DOCSLIB.ORG

"A Roadmap to Sierra Leone English: a Sociohistorical and Ecological Perspective

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Departamento de Filología Moderna TESIS DOCTORAL A Roadmap to Sierra Leone English: A Sociohistorical and Ecological Perspective Saidu Bangura Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 2015 Departamento de Filología Moderna Programa de Doctorado Traducción, comunicación y cultura A Roadmap to Sierra Leone English: A Sociohistorical and Ecological Perspective TESIS DOCTORAL Dirigida por la Doctora: El Doctorando: Alicia Rodríguez Álvarez Saidu Bangura Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 2015 Dedication To my teachers, friends, students and family – For they have kept me in the walls of schools And in the pursuance of knowledge; For they have taught me to believe in myself, To make the impossible dream possible, The seemingly unreachable height reachable, To do those things I like my own way, And to be strong in the face of challenges; For they have given me the lenses and shoulders Through which and upon which I see the world; For without these four, my world Would have been monotonous and unchallenging; For with these four, we can be the stars That will change the lives of others; Through these four, we can do ‘n’ good things That will make the world a better place And life can be much more worth living – For whosoever has a teacher, a friend, a student, a family Has a guide, a hand, a follower and a life-partner. “You raise me up so I can stand on mountains. You raise me up to walk on stormy seas. And I am strong when I am on your shoulders. You raise me up to more than I can be” (Brendan Graham – song writer). A Roadmap to Sierra Leone English Acknowledgements Without exaggeration, I would not have pursued an academic life if the following people had not collaborated with me. Listing them all will do no justice to their generosity. These words of acknowledgements would not have been written if Fatu Kargbo (my late grandmother), Mr. Issah Sesay, Mr. Abu Kanu, Mr. Nathaniel A. Pearce, Rev. Olivia A. Wesley, Alhaji Alpha Sahid Sesay, Rev. Lawrence Lawson, Mr. Duramany K. Tarawally, Mr. O. H. B. Venn (late), Mr. Foday Habib Bangura (late), Mr. Abdul Hamid Ajami (late) and many other people, had not given me the encouragement, financial and moral support I needed while I was a student at the Roman Catholic Primary School, Pepel, at the St. Helena Secondary School, The Methodist Boys’ High School and at Fourah Bay College (USL) in Freetown, when the basics were just not there. Thank you so much for your generosity. I would not have been able to write a thesis on this subject-matter if Professor John Holm had not invited me to attend the ACBLPE conference organised at the University of Coimbra, Portugal, in June 2006. That conference changed my academic areas of interest. I am equally grateful to Michael Pye for the books he gave me and the letters he wrote on my behalf in 2007 to the diplomatic missions of Sierra Leone in Europe to help finance the studies of a Sierra Leonean interested in the linguistic situation of the country. Thank you Prof. John Holm and Michael Pye. On the Canary Islands, I am particularly grateful to the Sierra Leonean and Guinean (Conakry) community in Las Palmas, for their kind cooperation, sincere friendship and moral support to me and my family during our stay in Las Palmas between 2007 and 2009. While I was unemployed and without financial support in Las Palmas, some institutions and personalities came to my aid by giving me translation and teaching jobs without which I would not have been able to complete the first part of the PhD programme. They include José Blas Hernández (Talleres Atlántico), 1 Saidu Bangura Gabriel Martin (Singular Service), Rosa Martin (Rumardi), Departmento de Filológia Moderna (ULPGC) and Celestino Barrios (Nino). Back in Freetown, I am especially indebted to my mother, Marie Dumbuya, my sister, Isatu Bangura and my brother Minkailu Habib Bangura for their patience and understanding. Haja Kadiatu Bangura, my very special aunt, is sincerely thanked for her contributions. I sincerely thank all my professors including the director of the 2007-2009 doctoral programme, Dr. Gregorio Herrera, for the light and support they gave me. I am equally grateful to colleagues in the doctoral programme for the experiences and interests we shared in the 2007-2008 academic year. My gratitude also goes to Dr. Victoria Domínguez, Yvonne Quintana and Dr. Verónica Trujillo