea ,396, 3 times (in a line

filled with Ovidi an phras es , of. Ganz. ,p. 608). Note. �ote. Ci. 396 Leuc othea parvosque dea � matre Palaemon; Ov. M.4 ,542 L euc otheequ e deum � matre

Palaemonia dixit ;F. 6,501 nondum Leuoo thea, nondum -47-

ille Palaemon. Pr pertius ( 26, 10 and .28 , 20) puer o 2, • has , aco. to all the best oodd. , the other form Leu­ oothoe, though Haupt-Vahlen corrects to Leuoo�hee.) Libya ,440 , 3 times (first in Ov. ). Niseiua ,390, once (only OT. ). novenus ,371, twice (pro saic, and first in ov. ). Ogygius ,220 , onc e (first in

Ov. ). Ossaeus ,33, onc e (first in Ov. ). per­ timesoo ,82, 17 times (llaut . ,Afran. ,Varr. , and pro-

saic ). populator,lll, 3 times (first in Ov. ). quinquenn1um,24, twice (only Cio . an d Ov. ). re- · pentinus ,460, tWi ce (Aoo.,Ter. , and prosaic; adv. ,

Plaut . ,Afran. ). salutifer,477, 4 times (first in

Ov. ). Ser1phos ,477, 4 ��ea . Typho (n) ,32 ,

onc e (first in Ov. as secondar,y form fo r Typhoeus ) .

The list of 26 words which we have just cited as common to Ovid and the Ciris alone , corresponds

to a similar list of 13 verbs and adjectives , Note.

�o te. The published part of Holta o hmidt's diaerta­ tion does not include as a rule the nouns and adverb!:7 wh ich Holts chmidt finds common to Ovid and the Culex alone, and wh iah he ass embles in his 'conclusio ' re- lating to the Ovi dian language of the Culex ( �. oit !

124). I have mys elf supplied the nouns and ad3eotives omitted by Holtsohmidt, and find that th ere are in the Culex at least 13 very striking words which are common to Ovid and the Culex alone, as follows : -48-

amarantus ,406 (also T.A. , fi rst in Ov . ). averaor, 256 ( firs t in Ov. after Plaut. ). @1mmer­ iua ,232 ( al so T.A. , adJ . first in ov . ). Cupidi­

.!!.!!!! ,409 (only in 9v· ,Mart. ,Cl�ud. ). -·echo ,l 52 (first in Ov. ). ep opa ,253 {only in Ov. ). impietas ,

249 (proe�io). leto,325 (only in Ov. ). nec - tareua ,241 { only in Ov.,M art. ,Claud. ). quan tus - oumque,388 {prosa ic , and first in OT. ). refoY.eo,

f i a in Ov. ( i):t:os&io , 12 2 , 213 ( r t ) • respeo tus , 228, 269 and firet in Ov. ). Zanclaea (Charybdis) ,332 Conly --- ..... s in Ov. ). Not e. {!ote. Ovid had liv ed in ioily; he ______has the phrase Zanolaea Charybdis twi ce els ewher e . { r . 4 ,499 ; T.5,2,73'[;J - It should be noted also that such peculiarly Ovidian words are not found in th e Ciris and Culex alone , but in all the remaining parte also of the Appendix, auoh as the Aetna , Dirae,

Copa , Catalepton,. eto . The full proof of Ovidian authorship oan be ob ta. in.ed -then only when complete lis ts have been published for the whole Appendix.

It is noteworthy also that the following 26 wo rds ooour in only one other au th or of the Golden

Age, in additi on to Ov. and V.A.(T.A.):

Aotaeus ,l02 , 10 Ov. ,l V.A. ,l Verg. .AmathuaiaT

242 , 1 Ov. ,l V.A. ,l Cat. Att iaus {adj .),ll5 ,

5 Ov . ,2 V.A. ,2 Hor. ouralium ,434, 2 Ov. ,l V .A.,

1 Luor. Daulias ,200 , 2 Ov. ,l V.A. ,l Cat . de- -49-

tondeo , 186 , 3 Ov.,t V .A. , 1 Prop . D1otyna,245 ,eto. ,

3 Ov. ,2 V.A. ,1 Tib. He11 eepontus ,413, 3 Ov. ,2 V.A. ,

1 Cat . I1ithyi&,326, 2 Ov. ,1 V�A. ,1 Hor.

Ioloiaous ,377, 1 Ov. , 1 V.A. ,l Prop . Is�hrlos ,463 ,

8 Oy. ,1 V.A. ,l T.A. ,l Prop. ius iurandum ,l56,

1 Ov. ,1 V.A. ,l Hor. lasgiyi8 ,142 , 1 Ov. ,l V.A. ,

1 Prop. Mtrrha,238 , 4 OT.,l V.A. ,l Prop .

neuter ,68, 3 Ov. ,1 V.A. ,l Hor. Pandioniue ,lOl,etc. ,

1 Ov. ,3 V.A. ,l Prop. PolybJmni& , 55, 2 Ov. , 1 V .A. ,

1 Hor. pronuba ,439 , 4 Ov. ,l V.A. ,2 Verg.

qua estue ,78, 2 Ov. ,l V.A. ,2 Hor. relevo ,340 ,

19 Ov. ,l V.A. ,l Prop. Rhamnus ia ,228, 2 Ov. , 1 V ·A· ,

3 Cat . sinuo ,460 , 10 Qy. ,1 V.A. ,l Aet. ,2 Verg.

sUbmissus (adj. ) ,355 , 8 Ov. ,l V.A. ,l T.A. ,2 Verg.

supprimo ,404, 16 Ov. ,1 V.A. ,2 Prop . tumulo ,442 ,

a ov . ,1 V.A. ,1 Cat . vo rax (oonj eot. ),57, 3 Ov . ,

1 v • .&.,4 Oat .

I give also , on the basis of Holtsobmidt 's ma­

terial and my own addi tions , the following list of

' 22 words , which occur in the Culex and wh ich are found

in only one other author of the Golden Age . in addition to Ovid :

baoulum,98 (1 Prop. ). C1lix, 401 (1 Lucr. ).

· compos ,191 ( 1 Ho r. ). oonsoe1ero , 375 (1 Oat. ).

axoedo ,l89 (13 Verg. ). exc e1sua ,46,166 (1 Tib. ,

and probablJ l·Cat. ). exieto , 231 (l Aet . , 15 Luo r .). -50-

gemmo ,70 {2 Luar. ). hero1s ,261 ( 2 V.A. ,l Prop. ).

1mmor1or,354 (1 Hor. ). 1nv1o1atua , 2 63 (1 Hor. ). not1tia,6 {5 Luor. , who has al so notites three times ).

