DOCSLIB.ORG

LLD Consolidated 2004 8

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

PART I RESEARCH QUESTION, TERMINOLOGY AND HISTORICAL ANALYSIS CHAPTER ONE RESEARCH QUESTION, NATURE AND SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM 1. Introduction The respected Colombian writer, Gabriel Màrquez, in his work, One Hundred Years of Solitude,1 tells the story of a mythic village in Northern Colombia in which the inhabitants suffer from endemic dementia. The plague causes people to forget everything, even the most basic things of life. A young man tries to limit the damage by printing labels on everything: “This is a window”, "The name of our village is Macondo.” Unlike the inhabitants of Macondo, history has not been kind enough to let us forget. This is because the history of humanity is characterised by human-made tragedies resulting in the massive suffering of fellow human beings. Millions have died as a result of wars, slavery, the Holocaust and apartheid. The level of these atrocities is such that they cannot be forgotten. The lessons of history continue to haunt us. The exposure by the media of the sufferings of detainees in concentration camps in Bosnia in 1991, and the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, not only shocked the world but raised afresh memories of the Holocaust. Like the young man of Macondo, humanity has been trying for several decades, without success, to establish institutional mechanisms to limit the damage and to avoid the repetition of past evils. In the words of George Santayana, “those who disregard the past are bound to repeat it.”2 1 Gabriel Gàrcia Màrquez, One Hundred Years of Solitude (trans. Gregory Rabassa) (1967) 1 et seq. 2 Quoted by Roy Gutman, A Witness to Genocide: The First Inside Account of the Horrors of ‘Ethnic 1 1. 2. The Nature and Scope of the Problem Amnesty originated as a prerogative of divine and sovereign rulers, as direct representatives of God, and it has, through the ages, been subjected to little critical scholarly or scientific analysis. This long-standing acknowledgement of the supernatural eleme nt in amnesty contributed enormously to this lack of research and critical evaluation. With the emergence of democratic government, amnesty became a touchy political subject of some peculiarity with penal, criminal and constitutional law ramifications. The advent and proliferation of international tribunals, and truth and reconciliation mechanisms, with amnesty-granting powers, has drawn in an overwhelming amount of criticism of amnesty laws on the basis that they are an affront to peace and justice in post-conflict societies. Despite this criticism, post-conflict societies continue to find amnesty a catalyst for peace and national reconciliation, and a way to deal with the legacy of past human rights violations. Moreover, this criticism ignores the history, genesis and use of amnesty under international law. An intractable problem common to societies in transition is how to deal with the legacy of the past and pave the way for a new era. Addressing past human rights violations is indeed a daunting and challenging exercise for any nascent democracy. This challenge is characterised by conflicting interests and considerations. Should perpetrators of gross human rights violations be subjected to prosecution, or, should they be granted amnesty? What is the optimal way of achieving justice for victims of human rights violations, and due process for perpetrators? How do we balance reconciliation with the reconstruction of society? How will this impact on stability and peace? The challenges involve making hard choices between blanket amnesty and conditional amnesty, and between prosecution and reparation; choices which must recognise the need to create a culture of Cleansing’ in Bosnia (1993) 180. 2 human rights and accountability as opposed to a culture of impunity. Choices must be made between vengeance and peaceful co-existence, between retribution and restorative justice, between fears and legitimate expectations. Often, these decisions have a direct impact on competing needs, especially as the resources available are often limited. Factors such as these play a major role in societies in political transition. In the wake of contemporary conflicts, two seemingly contradictory but complementary trends have emerged. One trend is a general acknowledgement that the current momentum towards a comprehensive international criminal justice system is, in itself, inadequate to deal with complex political emergencies. The other is that non-punitive mechanisms, such as truth commissions, are necessary to bring about lasting peace and reconciliation amongst the local population. The reason for this is, as Heyner correctly puts it, “partly due to the limited reach of the courts, and partly out of recognition that even successful prosecutions do not resolve the conflict and pain associated with past abuses.”3 In this sense, national reconciliation is needed to complement the weaknesses of the international criminal justice system. The role of the current ad hoc international criminal tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda in bringing about justice is limited. These tribunals are unable to try all the perpetrators of violations of international humanitarian law, but usually only reach those who bear the greatest responsibility for such atrocities. Furthermore, international criminal tribunals generally fail to address reparations for the actual harm suffered by victims of war, or to engage in a pedagogical exercise capable of reconstructing national identity as a lesson for future generations. To educate, to make formally public institutional memory, to address the collective guilt of various parts of the population, and to set the historical record straight about what really happened in the past, all come within the purview of such non- 3 Priscilla Heyner, Unspeakable Truths: Confronting State Terror (2001) 14. 