for helping me in various ways. In Cape Verde, Portugal, Germany, the United States of America and Brazil, I have been fortunate to meet and exchange emails with people whose help and encouragement in the linguistic and academic world is the best gift I have ever had. I will never forget Victor Semedo, Nicolau Carvalho, John Holm, Dominika Swolkien, Marlyse Baptista, Wlodzimierz Szymaniak, Liliana Inverno, Bart Jacobs, Jorge Sousa Brito, Hermengarda Brito, Maria Helena Morais, Jacinto Estrela, Joanita Cristina Rodrigues, Francisco Duarte, Marta Vasconcelos, Jairson Mendes, Emília Monteiro, Santa Pina, Arlinda Rodrigues, Rui Pereira, Carmita, Paulo Semedo (Vanny), Renato Felicidade, Maria Alexandra Dias, Isaías Barreto da Rosa, Tito Gonçalves, Odair Varela, Alfredo Pereira, Jair Delgado, Marlene Jesus, Carla Semedo, Maria Brito, Bruno Azevedo, Mª Antónia Cruz, Tina, Kofi Yakpo, Paulina Laura Alberto, Magnus Huber, Stephanie Hackert, Claudia Wanderley, Wilmar D’Angelis, Debora Mazza, Eldon Leocádio, Ismael da Rosa, Ibrantino Moreno, and many more. Thank you very much. To my former colleagues at Escola Secundária ‘Pedro Gomes’, and my current colleagues at Universidade Jean Piaget de Cabo Verde, “muitíssimo obrigado pela a amizade e colaboração”. To the current Reitoria team, Osvaldo Borges and Luis Teixeira, and Administration, Luis Filipe Tavares, Carlos Motta, Rosely Rocha, of the Universidade Jean Piaget de Cabo Verde, thank you so 2 A Roadmap to Sierra Leone English much for your moral support. To all my students, but more especially Gisele Andrade and Ariana Vaz, for their time in helping a teacher in need of an assistant. Thank you so much for lightening the work of a PhD student. To Sarjoh Aziz Kamara, Clifford Keddie Conteh, Kiki Aziz-Kamara (Kiki Ngombu), Philip A. Conteh, Alberta Patewa, Abdulai Walon-Jalloh, may our children and our children’s children continue the good relationship we have built and nursed for years. Thank you so much for your support. To my wife, Kadijatu Jalloh, my son, Alpha Sahid Habib Bangura, and the twins, Amina Fátima Bangura and Anne-Marie Kadija Bangura: thank you for allowing me to be absent when you needed me the most. I know I should not be thanking you, but your confidence in me always make things possible for me. I would not have been able to thank all these people without the enthusiastic and unwavering guidance and support of my supervisor, Dr. Alicia Rodriguez Álvarez. I am grateful indeed. Thank you ALL! Front page illustration from Thomas E. Poole (1850). Life, Scenery and Customs in Sierra Leone and The Gambia. London: Richard Bentley. Our gratitude to Google Books Project. 3 Saidu Bangura 4 A Roadmap to Sierra Leone English Table of Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................... 1 Table of Contents ............................................................................................... 5 List of maps ....................................................................................................... 9 List of tables ...................................................................................................... 9 List of diagrams ................................................................................................ 9 List of figures .................................................................................................... 9 Abbreviations .................................................................................................. 11 Chapter 1. Introduction 1.0. Background information .................................................................... 15 1.1. The history of Freetown .................................................................... 16 1.2. An overview of the sociolinguistic situation of Sierra Leone ............. 18 1.3. Scope and purpose of the research ..................................................... 18 1.4. The structure of the thesis .................................................................. 22 1.5. Data sources and data methodology ................................................... 23 Chapter 2. On English in West Africa: state of the art 2.0. Introduction ...................................................................................... 25 2.1. The English language in its global perspective .................................. 30 2.2. English as a Second Language (ESL) as opposed to English as a Native Language (ENL) ...................................................................................... 36 2.3. The Status of English as a Second Language (ESL) in West Africa ... 38 2.3.1. Nigeria ............................................................................. 44 2.3.2. Ghana ............................................................................... 67 2.3.3. The Gambia ...................................................................... 75 2.3.4. Liberia .............................................................................. 76 2.3.5. Cameroon ......................................................................... 77 2.3.6. Sierra Leone ..................................................................... 81 2.4. Conclusion
