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Home , Anushilan Samiti, Bakht Khan, Chauri Chaura incident, French India, Tatya Tope

Entry of Colonial Powers in (17th - 19th centuries)

www.classmateacademy.com 218 After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, European sailors start looking for alternative routes to Asia.

‘Daccai Muslin: Sometimes, foreign travellers also used to refer to it as malmal

shahi or malmal khas implying that it was worn by, or fit for, the royalty Vasco da Gama reaches India in 1498.

www.classmateacademy.com 219 Europe starts building strong trade routes to India. Goa is colonized.

www.classmateacademy.com 220 www.classmateacademy.com 221 Portugal, Netherlands, , Denmark and England all setup trading posts.

www.classmateacademy.com 222 Advent of Europeans Portugese English 1498-Vosco-da-gama lands in 1599-English Calicut 1609-John Hawkins in court of Jahangir Fransis –de –almeida(1505- 1613-First 1509) 1615-sir Thomas Roe ,Jehangir grants First governor permission to erect factories Alfonso-de-Albuquerque Factories –Mauslipatnam(1611), Second governor and capture Acquisition of bombay-1688 of Goa Sultanuti,Kalikakata and GovindPur Fort William-1700 Dutch St.george -1602 French Factories- French East india company-1664 Masulipatnam(1605),Pulicat(1610), 1 factory-Surat,Masulipatnam Surat(1616) Dupleix-1742 Nagapatnam(1658) Anglo-French Conflict ,carnatic Nagapatnam main base wars Battle of Bedara(1759) final defeat Danish Danish East India Company-1616 Serampur(),Tranquebar(Tamil Nadu www.classmateacademy.com Left in 1845,sold to british 223 East India Company is one the first modern Corporation. It entered India as a trading company in 1612 after Jahangir allowed them.

www.classmateacademy.com 224 The Company gets a lot of natural harbors that are unutilized by the native rulers who ignore navy.

In 1668 England got Bombay as a dowry from Portugal (after the royal wedding of Charles II). The company gets permission to setup factory in Madras after Vijayanagara kings give permission.

www.classmateacademy.com 225 www.classmateacademy.com 226 Later Mughals

Bhadur Shah-1(1707-1712) • Peace with Gobind Singh Shah Alam-2(1759-06) • Released Shahu,Granted Sardeshmukhi to • 1761-Battle of Panipat -3 Marthas • 1764 – • Defeated Banda Bahadur

Jahandar Shah(1712-13) Bahadur Shah(1837-62) • Ascended with the help of Zulfikar Khan • Confined only to red fort • Abolished Jiziya • Proclaimed Emperor in 1857

Farrukh Siyar (1713-1719) • Sayyid Brothers(King makers) Shah(1719-1748) • Rangeela Khan • Nadir Shah Raided India ,Peacock Throne • Independent Kingdoms • (Nizam-ul-Mulk) • Bengal(Murshid Quli Khan) • Awadh(Saddat Khan)

www.classmateacademy.com 227 www.classmateacademy.com 228 www.classmateacademy.com 229 www.classmateacademy.com 230 www.classmateacademy.com 231 : European rivalries enter India. France nationalizes Company.

www.classmateacademy.com 232 - an officer at the East India Company has grand plans.

www.classmateacademy.com 233 In 1756, the new of Bengal captures Calcutta from the Company.

The Black Hole of Calcutta - where the Nawab held English prisoners creates huge flutter in England.

www.classmateacademy.com 234 1757:

Clive buys out Bengali aristocrats: Jagat Seth & Mir Jafar

www.classmateacademy.com 235 The Consolidation of English Rule

Battle of Plassey-1757 English (Robert Clive) Vs Nawab of Bengal (Siraj-ud-Daula) Marathas • Mir Jafar • First Anglo-Maratha war-1775-82 • • Treaty of Bassein Battle of Buxar-1764 Baji Rao-2 and English English(Munro) Vs Mir Qasim,Shuja-ud-Daula • Second Anglo-maratha war-1803-05 ,Shah Alam • Last Anglo Mysore war 1817-19 • Treaty of Allahabad -1765 • Grant of Diwani-Dual Government

Mysore(1761-1799) Sikhs • Founder 13 Misls (Sukcheria ) • First Mysore War-1767 • 1801 comes to power Treaty of Madras Treaty of Amritsar-1809 • Second Mysore war-1780 First Anglo Sikh war-1845 Treaty of Mangalore • Treaty of • Third Mysore war-1790-92 Second Anglo Sikh war -1848-49 Tipu vs English,Marathas,Nizam Treaty of Seringapatnam • Fourth Mysore war -1799

www.classmateacademy.com 236 By 1800, the only impediment to the Company was a loose confederation of Marathas.

www.classmateacademy.com 237 Tippu Sultan of Mysore uses Rocket Warfare for the first time in human history. The defeat of his ally Napoleon in Waterloo messes up with his plan.

www.classmateacademy.com 238 Most Indian kingdoms slowly fall, unable to tackle the industrial prowess of the Company

Ahom kingdom Sikh Empire 1226-1820 1799-1849

www.classmateacademy.com 239 1772: Capital shifted to

Calcutta by

www.classmateacademy.com 240 Company Rule Begins(1757-1857)

