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Sierra Leone
Coor din ates: 8°3 0′N 1 1 °3 0′W Sierra Leone Sierra Leone (/siˌɛrə liˈoʊn, -ˈoʊni/, UK also /siˌɛərə-, [6] Republic of Sierra Leone ˌsɪərə-/), officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Guinea to the northeast, Liberia to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest. It has a tropical climate, with a diverse environment ranging from savanna to 2 rainforests. The country has a total area of 7 1,7 40 km Flag Coat of arms (27 ,699 sq mi)[7] and a population of 7 ,07 5,641 as of Motto: "Unity, Freedom, Justice" the 2015 census.[2] Sierra Leone is a constitutional republic with a directly elected president and a Anthem: High We Exalt Thee, Realm of the Free unicameral legislature. Sierra Leone has a dominant unitary central government. The country's capital and largest city is Freetown (population 1,050,301). The second most populous city is Kenema (population 200,354) located 200 miles from Freetown. Sierra Leone is made up of five administrative regions: the Northern Province, North West Province, Eastern Province, Southern Province and the Western Area. These regions are subdivided into sixteen districts, which are further divided into 190 chiefdoms.[8][9] Sierra Leone was a British colony from 1808 to 1961. Sierra Leone became independent from the United Location of Sierra Leone (dark blue) Kingdom on 27 April 1961, led by Sir Milton Margai, – in Africa (light blue & dark grey) – in the African Union (light blue) – [Legend] who became the country's first prime minister. -
An Oral History of the Civil War in Sierra Leone Interviewer
An Oral history of the Civil War in Sierra Leone Interviewer: Kyle Hardy Interviewee: Michel duCille Instructor: Mr. Whitman February, 14, 2012 Hardy 3 Table of Contents Interviewee Release Form Interviewer Release Form Statement of Purpose……………………………………………………………………………...4 Biography………………………………………………………………………………………….5 Blood Diamonds: A Decade of Tragedy in Sierra Leone………………………………………..6 Interview Transcription…………………………………………………………………………..13 Analysis Paper…………………………………………………..……………………………….30 Works Consulted…………………………………………………………………………………34 Hardy 4 Statement of Purpose The purpose of this oral history interview is to further understand the horrifying war in Sierra Leone. The civil war, between 1991 and 2002, was rarely reported to news and till remains widely unknown. Though a relatively small country, the horrendous actions taken throughout this war should not be ignored nor forgotten. This interview will serve as a guide for those remain unaware of the horrors of the war and give a first-hand account of Sierra Leone during this time. Hardy 5 Biography of Michel duCille Michael duCille is a Jamaican-American photographer who currently works for the Washington Post in Washington, DC. He spent most of his childhood in Jamaica and describes his time her as “Idyllic”. He father, who was a preacher, instilled in him the values of education, and in 1970, his family moved to Gainesville, Georgia with hopes of improved education and a more stable financial means. He started school in America at Gainesville High school when he was 15. The school he entered also welcomed the first year the school intergraded blacks and whites. His father, who was also a journalist, introduced him to journalism. At the age of 16, he began to take pictures for the newspaper and has been a professional photographer every since. -
GULLAH GEECHEE SUMMER SCHOOL South Carolina, Georgia and Florida — PART I: Origins and Early Development | June 6, 2018 from Pender County, North Carolina, to St
7/8/2018 + The Corridor is a federal National Heritage Area and it was established by Congress to recognize the unique culture of the Gullah Geechee people who have traditionally resided in the coastal areas and the sea islands of North Carolina, GULLAH GEECHEE SUMMER SCHOOL South Carolina, Georgia and Florida — PART I: Origins and Early Development | June 6, 2018 from Pender County, North Carolina, to St. Johns County, Florida. © 2018 Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor Commission Do not reproduce without permission. + + Overview Overview “Gullah” or “Geechee”: Etymologies and Conventions West African Origins of Gullah Geechee Ancestors First Contact: Native Americans, Africans and Europeans Transatlantic Slave Trade through Charleston and Savannah Organization of Spanish Florida + England’s North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia Colonies The Atlantic Rice Coast Charter Generation of Africans in the Low Country Incubation of Gullah Geechee Creole Culture in the Sea Colonies Islands and Coastal Plantations ©Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor Commission | Do not reproduce without permission. ©Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor Commission | Do not reproduce without permission. + + “Gullah” or “Geechee”? “Gullah” or “Geechee”? Scholars are not in agreement as to the origins of the terms “Although Gullah and Geechee — terms whose “Gullah” and “Geechee.” origins have been much debated and may trace to specific African tribes or words — are often Gullah people are historically those located in coastal South used interchangeably these days, Mrs. [Cornelia Carolina and Geechee people are those who live along the Walker] Bailey always stressed that she was Georgia coast and into Florida. Geechee. And, specifically, Saltwater Geechee (as opposed to the Freshwater Geechee, who Geechee people in Georgia refer to themselves as “Freshwater lived 30 miles inland). -