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Here Referred to As Class 18A (See Hyman 1980:187)
    WS1 Remarks on the nasal classes in Mungbam and Naki Mungbam and Naki are two non-Grassfields Bantoid languages spoken along the northwest frontier of the Grassfields area to the north of the Ring languages. Until recently, they were poorly described, but new data reveals them to show significant nasal noun class patterns, some of which do not appear to have been previously noted for Bantoid. The key patterns are: 1. Like many other languages of their region (see Good et al. 2011), they make productive use of a mysterious diminutive plural prefix with a form like mu-, with associated concords in m, here referred to as Class 18a (see Hyman 1980:187). 2. The five dialects of Mungbam show a level of variation in their nasal classes that one might normally expect of distinct languages. a. Two dialects show no evidence for nasals in Class 6. Two other dialects, Munken and Ngun, show a Class 6 prefix on nouns of form a- but nasal concords. In Munken Class 6, this nasal is n, clearly distinct from an m associated with 6a; in Ngun, both 6 and 6a are associated with m concords. The Abar dialect shows a different pattern, with Class 6 nasal concords in m and nasal prefixes on some Class 6 nouns. b. The Abar, Biya, and Ngun dialects show a Class 18a prefix with form mN-, rather than the more regionally common mu-. This reduction is presumably connected to perseveratory nasalization attested throughout the languages of the region with a diachronic pathway along the lines of mu- > mũ- > mN- perhaps providing a partial example for the development of Bantu Class 9/10.
    [Show full text]
  • José Antonio Aponte Y Los Archivos De La Represión Haití Adquieren Un Relieve Particularmente Im- Tico De Cuba Resulta Más Que Evidente, Tanto En Elzbieta Sklodowska
    América sin nombre, no 19 (2014) 27-33 DOI. 10.14198/AMENSN.2014.19.03 ISSN: 1577-3442 / eISSN: 1989-9831 Elzbieta Sklodowska De origen polaco, ocupa la cátedra de Randolph Family Professorship en Washington University en Saint Louis (EEUU), donde ha dirigido el Departamento de Lenguas y Litera- turas Románicas (2003-2010) y se ha desempeñado como co-editora general de la Revista de Estudios Hispánicos (1999-2010). Dentro de Genealogías de la diáspora africana: sus áreas de investigación requie- ren especial mención la narrativa hispanoamericana contemporánea, José Antonio Aponte y los archivos con énfasis en Cuba dentro del contexto del Caribe, el testimonio y la teoría literaria. Ha publicado más de la represión de sesenta artículos así como varios libros y co-ediciones, incluyendo ELZBIETA SKLODOWSKA La parodia en la nueva novela hispanoamericana (1990), Testi- monio hispanoamericano: historia, teoría, poética (1991; Premio de RESUMEN Northeast Modern Language As- sociation) y Todo ojos, todo oídos: control e insubordinación en la En las intersecciones cubano-haitianas del Circuncaribe diaspórico, híbrido y rebelde, se novela hispanoamericana (1895- 1935) (1997). Su libro más recien- enmarca la figura histórica del cubano José Antonio Aponte y Ubarra (? – 1812) —pintor, te, Espectros y espejismos: Haití en afrodescendiente, liberto, héroe y mártir— acusado por las autoridades coloniales españolas de el imaginario cubano, fue publica- haber sido líder de una conspiración antiesclavista, encarcelado, interrogado y ejecutado en La do por Iberoamericana-Vervuert en 2009. Tiene en preparación otro Habana el 9 de abril de 1812. Este ensayo repasa la evolución de la consideración del personaje libro sobre Cuba, provisionalmen- en la historiografía cubana contemporánea y analiza «el archivo de la represión»; documento te titulado Invento, luego existo: representaciones del Período Es- legal de registro metaliterario que recoge la descripción pormenorizada del Libro de pinturas, pecial en Cuba.
