DOCSLIB.ORG

A Musical Analysis of Afro-Cuban Batá Drumming

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Musical Analysis of Afro-Cuban Batá Drumming City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 2-2019 Meaning Beyond Words: A Musical Analysis of Afro-Cuban Batá Drumming Javier Diaz The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/2966 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] MEANING BEYOND WORDS: A MUSICAL ANALYSIS OF AFRO-CUBAN BATÁ DRUMMING by JAVIER DIAZ A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Music in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Musical Arts, The City University of New York 2019 2018 JAVIER DIAZ All rights reserved ii Meaning Beyond Words: A Musical Analysis of Afro-Cuban Batá Drumming by Javier Diaz This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Music in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor in Musical Arts. ——————————— —————————————————— Date Benjamin Lapidus Chair of Examining Committee ——————————— —————————————————— Date Norman Carey Executive Officer Supervisory Committee Peter Manuel, Advisor Janette Tilley, First Reader David Font-Navarrete, Reader THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii ABSTRACT Meaning Beyond Words: A Musical Analysis of Afro-Cuban Batá Drumming by Javier Diaz Advisor: Peter Manuel This dissertation consists of a musical analysis of Afro-Cuban batá drumming. Current scholarship focuses on ethnographic research, descriptive analysis, transcriptions, and studies on the language encoding capabilities of batá. However, this artistically sophisticated tradition demands a more in-depth study of its musical manufacture. Drawing from experience as a ritual batá player and as an oricha priest, I have completed the current study by following three primary analytical modalities: (1) sonic landscape, which encompasses: sound vocabulary, form, individual drum parts, and balance of musical elements; (2) timbral design, how the different batá sounds articulate meaningful and functionally distinguishable structures; (3) the rhythmic construction of batá music. For my research, I have surveyed professional, educational, and field recordings for transcriptions and aural analysis. Besides, I have looked at existing transcriptions and incorporated theoretical models for how this music unfolds through time and space. This paper emphasizes the importance of musical processes as a crucial element in the articulation of meaningful structures in Afro-Cuban batá. Furthermore, it situates its findings within the broader field of theoretical analysis of Sub-Saharan African drum ensemble music. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS While acts of creation often unfold in solitude, we cannot attribute the resulting work to a single person’s labor. In most projects, many individuals are responsible for offering continuous help, encouragement, support, and inspiration along the way in myriad ways. This dissertation is no exception. I am forever grateful to those forces, seen and unseen, that have helped me get across the “finish line.” Maferefún (praised be) Olodumare (God), maferefún egun (ancestral spirits), and maferefún oricha for the opportunities they continue to provide for me. I thank my parents, the late Juan Vicente Díaz (ibbaé bayentonú) and María Raquel Martí, for believing in my musical abilities since I was a child. I am forever grateful to my lovely wife, Toyin Spellman- Diaz; this paper is as much hers as it is mine. Without her support, I could not have finished this study. I am thankful to my padrinos (godparents): Virgilio Figueroa, Mike Orta, Luis Pineda, and Freddy Burgueño for their guidance, support, and patience over the years. I am so very grateful to my batá teachers and mentors Lázaro Galarraga, Román Díaz, and the late Lorenzo Peñalver (ibaé) for their generosity, patience, abundant knowledge, and guidance. I am thankful to my drum brothers: Angel Luís Figueroa, an early mentor and influence, Sebastian Guerrero, Bobby Wilmore, Michael Spiro, Humberto “Nengue” Hernandez, and so many others I have played and interacted with. You have all taught me much. I would like to thank my advisor Professor Peter Manuel, whose encouragement, dedication, and knowledge are ever expanding. Also, I want to thank my dissertation committee: Janette Tilley, David Font-Navarrete, and Benjamin Lapidus for their valuable input and insight. I want to extend a very special thanks to my percussion professor at the Graduate Center Morris Lang for his encouragement during my time at this institution. I am grateful to my good friend Carol Steele for her editorial work. Finally, I would like to thank my editor Carmen Staaf for her precise work. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................................................... IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................................................................................................................................V TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................................ VI LIST OF MUSICAL EXAMPLES.............................................................................................................................VIII LIST OF TABLES ..........................................................................................................................................................XII LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................................................................XIII INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................................................1 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................................................5 MUSIC TRANSCRIPTIONS NOTATION KEY .......................................................................................................................6 CHAPTER 1: PRELIMINARY INFORMATION........................................................................................................7 EXISTING SCHOLARSHIP ...................................................................................................................................................7 ORICHA RELIGION: CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES................................................................................14 SANTERÍA MUSIC ............................................................................................................................................................18 SONGS..............................................................................................................................................................................18 PUBLIC DRUMMING AND SINGING CELEBRATIONS.......................................................................................................21 AFRO-CUBAN BATÁ DRUMMING: HISTORICAL AND SPIRITUAL BACKGROUND .........................................................28 BATÁ DRUMMING EDUCATION ......................................................................................................................................33 CHAPTER 2: THE BATÁ SONIC LANDSCAPE: SOUND VOCABULARY, FORM, INDIVIDUAL PERSPECTIVES, AND BALANCE ..............................................................................................................................36 SOUNDS AND TECHNIQUE...............................................................................................................................................36 ON FORM AND STRUCTURE ............................................................................................................................................40 INDIVIDUAL DRUMS PERSPECTIVES...............................................................................................................................46 (1) Drum With a View: The Okónkolo Chair ..........................................................................................................46 (2) The Itótele Perspective: In Batá, Second Parts Are Best .................................................................................54 (3) Iyá: “Mom” Calls The Shots ..............................................................................................................................59 SONIC BALANCE (SYMMETRY) WITHIN INDIVIDUAL DRUM PARTS ............................................................................68 BALANCE AND RECIPROCITY IN THE ENSEMBLE AS A WHOLE.....................................................................................70 CHAPTER 3: UNDERSTANDING BATÁ MUSIC’S TIMBRAL STRUCTURES ..............................................81 THE THREE-CHACHÁ ZONE............................................................................................................................................84 (1) Three-Chachá Zone: Accompanying Chachás..................................................................................................85 (2) Chachás as a Doubling (or Accenting) Element of the Enús
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Beyond Salsa Bass the Cuban Timba Revolution
    BEYOND SALSA BASS THE CUBAN TIMBA REVOLUTION VOLUME 1 • FOR BEGINNERS FROM CHANGÜÍ TO SON MONTUNO KEVIN MOORE audio and video companion products: www.beyondsalsa.info cover photo: Jiovanni Cofiño’s bass – 2013 – photo by Tom Ehrlich REVISION 1.0 ©2013 BY KEVIN MOORE SANTA CRUZ, CA ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part, or stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording or otherwise, without written permission of the author. ISBN‐10: 1482729369 ISBN‐13/EAN‐13: 978‐148279368 H www.beyondsalsa.info H H www.timba.com/users/7H H [email protected] 2 Table of Contents Introduction to the Beyond Salsa Bass Series...................................................................................... 11 Corresponding Bass Tumbaos for Beyond Salsa Piano .................................................................... 12 Introduction to Volume 1..................................................................................................................... 13 What is a bass tumbao? ................................................................................................................... 13 Sidebar: Tumbao Length .................................................................................................................... 1 Difficulty Levels ................................................................................................................................ 14 Fingering..........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • José Antonio Aponte Y Los Archivos De La Represión Haití Adquieren Un Relieve Particularmente Im- Tico De Cuba Resulta Más Que Evidente, Tanto En Elzbieta Sklodowska
    América sin nombre, no 19 (2014) 27-33 DOI. 10.14198/AMENSN.2014.19.03 ISSN: 1577-3442 / eISSN: 1989-9831 Elzbieta Sklodowska De origen polaco, ocupa la cátedra de Randolph Family Professorship en Washington University en Saint Louis (EEUU), donde ha dirigido el Departamento de Lenguas y Litera- turas Románicas (2003-2010) y se ha desempeñado como co-editora general de la Revista de Estudios Hispánicos (1999-2010). Dentro de Genealogías de la diáspora africana: sus áreas de investigación requie- ren especial mención la narrativa hispanoamericana contemporánea, José Antonio Aponte y los archivos con énfasis en Cuba dentro del contexto del Caribe, el testimonio y la teoría literaria. Ha publicado más de la represión de sesenta artículos así como varios libros y co-ediciones, incluyendo ELZBIETA SKLODOWSKA La parodia en la nueva novela hispanoamericana (1990), Testi- monio hispanoamericano: historia, teoría, poética (1991; Premio de RESUMEN Northeast Modern Language As- sociation) y Todo ojos, todo oídos: control e insubordinación en la En las intersecciones cubano-haitianas del Circuncaribe diaspórico, híbrido y rebelde, se novela hispanoamericana (1895- 1935) (1997). Su libro más recien- enmarca la figura histórica del cubano José Antonio Aponte y Ubarra (? – 1812) —pintor, te, Espectros y espejismos: Haití en afrodescendiente, liberto, héroe y mártir— acusado por las autoridades coloniales españolas de el imaginario cubano, fue publica- haber sido líder de una conspiración antiesclavista, encarcelado, interrogado y ejecutado en La do por Iberoamericana-Vervuert en 2009. Tiene en preparación otro Habana el 9 de abril de 1812. Este ensayo repasa la evolución de la consideración del personaje libro sobre Cuba, provisionalmen- en la historiografía cubana contemporánea y analiza «el archivo de la represión»; documento te titulado Invento, luego existo: representaciones del Período Es- legal de registro metaliterario que recoge la descripción pormenorizada del Libro de pinturas, pecial en Cuba.