3 punitive measures as a truth and reconciliation exercise.4 However, both international criminal tribunals and truth commissions have distinct, but complementary, roles and functions. 5 There are at least two methods commonly adopted by societies in transition. The first approach is based on retributive justice,6 that is, the prosecution of those responsible for past human rights violations. Such an option could take the form of a domestic prosecution or an ad hoc international criminal tribunal. 7 During the period 1919 to 1994, there have been five ad hoc international investigation commissions8; four ad hoc international criminal tribunals9; three ad hoc tribunals for Sierra Leone10, Cambodia 11 and East Timor12; and three internationally mandated national prosecutions after the 4 Karl Jaspers, The Question of German Guilt (1948) 62. Jaspers argues that atrocities are not committed in a vacuum, but go beyond individual criminal responsibility. Hence, a society which has been a victim of widespread and systematic violations of human rights must reckon with the legacy of the past in order to deal with the “commission of countless little acts of negligence, of convenient adaptation, of cheap vindication, and the imperceptible promotion of wrong; the participation in the creation of a public atmosphere that spreads confusion and thus makes evil possible.” 5 Claude Jorda, “The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Bosnia and Herzegovina” ICTY Press Release JL/P.I.S/592-e, The Hague, 22 May 2001. 6 Howard Zehr, “Restorative Justice” in Luc Reychler & Thania Paffenholz (eds.), Peace-building: A Field Guide (2001) 330. 7 Examples of international criminal tribunals include the International Military Tribunals of Nuremberg and Tokyo, and more recently the two UN ad hoc International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and Rwanda (ICTR). 8 For an historical survey see MC Bassiouni, “From Versailles to Rwanda in Seventy-Five Years: The Need to Establish a Permanent International Criminal Court” 10 Harvard Human Rights Journal (1997) 11. 9 Ibid. 10 UN SC Res. 1315 (2000). 11 Law on the Establishment of Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia for the Prosecution of Crimes Committed During the Period of Democratic Kampuchea, 2 January 2001. 12 The UN Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) passed Regulation 15 of 2000 which established a Panel with Exclusive Jurisdiction over Serious Criminal Offences Committed during the Conflict in East Timor. 4 First and Second World Wars.13 The main function of such tribunals is to prosecute those alleged to have committed gross human rights violations. It is important to distinguish modern criminal tribunals and truth commissions from some of the highly abusive post-transition tribunals whose purpose was to terrorise, purge and execute the representatives of old regimes, through processes such as ad hoc military tribunals.14 The second approach is based on restorative justice,15 that is, reconciliation and amnesty through a truth-telling process, which often takes the form of an official mechanism sanctioned by the state in the guise of a truth commission. 16 The main purpose of a truth commission is to investigate the truth about past human rights violations within a limited time, and to issue a comprehensive official report of its findings and recommendations.17 Since 1974, there have been some twenty-one truth commissions, and the number continues to grow. 18 The goals of truth commissions are many and vary from one country to another. In general, their goals include the 13 Hakan Friman, “The International Criminal Court: Negotiations and Key Issues” 8 African Security Review (1999) 3. 14 For example, the 1995 Civil Disturbances Special Tribunal, a military tribunal set up by the former Nigerian dictator, the late General Sani Abacha, to prosecute the human rights activist, leader of the Ogoni people and writer, Ken Saro-Wiwa and nine others for allegedly “procuring and inciting” murder. These were trumped-up charges intended to eliminate Ken Saro-Wiwa. The accused were denied the right to appeal against the decision of the special court. Clearly, the creation of the special court undermined the ordinary courts in Nigeria. See Michael Birnbaum, Fundamental Rights Denied: Report of the Trial of Ken Saro-Wiwa and Others published by Article 19, on 8 June 1995.
Recommended publications
  • Sierra Leone