    [Show full text]
  • Language Analysis for the Determination of Origin (LADO): an Investigative Study
    Language Analysis for the Determination of Origin (LADO): An Investigative Study Kim Wilson Master of Philosophy University of York Language and Linguistic Science February 2016 Abstract Language analysis for the determination of origin (LADO) has been used as part of the asylum process since 1993. A language analysis can be requested when the origin of an asylum claimant is unverified or unknown. In most cases, an analysis of the claimant’s speech is conducted in order to determine whether it shows the characteristics expected of a particular place of origin. Today there are five established commercial and government owned agencies based in Sweden, the Netherlands and Switzerland, as well as independent experts, that offer this service. Though it is now 23 years since LADO began, there is minimal research surrounding the use of such language analysis. Detailed information pertaining to the methodologies and practices of agencies who conduct this work remains largely unavailable to the public, direct empirical research on any aspect of the field is scarce, and yet governments throughout the world continue to utilise LADO regularly in problematic asylum cases. Public interest is also growing, with the media questioning the overall validity of the field and the professionalism of practitioners. The aim of this thesis is to take a detailed look at LADO, its history, the research surrounding it, and current issues. It also collates all readily available information on practices adopted by the aforementioned language analysis agencies. Finally, it puts forward suggestions and plans for future research that is desperately needed, both for the field to progress and for LADO to be validated as a worthy contribution to an asylum seeker’s case.
    [Show full text]
  • November 2011 EPIGRAPH
    République du Cameroun Republic of Cameroon Paix-travail-patrie Peace-Work-Fatherland Ministère de l’Emploi et de la Ministry of Employment and Formation Professionnelle Vocational Training INSTITUT DE TRADUCTION INSTITUTE OF TRANSLATION ET D’INTERPRETATION AND INTERPRETATION (ISTI) AN APPRAISAL OF THE ENGLISH VERSION OF « FEMMES D’IMPACT : LES 50 DES CINQUANTENAIRES » : A LEXICO-SEMANTIC ANALYSIS A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of a Vocational Certificate in Translation Studies Submitted by AYAMBA AGBOR CLEMENTINE B. A. (Hons) English and French University of Buea SUPERVISOR: Dr UBANAKO VALENTINE Lecturer University of Yaounde I November 2011 EPIGRAPH « Les écrivains produisent une littérature nationale mais les traducteurs rendent la littérature universelle. » (Jose Saramago) i DEDICATION To all my loved ones ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Immense thanks goes to my supervisor, Dr Ubanako, who took out time from his very busy schedule to read through this work, propose salient guiding points and also left his personal library open to me. I am also indebted to my lecturers and classmates at ISTI who have been warm and friendly during this two-year programme, which is one of the reasons I felt at home at the institution. I am grateful to IRONDEL for granting me the interview during which I obtained all necessary information concerning their document and for letting me have the book at a very moderate price. Some mistakes in this work may not have been corrected without the help of Mr. Ngeh Deris whose proofreading aided the researcher in rectifying some errors. I also thank my parents, Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • A Musical Analysis of Afro-Cuban Batá Drumming
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 2-2019 Meaning Beyond Words: A Musical Analysis of Afro-Cuban Batá Drumming Javier Diaz The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/2966 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] MEANING BEYOND WORDS: A MUSICAL ANALYSIS OF AFRO-CUBAN BATÁ DRUMMING by JAVIER DIAZ A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Music in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Musical Arts, The City University of New York 2019 2018 JAVIER DIAZ All rights reserved ii Meaning Beyond Words: A Musical Analysis of Afro-Cuban Batá Drumming by Javier Diaz This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Music in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor in Musical Arts. ——————————— —————————————————— Date Benjamin Lapidus Chair of Examining Committee ——————————— —————————————————— Date Norman Carey Executive Officer Supervisory Committee Peter Manuel, Advisor Janette Tilley, First Reader David Font-Navarrete, Reader THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii ABSTRACT Meaning Beyond Words: A Musical Analysis of Afro-Cuban Batá Drumming by Javier Diaz Advisor: Peter Manuel This dissertation consists of a musical analysis of Afro-Cuban batá drumming. Current scholarship focuses on ethnographic research, descriptive analysis, transcriptions, and studies on the language encoding capabilities of batá.