    [Show full text]
  • Premium Blend: Middle School Percussion Curriculum Utilizing Western and Non-Western Pedagogy
    Premium Blend: Middle School Percussion Curriculum Utilizing Western and Non-Western Pedagogy Bob Siemienkowicz Winfield School District 34 OS 150 Park Street Winfield, Illinois 60190 A Clinic/Demonstration Presented by Bob Siemienkowicz [email protected] And The 630.909.4974 Winfield Percussion Ensembles ACT 1 Good morning. Thank you for allowing us to show what we do and how we do it. Our program works for our situation in Winfield and we hope portions of it will work for your program. Let’s start with a song and then we will time warp into year one of our program. SONG – Prelude in E minor YEAR 1 – All those instruments The Winfield Band program, my philosophy has been that rhythm is the key to success. I tell all band students “You can learn the notes and fingerings fine, but without good rhythm, no one will understand what you are playing.” This is also true in folkloric music. Faster does not mean you are a better player. How well you communicate musically establishes your level of proficiency. Our first lessons with all band students are clapping exercises I design and lessons from the Goldenberg Percussion method book. Without the impedance of embouchure, fingerings and the thought of dropping a $500 instrument on the floor, the student becomes completely focused on rhythmic study. For the first percussion lesson, the focus is also rhythmic. Without the need for lips, we play hand percussion immediately. For the first Western rudiment, we play paradiddles on conga drums or bongos (PLAY HERE). All percussion students must say paradiddle while they play it.
    [Show full text]
  • P E E L C H R Is T Ian It Y , Is L a M , an D O R Isa R E Lig Io N
    PEEL | CHRISTIANITY, ISLAM, AND ORISA RELIGION Luminos is the open access monograph publishing program from UC Press. Luminos provides a framework for preserving and rein- vigorating monograph publishing for the future and increases the reach and visibility of important scholarly work. Titles published in the UC Press Luminos model are published with the same high standards for selection, peer review, production, and marketing as those in our traditional program. www.luminosoa.org Christianity, Islam, and Orisa Religion THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF CHRISTIANITY Edited by Joel Robbins 1. Christian Moderns: Freedom and Fetish in the Mission Encounter, by Webb Keane 2. A Problem of Presence: Beyond Scripture in an African Church, by Matthew Engelke 3. Reason to Believe: Cultural Agency in Latin American Evangelicalism, by David Smilde 4. Chanting Down the New Jerusalem: Calypso, Christianity, and Capitalism in the Caribbean, by Francio Guadeloupe 5. In God’s Image: The Metaculture of Fijian Christianity, by Matt Tomlinson 6. Converting Words: Maya in the Age of the Cross, by William F. Hanks 7. City of God: Christian Citizenship in Postwar Guatemala, by Kevin O’Neill 8. Death in a Church of Life: Moral Passion during Botswana’s Time of AIDS, by Frederick Klaits 9. Eastern Christians in Anthropological Perspective, edited by Chris Hann and Hermann Goltz 10. Studying Global Pentecostalism: Theories and Methods, by Allan Anderson, Michael Bergunder, Andre Droogers, and Cornelis van der Laan 11. Holy Hustlers, Schism, and Prophecy: Apostolic Reformation in Botswana, by Richard Werbner 12. Moral Ambition: Mobilization and Social Outreach in Evangelical Megachurches, by Omri Elisha 13. Spirits of Protestantism: Medicine, Healing, and Liberal Christianity, by Pamela E.