    Sierra Leone

    Coor din ates: 8°3 0′N 1 1 °3 0′W Sierra Leone Sierra Leone (/siˌɛrə liˈoʊn, -ˈoʊni/, UK also /siˌɛərə-, [6] Republic of Sierra Leone ˌsɪərə-/), officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Guinea to the northeast, Liberia to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest. It has a tropical climate, with a diverse environment ranging from savanna to 2 rainforests. The country has a total area of 7 1,7 40 km Flag Coat of arms (27 ,699 sq mi)[7] and a population of 7 ,07 5,641 as of Motto: "Unity, Freedom, Justice" the 2015 census.[2] Sierra Leone is a constitutional republic with a directly elected president and a Anthem: High We Exalt Thee, Realm of the Free unicameral legislature. Sierra Leone has a dominant unitary central government. The country's capital and largest city is Freetown (population 1,050,301). The second most populous city is Kenema (population 200,354) located 200 miles from Freetown. Sierra Leone is made up of five administrative regions: the Northern Province, North West Province, Eastern Province, Southern Province and the Western Area. These regions are subdivided into sixteen districts, which are further divided into 190 chiefdoms.[8][9] Sierra Leone was a British colony from 1808 to 1961. Sierra Leone became independent from the United Location of Sierra Leone (dark blue) Kingdom on 27 April 1961, led by Sir Milton Margai, – in Africa (light blue & dark grey) – in the African Union (light blue) – [Legend] who became the country's first prime minister.
  • Political Violence in the Era of Negotiations and Transition, 1990-1994

    Political Violence in the Era of Negotiations and Transition, 1990-1994

    Volume TWO Chapter SEVEN Political Violence in the Era of Negotiations and Transition, 1990-1994 I INTRODUCTION 1 The Commission had considerable success in uncovering violations that took place before 1990. This was not true of the 1990s period. Information before the Commission shows that the nature and pattern of political conflict in this later period changed considerably, particularly in its apparent anonymity. A comparatively smaller number of amnesty applications were received for this period. The investigation and research units of the Commission were also faced with some difficulty in dealing with the events of the more recent past. 2 Two factors dominated the period 1990–94. The first was the process of negotiations aimed at democratic constitutional dispensation. The second was a dramatic escalation in levels of violence in the country, with a consequent increase in the number of gross violations of human rights. 3 The period opened with the public announcement of major political reforms by President FW de Klerk on 2 February 1990 – including the unbanning of the ANC, PAC, SACP and fifty-eight other organisations; the release of political prisoners and provision for all exiles to return home. Mr Nelson Mandela was released on 11 February 1990. The other goals were achieved through a series of bilateral negotiations between the government and the ANC, resulting in the Groote Schuur and Pretoria minutes of May and August 1990 respectively. The latter minute was accompanied by the ANC’s announcement that it had suspended its armed struggle. 4 A long period of ‘talks about talks’ followed – primarily between the government, the ANC and Inkatha – culminating in the December 1991 launch of the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA).
  • The Cassinga Massacre of Namibian Exiles in 1978 and the Conflicts Between Survivors’ Memories and Testimonies

    The Cassinga Massacre of Namibian Exiles in 1978 and the Conflicts Between Survivors’ Memories and Testimonies