    [Show full text]
  • Romantic Colonisation and British Anti-Slavery'
    H-SAfrica Morton on Coleman, 'Romantic Colonisation and British Anti-Slavery' Review published on Wednesday, August 1, 2007 Deidre Coleman. Romantic Colonisation and British Anti-Slavery. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. xv + 273 pp. $85.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-521-63213-3. Reviewed by Fred Morton (Retired, Department of History, Loras College) Published on H-SAfrica (August, 2007) Termites, Fantasy, and White Settlement In this work, Deidre Coleman, associate professor of literature at the University of Sydney, examines Romantic-era discourses associated with two 1790s British zones of colonization--Sierra Leone and Botany Bay. She argues that, since slave plantations no longer were allowed as a basis of colonization, all Romantic would-be imperialists had to devise new rationales for their settlements. Most of the monograph focuses on Sierra Leone. Henry Smeathman, who in 1786 proposed a scheme to resettle London's black population there, comes in for extended treatment. Of particular interest are his entomological studies of termites--Africa's premier insect colonist and imperialist. Smeathman used his pioneering entomological study of the termites, as well as his many phallic drawings of their mounds, as an explicit analogy of the way in which colonists could both organize themselves and dominate Africa. Clearly an out-of-the-box thinker, Smeathman also proposed using the emerging technology of hot air ballooning to explore Africa and to exploit its resources. Pornographic letters he sent out from the West African coast also receive some comment. No less bizarre was a small group of British-based Swedenborgians who settled in Sierra Leone in 1792.
    [Show full text]
  • Sierra Leone and Conflict Diamonds: Establshing a Legal Diamond Trade and Ending Rebel Control Over the Country's Diamond Resources
    SIERRA LEONE AND CONFLICT DIAMONDS: ESTABLSHING A LEGAL DIAMOND TRADE AND ENDING REBEL CONTROL OVER THE COUNTRY'S DIAMOND RESOURCES "Controlof resourceshas greaterweight than uniform administrativecontrol over one's entire comer of the world, especially in places such as Sierra Leone where valuable resources are concentratedand portable.' I. INTRODUCTION Sierra Leone2 is in the midst of a civil war that began in 1991, when the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) invaded the country from neighboring Liberia.3 RUF rebels immediately sought control over one of the country's richest resources--diamonds.4 Since gaining control over the most productive diamond fields, the rebels have at their fingertips an endless supply of wealth with which to fund their insurgencies against the Government of Sierra Leone.' The RUF rebels illicitly trade diamonds for arms in open smuggling operations. 6 Diamonds sold by the RUF, in order to fund the rebel group's military action in opposition to Sierra Leone's legitimate and internationally recognized government, are called "conflict diamonds."7 1. WIulIAM RENO, WARLORD POLITICS AND AFRICAN STATES 140 (1998). 2. Sierra Leone is located on the west coast of Africa north of Liberia and south of Guinea. The country has 4,900,000 residents, almost all of whom belong to one of 13 native African tribes. Country: Sierra Leone, Sept. 3,2000, availableat LEXIS, Kaleidoscope File. One of the primary economic activities in Sierra Leone is mining of its large diamond deposits that are a major source of hard currency. Countries that predominantly import goods from Sierra Leone include Belgium, the United States, and India.
