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Download/CPN-VISION%202020.Pdf (Accessed 15/12/2010) Kent Academic Repository Full text document (pdf) Citation for published version Montanari, Bernadette (2012) A critical analysis of the introduction of essential oil distillation in the High Atlas of Morocco with reference to the role of gendered traditional knowledge. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) thesis, University of Kent. DOI Link to record in KAR http://kar.kent.ac.uk/33560/ Document Version Author's Accepted Manuscript Copyright & reuse Content in the Kent Academic Repository is made available for research purposes. Unless otherwise stated all content is protected by copyright and in the absence of an open licence (eg Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher, author or other copyright holder. Versions of research The version in the Kent Academic Repository may differ from the final published version. Users are advised to check http://kar.kent.ac.uk for the status of the paper. Users should always cite the published version of record. Enquiries For any further enquiries regarding the licence status of this document, please contact: [email protected] If you believe this document infringes copyright then please contact the KAR admin team with the take-down information provided at http://kar.kent.ac.uk/contact.html A critical analysis of the introduction of essential oil distillation in the High Atlas of Morocco with reference to the role of gendered traditional knowledge Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD in Ethnobiology by Bernadette Montanari School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent at Canterbury 2012 Abstract A new decentralisation policy in Morocco in line with international development best practice policies promises a close partnership with local communities to overcome local natural resource degradation, poverty and out-migration. Community-based resource management is believed to enhance these strategies. This thesis investigates and evaluates the mechanisms of implementation for a project to produce essential oil in a Berber community of the High Atlas Mountains, and seeks to examine the role of gendered traditional practices in this context. Using ethnobotanical and anthropological approaches, the research identifies factors that jeopardise the successful implementation of the project. At the macro level, the study suggests that a decentralisation policy claiming to be participatory does not address the central local issues, and does not build on community norms and customs that might better facilitate implementation of the project. It is shown that the aim of the government is not to integrate the community as an equal partner in decision-making, to promulgate local socio-economic development, but rather to act as an employer of a local labour force. Within the community, the project was initially perceived as promising socio- economic leverage, but has so far benefited only a handful of individuals. Local lineage politics and traditional political culture threatens community development. Although these also influence women’s interests, my results show that traditional knowledge practices, especially those of women, are crucial to the success of the enterprise. The study reveals, however, that the community possesses inherent key features that would facilitate community-based resource management. These refer to the communities’ internal organisation, a population eager to earn an income, and an abundance of aromatic and medicinal plants, particularly thyme and lavender, from which a valuable essential oil is extracted. The communities could therefore benefit from the onward sale of these products in the country’s lucrative herbal market. I Acknowledgements This thesis could not have been completed without the co-operation, help and support of many people. In particular, my gratitude goes to the people of El Maghzen and to the eight villages of the Agoundis valley who agreed to host and participate in the study and who, between them, have provided the majority of the field data upon which this thesis is based. In particular, I would like to mention the Aid Abderkrim family, Mohamed, Ijja, Mina, Fatima, Omar, Mustapha, Lhacen and Brahim for being my host family and made it possible to establish myself in El Maghzen. Thank you to Fadma (El Maghzen), Mustapha from Tijrichte, Fouad from Ijoukak, Abdou and Jamal from Marrakech for their effort to conduct interviews with me, often in difficult climatic conditions throughout the valley. Thank you to Said El Badaoui from Ijoukak, Omar Rome, Youssef Hammouzachi from the Department of Water and Forestry, Amour de Riad in Marrakech, Jaafar, Mohamed, Olivier, Vincent, Isabelle Kuc, Marc and Andre Montanari and the whole Montanari