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The Speculum of Divine Justice and Obedience in Christian and Islamic Mirrors for Princes Sep 26 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara ! ! The Speculum of Divine Justice and Obedience in Christian and Islamic Mirrors for Princes ! ! A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Religious Studies ! by ! Maria del Rosario Jazmín Puignau ! ! Committee in charge: Professor Juan Campo, Chair Professor Stefania Tutino Professor Kathleen Moore ! ! December 2014 The dissertation of Maria del Rosario! Jazmín Puignau is approved. ! ! ! ! ! ____________________________________________________________ Juan Campo, Committee Chair ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ____________________________________________________________ Kathleen Moore ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ____________________________________________________________ Stefania Tutino ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! September 2014 Acknowledgments This study on the theological anxiety of political principles reflects my personal anxiety regarding the legitimate origin of authority and its commitment with justice. Although my original intention was to show the rebellious stream in the traditional views of Christianity and Islam, I finally negotiated into a more moderate approach to both traditions showing the struggle between the competing political and theological principles of justice and obedience. Although all this discussion on justice and the questioning of authority may sound rebellious, this dissertation took shape and was finished while building a more traditional project: my !beautiful family. I want to thank my committee, and especially to acknowledge the role of my mentor and advisor, Professor Juan Campo, who trusted and encouraged my self motivation and my capacity to overcome difficulties. His calm but acute synthesis of Christianity and Islam has always been inspiring. I would also like to thank Professor Kathleen Moore. I have had the pleasure to learn from her analysis of the traditions of Islamic law in modern political systems, as well as from her work in the interfaith dialogue Initiative. I am indebted also to Professor Stefania Tutino for illuminating classic Christian texts with the sparkles of the tension between submission and revolution. Professor Tutino is a model scholar for women in the field of medieval Christian political theory. I also would like to mention the fruitful experiences of the interfaith dialogue encounters organized by the Kuftaro Foundation in Damascus, Syria, where I experienced the discussion of key values of monotheistic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam). I owe my gratitude to Dr. Amanda Stansell for helping me editing and coping with my awkward translations from different languages. Special thanks is due to my friend and colleague Dr. Sonia Zuñiga-Lomeli, for her constant support and advice. She gave me the strength to cope with times of trial at the final stages of this !dissertation and provided invaluable critical feedback. Lastly I would like to thank my family, especially Marcos and my little son Marcos Matias for their continuous support, and for dealing with my level of anxiety while writing this dissertation. This study is lovingly dedicated to my mother Margarita and grandmother Nicasia Margarita. Both of them taught me obedience and respect for authority, although conditional to its values. But most importantly, they taught me to strive for unconditional justice, no matter the problems and setbacks this search may cause in this life. To the memory of my father who I did not meet, but whose travels from Latin America to the Middle East, and whose readings of the Qurʾān inspired me. #iii VITA OF MARIA DEL ROSARIO JAZMÍN PUIGNAU September! 2014 !Education PhD, Department of Religious Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara Primary: Islamic and Christian Political Theology; Secondary: Quranic Studies, !September 2014, expected MA, Political and Economical Strategy, National Center of High Strategic Studies, Ministry of Defense, Montevideo, Uruguay !December 2003 BA, Political Science, University of the Republic School of Political Science, Montevideo, Uruguay !December 2002 Center for Arabic Study Abroad, Damascus, Syria Courses on Classic and Modern Arabic !(June-September 2008) Sheikh Ahamad Kuftaro University, Damascus, Syria Courses on Classic Arabic, Quranic Studies !(June-September 2007) Institut Français du Proche-Orient, Damascus, Syria Courses on Classic and Modern Arabic !(June-August 2007) Magister Theology, Instituto Teológico Mons. Mariano Soler-Gregorian University of Rome, Montevideo, Uruguay December 1996 ! Work Experience Santa Barbara City College Language Instructor (Arabic and Italian) Santa Barbara, CA (2007-Present) #iv ! University of California, Santa Barbara Teaching Associate, Department of Religious Studies, Santa Barbara, CA !