Stages of Land Revenue Settlements First stage of Mercantilism(1757-1813) Zamindari system • Monopoly of Trade • Lord Cornwallis-1793,Bengal • Direct Seizure of Power ,N.Circars. Second stage of Laizze Fairism (1813- Royatwari system 1860) • Sir Thomas Munro-1820, • made sub-ordinate trading • Elphinstone-Madras partner which would export raw Mahalwari Syatem materials and import manufactured • Zamindari +Mahalwari goods • William Bentick-Regulation • Transformation of all aspects under the • R.M Bird-Father of Land guise of development and Settlement in Northern India. modernization Third Stage OF Finance (1860- 1947) • Export of capital by imperial countries to • Intense struggle among industrialized countries for new markets .

www.classmateacademy.com 241 GOVERNORS-GENERAL AND VICEROYS OF INDIA:SIGNIFICANT EVENTS IN THEIR RULE

Warren Hastings 1773-1785

• Regulating Act of 1773. • Pitt’s India Act of 1784 • The First Maratha War in 1775-85 and the Treaty of Salbai in 1782. • Second Mysore War in 1780-84. • Foundation of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (1784) Lord Cornwallis 1786-1793 • Third Mysore War (1790-92) and Treaty of Seringapatam (1792). • Cornwallis Code (1793) incorporating several judicial reforms, and separation of revenue administration and civil jurisdiction. • Permanent Settlement of Bengal, • Europeanisation of administrative machinery and introduction of civil services. Lord Wellesley 1798-1805 • Introduction of the Subsidiary Alliance System (1798); first alliance with Nizam of Hyderabad. • Fourth Mysore War (1799). • Second Maratha War (1803-05). • Treaty of Bassein (1802).

www.classmateacademy.com 242 Consequences of Company Rule Millions perish in dozens of famines.

www.classmateacademy.com 243 Lord Minto I 1807-1813 • Treaty of Amritsar with Ranjit Singh (1809).

Lord Hastings 1813-1823 • Anglo-Nepal War (1814-16) and the Treaty of Sagauli, 1816. • Third Maratha War (1817-19) and dissolution of Maratha Confederacy; creation of (1818). • Establishment of Ryotwari System by Thomas Munro, governor of Madras (1820).

Lord Amherst 1823-1828 • First Burmese War (1824-1826).

Lord William Bentinck 1828-1835 • Abolition of sati and other cruel rites (1829). • Suppression of thugi (1830). • Charter Act of 1833 • Resolution of 1835, and educational reforms and introduction of English as the official language.

Lord Metcalfe 1835-1836 • New press law removing restrictions on the press in India.

www.classmateacademy.com 244 Lord Dalhousie 1848-1856

• Introduction of the Doctrine of Lapse and annexation of Satara (1848), Jaitpur and Sambhalpur (1849), (1852), (1853), Nagpur (1854) and Awadh (1856).

• “Wood’s (Charles Wood, President of the Board of Control)Educational Despatch” of 1854 and opening of Anglo-vernacular schools and government colleges.(1857 universities)

• Railway Minute of 1853; and laying down of first railway line connecting Bombay and Thane in 1853.

• Telegraph (4000 miles of telegraph lines to connect Calcutta with Bombay, Madras and Peshawar) and postal (Post Office Act, 1854) reforms

• Ganges canal declared open (1854); establishment of separate Public works department in every province.

• Widow Remarriage Act (1856)

www.classmateacademy.com 245 Some positives: Social Reforms takes off too.

Raja (father of modern India) and others lead social reforms in India to abolish Sati (Widow burning) and allow widow remarriage.

www.classmateacademy.com 246 Religious and Social Reform Movements

Betterment of Position of Women Degraded position due to Legislative Measures for Women • Purdah system • Bengal Regulation (1829) banning sati • Early marriage • Bengal Regulations (1795, 1804)- • Lack of education declaring infanticide illegal. • Unequal rights in marriage, divorce, • Hindu Widow’s Remarriage Act, 1856. inheritance • Age of Consent Act, 1891 • Polygamy • Sarda Act, 1930 • Female infanticide • Restrictions on widow remarriage • Sati • STRUGGLE AGAINST CASTE- BASED EXPLOITATION • Factors Undermining Caste Rigidities Forces unleashed by colonial administration • Social reform movements National movement ’s campaign against untouchability Stirrings among lower castes due to better education and employment www.classmateacademy.comFree India’s Constitution 247

By 1857 most of India is under the company or company’s dependents.

www.classmateacademy.com 248 Important Personalities

Bengal Raja Rammohan Roy and Brahmo Samaj • Sabad Kaumudi,Mirat-ul-Akbar,Percepts of Jesus(1820) • Hindu college (1817),Vedanta college(1825) RadhaKanth Deb • Dharma Sabha Debendranath Tagore • Tattvabodhini Sabha,Tatva bhodini Patrika • Adi Brahmo samaj Keshub Chandra Sen • Brahmo Samaj of India , Sadharna Brahmo samaj Derozio • Young Bengal Movement Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar • Widow Remarriage,,Bethune Schools Swami vivekanada • Ramakrishan mission (1897),Ramakrishna Math(1886) Dayanand Saraswati (1875),Satyarth Prakash-Back to Vedas,DAV schools-1886(Lahore) Shuddhi movement

www.classmateacademy.com 249 Western India Prarthana Samaj(Atmaram Pandurang) • MG Ranade,RG Bhandarkar

Bal Shastri Jambekar • Bombay,Darpan

Jyotiba phule • Satyashodhak Samaj(1873) • Sarvajanik satya Dharma and Ghulamgiri