    ENDURING SUFFERING: THE CASSINGA MASSACRE OF NAMIBIAN EXILES IN 1978 AND THE CONFLICTS BETWEEN SURVIVORS’ MEMORIES AND TESTIMONIES BY VILHO AMUKWAYA SHIGWEDHA A Dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History University of the Western Cape December 2011 Supervisor: Professor Patricia Hayes ABSTRACT During the peak of apartheid, the South African Defence Force (SADF) killed close to a thousand Namibian exiles at Cassinga in southern Angola. This happened on May 4 1978. In recent years, Namibia commemorates this day, nationwide, in remembrance of those killed and disappeared following the Cassinga attack. During each Cassinga anniversary, survivors are modelled into „living testimonies‟ of the Cassinga massacre. Customarily, at every occasion marking this event, a survivor is delegated to unpack, on behalf of other survivors, „memories of Cassinga‟ so that the inexperienced audience understands what happened on that day. Besides survivors‟ testimonies, edited video footage showing, among others, wrecks in the camp, wounded victims laying in hospital beds, an open mass grave with dead bodies, SADF paratroopers purportedly marching in Cassinga is also screened for the audience to witness the agony of that day. Interestingly, the way such presentations are constructed draw challenging questions. For example, how can the visual and oral presentations of the Cassinga violence epitomize actual memories of the Cassinga massacre? How is it possible that such presentations can generate a sense of remembrance against forgetfulness of those who did not experience that traumatic event? When I interviewed a number of survivors (2007 - 2010), they saw no analogy between testimony (visual or oral) and memory. They argued that memory unlike testimony is personal (solid, inexplicable and indescribable).
  • In the Court of Appeal in the Cook Islands Held at Rarotonga (Civil Division)

    In the Court of Appeal in the Cook Islands Held at Rarotonga (Civil Division)

    IN THE COURT OF APPEAL IN THE COOK ISLANDS HELD AT RAROTONGA (CIVIL DIVISION) CA No. 4/14 IN THE MATTER of Sections 3, 9, 11 and 13 Declaratory Judgments Act 1994 AND IN THE MATTER of Cook Islands National Superannuation Fund Act 2000 and the Cook Islands Constitution BETWEEN MINISTER OF COOK ISLANDS NATIONAL SUPERANNUATION FUND Appellant AND ARORANGI TIMBERLAND LIMITED First Respondent AND ANDY OLAH Second Respondent AND MANEA FOODS Third Respondent AND BECO LIMITED Fourth Respondent AND JAMES BEER Fifth Respondent AND SUPER BROWN LIMITED Sixth Respondent AND RAINA TRADING LIMITED Seventh Respondent Coram: Williams P Barker JA Paterson JA Counsel: K Saunders (Solicitor-General) and M Ruffin for Appellant T Arnold for the Respondents Hearing: 9, 10, 11, 12 June 2014 Judgment: 17 November 2014 JUDGMENT OF THE COURT Solicitors: Crown Law Office for Appellant T Arnold for Respondents TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 The Origin of the Scheme ........................................................................................ 2 The Cook Islands National Superannuation Act 2000 ............................................. 3 The Trust Deed ....................................................................................................... 8 The Constitution of the Cook Islands .................................................................... 12 The Presumption of Constitutionality ...................................................................
  • An Oral History of the Civil War in Sierra Leone Interviewer

    An Oral History of the Civil War in Sierra Leone Interviewer

    An Oral history of the Civil War in Sierra Leone Interviewer: Kyle Hardy Interviewee: Michel duCille Instructor: Mr. Whitman February, 14, 2012 Hardy 3 Table of Contents Interviewee Release Form Interviewer Release Form Statement of Purpose……………………………………………………………………………...4 Biography………………………………………………………………………………………….5 Blood Diamonds: A Decade of Tragedy in Sierra Leone………………………………………..6 Interview Transcription…………………………………………………………………………..13 Analysis Paper…………………………………………………..……………………………….30 Works Consulted…………………………………………………………………………………34 Hardy 4 Statement of Purpose The purpose of this oral history interview is to further understand the horrifying war in Sierra Leone. The civil war, between 1991 and 2002, was rarely reported to news and till remains widely unknown. Though a relatively small country, the horrendous actions taken throughout this war should not be ignored nor forgotten. This interview will serve as a guide for those remain unaware of the horrors of the war and give a first-hand account of Sierra Leone during this time. Hardy 5 Biography of Michel duCille Michael duCille is a Jamaican-American photographer who currently works for the Washington Post in Washington, DC. He spent most of his childhood in Jamaica and describes his time her as “Idyllic”. He father, who was a preacher, instilled in him the values of education, and in 1970, his family moved to Gainesville, Georgia with hopes of improved education and a more stable financial means. He started school in America at Gainesville High school when he was 15. The school he entered also welcomed the first year the school intergraded blacks and whites. His father, who was also a journalist, introduced him to journalism. At the age of 16, he began to take pictures for the newspaper and has been a professional photographer every since.
  • Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey New

    Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey New

    RUTGERS, THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW JERSEY NEW BRUNSWICK AN INTERVIEW WITH BARBARA MORRISON RODRIGUEZ FOR THE RUTGERS ORAL HISTORY ARCHIVES INTERVIEW CONDUCTED BY MOLLY GRAHAM LUTZ, FLORIDA OCTOBER 18, 2015 TRANSCRIPT BY FANTASTIC TRANSCRIPTS Molly Graham: This is an oral history interview with Dr. Barbara Morrison Rodriguez. The interview is taking place on October 18, 2015 in Lutz, Florida. The interviewer is Molly Graham. Could you say when and where you were born? Barbara Morrison Rodriguez: Okay. I was born in 1947 in Washington, DC. MG: Did you grow up there? BMR: I did. I did not leave until I went to Douglass. I was there my entire life, except for summer trips that we spent with my grandmother who lived in Virginia, which was only like a thirty, forty-minute ride. It seemed, as a kid, like a long ways away. I had a pretty tight knit family around Washington, Alexandria, Maryland. That whole DC, Maryland, Virginia area was where my father’s family was from. MG: Tell me a little bit about your family history, starting on your father’s side. BMR: My father’s from several generations in Virginia. Poor people for the most part, who probably didn’t feel very poor. He lived in an area called Bailey’s Crossroads. Anybody from DC would now know it as sort of a yuppie, townhouses, but where there those people live is where we played as children. There were several black enclaves down there. All the people on the street were related. They were either brothers, sisters, first or second cousins.
  • Converging Currents Custom and Human Rights in the Pacific 

    Converging Currents Custom and Human Rights in the Pacific 

    September 2006, Wellington, New Zealand | STUDY PAPER 17 CoNvERgiNg CURRENTS Custom and human rights in the paCifiC The Law Commission is an independent, publicly funded, central advisory body established by statute to undertake the systematic review, reform and development of the law of New Zealand. its purpose is to help achieve law that is just, principled, and accessible, and that reflects the heritage and aspirations of the peoples of New Zealand. The Commissioners are: Right Honourable Sir geoffrey Palmer – President Dr Warren Young – Deputy President Honourable Justice Eddie Durie Helen Aikman qC The Manager of the Law Commission is Brigid Corcoran The office of the Law Commission is at 89 The Terrace, Wellington Postal address: Po Box 2590, Wellington 6001, New Zealand Document Exchange Number: sp 23534 Telephone: (04) 473–3453, Facsimile: (04) 914–4760 Email: [email protected] internet: www.lawcom.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand Cataloguing-in-Publication Data New Zealand. Law Commission. Custom and human rights in the Pacific / Law Commission. (Study paper, 1174-9776 ; 17) iSBN 1-877316-08-3 1. Customary law—oceania. 2. Human rights—oceania. 3. Civil rights—oceania. i. Title. ii. Series: Study paper (New Zealand. Law Commission) 340.5295—dc 22 Study Paper/Law Commission, Wellington 2006 iSSN 1174-9776 iSBN 1-877316-08-3 This study paper may be cited as NZLC SP17 This study paper is also available on the internet at the Commission’s website: www.lawcom.govt.nz <http://www.lawcom.govt.nz> LawCommissionStudyPaper He Poroporoaki The New Zealand Law Commission acknowledges with deep regret the passing of two notable Pacific leaders shortly before the printing of this study, the Maori queen and the King of Tonga.
  • Executive Summary 2 INDIA – PACIFIC ISLANDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE Introduction