Pandionius ,261 (1 Prop. ). par111s ,229,358 (4 Luor. ) . po1lena ,?4 {7 Luar. ). Note . {!ote. The verb poll eo oooure once in Hor. and once in Prop� prosterno , - 69 ,336 {2 Cat. ). Eund1bundus ,399 (1 Hor. ). revolub11ia ,169 ( 1 Prop . ). aen11ia , 388 (2 Hor. ). ut111taa,66 (1 Hor. ). vaeo ors , 249 (1 Hor. ). verno ,410 (1 Prop. ). -51-

IX. Character of the Words Not Us ed Lat er by Ovi d.

There ar e 56 words in the Ciris which do not

occur in the received corpus of Ovid. Of these, eight

are Greek proper names , of Which six belong to the

story , nam elf: Aphaea, Britomartis, Caeratea, Carme,

Megara, Salaminius . Those wo rds in the fo llowing

list, however , which ar e in dicated with an asterisk( *),

occur either in the Vergilian APpendix or in the Tib­ ullan Appendix :

Adrastea,239 , Greek wo rd ; later authors , such

* ai , as Plin.N.H--. adeigno ,304, 1 Ho r. , pros c spon- · dai o. aegrotus ,226, 2 Hor. , archaic (Plaut. , Varr. ), prosaic , spondaio, drawn. perhaps from Cat . 97 ,12.

The later Ovid does have, however, the verb aegroto:

A..A. 3, 641 ; -which is also in Lu.ar. 4, 1124. anc illaris , (Cia. , 443 , very rare ), spondaic. Note. {!_ote. The noun

7 ancilla oooure in Ovid ? times , but not in Vergil ,

who uses serva in stead twi ce, famula five times , �­

istra onc e. Ovid later us es the dactylic famularis

instead of ancill .; cf.M. l5 ,597 famularia iura.

Linse, De Ovidio vooabulorum inv entore, Tremoniae,l891 ,

p.36, giv es twelve simiiar adjectives in -alia and

•ari a firs t usedby �g Aphaea,303, Greek wo rd. -52 -

Britoma%tie ,295,296, Greek word . Caeratea, ll3, Greek word. Note. (!ote. This word oaoura in a literal translati on of a Greek verse; see Heyne on •. 113 and Kr eunen , Proleg. in Cir. 48� Carme ,220, 278 , 286 , �re ek word. oiroumvehor , or perhaps better , as wri tten by Ellis , oiroum vehor ,27l, (Plaut. ), ·pro­ saic , and is in any oase a dactylic imitation of Verg.

G.3,285 oiroumveotamur. Lins e, �· oit.52 , oites two entirely new aomp�unds with circum formed by Ovid, namely oiroumplaudere and oiraumvelare ; the Aetna shows alao (336 ) the new oiroums tupet(Ellis : circum stupet ) . coooum;31 , 1 Hor. , Mart. oooc inus (conj ect. ),69 ,

Petr. , Mart ., Juv . Colophoniaoua ,64. Verg. has neither Colophon nor any adj . derived from it, but

Ov. baa the ad� . Colophoniua , !• 6,8. In a single poem(Triat.l,lO) he has , for metrical reasons , �-

1nthiaaus(9), Helleapontiaaus (24), Propontiaous (29),

Mesembriaoua (37); on his numerous new formations in

-iaoua (11 in all), see al so Lins e, p.25.

oomplures ,54, 391 , 1 Hor. , arohaio (Plaut. ,Ter. ), prosaic , spondaio. oonata(subst. ) ,337, 1 Lucr. , arobaio(Aoc. Trag. ), prosaio , apondaio. oonorebreeoo

(oonorebu1) ,25, only here; apondaio ; simple verb three times in Vergil ; see al so Ehr. III 57 , on the fondness of the Panegyrist and of Ovid for oonscendo and oonterreo(whioh are al so in Verg. ). Linse,p.52, -53-

gives four examples of compound verbs wi th �- newl7 forme4 by Ovid, namel7 , oonaavare, aonoustodire, �­ fremere, contemerare; the Aetna shows also( 301 ) �- murmurat. oonfingo ,362 , arohaio (Piaut. ,Ter. ,Aoo. trag. ), apondaio. aonquiro ,354 , 2 Luor. ,l Prop. , spondaic. arooota(oon3eot. ) ,252, Gre ek word, arohaio(Plaut. ,Cio. ).

Czps el14es ,464 ; Linse,p.l8, cites 42 new pat­ ronymics in -idee and -1a4es which are employed by

Ovid. d espuo , 372, 373 , (Plaut . , Naev. ); dJrawn from Cat.50,19 and T1b.l,2,54.96. (Many forms of th is verb canno t stand in dao tJlio verse). *detexo ,9,

1 Verg. , archaic (Plaut .,Trag. inc. , Tittn. ), apondaic. deturpo ,284, later authore(Plin. , Suet. ), spondaic.

Linse,p.53, gives 12 examples· of comp ound verba with

!!- newly formed by Ovid. *devincio ,206 , 3 Luar. ,

·1 Cat. ,i Verg . , (also Plaut . ,Ter. ), spondaic.

exordior,266, arohaio (Plaut. ,Ter. ,Com. frgm. ), epondaic ; Verg. has exorea twice a.s subst. �- • �,148 , 1 Hor. ,2 Prop. , archaic (Plaut. ,Ter ., Com. frgm. )1 prosaic , spondaio. *fri8ro,l68 ,612 , very rare

(2 Cat. ,2 Verg. , Mart. ), apondaic. frigidulus ,

251,348, diminutive (1 Cat . ). The mature Ovid uses diminutives muoh more sparingly, and Linse.p.35, cites as his only new formation in -ulus umidul� (A•A•3,629 ) . fugito, 361 , frequentative, 8 Luor. ,l Hor. ,(Plaut. ,Ter. , -54-

Com. frgm. ) Herm1onea,472 , Greek word. tulus ,3, diminutive (1 Cat. ). 1mpru.dentia ,l90, * Tar. , prosaic.- lamentum,400 , very ra re (2 Luor. ,

1 Verg. ), spondaic, yet Ov. has lamentabile (M.8,262), with dact.ylia ending . Inst ead of the noun he us ee gemi tue ( ( iimes ). lutum ,31 '1, Tery ra� e { 1 Verg •. ,

1 Tib . ), yet Ovid has the adjec tive luteus five times .

Megara ,l05 , 388 . minium,505 , very rare, l Verg. , 1 Tib . mirificua ,l2 ,13, very rar e and archaic C Aoo. ,Ter.,Pomp. com. fr. ), but Cat. has adv . mirifioe thr ee times. notesco,90, very rar e (1 cat ••

1 Prop. ), spondaio. .nutrioula,267 ,27'7 , diminutive

(1 Hor. ). obnix e ,30l , 1 Ter. , spondaio . Ovid him- self ha� obnixus (Hal.l2) in im itation of Vergil'a favorite obnixus . oestrus ,l84, Greek word , 1 Verg.