Gopalhari Deshmukh ‘Lokahitawadi’ • IF RELIGION DOES NOT SANCTION SOCIAL REFORMS CHANGE THE RELIGION

Gopal Krishna Gokhale • Servants of India Society(1905),Srinivas Shastri NM JOSHI • Social Service league,AITUC(1920) Beharamji Malabari • Seva sadan-women upliftment Shiva Narayan Agnihotri • Deva samaj –Deva shaastra Theosophical movement • Madame Blavatsky,MS olcott • Annie Beasant -1898,Central Hindu College-1898 www.classmateacademy.com 250

Southern India • Sri Narayana Dharma Paripalana Movement-Temple entry,Government recruitment • One caste One god One religion Self-respect Movement • E.V Ramaswamy Naicker Indian Social Conference MG ranade,since 1887 it started mmeting with 1887 Theosophical Movement • AMONG MUSLIMS Wahabi/Walliullah Movement • Shah Abdul Aziz and Syed Ahmed Barelvi Ahmadiya Movement • Mirza Ghulam ahmed Syed Ahmed Khan • Syed Ahmed Khan-Mao college (1875),Tahdhib-ul-Akhlaq Deoband Movement • Qasim Nanovatavi and Rashid Ahmed Ganghoi • AMONG PARSIS Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha • DadabhaiNaroji,Naoroji Furdonji,KR Cama,SS Bengalee,Rast Goftar • AMONG SIKHS Singh Sabha Movement Akali Movement

www.classmateacademy.com 251 Civilian and Tribal Uprisings against company

Eastern India Western India • Sanyasi Revolt • Bhils Uprising Bengal-1770- Khandesh- • Chuar Uprising • Ramosi Uprising Bengal-1766-72 Satara-1822-Chittur Singh • Kol Mutiny Chota nagpur-1831 • Santhal Rising Rajmahal hills-1855-Sidhu &kanhoo • Khasi uprising Khasi-1833-Tirath singh • Rampa Revolt • Munda Revolt Northern circars-Koya -1922- Chotanagpur-1899. Alluri Sitaramaraju Khuntkatti system-Birsamunda- Chota Nagpur Tenancy act,1908 • Oraons Chotanagpur-1914- Bhagat

www.classmateacademy.com 252 www.classmateacademy.com 253 www.classmateacademy.com 254 In 1857, Indians would strike back... ending the company forever...

www.classmateacademy.com 255 First War of Indian Independence (1857).

www.classmateacademy.com 256 10 May 1857. Sepoys Mutiny in

Suspect there might be beef or pork coating in the cartridge. Compounded resentment from serving on overseas battles.

www.classmateacademy.com 257 11th May. Mutiny spreads to . Indian troops capture Delhi.

www.classmateacademy.com 258 Rani Laxmibai: Denied throne on basis of the “Doctrine of Lapse”. Widespread hatred in royalty.

Awadh, Jhansi, and were soon up in rebelling.

Tatya Tope of Maratha territory was trying to coordinate the attack.

www.classmateacademy.com 259 A large number of Indian states join the mutiny.

www.classmateacademy.com 260 India’s native rivalries and suspicious soon dominate

• Sikhs were angry at the eastern Indians for not helping them out during their war with the English. Also, they feared the resurrection of Mughals. Thus they sided the British.

• With the help of Sikh, Gurkha and Pathan regiments, East Indian company ends the first war of Indian Independence.

www.classmateacademy.com 261 Mutineers executed

www.classmateacademy.com 262 Revolt of 1857

Reasons • Economic Failure • Social • Military Effects • Political

CENTRES OF REVOLT AND LEADERS Delhi - General Kanpur - Lucknow - - Khan Bahadur Bihar - Faizabad - Maulvi Ahmadullah Jhansi - Rani Laxmibai

www.classmateacademy.com 263 Bahadur Shah: Last of Indian Mughals is exiled to Burma

www.classmateacademy.com 264 www.classmateacademy.com 265 www.classmateacademy.com 266 Charter Acts ,Rule of Company

Regulating act,1773 • The beginning of parliamentary control • Governor of Bengal made governor general • Supreme court at Fort William. Pitts India Act,1784 • Governors council strength reduced to 3 • Company territories were called “the British possessions of India” Charter Act 1813 • Company's monopoly of trade with India ended. • Missionaries allowed to preach in India. Charter Act,1833 • Governor of Bengal made Governor-general of India,complete transfer to Governor general of India • Indian be allowed to recruitment under the crown. Charter Act,1853 • Last charter act • Indian civil services opened for all 1858,Act • Indian Administration taken over by British Crown • Viceroy and secretary of state created • Governors council is divided in to two parts (Executive,Legislature(6))

www.classmateacademy.com 267

British Queen takes over India from the Company after 100 years of rule

www.classmateacademy.com 268 India’s fight for Independence (1857 - 1947).

www.classmateacademy.com 269 Transportation systems that helped the British rule better.