    [Show full text]
  • Newsletter No. 57 Spring Term 2006
    The Mount Malt Hill Egham Surrey TW20 9PB Email [email protected] Website www.rrf.org.uk Newsletter no. 57 Spring term 2006 Contents Editorial Jennifer Chew 3 A Story from Japan Peter Warner 4 Australian Inquiry into the Teaching of Reading Jennifer Chew 4 Jolly Phonics in The Gambia, Part Two Marj Hitching 6 You Can t Fool All Mona McNee 8 Comments from the National Union of Teachers on Jim Rose s Interim Report 11 Sound Foundations: The Intensive Synthetic-Phonics Pro- gramme for the Slowest Readers Tom Burkard 12 The Brightest Kids Need Help Too Sally R 15 Letterland: A Response to the Article in Newsletter 56 Elizabeth Nonweiler 17 Phonics: The Holy Grail of Reading? Jennifer Chew 22 Marilyn Jager Adams on The Three-Cueing System Geraldine Carter 26 Any opinions expressed in this newsletter are those of individual contributors. Copyright remains with the contributors unless otherwise stated. The editor reserves the right to amend copy. Reading Reform Foundation Committee Members Geraldine Carter Debbie Hepplewhite Lesley Charlton David Hyams (Chairman) Jennifer Chew OBE Sue Lloyd Jim Curran Prof. Diane McGuinness Maggie Downie Ruth Miskin Lesley Drake Fiona Nevola Susan Godsland Elizabeth Nonweiler Advisers: Dr Bonnie Macmillan Daphne Vivian-Neal RRF Governing Statement The Reading Reform Foundation is a non-profit-making organisation. It was founded by educators and researchers who were concerned about the high functional illiteracy rates among children and adults in the United Kingdom and in the English-speaking world. On the basis of a wealth of scientific evidence, members of the Reading Reform Foundation are convinced that most reading failure is caused by faulty instructional methods.
    [Show full text]
  • Barthé, Darryl G. Jr.Pdf
    A University of Sussex PhD thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details Becoming American in Creole New Orleans: Family, Community, Labor and Schooling, 1896-1949 Darryl G. Barthé, Jr. Doctorate of Philosophy in History University of Sussex Submitted May 2015 University of Sussex Darryl G. Barthé, Jr. (Doctorate of Philosophy in History) Becoming American in Creole New Orleans: Family, Community, Labor and Schooling, 1896-1949 Summary: The Louisiana Creole community in New Orleans went through profound changes in the first half of the 20th-century. This work examines Creole ethnic identity, focusing particularly on the transition from Creole to American. In "becoming American," Creoles adapted to a binary, racialized caste system prevalent in the Jim Crow American South (and transformed from a primarily Francophone/Creolophone community (where a tripartite although permissive caste system long existed) to a primarily Anglophone community (marked by stricter black-white binaries). These adaptations and transformations were facilitated through Creole participation in fraternal societies, the organized labor movement and public and parochial schools that provided English-only instruction.