(in lit eral sense) ; in fig. sens e ('madness'), in \ later authors only (Stat . , Juv . ) , but according to

Sudhaue , Hermes XLII (1907), 482 , probably first us ed in Calvus ' Io. Palaepaphia,88, proper name (Ganz. : palam Paphiae) • *parvolus ,l38 ,479 , diminutive,

5 Luor. ,1 Cat. , 1·· verg. , (also Plaut . ,Ter. ,Trag. frgm. ,

Varr. ). peplum,21, Greek word , 1 Verg. perhibeo ,56,77, 4 Lucr. ,2 Cat. ,7 Verg. , arohaio (Plaut. ,

Ter. ,Com. frgm. ,Titin. ,Trag. frgm. ). As Ganz. ,p.569 , and N*'methy, ad loa . point out , 1U perhibent , vr. 77, is taken over bodily from Verg. G.l,247; A.4,1 79. -55-

* pote ,227 ,328, 2 Lucr, ,a Oat. ,(who baa ·alao ut . pote

twice) , 2 Prop. , archaic . Verg . has only th e masc. po tis ( 3 times ) ; of. Neue , Formenlehr e IiJ 175.

*primitua ,490, archaio ( 2 Luar.,Lucil. ,Plaut. ) . psal ter ium, l78 , Greek word , Varr . and prosaic (Cio. ). qu er1monia ,462 , 4 Hor. , ar chai c for querela ( Plaut.,

Cic. ) . re•�•po ,l08 , 1 Cat. , very rar e. Qv. has th e simple orepo ; K- 9,984. Linse, p.55, gives 14

examples of comp ound words wi th !!- newly forme4 by

Ov. ( Salaminius ,470 , belongs to story . ) Scyl- laeus,57, 1 Verg. , spondaia. sophia ,4 ,40, lreek word, archaic (Eon.,Co m. frgm . ,Mart. ) . styrax,l68 , I ( ) Greek word , very rare, Plin. "; drawn perhaps from the neoteriae ( Sudhaus , Hermes XLII 481 ) . Sunias (aonj e� P· for B•s einius ) ,472 , Greek adj. Linse,22, giv es 20

Greek proper nouns and adj s. in -ias wh ich were first employed by Ov . tabidulua ,l82 , diminutive, only here. thallus ,376 , Greek word , very rare.

Of th e prec eding words the following , however , occur in other parte of the V.A. or in the T. A. It will be noted that , wi th the exc eption of primitus and the diminutives , they ar e all spondai c words : ads igno ,304 , 1 Catal. ,l T.A. ; detexo ,9, 1 T.A. ; devinoio , 206 , 1 Cu. ,2 T.A. ; fragro ,l68 , 512 , 1 Uor. ; hortulus ,3, .l Oatal. ; lamentum,400 , 1 Cu. ( Vo llmer t lamentandi ) ; parvo lus ,l38 ,497 , 1 Ou. ,l Kor. ,l T. A. ; -56- po te,227 ,328 ; of.ut pote , 1 Aet. ; primitue ,490,

1 Catal . ·

We wish to traoe also the origin of th e vocab­ ulary under discussion, and we note that , of the rare words not us ed later , our poet has drawn the following from Catullus : aegrotus ,226 (Cat. 97,12); deapuo ,

372 ,etc . (Cat. 50,19 ; also Tib. ); devinoio, 206 (Cat.

64, 123 ; also Luor. , Verg. ); fragro,l68 ,eto . (Cat .

6,8; 68 ,144 ; als o Ve�g. ); frigidulus ,25l , eto. (Cat.

64 ,131) ; hortulus ,3 (Cat.61,88); mir1fious ,l2,eto.

(Cat . has adv.m1r1fice 3 times ); notesoo,90 (Cat.

68,48) ; parvolus ,l38 ,eto. (Cat. 61 ,209 ; also Lucr. ,

Verg. }; pote, 227 ( 8 times in Cat .; also �ucr. ,Prop. ); recrepo ,l08 (Cat.63,29)� S udhaua has ahown that oes� true , 184 , and styrax , 168 , are probably from Calvus .

The following are taken from Vergil: oircum­ vehor,271, a �aotylio form of Vergil 'a circumveotor ,

G.3,286 ; lutum,317 (E.4,44); minium,505 (E.l0,27); obnixe ,30l, from the rare obnixus which is a favorite

r wi th Verg . (10 times ) and in the Hal . (v.l2); per- hibeo ,56 , eto. (7 Verg. , also Luor.,Cat. ); Soyllaeus ,

57 (A.l,200).

Finally the following are drawn from Lucretius : oonquiro ,354 (2 Luor. ); detexo ,9 (from pertexo , Luor.

1,418); fugito , 351 (8 �uor. ); 1mprudentia, l90 (Luor.

5,1007); perhaps nicto(oonJect. ) ,218 (Luor.6,182) • - 57 -

Note. �ote. Ellie , however , retains her e the reading

of the aodd. : nutantiB "

Summary. - We may exhibi t the results of our analysis bri efly as follows : Ther e are 50 words co­ curing in the Ciris wh ich are not fo und in the rec eiv ed corpus of Ovi d. Note. (!ote. We ·do not include in this number six proper names belonsing to the Ciris story: Aphaea,303 , Britomartis ,295,eto . , Caeratea ,ll3 , Carme,220 ,eto. , .Megara,l05 ,eto. , Sala.rninius ,479 . We may divide these vocables �to fo ur classes :

(1 ) Much the largest number ooneia ts of archaic or of wholly prosaic or of extremely rare wo rds , which ar e at the same time heavily spondaio, and theref ore unsuited to Ovid 's later style. ote. ote. If they fi G , had been spondaio only , they would have probab� been still used, though more rare ]T. Thus a very familiar spondaio word , suoh as mutare, is often supplanted in Ovid by vertere, but is also often retained ; the mor e difficult commuto and immuto, however,

of. Ganz . ,Nux, p.2 Some of these archaic vocables � .., are doubtless drawn direc tly from Plautus , Enniue and

Aocius , but much th e larger number hav e been borrowed from Luc retius , Caiullua or Vergil. A few rare vocables whioh are discussed below may well be due to Ovid 's -58-

own coinage , since (as Linse and others hav e well

shown) he was himself a �ralifi!.-illveptC!I:.....Qf new rJI . �,; words . We inc lude in this class the following :

adaigno ,304, aegrotua ,226 , anoillar1s ,443 , complur es ,

54 ,391, conata( subst. ) ,337 , conorebresco ,25, �­ fingo ,362, oonquiro ,354, detexo ,9, deturpo ,284 ,

devinoio ,206 , exo rdior,265 , exorno ,l48 , frigro,l68 ,

512, imprudentia,l90, lamentum,400 , lu tum ,317 ,

no teaoo,90, obnixe,301, ps alterium ,l78, Soyllaeus ,57.

(2) A seoond class cons ists of Greek words , the

us e of which is due to Alexandrine influenc e, to Ovid 's

sojourn at Athens and possibly to the Greek original

of the Ciris . !his fondness for Greek words , though

afterwards somewhat moderated, always remained char­

acteristic of Ovi d aDd is in sharp contrast to the

usage of Vergil , Horac e and Tibullus . We includ e

here the fo llowing: Adrastea,239 , orocota(oonject. ) ,

252 , Hermionea ,4'12 , oestrus ,l84, peplum ,21, psal­

ter1um,l78 , styrax ,l68 , thallus ,376. ---- Up on this .

wh ole subject, see above p. . , and consult also Ganz -

•· enmuller 's wonderfully complete and accurate account

(�. oit.639f.) of all the Greoisms of the Ciris , in­

cluding the singl e words jus t cited.

