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Ampelográfica, Genética, Agronómica, Enológica, Polifenólica, Aminoacídica, Aromática Y Sensoríal) De Variedades Tintas Minoritarias De La D.O.Ca

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Ampelográfica, Genética, Agronómica, Enológica, Polifenólica, Aminoacídica, Aromática Y Sensoríal) De Variedades Tintas Minoritarias De La D.O.Ca TESIS DOCTORAL Título Identificación y caracterización completa (ampelográfica, genética, agronómica, enológica, polifenólica, aminoacídica, aromática y sensoríal) de variedades tintas minoritarias de la D.O.Ca. Rioja Autor/es Pedro José Balda Manzanos Director/es Fernando Martínez de Toda Fernández Facultad Facultad de Ciencias, Estudios Agroalimentarios e Informática Titulación Departamento Agricultura y Alimentación Curso Académico 2013-2014 Identificación y caracterización completa (ampelográfica, genética, agronómica, enológica, polifenólica, aminoacídica, aromática y sensoríal) de variedades tintas minoritarias de la D.O.Ca. Rioja , tesis doctoral de Pedro José Balda Manzanos, dirigida por Fernando Martínez de Toda Fernández (publicada por la Universidad de La Rioja), se difunde bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 3.0 Unported. Permisos que vayan más allá de lo cubierto por esta licencia pueden solicitarse a los titulares del copyright. © El autor © Universidad de La Rioja, Servicio de Publicaciones, 2014 publicaciones.unirioja.es E-mail: [email protected] FERNANDO MARTÍNEZ DE TODA FERNÁNDEZ, Catedrático de Producción Vegetal del Departamento de Agricultura y Alimentación de la Universidad de La Rioja, CERTIFICA: Que la presente Memoria, de título “Identificación y caracterización completa (ampelográfica, genética, agronómica, enológica, polifenólica, aminoacídica, aromática y sensorial) de variedades tintas minoritarias de la D.O.Ca. Rioja” que presenta el Ingeniero Agrónomo y Licenciado en Enología Pedro José Balda Manzanos, ha sido realizada bajo mi dirección en el Departamento de Agricultura y Alimentación de la Universidad de La Rioja y reúne las condiciones exigidas para optar al grado de Doctor con la mención "Doctor Internacional". Logroño, 30 de junio de 2014 Fdo: Fernando Martínez de Toda Fernández El trabajo de recuperación y preservación de variedades minoritarias ha sido financiado en sus inicios por los proyectos VIN00-036-C6, VIN03-002-C6 y RF02-004-C5 del Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (INIA) y por el proyecto OTCR-000724 del Consejo Regulador de la D.O.Ca. Rioja. Asimismo, durante la realización de esta Memoria he disfrutado de una beca de Formación de Profesorado Universitario (AP-2009-3794) del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación. Conste mi agradecimiento a dichas instituciones. Agradecimientos Siempre estaré agradecido de estos cinco años llenos de viticultura aprendiendo y disfrutando con mi director de tesis, Fernando Martínez de Toda. Pero sobre todo, gracias por todas esas cosas que, sin tener nada que ver con la viticultura, me han ayudado a crecer como persona. Gracias por tu enorme ilusión, por tu trabajo, por el apoyo durante todo este tiempo y por aportar tanto sentido, claridad y sencillez a todos los estudios. Gracias Maestro. Quisiera agradecer también el trabajo, la aportación y el compromiso de cuatro grupos de investigación, sin los cuales no se hubiese podido desarrollar esta tesis. Gracias al grupo del Dr. Javier Ibáñez, con Silvia Hernáiz y Mª Dolores Vélez, por su contribución en los análisis moleculares; especialmente a Javier, por toda su dedicación y contribución siempre que te he necesitado. Gracias al grupo de la Dra. Esperanza Valdés por la colaboración mostrada en los análisis de aminoácidos y al grupo de la Dra. Mar Vilanova por su contribución en el análisis de aromas. Sin vosotras dos, hubiese naufragado en un mar de cifras y compuestos; mil gracias por toda vuestra ayuda. Y gracias también al grupo del Dr. Virgilio Falco en Portugal por abrirme de par en par y desinteresadamente las puertas vuestro laboratorio; sin vuestra ayuda no hubiese podido sacar adelante los análisis de antocianos. Gracias de corazón, Manuel, por acogerme en la UTAD y llenar mi estancia de proyectos que me han permitido disfrutar y conocer los mejores rincones vitícolas del Douro. Agradezco también el apoyo científico y moral de todos mis compañeros y amigos, especialmente a Juan Carlos Sancha, Mª Paz Diago y Juan Antonio Blanco, incansables, con la mejor voluntad del mundo y siempre dispuestos a ayudar. Y a las nuevas generaciones como Wei Zheng y Jesús, por su total disposición. No me olvido tampoco de todas las personas que han pasado por la universidad durante todo este tiempo y han dejado una huella imborrable: Ángel Amurrio, Víctor, Guada, Pilar, Óscar, Inma, María, Irene, Tamara, Idoia… A mis compañeros de otros laboratorios del departamento y del ICVV, especialmente a Olga Martínez Pinilla, Leticia, Gabri, Laura, Gonzalo, José, Nieves, Gerome, Hasna… gracias por toda vuestra ayuda y por hacer más alegre el día a día. A todas las personas que han colaborado en la realización de este y otros estudios durante todos estos años como miembros del panel de cata; habéis sido una ayuda indispensable para completar todo este trabajo. Gracias también a Jorge Muga y Chema