    [Show full text]
  • 5892 Cisco Category: Standards Track August 2010 ISSN: 2070-1721
    Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) P. Faltstrom, Ed. Request for Comments: 5892 Cisco Category: Standards Track August 2010 ISSN: 2070-1721 The Unicode Code Points and Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA) Abstract This document specifies rules for deciding whether a code point, considered in isolation or in context, is a candidate for inclusion in an Internationalized Domain Name (IDN). It is part of the specification of Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications 2008 (IDNA2008). Status of This Memo This is an Internet Standards Track document. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5892. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.
    [Show full text]
  • Percussion Quartet 1.Mus
    JULIÁN________________ BRIJALDO CONGANESS for Percussion Quartet www.julianbrijaldo.com [email protected] CONGANESS 5:00 INSTRUMENTATION Percussion I: Bongos Conga drum Tumbadora Percussion II: Vibraphone Marimba 4 Tom-toms Crash cymbal, Splash cymbal & China cymbal Percussion III: Vibraphone Marimba 4 Tom-toms Crash cymbal, Splash cymbal & China cymbal* Percussion IV: Glockenspiel Vibraphone 3 Timpani: 32,'' 26,'' 23'' * The percussion sets share intruments (See the suggested stage diagram) Performance Notes: . Percussion I has the leading role throughout the piece. It should not be overpowered by the other instruments at any moment. The tempo markings in parentheses are approximated. Ideally, the rhythmic flow should feel flexible. Any fermata should not last more than 5 seconds. The individual parts include an instrumental glossary. Duration up to the performers Square fermata: Duration in seconds is notated above the symbol Roll accelerando or ritardando independentely from the tempo indications for the ensemble. Program Notes: by Catalina Villamarín What makes a conga drum what it is? What gives it its distinctive round, earthy sound? Would it be possible to turn any instrument into a conga drum? CONGANESS plays with these questions, and sets out to make a conga drum out of the combination of all the instruments in this percussion quartet. The foundation of CONGANESS was the spectrographic analysis of the four strokes found in a conga-drum salsa pattern: a tumbadora open stroke, a conga-drum open stroke, a conga-drum slap stroke and a conga-drum muffled stroke. The most prominent frequencies of each of these sounds were approximated to the closest pitches available, becoming the palette of sounds with which the piece was built.
    [Show full text]
  • Rhythm, Dance, and Resistance in the New Orleans Second Line
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles “We Made It Through That Water”: Rhythm, Dance, and Resistance in the New Orleans Second Line A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnomusicology by Benjamin Grant Doleac 2018 © Copyright by Benjamin Grant Doleac 2018 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION “We Made It Through That Water”: Rhythm, Dance, and Resistance in the New Orleans Second Line by Benjamin Grant Doleac Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnomusicology University of California, Los Angeles, 2018 Professor Cheryl L. Keyes, Chair The black brass band parade known as the second line has been a staple of New Orleans culture for nearly 150 years. Through more than a century of social, political and demographic upheaval, the second line has persisted as an institution in the city’s black community, with its swinging march beats and emphasis on collective improvisation eventually giving rise to jazz, funk, and a multitude of other popular genres both locally and around the world. More than any other local custom, the second line served as a crucible in which the participatory, syncretic character of black music in New Orleans took shape. While the beat of the second line reverberates far beyond the city limits today, the neighborhoods that provide the parade’s sustenance face grave challenges to their existence. Ten years after Hurricane Katrina tore up the economic and cultural fabric of New Orleans, these largely poor communities are plagued on one side by underfunded schools and internecine violence, and on the other by the rising tide of post-disaster gentrification and the redlining-in- disguise of neoliberal urban policy.