(3) Several words of dactylic form , which Ovid

afterwards avoided , are diminutives drawn from vulgar and collo quial language. Their free use in the Ciris -59-

is du e to the overpowering influence which Catullus and the neoterics exerted .upon the ·youthful poet for a bri ef season . In the natur e of thinla this extreme control could be only temp orary , and the mature Ovid , though always retaining a limited numb er of these t erms (such as ocellus , novellus , lectulus,eto. ) , carefully avo ided at this point the wors.t excesses of the Catullan school . The diminutives , which oc­ cur in the Ciris and which were afterwards avoided , are: frigidulus,25l,eto. , hortulus ,3, nutricula,

257 , etc . , parvolus , l38 , eto . , tabidulus ,l82. Note.

(!ote. On the useof diminutives in the Ciris ( and Culex ) , see Kreunen , �.oit.41; May , De atilo epylli­

� Romanorum , p.58; of.Draohmann , Herme s XLIII 421. On Ovi d's later use, see May, p .5� For similar rea­ sons the rare frequentative fugito,361 , is fittingly displaced by the more suitabl e fugio ,with the same scansion ,- just as the frequentative inoripitare , Hal .

80, is a�te rwards entirely disused. (4) Apart from th e diminutives , it is surprising how few words of dactylic or pyrrhic scansion found in the Ciria were aft erwards gi ven up by Ovid. A few words _of thi s kind , however , ooour, whiCh are either

�op elessly archaic or extremal� rare. To the first class we refer ciroumvehor, 27l, mirif1ous ,l2,eto. , perhibeo,56,etc., Note. �ot e. There was absolutely - 60 -

no need for Ovid later to us e the archaic perhibeo,

sinc e he employe very fr ee� els ew her e memoro , with

th e same scansi on (3 V.A. , 2 Aet. , 2 T.A. , 7 Ov. ) .

In general , Ovid can afford to give up very few de­

sirabl e da ctylic words , unless he oan solve the met­ ri cal problem by the help of other expedient�pote, 227 , eto. , primitua ,490, querimonia ( instead of querela ),

462 , sophia,4,40. To th e second or very rare group

we may refer recrepo,l08 ( quoted b es ides only from

Cat. 63 ,29), minium ,506 , ooooinus (oonj eot. ),69 , and

perhaps styrax,l68. In th e foregoing analys is we hav e omitted onl7 th e proper names Colophoniaoua ,

Sunias (conject. ), Oyps elides. -61-

x . The Meaning and Grammatical Construc tion of .

Words . Ovid and Vergil Alain Contrasted .

There ar e fifty-three words whi ch occur in the

Cirie an d in Ov id witha meaning or a jra.mmati cal cons truction different from that whi ch is found in

Vergil , namely : aestus , app ono , assideo , �( subst. ),

' oapt o, oognitue , communis , co nsuetus , aontendo, oor­ rumpo , of. Coryc ius , delioiae , desoribo , effigies , etsi, e:xigo , facio. , si faa es t dic ere , furor, ga.udeo , gr aoili a, haurio , imi tat us, infestus , cf in texo , •. iuvenia(adj .), lux , cf. mans ueaco, mo rior, natura , nudo , nullus , nympha , oppugno , pr ecor , probo, of. pr oveho. (voice) , purpura, quoniam , retinene , rideo , rudis , senex( �dj .), sepulohrum , cf. sinuo (voice) , solvo , �( freer use) , torqueo , vallo(voiae) , vel , victor , vinoo, vo lumen.

aestus ,340: sollioitos an imi relevaverat aes-

�· Aea tus meaning 'tide of passion, commotion of the mind' ,is al so used five times by Ovid , onc e with the ac tual phras e 'animi aestua ': Am. 3, •• •.•••

2,29 hie meus ea t animi, non aeris aes tus ; 3,5,36;

M.l4,352 ; 14 ,700 ; F.4,325 . Cf. Lucr.5,1434 belli magnos commovit aes tus Vergi l has aes tua only in • the li teral meaning 'tid e, waves of th e sea, surge •; -62-

or in th e literal mean ing when helped out by flQo tu­

at : !· 4,632 magnoque irarum fluotuat aeata.

appono ,532 : huic miaerae infesti appos- .••.••••

uit odium crudele parentis . Appono is here us ed

with the dat. , a construction wh ich Ov. uses seven

times : P._3 , 3,30 appo sui senis quinque p ed es ; T.3, 14 ,

26 ; F.3,770 ; 1,44; 6,192 ; H. 9,60; Am.l,6,2. Verg.

has appon o only once, and then with the aoc . alone :

8.4,280 pabal4•u• in foribus adpone. Ac cording to

Hau, De Casuum Usu Ovid. , pp .45 ,47 , ()y. never us es

appono with a prep. For the ocourrenc e� , v.p. •

assideo ,268 : ille, vides , no stris . qui moenibus

as aidet hostis. Verg. us es assideo only onae, !•

11 ,306 , and then with the aoo. , in the sens e 'encamp

·before, besiege '. In the Ciris , how ever , aasideo

has the meaning 'sit beside, sit near ' and governs

the dat. ; so also in the fa ll. exx . in Ov. : H.20,137

ille, assidet aegrae; A.A.3,260 ; r.5,45 � Holt p.9, ••

discusses at length thi s Ovidian meaning of assideo ,

wh ich occurs twic e in the Culex (301 , 336) , though

witho ut the dat.

oani ( subst. ) ,320 : qua lege patr is oand entie ••••

I praetexat purpura canoe . Cani is · us ed as a subat.

here , and means 'white hairs '. It has the same meaning ·

in the foll . exx . in Ov. : !• 15 , 211 aparsua tempora

canis ; 6,26; 8,9; 10 ,391 ; 3,2 75 ; 14 ,655 ; 3,516 ; 8,

567 ; 12 ,465 ; P.l,4 ,1. Verg . us es canus eight times , •63- but always as an adJ . Of. als o Neue-w&gner , lormen­ 3 lehre , I 654 . ror cani, v.p. • ,capto ,383: longo captat succe.rrere amori.

Capto follow ed by an inf. is not found in Verg. Ov. , how ev er , uses this construction in M.l0,58 prendique . et prendere oaptans . The Thesaurus, ad loo. , quo tes only Phaedr. 8,6,5; Auson . Mos. 275 , and a few later autho rs .

cognitus ,376: geminat frig1du1a sacra •.••ne c cognita Graia . The perf. pas s. part. cogni tus without the copula does not occur in Verg. , although he us es cognosco 24 times. (In A.l,623 , he has �­ nitus wi th est understood.) Ov. uses aognitus wi th-

f., out the oop. 36 times : -P.4,2� 2; 4,12,20; 4,10,51; 2,5,7; 2,10,4; 4,7,i4; F.6,526 ; 3,482 ; T.3,13,7; 3,

4,1; 3,6,8; 3,5,9; 1 ,10,9; 2,104 ; 4,4,9; 2,180 ; Ad Liv.

