Educating for Democracy in Australian Schooling: Towards a Secular Global Age Through an Inquiry Into the Religious
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Educating for democracy in Australian schooling: towards a secular global age through an inquiry into the religious By Audrey Challis Statham B.A.(Hons) (Durham University), B.A.(Hons) (Oxford University) A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ii University of Divinity nd 2 January 2014 Abstract This thesis examines how the Australian Values Framework does not appear to be actualising UNESCO’s call to promote a particular notion of democracy which they consider as necessary in order to pursue world peace. Specific consideration is given to religious groups which do not appear to be included as legitimate participants of values formation in the Australian context through the Australian Values Framework. The major approach of this research is theoretical. The main theorists that this inquiry engages with are philosopher and educator, John Dewey, and theologian, Stanley Hauerwas, because these are argued to be highly relevant for evaluating different interpretations of democracy in light of the concerns of a religious perspective. The separate chapters of this thesis address distinct dimensions of the Australian context in order to find out how they might be understood in such a way as to be valuable for engaging with UNESCO’s aspiration to realise world peace through a particular conception of democracy. This particular understanding of democracy is one that is inclusive of all groups globally – including those who are religious. Chapter One examines the concept of the secular. Chapter Two examines aims of mass schooling in a secular context. Chapter Three explores different understandings of democracy. Chapter Four undertakes an analysis of the Australian Values Framework. Chapter Five examines a religious response to the Australian Values Framework. Chapter Six iii explores an understanding of democracy as a personal way of life at the heart of which is an understanding of values as an activity of valuation. This study finds that there is an intrinsic relation between inclusive democracy, secularism and education and that all three of these together necessarily promote participation in political life for all groups, including the religious and the non-religious together, in order that UNESCO’s aspiration for world peace might become actualised. iv Declaration I hereby declare that this PhD thesis entitled "Educating for democracy in Australian schooling: towards a secular global age through an inquiry into the religious" is my own work and where reference is made to the work of others, due acknowledgment is given. It contains no material that has been submitted previously, in whole or in part, for the award of any other degree or diploma, to any university or institution. Signed ………………………………………… Audrey Statham 2nd January 2014 v Acknowledgements This thesis is the product of countless conversations with many people over many years and I am grateful to more than just the few individuals that I thank here. I owe a huge debt of gratitude to my principal supervisor, Dr. R. Scott Webster of Deakin University. My conversations with Scott have been a rich resource that I have drawn on in writing this thesis. I could not have brought it to completion without his vision, guidance and confidence in my work. I wish to thank Professor Maryanne Confoy SCR of the Jesuit Theological College, who took on the role of associate supervisor and Revd. Dr. Timothy Gaden, principal supervisor for my MTheol. It was Tim who first drew my attention to the National Framework for Values Education in Australian Schools and who guided me through my upgrade panel and the initial stages of my doctorate. I am grateful to the University of Divinity for granting my several requests for extensions and to the Australian Research Theology Foundation for awarding me two research grants. I also owe a debt of thanks to my late Great Aunts, Marjorie and Cecily Statham, who had an abiding interest in education, and in the education of women in particular. Finally, it has been my good fortune to have been participating – long before I could talk – in an ongoing dialogue with two people who taught me to speak three languages, Tongan, English and ‘Christian’. It would be an understatement to say that this thesis vi would not have been possible without the support and encouragement of my parents, Nigel and Melenaite Statham, whose wholehearted commitment to, and wonder at being in a world that did not have to be, has been a continual source of inspiration to me. The people whom I have thanked gave me rich materials to work with but the responsibility for any shortcomings in this thesis is mine alone. vii Table of Contents Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... ii Declaration ............................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. v Table of Contents .................................................................................................................... vii Preface ....................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 4 Chapter One – Education in a secular society ..................................................................... 14 1.1 The concept of ‘a secular society’ ............................................................................... 14 The concept of ‘secular’ ................................................................................................ 15 The concept of ‘society’ ................................................................................................. 33 The concept of ‘the nation-state’ .................................................................................. 39 The concept of ‘democracy’ .......................................................................................... 43 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 60 Chapter Two – Aims of mass schooling ............................................................................... 62 2.1 The case of England and Wales .................................................................................. 62 2.2 Aims .............................................................................................................................. 72 Moral .............................................................................................................................. 73 Political ........................................................................................................................... 77 Economic ........................................................................................................................ 80 Educational .................................................................................................................... 83 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 106 Chapter Three – Inquiry into citizenship .......................................................................... 108 3.1 Liberal communitarian debate ................................................................................. 108 3.2 Conceptions of citizenship ........................................................................................ 116 Neutralist liberalism ................................................................................................... 117 ‘New Right’ liberalism ................................................................................................. 122 Liberal virtue theory ................................................................................................... 129 Civil society theory ...................................................................................................... 137 Classical civic republicanism ...................................................................................... 140 Nationalism .................................................................................................................. 144 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 150 viii Chapter Four – The National Framework for Values Education in Australian Schools 152 4.1 The context of Australian schooling ........................................................................ 152 The Australian system of schooling ........................................................................... 156 Values education and faith schools ............................................................................ 159 Values education and Australian ‘culture and history wars’ ................................... 171 Values education and citizenship ............................................................................... 176 Values education and morality ................................................................................... 185 Values education in Australian schooling (2002-2009) .........................................