    [Show full text]
  • Cuban Music Teaching Unit
    Thesis Advisor: Frank Martignetti THE MUSIC AND DANCE OF CUBA: by Melissa Salguero Music Education Program Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Elementary Education in the School of Education University of Bridgeport 2015 © 2015 by Melissa Salguero Salguero 2 Abstract (Table of Contents) This unit is designed for 5th grade students. There are 7 lessons in this unit. Concept areas of rhythm, melody, form, and timbre are used throughout the unit. Skills developed over the 7 lessons are singing, moving, listening, playing instruments, reading/writing music notation, and creating original music. Lesson plans are intended for class periods of approximately 45-50 minutes. Teachers will need to adapt the lessons to fit their school’s resources and the particular needs of their students. This unit focuses on two distinct genres of Cuban music: Son and Danzón. Through a variety of activities students will learn the distinct sound, form, dance, rhythms and instrumentation that help define these two genres. Students will also learn about how historical events have shaped Cuban music. Salguero 3 Table of Contents: Abstract……………………………………………..…………………………..2 Introduction……………………………………….……………………………4 Research…………………………………………..……………………………5 The Cuban Musical Heritage……………….……………………………5 The Discovery of Cuba…….……………………………………………..5 Indigenous Music…...…………………………………………………….6 European Influences……………………………………………….……..6 African Influences………………………………………………………...7 Historical Influences……………………….……………………………..7
    [Show full text]
  • Harmonic Analysis of Mallet Percussion by Max Candocia Goals
    Harmonic Analysis of Mallet Percussion By Max Candocia Goals • Basic understanding of sound waves and mallet percussion • Understand harmonic analysis • Understand difference in sounds of different mallets and striking location Marimba Vibraphone Recording: Vermont Counterpoint, Nathaniel Bartlett Recording: La Fille Aux Cheveux de Lin, Ozone Percussion Ensemble Photo courtesy of vichitex.com Photo courtesy of woodbrass.com Xylophone Recording: Fantasy on Japanese Wood Prints Photo courtesy of onlinerock.com Sound Waves • Vibrating medium (ie. Air, water, ground) • Longitudinal • Harmonics – Sinusoidal Components Sine: Sawtooth: Images courtesy of Wikipedia Qualities of Harmonics • Frequency – Cycles per second (Hertz); determines pitch Photo courtesy of Wikipedia • Amplitude – Power of wave; determines loudness Photo courtesy of physics.cornell.edu • Phase – Location of harmonic relative to other harmonics Photo courtesy of 3phasepower.org Harmonic Analysis Harmonics of Kelon xylophone struck in center with hard rubber mallet Vibraphone HarmonicsDry: Wet: Instrument Mallet Location # Harmonics H1 dB H2 dB H3 dB H4 dB H5 dB Vibraphone Black Dry 5 6 19 0.8 13 3 Vibraphone Black Wet 2 16 1.1 Vibraphone Red Dry 3 22 3.5 1.5 Vibraphone Red Wet 1 1 Vibraphone White Dry 4 16 0.5 9 0.6 Vibraphone White Wet 2 25 1.5 Xylophone Harmonics Instrument Mallet Location # Harmonics H1 Freq H2 Freq H3 Freq H4 Freq H5 Freq Xylophone Hard Rubber Center 4 886.9 1750 2670 5100 Xylophone Hard Rubber Edge 4 886.9 1760 2670 5150 Xylophone Hard Rubber Node 3 886.85
    [Show full text]
  • Creolizing Contradance in the Caribbean
    Peter Manuel 1 / Introduction Contradance and Quadrille Culture in the Caribbean region as linguistically, ethnically, and culturally diverse as the Carib- bean has never lent itself to being epitomized by a single music or dance A genre, be it rumba or reggae. Nevertheless, in the nineteenth century a set of contradance and quadrille variants flourished so extensively throughout the Caribbean Basin that they enjoyed a kind of predominance, as a common cultural medium through which melodies, rhythms, dance figures, and per- formers all circulated, both between islands and between social groups within a given island. Hence, if the latter twentieth century in the region came to be the age of Afro-Caribbean popular music and dance, the nineteenth century can in many respects be characterized as the era of the contradance and qua- drille. Further, the quadrille retains much vigor in the Caribbean, and many aspects of modern Latin popular dance and music can be traced ultimately to the Cuban contradanza and Puerto Rican danza. Caribbean scholars, recognizing the importance of the contradance and quadrille complex, have produced several erudite studies of some of these genres, especially as flourishing in the Spanish Caribbean. However, these have tended to be narrowly focused in scope, and, even taken collectively, they fail to provide the panregional perspective that is so clearly needed even to comprehend a single genre in its broader context. Further, most of these pub- lications are scattered in diverse obscure and ephemeral journals or consist of limited-edition books that are scarcely available in their country of origin, not to mention elsewhere.1 Some of the most outstanding studies of individual genres or regions display what might seem to be a surprising lack of familiar- ity with relevant publications produced elsewhere, due not to any incuriosity on the part of authors but to the poor dissemination of works within (as well as 2 Peter Manuel outside) the Caribbean.