391 ; H.21,66; 6,43; 15 ,2; 20, 203 ; 10 ,68; 3,108 ; Am.

2,8,3; 1,11,3; 1,8,105 ; A.A.2,574; M. 3,511; 14 ,576 ;

15,307 ; 9,452 ; 9,727 ; 12 , 181 ; 15 ,365 ; 14 ,15; 12 ,69; of. cu. 66.

communis ,441 : ne me ills quidem communis al um- na omnibus tellus tumulabit. Communis without the copula occurs here With the dat. , a construction wh iah is al so twLc e used by Ov. : K.13 ,397 1ittera c ommunis pueroque TirQqae inso��P�. ��t ; 4,66.

Verg. never has this constructio n, but us es communis with the gen. : A.2,573 Troiae et patriae communis -64-

Erinys .

eonsuetua ,259: non ego oonaueto mortalibua uror

amore. Consu etue ooours here with the dat. , as

also Ov . P. 2,7,18 p er sibe conauetas semp er itura

vias ; M. ll,637 ; A•A• 2,346 (tibi a onsuesoat ) . Verg .

always us es oonsuetus absol., as A.l0,867 (oonsueta

membra ). For the oc currences , v.p.

oontendo , 418: non me al io possum contendere

dignam supplicio . Contendo her e s ignifies ' declare ,

maintain' , and is followed by the acc . and infin.

Verg. never has this meaning, but OT. us es it four

times: Am.2,8,10: illum ego contendi mente oarere .

bona ; H.20,49 ; P. 2,3,80; K. 2,856� The same use is

also in Luor. 6,1343 ; Cat. 44 ,4; Hor . �· 1, 16, 37.;

of. Ganz . 610 ; Thesaurue, ad loc.

o orrumpo , 365 : oas tos oorrumpere vatee . Cor-

rumpo is always used in Verg . of thinga (four times};

{as !• 1,1?7 Cfrerem oorruptam) ; here , how ever , it

is used of persona , as also Ov. F. 3,857 hie quo ­

que oorruptus ; Am - 3,8,30; 2,4,36; A.A.l,355.

·cor;,yo"ius ,317: ut tibi Coryoio glomerarem flam-

mea luto. Coryo ian or Cioilian saffron is a fav-

orite reference of Ovid's. He calls i t Coryoian here

and al so Maec .l33 ;· in thre e other exx. , including

, Culex 399 , he calla it Cilioian ; Ib. 200 quot ferat

terra Ciliasa croooe ; F.l,76. In s ti ll another. pas - -65-

sage he speaks of it as the saffron produc ed near

the river Cydnus : A·A· 3,204 prope te nato , luoide

Cydne , orooo . There is no refer ence to this perfume

in Vergil , but it ia ment ion ed by Luor.(2,416 ) and

Prop. ( 4 , 6 , 4 7 ) •

delioiae,433 : delioiia regia dives. Here

delioiae means ' delights , pleasures •; so also in the 13 foll .�exx. in Ov. : Am.3,14,18 omnibus illum delioiie

inple; 3,15,4; H.l6,194 ; A·!·3,649 ; R. l64,374 ; M- 13,

831; F. 5,334 ; 5,367 ; P.l,l0,16; 1,10,19; 1,10,18;

!•1,2,80. Cf . Cat. 69 ,4 perluoiduli delioiis lap1-

dis . Verg .uses delio iae twice, eac�. time in the fig.

sens e darling, sweetheart •: E. 2,2 Alexim, delioias ' domini ; 9,22. For the oases , v.p. •

descr1bo ,69: est veneris desoripta libido .

Describo is here used in the f ig . sens e •portray ,

describe', as also Ov. T.2,415: deaor1p•1� corrumpi � - semina matrum. Verg us es the word des oribo only in •. ' t he lit . s ens e 'mar.k off, draw': !• 3,456 in foliis

deacripsit carmina.

effigi es , 491 : in n�veo tenera eat primitus ovo

effigies animanti s. Ov. has this us e of effigies, meaning 'appearanc e, form• , three times: M.l4,358:

effigiem, nullo cum corpore , falsi apri; 1,83; 9,264.

Verg . has effigi es only in the sens e of 'imag e, stat­ ue •. Th� meaning in Culex 208 , 'shade, semblanc e' , -66-

is similar to that in the Ciria , and Holtsobmidt , p. 118 , no tes tha t Verg. us ed in this sense umbra, imago or faa ies .

etei ,l: etsi me vario iaotatum laudis amore.

Etsi is very rarely used by the po ets , and never occurs at the beginning of the verse in Verg. ; v.

Ehr. Vll 13. Ov. , how ever, has it twio e in this positio n: !• 2,322 etsi non oeoilit, potuit oeoidisse vi�eri ; !•!•3, 763 ; so also �· 6,47 ; Cat . 65 ,1;

Prop. 2,2,16; 2,19,1. Verg. us es etsi only twice

(!.2,583 ; 9,44) . Cf. also F. Jac ob on �ropertius , p. 165 , and S111ig , Epimetrum, p.l43 .

exigo ,74: exigi t 1ongo pos t tempore po eaas .

According to Ganz. , p.568, poenas exigere do es no t occur in Verg., who uses .ins tead po enas poscere once (A.2,12), po enas reposcere twice (!.2,139 ; 6,530), and poenas sumere fo ur times (!.2,103 ; 2,576 ; 6,501 ;

12 ,949 ) . 0v . use�expresaion in the fo l lowing eight · exx. : H. 7, 58 perfidi.ae poena.s 82tig1t; 7, 97 ; .!•4 ,190; 8,125 ; 8,532 ; 14 ,447 ; !· 5,8,9; r.4,230.

faci o,528 : fec it in terris haliaeetos al es ut esset . Drachmann , � - c it .420 , as serts that fac io w1th ut and an obj ea t clause "is archaic , but is found here and th ere in the Augusta.ns". He is mis­ taken , for this oanstruoti on is frequent in Ov. , who uses it at least nine times : _!!.18,94 ut valMIIlque -67 -

faois ; 20,173 ; 10 ,133 ; 19 ,113 ; 13 ,69; £.3,2,4; 4,9,

94; R.137 ; T.4,6,9. He &lao has faci o wi th !!! and

an object claus e seven tim es : !-14,354 ne posset

.l, adire, oursus equi fecit . -P.1,1,66; 1,1,6 6; --A. A

366 ; 2,678 ; �-13,96. rae with the s�le eubj.

(without ut ) is ver.y frequen� (K.3,13; H. 2,98,eto. ).

According to the Thesaurus . , ad 1oc. , fac io with ,!!!. and an o� ject clause is fo und also in the poets as

follows : Hor. Sat . l,l,l a1 . ; Tib. 2,4,38; Prop. 2,32 ,

51; 4,2,66; 3,16,25; Lucr. 6,636 ; Oat.63, 78; 63,79;

109,3; 64 ,231 ; 67,16. Verg. does not hav e facio with

ut and an obje ct clause, and facio ne occ urs onl7

once (G.3,135). See also above , p. . - For oom- plate statis tics on efficio with ut and B! clauses and also nth the simple eubj •. in Luor. , Cat. , and

the Augustan poets , see Radfo rd, !• J.P.XLIV (1923), . p. , on �ib_j� 4,5. Draeger , His t. Syntax II2

236 f. , treats briefly fac�o, effioio and prae.fioio

ut , but gives no indication 'hat faci o ut as a wh ole' . 3 is arohtd� ; cf. als o Scbmals , Lat . Synt . , p.406 •.