    [Show full text]
  • Sierra Leone
    Coor din ates: 8°3 0′N 1 1 °3 0′W Sierra Leone Sierra Leone (/siˌɛrə liˈoʊn, -ˈoʊni/, UK also /siˌɛərə-, [6] Republic of Sierra Leone ˌsɪərə-/), officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Guinea to the northeast, Liberia to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest. It has a tropical climate, with a diverse environment ranging from savanna to 2 rainforests. The country has a total area of 7 1,7 40 km Flag Coat of arms (27 ,699 sq mi)[7] and a population of 7 ,07 5,641 as of Motto: "Unity, Freedom, Justice" the 2015 census.[2] Sierra Leone is a constitutional republic with a directly elected president and a Anthem: High We Exalt Thee, Realm of the Free unicameral legislature. Sierra Leone has a dominant unitary central government. The country's capital and largest city is Freetown (population 1,050,301). The second most populous city is Kenema (population 200,354) located 200 miles from Freetown. Sierra Leone is made up of five administrative regions: the Northern Province, North West Province, Eastern Province, Southern Province and the Western Area. These regions are subdivided into sixteen districts, which are further divided into 190 chiefdoms.[8][9] Sierra Leone was a British colony from 1808 to 1961. Sierra Leone became independent from the United Location of Sierra Leone (dark blue) Kingdom on 27 April 1961, led by Sir Milton Margai, – in Africa (light blue & dark grey) – in the African Union (light blue) – [Legend] who became the country's first prime minister.
    [Show full text]
  • 22222222 Eng854 English Language in West Africa
    22222222 COURSE GUIDE ENG854 ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN WEST AFRICA Course Team: Prof. A. Lekan Oyeleye (Course Developer/Writer) – UI (08034730041, [email protected]) Dr. Ayo Ayodele (Co-writer) – LASU (08023143731, [email protected]) Dr. Henry Hunjo (Co-Writer) – LASU (00832971644, [email protected]) Prof. Adewale Adegbite (Editor) – OAU (08034840633, [email protected]) Dr. I. Omolara Daniel (Programme Leader/Coordinator) – NOUN (08052786823, [email protected]) NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA 1 National Open University of Nigeria Headquarters 14/16 Ahmadu Bello Way Victoria Island Lagos. Abuja Annex 245 Samuel Adesujo Ademulegun Street Central Business District Opposite Arewa Suites Abuja. e-mail: [email protected] URL: www.nou.edu.ng National Open University of Nigeria First Printed: ISBN All Rights Reserved Printed by …………………………………. For National Open University of Nigeria 2 COURSE GUIDE Introduction Course Aims Course Objectives Working through the Course What you will Learn in the Course Course Materials Study Units Textbooks and References Assignment File Tutor-Marked Assignments Final Examination and Grading Course Marking Scheme Course Overview How to Get the Most from this Course Tutor and Tutorials Summary 3 Introduction Welcome to ENG 852 (English Language in West Africa). This is a postgraduate course. ENG 852 is the course code while “English in West Africa” is the course title. You are expected to understand the relationship between the code and the title. As a postgraduate course, the course provides an opportunity for students to explore the knowledge of the nature of English in West Africa. Therefore, it is expected that you learn new ideas, concepts, and facts beyond your understanding of regional varieties of English at undergraduate level.
    [Show full text]
  • Cloth, Commerce and History in Western Africa 1700-1850
    The Texture of Change: Cloth, Commerce and History in Western Africa 1700-1850 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Benjamin, Jody A. 2016. The Texture of Change: Cloth, Commerce and History in Western Africa 1700-1850. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493374 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Texture of Change: Cloth Commerce and History in West Africa, 1700-1850 A dissertation presented by Jody A. Benjamin to The Department of African and African American Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of African and African American Studies Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts May 2016 © 2016 Jody A. Benjamin All rights reserved. Dissertation Adviser: Professor Emmanuel Akyeampong Jody A. Benjamin The Texture of Change: Cloth Commerce and History in West Africa, 1700-1850 Abstract This study re-examines historical change in western Africa during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries through the lens of cotton textiles; that is by focusing on the production, exchange and consumption of cotton cloth, including the evolution of clothing practices, through which the region interacted with other parts of the world. It advances a recent scholarly emphasis to re-assert the centrality of African societies to the history of the early modern trade diasporas that shaped developments around the Atlantic Ocean.
    [Show full text]