1869: Suez Canal 1853: Indian Railways

www.classmateacademy.com 270 The Struggle Begins (1858-1905)

Reasons • Understanding of contradictions in Indian Asiatic Society of Bengal-1784 and colonial interests • William Jones-Abhijnanashakuntalam • Political, administrative and economic • Charles Wilkins-Bhagavadgita unification of the country • Western thought and education Bombay Asiatic Society-1804 • Role of press and literature Asiatic society of Great Britain-1823 • Rediscovery of India’s past-historical • Max Muller –sacred books of East researches. • Vincent Arthur Smith-Early history of • Rise of middle class intelligentsia. India • Impact of contemporary movements world • Ramakrishna Bhandarkar-Ashoka And wide Ancient Indian • Reactionary policies and racial arrogance of • R.C Majumdar-History & culture of rulers

www.classmateacademy.com 271 Drain of Wealth:

Dadabhai Naoroji-Poverty and UnBritish rule in India. • Home charges • Remittances to England by officials. B.H. Baden-Powell’s The Land Systems of British India, also in two volumes.

R.C Dutt’s : Economic ,

Suez Canal : 1869

“India is the pivot of our Empire... If the Empire loses any other part of its Dominion we can survive, but if we lose India, the sun of our Empire will have set.”

Victor Alexander Vruce, the Viceroy of British India in 1894 www.classmateacademy.com 272 Governors from 1855 to 1905

Lord Canning 1858-1862 Transfer of control from East India Company to the Crown, the Government of India Act, 1858.

Indian Councils Act of 1861. • Viceroy should nominate Indians as Non-Official members ,1862 Raja of Benaras,the Maharaja of Patiala and Sir Dinakar rao • Decentralisation to Madras and Bengal Provinces, creation of Legislative councils in Bengal, Punjab etc

Lord Lytton 1876-1880 • Famine of 1876-78 affecting Madras, Bombay, Mysore, Hyderabad, parts of central India and Punjab; appointment of Famine Commission under the president of Richard Strachey (1878). • Royal Titles Act (1876), Queen Victoria assuming the title of ‘Kaiser-i-Hind’ or Queen Empress of India. • The Vernacular Press Act (1878). • The Arms Act (1878) • The Second Afghan War (1878-80).

www.classmateacademy.com 273 Indian Press Evolution

• 1780-Bengal gazette or Hickeys Gazette(J.A Hickey ) • 1818-Samachar Darpan (vernacular newspaper)-Williamward,WilliamCarey and Joshua Marshman

• 1866-Reuters

• Perozshah Mehta-Bombay Chronicle • Madam Mohan Malviya-The leader • Gandhi-YoungIndia(english),Navajivan(Gujarati weekly)

Licensing regulation Act 1823 by John Adam Every publisher should get a license from the government, defaulters would be fined Rs 400 and the press would be ceased by the government. Government has right to cancel the license. Charles Metcalf abolished the Act.

www.classmateacademy.com 274 Evolution of Civil services :

• Covenanted civil services by Lord Corn wallis

• Fort William college(1800) later replaced by Haileybury college

• Open competitive examination ,1853 Age-23,Indian Civil service(1861,steel frame) 21(1866),19(1876) Satyendranath Tagore (1863)

• Aitchinson Commission(1886) Provincial Civil services

www.classmateacademy.com 275 Lord Ripon 1880-1884

• Repeal of the Vernacular Press Act (1882).

• The first Factory Act (1881) to improve labour conditions.

• Appointement of Education Commission under chairmanship of Sir William Hunter (1882).

• The Ilbert Bill controversy (1883-84)

Lord Dufferin 1884-1888 • Establishment of the .

Lord Lansdowne 1888-1894 • Factory Act (1891) • Categorisation of civil services into imperial, provisional and subordinate.

• Indian Councils Act (1892).

www.classmateacademy.com 276 Factories In India :

• 1853-Cotton Mills ,Bombayby CowsjeeNanabhoy

• 1855-Jute Mills,Clacutta

• 1845-Coal Fields

• 1874-Smelting of Ironore

• 1905-TISCO

• 1881(First) ,children between 7-12 yrs of age cannot be employed more than 9 hrs

• 1891(second),weekly holiday,women working hours(11hrs) work for children 7 hrs

• FICCI,1927 (1st head was Purshottamdas Thakurdas)

www.classmateacademy.com 277 Political Organisations and Establishment of Congress Congress-1885 • A.O Hume at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit 1866- East India Association college • Dada Bhai Naoroji,London All present except Surendranath 1875- Indian League Benerjee

• SisirKumarGhosh • EARLY NATIONALIST METHODOLOGY 1876- Indian Association of Calcutta Constitutional agitation within four walls of law • Ananda Mohan Bose,Surendranath Create public opinion in India and campaign for Benerjee support to Indian demands in England 1867- Poona sarvajanik Sabha Political education of people • MG Ranade Political connections with Britain in India’s 1885- Bombay Presidency Association interests at that stage • Badruddin Tyabji,PherozShahMehta Tie not ripe for direct challenge to colonial rule 1884- Madras Mahajan Sabha • M.Viraraghavachari,B.Subramanyam • CONTRIBUTIONS OF MODERATE Aiyer&P.AnandaCharulu NATIONALISTS Economic critique of British imperialism Constitutional reforms and propaganda in legislature Campaign for general administrative reforms Defence of civil rights www.classmateacademy.com 278 In 1885 Indians come together to form the Indian National Congress.

www.classmateacademy.com 279 End of Company Rule ,The Direct Rule begins-(1858-1947)

Act of 1858 • Indian Administration Taken Over by British Crown. • Viceroy as Crowns representative Office of Secretary of state and council of India Created

Indian councils ,Act 1861 • Legislative councils established at the centre and in the presidencies and provinces • Councils to include non-official members.