�,21: int exens (si fa a es t dic ere ) peplo.

Si faa !!! wi th the inf. of a verb of saying does not occur in Verg. , nor does he have the simple !!.

faa est. He uses ins tead ai credere dignum est (!!•

3,391 ; A.6,173) , and has onl7 sit mihi faa audita loqui (A. 6, 266). Ov. , on the other hand , has si fas -68-

eat dicere three times : P.4,8,55; 4,16 ,45 ; Ad Liv.

129 . He us es al so ei faa est loqui once (T.5,2,46).

Si fas est followed by some other inf. occurs six times : !•3,5,27 sive id continger e faa est ; 5,3 ,27;

2,515 ; Am. 2,13,27; JI.3,6; !· 5,417 ; so also Aet . l 73

--si fas -es t cred ere. He us ee als o ----si fas es t alone three t�ee : P. 2,8,37; F.l,25; T.3,1,8l; so also

�iYII 3,74. The phras e ai fas est ooo.urs .. l3 times in all in OV' . -- s e e al so ab ove , p . •

furor ;258 : quid tantum properas nostros nov� ieee furores? Here the plu. fur ores means 'passion , mad love' , so al so Ov. K. 9,538 pariter rediere furores ;

9,602 . As Gan� •• p. 593 , points out, Verg. has only g,.,.J..� 4..�· � � the sing. in this sense,"mea.ning ' fr enzy , madness ':

!• 5,801 saepe furor es compresei caeli ; 7,406 ; 4,501.

gaudeo, l95 ff. : gaudete , o celeree ; gaudete, vagae volucres ; puellae Dauliades , gaudete. Verg. bas gaudeo 27 times , but never in the iap er . ov. , however , uses the plur. imp er. three times : M. 8,126 gaudet e malis , mod o prodita, nos tris moenia ; M. l2,9; A.A. l,l79 ; so also (!1� II 5,83 . He al so has the sing. imper. thr ee times: K. l4,721 ; 10 , 442 ; H.12,159 . --­

Cat. has this imp er. twioe ( 31 ,12. 13 ), and Prop .

-'I tw ice (3,8,3 5; 4,6,�3); Hor also has tha� s ing. twice

(!2. 14 , 15; Epist.1,6,19).

grao ilis ,20 : et grac 11 em molli liaeat pede olau- -69-

dere versum. Verg. uses sra oilis only once, and th en in the lit. sens e 'slim . slender': !•10,71 grao­ ili hibisoo . ·The mea ning here, however , is fig. , namely, 'lowly , modest ', as also in Ov . P. 2 ,5,26 materiae graoili sufficit ingeniam ; of. Holt.85.

For oases , v� p.

haurio,l63 : venia hauait sitientibus ignem •.

Here haurio means 'drink in the fire of love' , and ia us ed metaph . Ov. us es haurio in the same sense:

!•8,326 flamaasque latentes hausit ; 10 , 252. Haurio oocnra in Vergil wi th ignem (A.4, 661) only of a-lit- . eral ' fire ' ; of. Ganz .581.

�itor, 107 : unde oitharae voces imitatue lapis reorepat ; 500 patrios imitatus honoree apex. The pres . and perf . participles imitans and imitatus , both in the orig. mean ing 'imitating ' and in th e transferred sens e 'resembling , similar to ' , are well known and striking Ov. idioms (of. Zingerle , Ovid �· a. Vorgange r, I 12 ; Kleemann , p.61). He has ·them

18 times in the fifth fo ot of the hex. , just as in the two passages of the .Ciris : Am.2,4,15 rigidaaque imitata Sabinas ; A. A .l,439 ; 2,569 ; H.l3,41 ; K. 8,736 ;

9,481 ; 14 ,521; 10 ,1Q6; 9,340 ; 9,783 ; 2,2; 13 ,262 ;

11 , 613 ; 13 ,817 ; F.5,157 ; Hal .l22 ; P.l,2,46; 2,1,37 ; of. Cu. 404 ; � .3,16. Imitatus occurs onl7 twice in Vergil ( G.4,72; A. ll,600) and th e still more strik- -'10-

ing :lmitan s never oo c ura .

in featus ,lll : bane urbem feo erat infes tam pop-

u.lator r emige . Infestua is here used in t he pass.

sense 'unsafe ', a use which is also fotl.Ild in ov. ![.

4,619 (infest& ter ra aolubris ). In Verg. infestus

means ' hostile , des tructive ', as A.2,529 (infesto

vuln ere) . For the cas es , v. p.

of. in texo ,39: te vall� magnis int exere chartis.

Intexo is here used in �he tropical sense 'int erweave,

inscribe' . Praetexo (100) also has the trop . m eaning

'crown , adorn ': novum aeter.ao pra etexite honore vol- um en ( of . �· 1,11), as has also intexo, Pan egzr . 5 ( tua chart is intexer e� facta) , and subtexo , ib . 2ll (de subtexam oar.nina ). Verg. hall int u:o only in th e , I .lit. meaning 'entwine' (G.2,221 1ntexet vi tibus ul-

mos) ; ·also detexo , 'weave off , finish' (E. 2, 72 ). · .... In the Ciris (9) detexo haa th e trop. sense 'fulfi�l,

compl ete' (ooeptum detexere munue), which i s quoted by the Thesaurus al so from Cic. Arat . 250, and Trag.

inc . 181. Ovi d in hi s later works still has praetexo , in th e trop . sense: F.5,561 Aug �sto praetexum nomine

templum. This me&n� is drawn from Lucr .l,418 ( ooep­

tum pertexere dictis); 6,42. Ovld avoids these com­

pounds later on ac count of the sponlaic scans ion; cf.

al so Kreunen , p.46; H�el , Act. aociet. phil. Lips .

V 46 ; Ehr. III 67 ; Brotikhusias , on Panegzr . 211. -71-

iuvenia ,45: et iuvenes exegimus annoa . Iuv en- is is here an ad J ., 'yo uthful '. Ov. has the same

phrase, iuvenea ...•ann o s , twi oe (M.7,295 ; 14 ,139; of.