Pangua por haberme abierto las puertas de los laboratorios desinteresadamente. A Belén Ayestarán, Antonio Palacios y Juan B. Chávarri por sus aportaciones al estudio, así como por sus acertados consejos y su buena disponibilidad. A José Miguel Peña y Luis Otaño por todas las facilidades para poder realizar la elaboración de los vinos. Y al Gobierno de La Rioja por la cesión de la uva utilizada en el presente trabajo, así como por la gestión y conservación del banco de germoplasma. A todas las personas que han contribuído a mi mejor formación vitícola y enológica en las diversas bodegas donde he tenido la suerte de trabajar. Gracias Prue y Stephen Henschke por haberme cuidado en Australia más que a un hijo! Gracias a Marimar Torres, Tony Britton, Raúl Acha, Elena Ceca… A mi amigo Tito, por haber diseñado las portadas del libro. Y a todos mis amigos que, de un modo u otro, contribuyen a que mi cabeza descanse de vez en cuando; gracias Navarrico, Abel, Richi, Clara, Bárbara, Rubén, Julio, Bryan, Silvia, Ruth, April, etc, etc, etc… A mis hermanas Sagrario y Margarita, y a mi cuñado Jaime; siempre estáis ahí, para lo que haga falta. Y a mi sobrina Valentina… que me ha ganado la carrera! Ha sido también una motivación muy especial. A Alicia, que me ha puesto el rincón ideal para poder terminar lo que parecía interminable. Gracias por tanta ayuda, pero sobre todo, gracias por TODO lo demás. Y por último, quiero agradecer a mis padres Sagrario e Isaac, su entera dedicación y esfuerzo encomiable para hacer posible que yo llegase hasta aquí. Por tantos valores que me habéis transmitido, por ese cariño y apego al viñedo y por tantas otras cosas... todo este trabajo es, en parte, un resultado de vuestro esfuerzo. Publicaciones Durante el período de tiempo dedicado a la elaboración de esta Tesis se han publicado una serie de artículos que presento a continuación; unos están directamente relacionados con la temática de la Tesis y otros tienen una menor relación con dicho tema, pero todos ellos son el reflejo de la actividad investigadora desarrollada en este período. Artículos científicos relacionados con la temática de la Tesis: Balda P., Ibáñez J., Sancha J.C. and Martínez de Toda F. 2014. Characterization and identification of minority red grape varieties recovered in Rioja, Spain. Am. J. Enol. Vitic., 65: 148-152 Martínez de Toda F. and Balda P. 2013. Genetic and ampelographic identification of different minority varieties known as ‘Monastel’ and ‘Maturana’ in Rioja (Spain). Cienc. Tec. Vitivinic., 28: 944-946 Martínez de Toda F., Ibáñez J. and Balda P. 2012. Genetic and ampelographic identification of different grape varieties known as 'Tempranillo' in Rioja (Spain). Vitis, 51: 39-40 Martínez de Toda F., Balda P. and Sancha J.C. 2012. Preservation of intravarietal diversity in clonal and sanitary pre-selection for a minority variety in danger of extinction: Maturana Blanca. J. Int. Sci. Vigne Vin, 46: 123-130 Artículos técnicos relacionados con la temática de la Tesis: Balda P. and Martínez de Toda F. 2013. Variedades minoritarias desde la mirada de sus elaboradores. ACE Revista de Enología, 136. Edición digital. Abril. Martínez de Toda F., Sancha J.C. and Balda P. 2013. Principales variedades de vid recuperadas en la DOC Rioja. ACE Revista de Enología, 135. Edición digital. Febrero Balda P., Sancha J.C. and Martínez de Toda F. 2013. Caracterización vitícola y enológica de cuatro variedades minoritarias conocidas como Tempranillo en la D.O.Ca. Rioja. Zubía, 25: 21- 30 Otros artículos científicos no relacionados con la temática de la Tesis: Martínez de Toda F., Sancha J.C. and Balda P. 2014. Reducing the pH of wine through increasing grape sunlight exposure: A method to mitigate the effects of climate warming. Vitis, 53: 17-20 Martínez de Toda F., Sancha J.C. and Balda P. 2013. Reducing sugar and pH of the grape (Vitis vinifera L. cvs. ‘Grenache’ and ‘Tempranillo’) through a single shoot trimming. S. Afr. J. Enol. Vitic., 2: 246-251 Martínez de Toda F. and Balda P. 2013. Delaying berry ripening through manipulating leaf area to fruit ratio. Vitis, 52: 171-176 Balda P. and Martínez de Toda F. 2013. Decreasing the alcohol level and pH in wines by the “double harvest” techniquee. Cienc. Tec. Vitivinic., 28: 899-903 Balda P. and Martínez de Toda F. 2013. Effects of clusters exposure levels on pyrazines content in red wines of Vitis vinifera cv. Maturana Tinta de Navarrete. Cienc. Tec. Vitivinic., 28: 702- 706. Martínez de Toda F., Balda P. and Oliveira M. 2010. Estimation of vineyard water status (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Tempranillo) from the developmental stage of the shoot tips. J. Int. Sci. Vigne Vin, 44: 201-206 Índice RESUMEN………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7 ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8 Capítulo 1. INTRODUCCIÓN……………………………………….…………………………………….…………. 9 1.1. EL ORIGEN DE LA VID, LA VITICULTURA Y LAS VARIEDADES. NECESIDAD DE PRESERVACIÓN………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10 1.1.1. ¿Cómo se han formado las variedades cultivadas actualmente?..................... 10 1.1.2. Patrimonio genético vitícola: especies salvajes y formas cultivadas………..……. 14 1.1.3. Variedades minoritarias y variedades locales…………………………………………....….
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