Indian Councils Act,1892 • Number of Indians(Non-Officials increased ,but official majority maintained ) • Some non-officials were to be appointed on recommendation of provincial legislative councils (in direct election ) • Enlarged the size and functions of central and provincial councils • The council to have right to discuss budget under certain conditions Members of council granted right to ask questions.

www.classmateacademy.com 280 Militant Nationalism (1905-1918)

WHY MILITANT NATIONALISM GREW • Realization that the true nature of British rule was exploitative, and that the Government, instead of conceding more, was taking away even what existed. • Growth of self-confidence and self-respect • Impact of growth of education-increase in awareness and unemployment. • International influences and events which demolished the myth of white/European supremacy. These included • Emergence of Japan-an Asian country-as an industrial power. Abyssinia’s (Ethiopia) victory over Italy. Boer Wars (1899-1902) in which the British faced reverses. Japan’s victory over Russia (1905) • Nationalist movements worldwide. • Reaction to increasing Westernisation. • Dissatisfaction with the achievements of Moderates. • Reactionary policies of Curzon such as the Calcutta Corporation Act (1899) the official Secrets Act (1904) the Indian Universities Act (1904)and partition of Bengal (1905) • Existence of a militant school of thought. • Emergence of trained leadership.

www.classmateacademy.com 281 Turn of 20th century: Congress splits between moderates and radicals

Radicals (wanted full Moderates (wanted to freedom) secure more rights)

Lala Lajpath Rai Bal Ganghadhar Motilal Nehru Gopal Krishna Tilak Gokale

www.classmateacademy.com 282 Extremist Nationalism in Congress and Outside

THE EXTREMIST IDEOLOGY • Hated for foreign rule, Belief in the capacity of masses, Swarajya as goal, Advocacy of direct political action and self-sacrifice

THE SWADESHI AND BOYCOTT MOVEMENT • Began as a reaction to partition of Bengal which became known in 1903, was formally announced in July 1905 and came into force on 16Oct 1905. • Reason –To weaken Nationalist movement, Official reason-Big Provinces Moderate-led anti- partition movement (1903-05) was under Surendranath Banerjea K.K. Mitra,PC.Ray. Methods included public meetings, petitions, memoranda . propaganda through newspapers and pamphlets. The movement under Extremists ( 1905-08) was led by Balgangadhar Tilak, Laipat Rai& Aurobindo Ghosh. • Boycott of foreign cloth ,public meetings and processions. • Emphasis on self-reliance of atma , • National education, • Swadeshi of indigenous enterprises initiating new trends in Indian painting, songs poetry, pioneering research in science and later calling for boycott of schools, colleges, councils, government service, etc. .

www.classmateacademy.com 283 Extremist Leaders-Lal,bal,Pal Ghosh Bal ganghadar Tilak • -Is my birth right and I shall have it. • Kesari,Maharata,Fergussion college . • Went to England to Fight a against -Valentine Chirol Returned back in 1914 AntiPartition to Swadeshi or bande Mataram Movement • Started a no of Schools & colleges • Edited-Punjabee • Book-The Unhappy India Bipin chandra Pal • Bande Mataram- NewsPaper Aurobindo Gosh • 1893-Political Ideology-”New lamps for the world” • Coined words like National Education,passive resistance, “Mother India” Kennedy Murder Case-Deshbandhu Spirituality-Life divine ,Savitri

www.classmateacademy.com 284 www.classmateacademy.com 285 Achievements of Bandemataram movement

• All India Movement • Resurgence of Industry,Culture. Bengal Chemical Industries-P.C Ray • Linguistic Acheivements Rabindra Nath tagore –”Amar Sonar Bangla” • Artistic Contribution Abanindranath Tagore-Bengal Schoool of painting

Surat Split-1907-Split of Congress Lucknow Merger-1916 Lucknow Pact –Congress-League

Home Rule Movement Tilak-Home Rule league-Bombay,Apr,1916 Annie Beasant 1917-Montagu Declaration of Responsible government

www.classmateacademy.com 286 Revolutionary Terrorism

GOVERNMENT ACTS FOR REPRESSIONOF Seditious Meetings Act (1907) Criminal Law (Amendment) Act (1908) Indian Newspapers (Incitement to Offences) Act (1908) Explosive Substances Act (1908) Indian Press Act (1910)

REVOLUTIONARY TERRORISM Younger elements not ready to retreat after the decline of open phase. Leadership’s failure to tap revolutionary energies of the youth. Government repression left no peaceful avenues open for protest.

Ideology Assassinate unpopular officials thus strike terror in hearts of rulers and arouse people to expel the British Physically based on individual heroic actions on lines of Irish nationalists or Russian nihilists and not a mass-based country wide struggle.

www.classmateacademy.com 287 Important Revolutionaries Organisation,Acts

REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITY BEFORE FIRST WORLD WAR Bengal

1902- First revolutionary groups in and Calcutta ( The ) 1906 –Yugantar, the revolutionary weekly started By 1905-06-Several newspapers started advocating revolutionary terrorism. 1907-Attempt on life of governor of . 1908- and attempt to murder Magistrate, Kings ford. conspiracy case involving Aurobindo Ghosh, and others. 1908- Barrah by Dacca Anushilan. 1912- Bomb thrown at viceroy Hardinge by Rashbehari Bose and Sachin Sanyal. Sandhya, Yugantar-newspapers advocating revolutionary activity.