Treasures of the Mathers Museum Treasures of the Mathers Museum
Treasures of the Mathers Museum Treasures of the Mathers Museum Bloomington, Indiana: Mathers Museum of World Cultures Published in 2013 under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license (CC BY 3.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Find the Mathers of Museum of World Cultures online at http://mathers.indiana.edu/ Author, Ellen Sieber Photographer, Matthew Sieber Designer and Editor, Elaine C. Gaul Cover images (clockwise from upper left): basket, Mohawk people, USA; Yama mask, India/Tibet ; detail from storage box, Inupiat people, USA; pot, Zuni people, USA; needle case, Inupiat people, USA; quillwork container, Ojibwe people, Canada; plaster bust, USA Treasures of the Mathers Museum Ellen Sieber Published by the Mathers Museum of World Cultures, Indiana University Bloomington Foreword The Mathers Museum of World Cultures is 50 years old. As its golden anniversary, 2013 is a year of celebration but also stocktaking; of reflecting but also planning. Thinking about the museum’s first five decades is helping its staff and policy committee develop goals and strategies for its next five years, thereby beginning its second half century. As the museum’s new Director, I am so pleased to be joining in this work as well as engaging with the history that led up to our celebratory year and all that will come after it. The exhibition Treasures of the Mathers Museum is an important part of this year of celebration and course charting. As its name suggests, the exhibition focuses on objects representative of the richness and diversity of the museum’s collections. But the exhibition aims to do something further. -
Bunce Island: a British Slave Castle in Sierra Leone
BUNCE ISLAND A BRITISH SLAVE CASTLE IN SIERRA LEONE HISTORICAL SUMMARY By Joseph Opala James Madison University Harrisonburg, Virginia (USA) This essay appears as Appendix B in Bunce Island Cultural Resource Assessment and Management Plan By Christopher DeCorse Prepared on behalf of the United States Embassy, Sierra Leone and Submitted to the Sierra Leone Monuments and Relics Commission November, 2007 INTRODUCTION Bunce Island is a slave castle located in the West African nation of Sierra Leone. Slave castles were commercial forts operated by European merchants during the period of the Atlantic slave trade. They have been called “warehouses of humanity.” Behind their high protective walls, European slave traders purchased Africans, imprisoned them, and loaded them aboard the slave ships that took them on the middle passage to America. Today, there were about 40 major slave castles located along the 2,000 miles of coastline stretching between Mauritania in the north and Benin in the south. British slave traders operated on Bunce Island from about 1670 to 1807, exiling about 30,000 Africans to slavery in the West Indies and North America. While most of Bunce Island’s captives were taken to sugar plantations in the Caribbean Basin, a substantial minority went to Britain’s North American Colonies, and especially South Carolina and Georgia. Given the fact that only about 4% of the African captives transported during the period of the Atlantic slave trade went to North America, Bunce Island’s strong link to that region makes it unique among the West African slave castles. Bunce Island’s commercial ties to North America resulted, as we shall see, in this particular castle and its personnel being linked to important economic, political, and military developments on that continent. -
Re-Examining Voluntarism: Youth Combatants in Sierra Leone
ABOUT THE AUTHOR Krijn Peters is a doctoral candidate at the Technology & Agrarian Development Group at Wageningen University and Research Center in the Netherlands. He has been conducting fieldwork periodically in Sierra Leone since 1996. His research has focussed on war, demobilisation and reintegra- tion experiences of under-age ex-fighters in Sierra Leone and Liberia, with the current focus on the youthful ex-fighters of the Revolutionary United Front in Sierra Leone. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The publication of this monograph was made possible by generous funding from the governments of Canada and Norway and the United Nations University. LIST OF ACRONYMS DDR Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration NPFL National Patriotic Front of Liberia RUF Revolutionary United Front APC All People’s Congress SLPP Sierra Leone People’s Party NPRC National Provisional Ruling Council ULIMO United Liberation Movement NGO Non-governmental organisation AFRC Armed Forces Revolutionary Council UNAMSIL United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone ECOMOG The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Monitoring Group ABSTRACT The phenomenon of under-age and youthful soldiers in violent conflicts receives much international attention, and the participation of young people in Sierra Leone’s ten-year conflict was no exception. Here and elsewhere, agencies working with children in demobilisation and reintegration pro- grammes tend to view these young people mainly as victims of forced con- scription by exploitive and unscrupulous warlords. This view might be correct for many of the very young child combatants. The older child and youth com- batants, who together make up a large part of the total number of combatants in armed factions, do not entirely fit in this picture. -