family for their support, Fadia Merabet, Diarra Wade, Sannae Hammi, Allae, Kebir, Mohamed Knidiri from the Association Le Grand Atlas, Farid Kassidi, Mohamed Alifriqui, Khalid Bekkouche, Abdelaziz Abbad, Abderrahmane Romane from Semlalia, Faculty of Sciences, University Cadi Ayyad in Marrakech, Michael Mills for his meticulous proof reading. Thank you to the governor of Al Haouz Province and Khadija from the Ministry of Interior in Rabat for speeding up the delivery of my research permits. A very special thank to Professor David Leach from Southern Cross University, Australia, who has permitted the contact with the Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétales appliquées aux Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales, Université Jean Monnet, St Etienne in France, and Professor Laurent Legendre for the phyto-chemical analysis of the essential oils. At the University of Kent, I am most grateful to my supervisor Professor Roy Ellen for his excellent guidance, patience and support throughout, a special thank to Dr Rajindra Puri, Dr Anna Waldstein, Dr Helen Newing, my colleagues from the School of Anthropology and Conservation, Calum Blaikie, Graciela Alcantara Salinas, Oswaldo de Carvalho Jr, Peter Wilkin, Yoshimi Osawa for their support. Thanks to Dr Gary Robinson from the School of Biosciences at the University of Kent, for his advice on essential oil chemistry. II A deep thought goes to my father who passed away just before I left for my fieldwork. A big and special thank to my son Luke who has always encouraged and supported me. I thank my close friends the Brahka family, Patrick Dear, Denise and Richard, my close French friends Ginette, Patrick and Lucienne, Louis and Rosanna for their support. This research would not have been possible without the financial support of the Gen Foundation, the FFWG, the John Ray Trust and the Royal Anthropological Institute. Finally, I dedicate this thesis to all Amazigh people throughout Morocco and the Maghreb in the hope that through enterprise, they may reintegrate their identity and preserve their culture. III Acronyms ABD African Bank of Development ADS Agence de développement solidaire CADEFA Coopérative Agoundis de Développement de l’Environnement Forestier et Agricole CBE Community-based enterprise CBNRM Community-based resource management CBO Community-based organisation CDRT Centre de développement de la région du Tensift CSCM Conference of Security and Cooperation in the Mediterranean DPA Direction départementale de l’agriculture EU European Union ESW Economic and sectorial work ENP European Neighbourhood Policy DREFF Direction régionale des Eaux et Forets FEM Fonds Environnement Mondial FIDA Fonds International de développement de l’Agriculture FSD Fonds Saoudien pour le développement FTA Free trade area GEF Global Environment Facility GDP Gross Domestic Product GTZ German society for technical cooperation HCP Haut Commissariat au plan HCEFLCD High Commissioner of Water and Forestry and Fight against Desertification HCEFLCD Haut Commissariat aux Eaux et Forêts et à la Lutte Contre la Désertification HPLC high performance liquid chromatography IFAD International fund for agricultural development IMF International Monetary Fund INDH Initiative Nationale de développement humain IRD Institut de recherche et de développement INRA Institut national de recherche pour l’agriculture IRCAM Institut royal de la culture Amazigh MAP Medicinal and aromatic plants MDG Millennium Development Goals MPC Mediterranean partner countries MSA Moroccan standard Arabic ODECO Office du développement et de la coopération PAN Plan d’action National de lutte contre la désertification PNUD Programme des nations unies pour le développement TCM Traditional Chinese medicine TNP Toubkal National Park UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization WB World Bank WHO World Health Organization UNIFEM Fonds des Nations Unies pour la Femme UNOPS United Nations Office for Project Services IV USFTA US Free trade agreements US United States V Table of contents CHAPTER 1: Introduction Pages 1-17 1.1 Development theory and practice 1.2 Aims and objectives 1.3 The research location: El Maghzen, Agoundis Valley, High Atlas Mountains 1.4 Development issues in remote areas 1.5 Community-based resource management 1.6 Indigenous enterpreneurship 1.7 From community-based natural resource management to indigenous entrepreneurship 1.8 The organisation of the thesis CHAPTER 2: Decentralisation of Natural Resource Management Pages 18-38 and Development in a Moroccan Context 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Deconcentration and political decentralisation 2.3 Decentralisation and its worldwide implication 2.4 Accountability and political articulation 2.5 Corruption 2.6
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