Maharashtra

1879- Ramosi Peasant Force by Vasudev Balwant Phadke. 1890s- Tilak’s attempts to propagate militancy among the youth through Shivaji and Ganapati festivals, and his journals Kesari and Maharatta. 1897- Chapekar brothers kill Rand, the plague commissioner of Poona and Lt. Ayerst. 1899- Mitra Mela-a secret society organized by Savarkar and his brother 1904- Mitra Mela merged with Abhinav Bharat. 1909- District Magistrate of Nasik-Jackson-killed. www.classmateacademy.com 288 Punjab Revolutionary activity by Lala Lajpat Rai, Ajit Singh, Aga Haidar Syed Haidar Raza, , Lalchand ‘Falak’ Sufi Ambaprasad.

Abroad • 1905- Shyamji Krishnavarma set up Indian Home Rule Society and and brought out journal. The Sociologist in London. • 1909- Madan Lal Dhingra murdered Curzon-Wyllie, • Madame Bhikaji Cama operated from and Geneva and brought out journal Bande Mataram.

REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITY DURING FIRST WORLD WAR The Ghadar was organized by Lala Hardayal, Kartar Singh Saraba, Barkatullah Bhai Parmanand. The Ghadar Programme In Europe for Indian Independence established by Virendranath Chattopadhyay MORLEY-MINTO REFORMS • Number of elected members in Imperial and Provincial Legislative Councils increased- elected non-officials still in minority.(from 16 to 60 ) • Separate electorates introduced for Muslims. • Elected non-officials to be elected indirectly-thus election introduced for the first time. • Legislatures could pass resolutions, ask questions and supplementaries, vote separate items of the budget. • One Indian to be on viceroy’s executivewww.classmateacademy.com council. 289

Gandhi and Mass Nationalism from 1919 to 1947

WHY NATIONALIST UPSURGE AT END OF WAR? Post- War economic hardship Nationalist disillusionment with imperialism worldwide. Impact of Russian Revolution.

Gandhi • Set up and started Indian Opinon. • against registration certificates. • Campaign against restrictions on Indian migration. • Campaign against poll tax and invalidation of Indian marriages. • Gandhi’s faith in capacity of masses to fight established; he was able to evolve his own style of leadership and politics and techniques of struggle.

www.classmateacademy.com 290 • His Methods(Young India & Harijan)

• SatyaGraha Based on Truth and Non-violence ,appeal to the good in the person ,hate the worng not the person doing it ,if he is made to realise it then he will be transformed

• Ideas from Contemporary west Thoreau,Emerson,Tolstoy

• Satyagraha – Strikes and last resort

Non-Cooperation=with a virtuous man is a minimum duty of a virtuous man

Civil-Disobedience =All the unjust laws of any tyrannical government must be opposed

• Constructive Programmes programme Village Reconstruction Harijan Welfare Programme Hindu-Muslim Unity UpLiftment of Women.

www.classmateacademy.com 291 Emergence of Gandhi-The Mass Nationalist Phase

Peasant Movements • Indigo Revolt(1859-60) Digambar Vishwas and Bishnu Biswas,NEELDARPAN-Deen Banadhu Mitra Indigo Commision –notification in 1860 • Pabna Agrarian League Bengal Tenancy Act,1885 • Deccan Riots Deccan Agricultural Relief act,1879 • Punjab Riots Punjab Land Alienation Act,1902 • Mooplah Revolts 1921

GANDHI’S EARLY ACTIVISM IN India

Champaran Satyagraha (1917)-First . Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918) –First Hunger Strike Kheda Satyagraha(1918)- First Non-Cooperation

Rowlatt Satyagraha (1918)- First mass-strike. JallianwalaBagh-To protest against the arrest of Kitchlew & satyapal www.classmateacademy.com 292

Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms

MONTAGU-CHELMSFORD REFORMS • Dyarchy in provinces. • Two lists-reserved and transferred-for administration. Reserved subjects to be administered by governor through executive council and transferred subjects to be administered by ministers from legislative council. • Extensive powers to governor, governor- general and secretary of state for interference Franchise expanded, powers also extended. • Governor-general to administer with an executive council of 8-three to be Indians. • Two lists for administration-central and provincial. • Bicameral central legislature- Central Legislative Assembly as the lower house and Council of States as the upper house.

www.classmateacademy.com 293 The Non-Cooperation movement

Three demands- • Favorable treaty for Turkey • Redressal of Punjab wrongs • Establishment of swaraj

Techniques used • Boycott of government-run schools colleges(Jamia milla and kasi vidyapeeth), law courts, municipality and government service, foreign cloth, liquor; setting up of national schools, colleges, panchayats and using khadi; second state to include civil disobedience by non-payment of taxes.

Nagpur Congress Session (December 1920) • Congress goal changed to attainment of swaraj through peaceful and legitimate means from attainment of self-government through constitutional means.