    [Show full text]
  • Unicode Alphabets for L ATEX
    Unicode Alphabets for LATEX Specimen Mikkel Eide Eriksen March 11, 2020 2 Contents MUFI 5 SIL 21 TITUS 29 UNZ 117 3 4 CONTENTS MUFI Using the font PalemonasMUFI(0) from http://mufi.info/. Code MUFI Point Glyph Entity Name Unicode Name E262 � OEligogon LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE OE WITH OGONEK E268 � Pdblac LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P WITH DOUBLE ACUTE E34E � Vvertline LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V WITH VERTICAL LINE ABOVE E662 � oeligogon LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OE WITH OGONEK E668 � pdblac LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH DOUBLE ACUTE E74F � vvertline LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH VERTICAL LINE ABOVE E8A1 � idblstrok LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH TWO STROKES E8A2 � jdblstrok LATIN SMALL LETTER J WITH TWO STROKES E8A3 � autem LATIN ABBREVIATION SIGN AUTEM E8BB � vslashura LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH SHORT SLASH ABOVE RIGHT E8BC � vslashuradbl LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH TWO SHORT SLASHES ABOVE RIGHT E8C1 � thornrarmlig LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN LIGATED WITH ARM OF LATIN SMALL LETTER R E8C2 � Hrarmlig LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H LIGATED WITH ARM OF LATIN SMALL LETTER R E8C3 � hrarmlig LATIN SMALL LETTER H LIGATED WITH ARM OF LATIN SMALL LETTER R E8C5 � krarmlig LATIN SMALL LETTER K LIGATED WITH ARM OF LATIN SMALL LETTER R E8C6 UU UUlig LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE UU E8C7 uu uulig LATIN SMALL LIGATURE UU E8C8 UE UElig LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE UE E8C9 ue uelig LATIN SMALL LIGATURE UE E8CE � xslashlradbl LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH TWO SHORT SLASHES BELOW RIGHT E8D1 æ̊ aeligring LATIN SMALL LETTER AE WITH RING ABOVE E8D3 ǽ̨ aeligogonacute LATIN SMALL LETTER AE WITH OGONEK AND ACUTE 5 6 CONTENTS
    [Show full text]
  • Embodying Black Religions in Africa and Its Diasporas Yolanda Covington-Ward & Jeanette S
    embodying black religions in africa and its diasporas yolanda covington-ward & jeanette s. jouili, editors Embodying Black Religions in Africa and Its Diasporas religious cultures of african and african diaspora people Series editors: Jacob K. Olupona, Harvard University, Dianne M. Stewart, Emory University, and Terrence L. Johnson, Georgetown University This book series examines the religious, cultural, and politi cal expressions of African, African American, and African Ca rib bean traditions. Through transnational, cross- cultural, and multidisciplinary approaches to the study of religion, the series investigates the epis- temic bound aries of continental and diasporic religious practices and thought and explores the diverse and distinct ways African- derived religions inform culture and politics. The series aims to establish a forum for imagining the centrality of Black religions in the for- mation of the “New World.” Embodying Black Religions in Africa and Its Diasporas Yolanda Covington- Ward and Jeanette S. Jouili, editors Duke University Press Durham and London 2021 © 2021 duke university press Cover art: Frank Wimberley, All rights reserved Siempre (Always), 1998. Printed in the United States of Amer i ca on acid- free paper ∞ Collage of cut painted paper Proj ect editor: Lisa Lawley with pastel, 22¼ × 27Ð Designed by Courtney Leigh Richardson inches. © Frank Wimberley. Typeset in Whitman and Helvetica Neue by Westchester Courtesy of the artist and Publishing Services. the Saint Louis Art Museum, The Thelma and Bert Ollie Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Memorial Collection, Gift of Names: Covington-Ward, Yolanda, [date] editor. | Jouili, Ronald and Monique Ollie. Jeanette Selma, editor. Title: Embodying Black religions in Africa and its diasporas / Yolanda Covington-Ward and Jeanette S.
    [Show full text]