The Special Court for Sierra Leone Under Scrutiny
PROSECUTIONS CASE STUDIES SERIES The Special Court for Sierra Leone Under Scrutiny Written by Tom Perriello and Marieke Wierda for the International Center for Transitional Justice March 2006 About the ICTJ The International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ) assists countries pursuing accountability for past mass atrocity or human rights abuse. The Center works in societies emerging from repressive rule or armed conflict, as well as in established democracies where historical injustices or systemic abuse remain unresolved. In order to promote justice, peace, and reconciliation, government officials and nongovernmental advocates are likely to consider a variety of transitional justice approaches including both judicial and nonjudicial responses to human rights crimes. The ICTJ assists in the development of integrated, comprehensive, and localized approaches to transitional justice comprising five key elements: prosecuting perpetrators, documenting and acknowledging violations through non-judicial means such as truth commissions, reforming abusive institutions, providing reparations to victims, and facilitating reconciliation processes. The Center is committed to building local capacity and generally strengthening the emerging field of transitional justice, and works closely with organizations and experts around the world to do so. By working in the field through local languages, the ICTJ provides comparative information, legal and policy analysis, documentation, and strategic research to justice and truth-seeking institutions, nongovernmental organizations, governments and others. CONTENTS The Special Court for Sierra Leone under Scrutiny Summary of Conclusions I. Introduction A. Brief History of the Conflict B. Nature of the Atrocities II. Establishment of the Special Court for Sierra Leone A. International Political Context B. National Political Context C. Input of Civil Society D. -
LLD Consolidated 2004 8
PART I RESEARCH QUESTION, TERMINOLOGY AND HISTORICAL ANALYSIS CHAPTER ONE RESEARCH QUESTION, NATURE AND SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM 1. Introduction The respected Colombian writer, Gabriel Màrquez, in his work, One Hundred Years of Solitude,1 tells the story of a mythic village in Northern Colombia in which the inhabitants suffer from endemic dementia. The plague causes people to forget everything, even the most basic things of life. A young man tries to limit the damage by printing labels on everything: “This is a window”, "The name of our village is Macondo.” Unlike the inhabitants of Macondo, history has not been kind enough to let us forget. This is because the history of humanity is characterised by human-made tragedies resulting in the massive suffering of fellow human beings. Millions have died as a result of wars, slavery, the Holocaust and apartheid. The level of these atrocities is such that they cannot be forgotten. The lessons of history continue to haunt us. The exposure by the media of the sufferings of detainees in concentration camps in Bosnia in 1991, and the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, not only shocked the world but raised afresh memories of the Holocaust. Like the young man of Macondo, humanity has been trying for several decades, without success, to establish institutional mechanisms to limit the damage and to avoid the repetition of past evils. In the words of George Santayana, “those who disregard the past are bound to repeat it.”2 1 Gabriel Gàrcia Màrquez, One Hundred Years of Solitude (trans. Gregory Rabassa) (1967) 1 et seq. -
Augustine Momoh Turay Course Title: Linguistics
EBKUST Lecture Notes Template Name Of Lecturer: Augustine Momoh Turay Course Title: Linguistics- Introduction to Sierra Leonean Language-ThemnE Course Goal: The goal of this online teaching is to allow learners have access to Lecture Notes learning materials in order to master the form and structure of Themne, a core Sierra Leonean Language. Class & Semester: B.Ed.2-2nd Semester Course Status: Core Course Code:232 Credit Hours:2 Email: [email protected] Phone: +232-78 563 -677 Date & Time: Topic: : Historical Background of Themne. Week : 1 Lecture No.:1 Learning Objective: By the end of this lesson, learners should be able to understand the historical background of Themne in Sierra Leone, its dialects and the geographic concentration of the Themne People WEEK 1 WEEK1 Questions: Notes: 1. Give a brief history of the Themne Language Historical Background in Sierra Leone, taking into consideration its The Themnε people and thus their language migrated into Sierra Leone from dialects and Futa Jallon in present day Guinea a very long time ago. This migration was a geographic direct result of a dispute between the susus and the mandinkas further north. In concentration about 1233, a religious war broke out between the predominantly Muslim mandinkas and the non-Muslim susus. The mandinkas wanted to subdue the susus and convert them into Islam, this was vehemently rejected by the susus, a conflict ensued in which the mandinkas emerged victorious. This forced the susus to flee southwards in search of a new settlement. Moving southwards they encountered the Themnεs together with other ethnic groups like the Kissi, Bullom, Gola, Krim, Lamdoma and possibly the Limba in the Futa Jallon region. -