Chauri -Chaura Incident (February 5, 1922) • Violence by agitated mob-prompted Gandhi to withdraw movement.

www.classmateacademy.com 294 The Decade of 1920’s

SWARAJISTS AND NO-CHANGERS • Swarajists advocated council entry after withdrawal of Non-Cooperation Movement with an aim to end or mend the councils. No-Changers advocated constructive work during transition period. EMERGENCE OF NEW FORCES DURING 1920S • Spread of and socialist ideas • Activism of Indian youth • Peasants’ agitations • Growth of trade unionism • Caste movements • Revolutionary terrorism with a tilt towards socialism

ACTIVITIES OF HRA/HSRA REVOLUTIONARIES IN BENGAL Established-1924 ’s Chittagong Revolt Group Kakori robbery-1925 and Chittagong robberies-1930 Reorganised-1928 Sounders’ murder-1928 Bomb in Central Lagislative Assembly-1929 Bid to blow up viceroy’s train-1929 Azad killed in police encounter-1931 , Rajguru, Sukhdev hanged-1931

www.classmateacademy.com 295 Women leaders and organisations :

• In 1882, Tarabai Shinde wrote a book A comparison between men and women

• took the lead and started Arya Mahila Samaj in Maharastra She also started Mukti Mission and Sharda Sadan to uplift the condition of widows. She also defied many of the social practices like hypogamy, seclusion, conversion etc

• IN 1917, Women's Indian Association appeared @ Madras and it was started by the enlightened european and Indian ladies like Margaret Cousins and

• All India Women's Conference in 1927 - initially as a non political body - to promote education by Margaret Cousins

www.classmateacademy.com 296 Trade Union and Peasant Agitations

Peasant Agitations Trade union Movement Congress 1870-Sasipada Benerjee-Workingmens Club ,bharat Champaran(1917) Shramjeevi Exploitative Tinketia sysytem 1880-Narain Meghajee Lokhanday –Deenbandhu and Rajkumar Shukla set up Bombay Mill and Millhands Association Khera (1918) 1899-First strike by the great Indian Peninsular Drought situation ,Request for Tax Railways relief Bardoli (1928) 1919-International Labor Organisation. Sudden unilateral increase in Land AITUC-1920 revenue Lala Lajpat Rai-First President Class Conscious Movements Chaman Lal –First Secretary 1923-N.G.Ranga-Ryots association 1936-First All India Kisan Congress Important leaders-J.L.Nehru,Subhas Bose,C.F 1-Sept ,(Kisan Day),Swamu Andrews,J.M SenGupta,VV Giri,. sahajananda Abolishing Zamindari system 1926-Trade Union Act 50%-reduction in land revenue Trade Union Recognised Abolition of Forced Labour Public Safety Act,1929 Tebhaga Trade Dispute Act,1929 Telangana Meerut Conspiracy,1929 Muzzafar Ahmed,S.A Dange,Phili Spratt,Ben Bradley, www.classmateacademy.com 297 Events Leading to Civil disobedience Movement

SIMON COMMISSION • Came in 1928 to explore possibility of further constitutional advance. Boycotted by Indians because no Indian represented in the commission. (1928) • First Indian effort to draft constitutional scheme. Recommended- Dominion status • Not separate electorates, but joint electorates with reserved seats for minorities. • Linguistic provinces • 19 fundamental rights • Responsible government at centre and in provinces.

CALCUTTA CONGRESS SESSION (DECEMBER 1928) • One year ultimatum to Government to accept dominion status or else civil disobedience to be launched for complete independence. LAHORE CONGRESS SESSION (DECEMBER 1929) • Congress adopted complete independence as its goal Congress decided to launch a civil disobedience movement. January 26, 1930 celebrated as the first all over the country.

www.classmateacademy.com 298 1930: Gandhi takes Indians on Civil Disobedience. Breaks laws on making salt in Dandi, .

www.classmateacademy.com 299 Civil Disobedience Movement

DANDI MARCH (MARCH 12-APRIL 6, 1930) Led by Gandhi; resulted in spread of salt satyagraha to Tamil Nadu, Malabar, Andhra, Assam, Bengal. Spread of the movement Khudai Khidmatgars active in NWFF FIRST RTC (NOVEMBER 1930- JANUARY 1931) Congress did not attend. GANDHI-IRWIN PACT (MARCH 1931) Congress agreed to attend Second RTC and to withdraw CDM. KARACHI CONGRESS SESSION (MARCH 1931) Endorsed Delhi Pact between Gandhi and lrwin. Passed resolutions on economic program me and fundamental rights. SECOND RTC (DECEMBER 1931) Right wing in Britain against concessions to Indians. Session got deadlocked on question of safeguards to minorities. December 1931- April 1934 Second phase of CDM. COMMUNAL AWARD(1932) Provided sparate electorates to depressed classes. Nationalists felt this to be a threat to national unity Gandhi’s fast unto death (September 1932) led to Which abandoned separate electorates for depressed classes in favour of increased reserved seats for them www.classmateacademy.com 300 The GoI,Act 1935

• Proposed-an All India Federation bicameral legislature at the centre; provincial autonomy; three lists for legislation federal, provincial and concurrent.

• At Centre, subjects to be administered divided into reserved and transferred categories.

• Provincial legislators to be directly elected

Early 1937-elections to provincial assemblies held. Congress ministries formed in Bombay, Madras, Central Provinces, United Provinces, Bihar Orissa, Assam and NWFP.

www.classmateacademy.com 301 National Movement: Towards Freedom and Partition-1939-1947

CONGRESS STAND ON EVE OF WORLD WAR II: It would cooperate in war if: Freedom was given after the War. Some form of genuinely responsible government was immediately set up September 1, 1939: World War-II broke out and Britain declared India’s support for war. September 10-14, 1939; At CWC meeting at Wardha; • Gandhi was for unconditional support to Britain’s war efforts. • Subhash Bose and Leftists were for taking advantage of Britain’s difficulties and starting a mass movement to dislodge colonialism. • Nehru recognized the imperialist nature of the war, but was against taking advantage of Britain’s difficulties, as well as against Indian participation in war. The CWC resolved-No Indian participation unless freedom is granted; Government should declare its war aims soon. CONGRESS RESPONSE • No Indian support to the war • Congress ministrirs in provinces to resign • But no immediate mass struggle to be launched

MARCH 1940 “ Resolution” passed at Lahore session of Muslim League www.classmateacademy.com 302 Events Leading to MARCH 1942 Japan reached Rangoon after having overrun almost the whole of South-East Asia.