Ganz . 565} , and als o thr ee other exx. of th e ad� . use {Am. 3,4,24 ; K. 1,531 ; 11 ,99). Verg. bas iuvenis

92 times , but always as a aubst.

lux ,397: alt erna a aortiti viver e luces; 417 to t adsiduas ex ordine luo es ? The plu. luoes here means

'days •. Thi s use oc curs once in the Pan eg . ( l 60 ) and nin e times in Ov. : F.4,901 sex ub i luoes APr111s ha­ bebit ; 6,39; 6,725 ; 6,774 ; 3,398 ; 6,247 , !• 4,262 ; 14 ,

22 7 ; P. 2,1,25. Vergil uses 1� 58 times, but never in the plu. Ovid 's use is drawn from Cat. 64 ,31 and

Lucr. 5,679 . 6� ; c f . also Hor. 0.4,6,42.

mansu esoo ,l36 : et val idas vires mane uesoere tigris. Ac cording to Skutsch, Aus Vergils FrUhz eit , p .68, this trans itiv e useof mansuesoere is fo und els ewhere only in Varro and Lucr. Just as in the cas e of so many othe r us ual ly intrane . verbs , Note. (!ot e . v. Hau , De Casuum Us u Ov. , p.l9, who cites f.4,617 cessatis in arvis; R. 39 gemmatas alas ; r.l,339 lacri­ ma tas c ortic e murras , et� Ov. has this us e later onl7 in the perf. part . mansuetus { 2. 4,5,28 mansuetae manus ; Ib .26; !.3,6,23) ; Verg. ��� do es not have it at all .

morior ,462 : virginia moritur· querimonia. -72-

Morior is here us ed of an inanimate object, 'ceas es,

dies away '� so also in the foll. exx. in Ov. : P. 3,2,

27 meriti mori etur gratia; H.4,131 ; Am. 1,2 ,11.

Verg. has morior in th e trop. sense only of animat e

objects ( E. 7 , 57 moriens herba ; 10 , 67 ) .

natura ,l23 : cuius ( orinis ) quam a ervata diu

natura fuisset ; 316 . cum premeret na tura , mori me

valle negavi. Aoc . to Heyne. .. ad loc . , cui us natura. ov. is periphrasis for qui orinis ; so a als oJ� A!!•3,8, 45

hominun natura ; K. 12 , 394 naturae •. ..il li (�. Centau•

rorum) . ---- Heyne notes th at v. 310 is equivalent to

'cum aeneo tus gravaret' ; of. Ov. !• 16 ,218 artific es

natura manus admovit ; P. 4,6,27. This free and famil­

iar us e of natur a is scarcely Vergi�ian ; of. Sillig; �· cit. 143.

�,422 : si nudasset foedera casus . Verg • ... us es nudo only in the lit. sense 'lay bare, uncover •,

as A.l,356 pectora nudavi t. Her e , however, it means 1discloae, divulge ', as also Ov. Am. 2,5,5 nudant tua

fa.ata tabellae ; so als o {!ig rv , 7,2 .

nullus ,l77 : nulla colum novit. The colloquial

use of nullus for �' as here , is not found in Verg. ,

but occurs twi c e in Ov. : H. 2,105 nullam Phl'llida nosti ;

10 ,10. This use is freq�ent in comedy and in Oatlll.lus

(8,14; 17 ,20) ; cf. Kreunen , p.41, and Schmalz , Lat .

Syntax3 , _p 41.2. -73-

nympha ,435 : florent ea aequtli corpore nymphae.

Nympha here retains the Greek meanin g 'bride , young woman' , and is used for puella . Ov. twice has this us e: H.l,27 gra ta ferunt nymphae pro salvia dona marl­ t is ; 9,103. In the Aetna al so (as Munro points out ) he uses bo th cba;ybdis (107 ) and simua (495) in a Greek sens e. Cf. als o Ganz . 640 ; Kreunen , p.4B.

oppugno,272 : ille mea oppugnat praeaordia.

Oppugno is her e us ed in the fig. s ens e, as also in

Ov. R. 691 mens oppugnatur amantum. It ooours only once in Verg. ,and then in the lit . sens e (A. 5,439 oppugnat urbem) . For the cases, v.p. •

preco r,326: parc er e precor. Verg. us es wi th precor either an imp er., or (with precor parenthetical ) an opt. subJ . witho ut ut• A. 6,117 alma , precor, mis­ erere; 9,525 ; 10 ,461 . 525 ; 12 ,48. 777. Ov. is the fi rs t to usepr eoor wi th the aoo. arid inf. (three times );

H.l9,82 plaoidas es se preoor aquas ; 5,158 ; P. 1,7,6; so al so (!ib.::J II 5,4 (see IC. F. Smith' s no te, ad loo. ) . probo,388 : divom responaa probantur. Probo means here 'prove , show to be true '. Ov ., with the advocate's training � is naturally fond of this legal meaning : M. 2,92 pa trio pater esse metu probor; 13 ,59;

15 ,37. 361. 499 ; Am. 2,2,25; P.3 ,1,126. Verg. us es probo only in the sens e 'approve ' ( three times ): A.

5,418 probat Ac estes ; 12 , 814 ; 4,1�2 . For the cases , v. p. • - 74 -

cf. proveho ,26:pr ovexit currum. Verg . us es proveho only in the passive (four t1mes ):A. 3,481 quid ultra provehor ; 3,72; 3,506 ; 2,24. Pr oveho OQcurs in OT. in th e active (once: .A.�.3,100).

purpura ,320: qua lege candentie praetexat pur- pura canoe. Purpura is here us ed of a 'purple 1ock1 , as also in Ov . K. 8,80 illa purpura; B. 68• Vergil , on the other hand , has purpura in two senses , both differ ent from that of th e present passage: ( 1) 1pur­ ple aolor' ( G.4,274} ; C2)· 'purpl e ga.rment 1 ( G. 2,495;

A.7,251); of. Ganz . 600.

qu0Diaa'•·62 : sed quoniam ad tantas nunc primum naaoimur artes. Quoniam as the sec ond word in the verse, preceded by a oonj . or a pron. , is very c om­ mon in Ov. ( 27 times ): T.3,8,41 at quoniam semel est odio c iviliter usus ; M. 1,194 ; 10 ,630; 15,143.176 ; 4,

249 ; 5,101 ; 13 , 131 .,320 ; -Jj¢-j.J H.20, 171; A..A.2, 27 ;

3,483 ; T.3,8 ,41; 3,11,69;_ 1,7 ,23; 1,10,17; 3,4,69;

Ib .61; R.425 ; 525 ; P.4,9,6.98; 3,5,27; 2,2,123 ; 4,8,

79 ; 2,8,59; 4,15,23; 2,9,79. Verg. does not have quoniam in thia position ; he plac es it either after the penthemimeral caes . (five times, as E.2 ,44} or after the hepth. (ten times , as E.3,36) ; of. Ehr.VI

63 ff.

retineo ,170: retinene monilia oollo ; 511 retin- entem vittaa . The pres . part . retinene does not -75-

ooour in Verg. , but Ov. us es it seven times : !•3 ,235 retinentibus illis ; 5,127 ; 12 ,348 ; 6,35 ; 9,576 ; 6,644 ;

7,497. This differenc e of usage is by no means the result of aooident , but just as in Cat . and Luor. , the pres . part. is much more freely us ed by Ov. and by V.A. , Lygd . anc1 Pan eg. - than b;y Verg. ; cf.

Draohmann , p.420; Rand ,12lf. ; Ehr.III 16 ff. ---- V. 5ll is drawn from Cat. 64 ,63(retinena vittam). For the cases , v.p. •

rideo,103 : ridentia 11tora oonohia . This us e of rideo with the abl . do es no t oocur in Verg. , but is in OT. K.15 , 204 (co1or1bus almus ridet ager ) ; of.