    Executive Summary 2 INDIA – PACIFIC ISLANDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE Introduction

    INDIA–PACIFIC ISLANDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE ‘Furthering the FIPIC Agenda through Sustainability Initiatives’ 25 – 26 May, 2017 | Suva, Fiji In association with Executive Summary 2 INDIA – PACIFIC ISLANDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE Introduction The Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India hosted the ‘India–Pacific Islands Sustainable Development Conference’ in Suva, Fiji, from 25 to 26 May, 2017. The conference was held under the framework of the Forum for India Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC). The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) was the key knowledge partner for this event. Minister of State for External Affairs, Gen. (Dr) V K Singh (Retd.) hosted heads of state, ministers and senior officials from the Pacific Island Countries at the conference. A total of eleven island countries marked their presence at the conference. The dignitaries included Hon’ble Baron Waqa MP, President, Republic of Nauru; Hon’ble Toke Tufukia Talagi, Premier of Niue; Hon’ble Fiame Naomi Mataafa, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Natural Resources & Environment, Samoa; Hon’ble Maatia Toafa, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Finance and Economic Development, Tuvalu; Hon’ble Mark Brown, Minister of Finance, Cook Islands; Hon’ble Semisi Fakahau, Minister for Agriculture, Food, Forests & Fisheries, Kingdom of Tonga; Hon’ble Ham Lini Vanuaroroa, Minister of Climate Change Adaptation, Meteorology, Geo-Hazard, Environment, Energy and Disaster Management, Vanuatu; Hon’ble Tekena Tiroa, Member of Parliament, Kiribati; Ms Makereta Konrote, Permanent Secretary, Minister for Economy, Republic of Fiji; Ms Hakaua Harry, Secretary, Department of National Planning and Monitoring, Papua New Guinea; and Mr Shadrach Fanega, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Development Planning and Aid Coordination, Republic of Solomon Islands.
  • The Rollback of South Africa's Chemical and Biological Warfare

    The Rollback of South Africa's Chemical and Biological Warfare

    The Rollback of South Africa’s Chemical and Biological Warfare Program Stephen Burgess and Helen Purkitt US Air Force Counterproliferation Center Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama THE ROLLBACK OF SOUTH AFRICA’S CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WARFARE PROGRAM by Dr. Stephen F. Burgess and Dr. Helen E. Purkitt USAF Counterproliferation Center Air War College Air University Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama The Rollback of South Africa’s Chemical and Biological Warfare Program Dr. Stephen F. Burgess and Dr. Helen E. Purkitt April 2001 USAF Counterproliferation Center Air War College Air University Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama 36112-6427 The internet address for the USAF Counterproliferation Center is: http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/awc-cps.htm . Contents Page Disclaimer.....................................................................................................i The Authors ............................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments .......................................................................................v Chronology ................................................................................................vii I. Introduction .............................................................................................1 II. The Origins of the Chemical and Biological Warfare Program.............3 III. Project Coast, 1981-1993....................................................................17 IV. Rollback of Project Coast, 1988-1994................................................39
  • Military Despatches Vol 47, May 2021