(July-August 2011) University of California, Santa Barbara Assistant Librarian-Researcher, Middle East Area Studies Santa Barbara, CA !(2006-2007) Universidad Abierta Interamericana Teaching Associate, Social Sciences School, Buenos Aires, AR !(2002-2005) The National Bureau of State Intelligence, Ministry of Defense Assistantship in Economic Analysis and Regional Integration Montevideo, Uruguay !(May-November 2001) Publications MA Thesis, “Security and its Most Important Threat: Terrorism: A Clash of Legitimacies?” (Montevideo, National Center of High Strategic Studies, Ministry of Defense, !2003) Languages • Spanish (Fluent) • English (Fluent) • Italian (Advanced High) • Arabic (Advanced High) !• French (Intermediate) Fellowships and Awards • CASA (Center for Arabic Study Abroad) Fellowship 2008, Damascus, Syria. • Professor Charles Wendell Memorial Award 2007-2008, Academic Achievement in the Field of Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies. • Philip & Aida Siff Fellowship 2011-2012. #v • UCSB Affiliates Graduate Dissertation Fellowships 2012-2013 • Humanities & Social Sciences Research Grant. 2012-2013 • Lynn Wilcoxon Award 2012-2013 • Extramural Fellowship 2013-2014 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! #vi Abstract The Speculum of Divine Justice and Obedience in Christian and Islamic Mirrors for Princes by Maria del Rosario Jazmín Puignau ! Most contemporary scholarship affirms that the Christian and Islamic medieval political imperative was about the preservation of order and stability. We considered this characterization insufficient, given the treatment of the concept of religious and political justice by medieval thinkers in both traditions. In fact, Christian and Islamic political theologies stress that the rulers of their respective communities should ‘mirror’ divine justice. They also emphasize the need to obey the ruler for the sake of preserving order in their societies. The present study then argues that there is an inconsistency between the emphases on political obedience on the one hand, and the religious imperative of political justice on the other. As a result, Islamic and Christian thought is permeated with a certain degree of anxiety that made more than one Muslim or Christian author uncomfortable. This dissertation is a study of such anxiety. We first survey the influence of Greek and Persian philosophical heritage, centered in harmony and stability for both traditions, as found in the Eastern political concept of the “Circle of Justice.” Second, we contrast this influence with the religious meaning of justice as religious righteousness, a theological imperative found in both traditions, and represented in Islam under the maxim of “commanding good and forbidding evil.” To do so, we focus on Christian and Islamic Mirrors for Princes up to the 16th century, #vii a literary genre known as part of the political and theological discourse in both traditions. The major contribution of this study is to show the commonalities in Christian and Islamic political theology, particularly in their treatment of the key religious and political values of justice and obedience. #viii Table Of Contents ! INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………. 1 Choosing a Field: Political Theology……………………………………………… 5 Methodological Anxieties: The Comparison of Influences……………………….. 8 ! CHAPTER 1: THE METAPHOR OF THE SPECULUM IN CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM: SETTING BOUNDARIES FOR THE GENRE MIRRORS FOR PRINCES…….. 16 Theological Reflections……………………………………….…………………… 17 Does the Mirror As a Theological Image Have Its Reflection in Islam?………….. 29 The Limits of the Reflection………………………………….……………………. 42 ! CHAPTER 2: THE KING AS A MIRROR: CHRISTIAN AND ISLAMIC DISCUSSION OF KINGSHIP AND ROYAL AUTHORITY….…………………. 57 Tensions concerning the notion of Kingship………..…………………………….. 59 Part One: The Mirror-Image for Rulership: Reflections of the Ruler as “Sun”, “Light”, and “Shadow” of God on Earth…………..……………………… 68 Whose Vicar, Whose Authority?……………….…………………………………. 77 The Ruler’s Virtues: Above Humanity……………………….…………………… 85 The Sacred Nature of Rulership……………………………….…………………. 91 Other Symbols of Sacredness: Crown, Veil, Coinage, Throne………….……….. 96 Part Two: The Counter-Tradition: the Ruler’s Accountability and the Heavy Burden of Ruling: The King as a Shepherd….……….….……. 98 The Ruler and Law: Embodying It, Facing It……………………………………… 102 The King and Justice: Embodying It, Facing It…………………….….………….. 108 ! CHAPTER THREE: THEOLOGICAL AND POLITICAL JUSTICE………………….. 112 Justice in the Christian Scriptures………………………………………………….. 113 Justice in the Quran…………………………………………..…………………… 120 #ix Theological and Political Justice in Medieval Times……………………….…….. 127 Medieval Christianity and Justice……………………………………….………… 128 Medieval Islam and Justice……………………………………….……………….. 140 Justice in the Middle Eastern
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