T.1,5,27.

rudia ,243 : non est Amathusi& nos tri tam radi s.

Rud is here, wi th the gen. , means 'ignorant of '; ao al so three times . in Ov. : M. 7 ,213 rudem aomni ; F.4,336 ; 1, ·

83 . Verg., on the other hand , us es rudia only tw ice , each time in th e lit. sens e 'rough , rude '. For th e cases , v. p. •

,senex,41 : senibus aaeclis . S enex is an adj . here , as often in Ov. : A.A.3,78 oervos .senes ; M. l5,

� • 470. ; - 1,9,4. Verg. has aenex only as a aubst

For iuvenia also aa� ��.,- T. p. • .. .. ' '

· .septlohrum ,l3l : Scylla, patris inventa sepul- chrum. This fig. us e of sepulohrum for 'perditor ' is not fo und in Verg. , but of. Cat. 68, 89 (Tro ia com- -76-

mune sepulorum, eto . ) ; cf. also M. l3 , 423 in mediis

Hecuba natorum. inventa s epu1ohris.

sinuo ,460: sinuantur lintea ooro . Vergil uses ainuo only twic e, eaoh time in the ao t. : A.2,208 ; G.

3,192. Ov. , on th e oth er hand , uses th e pass. in seven oases out of nine (M.3,682 ; 8,381 ; 3,42; 14 ,501;

2,872 ; 14 ,51; 11,553). For the oas es , v.p. •

aolvo ,23: debita solvontur vota. Verg . us es solvere vo ta thre e times (A.ll,4; G.l,436; A-3,404 ) , but the fuller phrase of the Ciris is found tn Ov .

F.5,596 voti debita aolvit.

�,133 : malus 111e puer , quem nee sua fleotere mater potuit ; 524 deum rex 1111 pro pietate sua red­ dibit vitam ; 75 oum aura sui (conj. ) veheretur coniugis.

This freer and looser us e of -se for -eum and of suus for eius is found al so in cu.388 , Note. (!ote . Quan- tumounque sibi vires tribuere senilea , aonformare lo­ cum oa.pit ; v.- the remarks of Pltlsent , Culex , Etude , p.36� �· 46 ,581 , Note.• (!ote. v. Herr, De Aetaae sermone , p.4g and Lygd . 6,20. It is not quo ted from Verg. , Note. (!ote. v. Schmalz , Lat . Grammatik� p.442 ,f 15 . 4 •. Herr ; p.42; wrongly refers to this us e Verg. A.4 ,633 namque . suam patria antiqua c in�a ater babebat:) but is a famili ar earmark of Ovidian . style, as !!-15, 819 tu fac ies natusque suus ; 15,123 ; -

14,42 ; 8,646 ; 7,827; 2,186 (v. Siebelis-Polle's In- -77-

dex s.v. 'auus'); A.A.3,636 ; Am.3 ,3,�2 , eta.

torqueo ,257: quid me , nutricula , torques?

Torqueo , •to�ent , tortue ', is used 12 t�es by Ov. :

Am. 2 ,5,53 torqueor infelix ; 1,4,46 ; 2,19,34 ; --A.A.2, -

355 ; 2,124 ; 1,176 ; P.l,5,21; 1,1,60; �. 562 ; H. 9,36;

20,123; )[. 11 ,130 ; so also {!i9 IV 14 ,4: quid miserum

torques ; of. Tib. 2,6,17. Verg . has the word only

in th e lit. sense, •twist, hurl ' (56 times ).

of. vallo ,79: oanibus vallata eat. Ov. us es

vallo twice, each time in the pass. part . : H.4,159 ;

P.l ,2,23. It occurs in Verg. only in the ac t. (onc e:

!·11,915 ).

vel ,456 : vel ••• vel ..•ve l . The threefold us e

of vel is not found in Verg. , but Ov. has it four

times : P. 3,6,35; 2,10,9; M.l2, 108 ; T.5,2,73. The

exc essiv e fondness of the youthful (and also of the

l&ter ) OT. for"diohotomiz ing and dividing all things .

by the use of conjunctions" is derived from the school

of rhetoric ; cf. Hartung , � Pfnegyr.36; Ehr . IV 57-75;

Postgat e on Paneg. 62 ( 65) and �.4,5� f.

victor,425: te victore. The abl.abs. with

victor is us ed twice by Ov. (�.8,446 nato viotore;

·�.5,577), but never by Verg.

vinoo,77: forma cum vinceret omnia. Ov. has

the same phrase in H. l6, 70 vino ere quae forma digna -'78-

sit una duaa ; cf. F.6,44 forma quoque vio ta mea eat.

Ov. usee vinoere , 'surpass ', 26 tim es , ---- 13 times · with an abl . of epeo if. (M.l3,63. 115 ; 11 , 223 ; 10, 570 ;

9,30 ; 5,311;3,65; H. 7,52 ; 16 ,70; 17 ,63; P. 2,4,28; 4,

10 ,23; T.l, 10 ,5) -; Verg . bas th is usep erhaps once

( E. 7,54 ) , without th e abl .

volumen ,lOO : aeterno praetexite honore volumen.

Volumen here has the meaning 'book roll , volume ', as also Ov. T.2,5 50 ; 3,14,19 ; in Verg. it means only

'coil , fold ' ( 5 times ). Bibliography .

Broukhusias , on Panegyric .

Draohmann , � Cirisfrage , Hermes XLIII ( 1908 ) .,

Eschenburg , Wi e hat Ovid einselse Worter in Verse verwandt

Lubeck, 1886.

Ganz enmull er, Beitrage � ·ciria.

Ganz enmuller , Nux.

Hankel , Act. societ . phil . Lips v. •. Han , De Caauum � Ovidiano .

Heyne, Hayne-Wagner Edition of Vergi1 ( Leipsig 1830-1841 ).

Hal tsahmidt , De Ouliais Oarminis Sermone .

Jac ob , on Propertius . , KoozJUBlti , De flexura Graec. nominum propr . apud Ov.,

Radantz 1896.

Kr eunen , Prol eg. � Oirin.

Linse, De Ovidio vocabularum inventore , Tremoniae, 1891.

May, De stilo epylliorum Romanorum. N lmet� , Oiris , EPflllon Pe eudovergillianum. Neue-Wagner, Formenlehre3 I. Pllaent , Culex , ltude. ;f. Radford , American Journal of Philology XLIV ( 1923).

Band , H&rYa�l Studies of Classical Philology XXX. Schmalz , Latfu Syntax. Schanz , Rom. Lit. II� Schwabe , In Oirin carmen observationea , Dorpat 18'11. s 1111g , Ep.i metrum�

Skutsoh, Aus Vergils Fr�eit.

Sniehotta , De vocum Graeo . apud po etaa Lat. dactyl . (Bresl. Phil. Abhandl. IX 2 {!9o"� ). Teuffel-Kroll , Rom . Lit. II.

Zingerle , Kl. Philol. Abh. II I ( Innabruck 1882 ).