    Military Despatches Vol 47, May 2021

    Military Despatches Vol 47 May 2021 That wasn’t very clever 10 wars started for really stupid reasons Tanks for the info Some interesting trivia about tanks Falklands Air War The aircraft used in the conflict Paddy Mayne Ireland and British Lions rugby international and a founding member of the Special Air Service For the military enthusiast Military Despatches CONTENTS YouTube Channel May 2021 Page 12 Click on any video below to view Army Speak 101 The SADF had their own language. A mixture of Eng- lish, Afrikaans, slang and tech- no-speak that few outside the military could hope to under- stand. Paratrooper Wings Most armies around the world Elite Military Quiz also had their own slang terms. Units Quiz Most military paratroopers In this video we look at some Most military forces have an are awarded their jump wings of them. elite unit or regiment or a spe- Special Forces - Danish Jaeger Corps after they have qualified. cial forces component. In this quiz we show you 15 In this quiz we show you 15 different wings and you tell us and you tell us who they are and 40 where they are from. where they are from. Features Job Maseko - WWII Warrior 6 How does a man not officially Ten stupid wars allowed to carry firearms go on Wars have often been started for to win the Military Medal for New videos really crazy reasons. We look at gallantry? Job Maseko was one each week ten of them. of those that achieved this feat. We will be uploading new 32 videos to our YouTube channel What’s in a name 42 each week.
  • GULLAH GEECHEE SUMMER SCHOOL South Carolina, Georgia and Florida — PART I: Origins and Early Development | June 6, 2018 from Pender County, North Carolina, to St

    GULLAH GEECHEE SUMMER SCHOOL South Carolina, Georgia and Florida — PART I: Origins and Early Development | June 6, 2018 from Pender County, North Carolina, to St

    7/8/2018 + The Corridor is a federal National Heritage Area and it was established by Congress to recognize the unique culture of the Gullah Geechee people who have traditionally resided in the coastal areas and the sea islands of North Carolina, GULLAH GEECHEE SUMMER SCHOOL South Carolina, Georgia and Florida — PART I: Origins and Early Development | June 6, 2018 from Pender County, North Carolina, to St. Johns County, Florida. © 2018 Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor Commission Do not reproduce without permission. + + Overview Overview “Gullah” or “Geechee”: Etymologies and Conventions West African Origins of Gullah Geechee Ancestors First Contact: Native Americans, Africans and Europeans Transatlantic Slave Trade through Charleston and Savannah Organization of Spanish Florida + England’s North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia Colonies The Atlantic Rice Coast Charter Generation of Africans in the Low Country Incubation of Gullah Geechee Creole Culture in the Sea Colonies Islands and Coastal Plantations ©Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor Commission | Do not reproduce without permission. ©Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor Commission | Do not reproduce without permission. + + “Gullah” or “Geechee”? “Gullah” or “Geechee”? Scholars are not in agreement as to the origins of the terms “Although Gullah and Geechee — terms whose “Gullah” and “Geechee.” origins have been much debated and may trace to specific African tribes or words — are often Gullah people are historically those located in coastal South used interchangeably these days, Mrs. [Cornelia Carolina and Geechee people are those who live along the Walker] Bailey always stressed that she was Georgia coast and into Florida. Geechee. And, specifically, Saltwater Geechee (as opposed to the Freshwater Geechee, who Geechee people in Georgia refer to themselves as “Freshwater lived 30 miles inland).
  • Soldaat En Mens

    Soldaat En Mens

    Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies, Vol 49, Nr 1, 2021. doi: 10.5787/49-1-1324 Book Review Soldaat en mens Georg Meiring Abel Esterhuyse438 Stellenbosch University STN Printers: Pretoria 2020, 278 pages In most paradigm militaries of the world, there seems to be an expectation for a general to write and publish his or her biography as soon as possible after retirement from active duty – a type of ‘first duty’ in retirement. These biographies are often critical for militaries, much like in the medical, law and clerical professions, to grow their body of knowledge and empower the next generation of soldiers. For armed forces in general, military history of this nature has always played an important role in the geographical and cultural contextualisation and shaping of their doctrine. Without a sound and comprehensive military historical foundation for the development of their doctrine, militaries remain dependent on the imported knowledge base of paradigm militaries. One of the critical doctrinal challenges facing many African armed forces is the frequent absence of a unique and Africanised body of military knowledge. African armed forces are therefore often dependent on the military knowledge of those outside Africa, in particular the British and French militaries, for the development of their doctrine and the training of their personnel. Frequently, this translates into a tactical and strategic disconnect between African militaries and the uniqueness of the security and military challenges on the continent. This reality is quite evident in the regular use of the training manuals of paradigm militaries at staff, war and defence colleges in Africa and the training that is provided to African militaries from outside the continent.