Temne Divination
TEMNE DIVINATION: THE MANAGEMENT OF SECRECY AND REVELATION ROSALIND H. SHAW Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, ProQuest Number: 10673240 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10673240 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 - 2 - ABSTRACT Divination is approached as a means of defining and redefining people, events and cosmological beliefs through the management of agreement. Historically, the introduction of Islam and the assimilation of Manding and Fula ’strangers' into influential positions among the Temne was facilitated by Muslim diviners and charm-makers. In Temne thought, power and truth come primarily from outside the social realm and are channelled and controlled through the selective use of secrecy. Distinctions between the principal social cate-; gories, especially those of men and women, are also main tained through areas of secrecy. However, since secrecy can also conceal dangerous forces, particularly those of witchcraft and adultery, it is regarded as a potential threat as well as a necessity. -
Monograph Was Made Possible by Generous Funding from the Governments of Canada and Norway and the United Nations University
ABOUT THE AUTHOR Krijn Peters is a doctoral candidate at the Technology & Agrarian Development Group at Wageningen University and Research Center in the Netherlands. He has been conducting fieldwork periodically in Sierra Leone since 1996. His research has focussed on war, demobilisation and reintegra- tion experiences of under-age ex-fighters in Sierra Leone and Liberia, with the current focus on the youthful ex-fighters of the Revolutionary United Front in Sierra Leone. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The publication of this monograph was made possible by generous funding from the governments of Canada and Norway and the United Nations University. LIST OF ACRONYMS DDR Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration NPFL National Patriotic Front of Liberia RUF Revolutionary United Front APC All People’s Congress SLPP Sierra Leone People’s Party NPRC National Provisional Ruling Council ULIMO United Liberation Movement NGO Non-governmental organisation AFRC Armed Forces Revolutionary Council UNAMSIL United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone ECOMOG The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Monitoring Group ABSTRACT The phenomenon of under-age and youthful soldiers in violent conflicts receives much international attention, and the participation of young people in Sierra Leone’s ten-year conflict was no exception. Here and elsewhere, agencies working with children in demobilisation and reintegration pro- grammes tend to view these young people mainly as victims of forced con- scription by exploitive and unscrupulous warlords. This view might be correct for many of the very young child combatants. The older child and youth com- batants, who together make up a large part of the total number of combatants in armed factions, do not entirely fit in this picture. -
A Collection of Temne Traditions, Fables and Proverbs
This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. https://books.google.com I HARVARD COLLEGE LIBRARY FROM THE FUND OF CHARLES MINOT CLASS OF 1828 v \ A Collection of Temne. Traditions, Fables and Proverbs, with an English Translation; as also some Specimens of the Author's own Temne Compositions and Translations; to which is appended A Temne -English Vocabulary. By The Rev. C. F. Schlenker, Missionary of the Church Missionary Society. Printed for the Church Missionary Society, Salisbury Square. London. 1861. Printer: J. F. Stein kopf in Stuttgart. Preface. § i. i- he Collection of Temne Traditions, Fables etc., as contained in the I. Part of the following pages, was received by the author from one of the oldest Temne men living at Port-Loko about twelve years ago, who has since died. These Traditions etc. were of course delivered orally not in writing. As regards the Traditions about the creation of the world, and about the first people ; we may discover some traces of how sin and death came into this world; though of course much de viating from the truth, as represented to us by the Mosaic accounts. It seems, however, that some Mohammedan traditions have been mixed up with tbe original Temne ones. The translation of these Traditions, etc. in Part I. was made somewhat free; which the author thought himself justified to do; as there is a full Vocabulary appended for this Collection of Temne literature, by which the literal translation may be made out by the reader himself, if required.