CRIPPS MISSION (MARCH 1942) It offered- An Indian Union with dominion status, with right to withdraw from Commonwealth. After war, a constituent assembly elected by provincial assemblies to frame the constitution. Freedom to any province unwilling to join the Union to have a separate agreement with Britain. Meanwhile, defence of India to remain in British hands. The Congress objected to_ Dominion status Right of provinces to secede No immediate transfer of power Retention of governor general’s supremacy. The Muslim League objected to Pakistan not being explicitly offered The machinery of creation of Constituent Assembly. QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT Why launch a movement now? Failure of Cripps offer an evidence of British lack of will to concede Indian demands Public discontent against wartime hardships A feeling of imminent British collapse Indian leadership’s desire to prepare masses for possible Japanese invasion www.classmateacademy.com 303 www.classmateacademy.com 304 Quit India Movement a Violent Movement of Gandhi

AICC Meeting (Bombay- August 8, 1942) The meeting ratified Quit India Resolution • August 9, 1942 all prominent leaders arrested • Underground activity to provide a line of command Parallel governments in Ballia (UP), (Bengal) and Satara () • Sections participating included youth, women, workers, peasants, government officials, some communists.

C. RAJAGOPALACHARI FORMULA (MARCH 1944) • League should immediately support independence for India and cooperate in Interim Government • After War, Muslim majority areas to exercise right to self determination • In case of partition, common centre for defence,commerce, communications, etc. Jinnah rejected the offer as he wanted Congress to accept the two-nation theory

www.classmateacademy.com 305 The March Towards Independence 1945-1947 WAVELL PLAN (SHIMLA CONFERENCE-JUNE 1945) • An all-Indian executive council except the governor-general and commander-in- chief • Equal representation for caste and Muslims • Muslim League wanted all Muslims to be its nominees and claimed a communal veto in the executive council Congress objected to it being painted purely as a caste Hindu party

LAST TWO YEARS OF BRITISH RULE Two basic strands- • Tortuous negotiations resulting in freedom and partition accompanied by communal violence • Sporadic localized mass action August 1945 Elections to central and provincial assemblies announced September 1945 Announcement of a Constituent Assembly after War. A Change in Government’s attitude due to Two main Election Planks for Congress • Repression of 1942 • Mass pressure against trial of INA POWs February 18, 1946 in Bombay, strike by Royal Indian Navy Ratings Election Results Congress won 57 out of 102 seats in Central Assembly got majority in Madras, Bombay, UP, Bihar, Orissa and Central Provinces and coalition partner with Unionists and Akalis in PunjabMuslim League won 30 reserved seats in Central Assembly got majority in Bengal, SIndh www.classmateacademy.com 306

Constituent Assembly and Independence

Main Aim of Government Policy Now • A graceful withdrawal after settlement on modalities of transfer of power, and post- imperial Indo-British relations CABINET MISSION • Rejection of Pakistan • Grouping of existing assemblies into three section A,B,C three-tier executive and legislature at province, princely states and union level Provincial assemblies to elect a constitutent assembly Common centre for defence, Communications, external affairs Provinces to have autonomy and residual powers Princely states free to have an arrangement with the successor government or the British Government. In future, a province free to come out of the union Acceptance League, followed by Congress, accepted Cabinet mission proposals in June 1946 Further Developments : July 1946 League withdrew from the Plan after Nehru’s press statement, and gave a call for “direct action” from August 16, 1946 September 1946 An Interim Government headed by Nehru Sworn in October 1946 League joins Interim Government and follows an obstructionist approach February 1947 Congress members demand removal of League members; League demands dissolution of Constituent Assembly www.classmateacademy.com 307

Achievement of Independence

ATTLEE’S STATEMENT (FEBRUARY 20, 1947) • June 30, 1948 as deadline for transfer of power • Power may be transferred to one centre or in some areas to existing provincial governments

MOUNTBATTEN PLAN JUNE 3, 1947 • Punjab and Bengal Assemblies to take decision on partition. • Sindh to take its own decision • Referendum to be half in NWFP and Sylhet district • Two dominions to be created if partition is to take place, with two Constituent Assemblies • Freedom to be granted on August 15, 1947

July 18, 1947 • British Parliament passes the “Indian Independence Act 1947” Which is implemented on August 15, 1947

www.classmateacademy.com 308 Governor Generals--Continued Lord Curzon 1899-1905 • Appointment of Police Commission (1902) under Sir Andrew Frazer to review police administration. • Appointment of Universities Commission,1902 and passing of Indian Universities Act,1904 • Establishment of Department of Commerce and Industry. • Calcutta Corporation Act (1899).Partition of Bengal (1905)

Lord Minto II 1905-1910 • Split in Congress in the annual session of 1907 in Surat. • Establishment of Muslim League by Aga Khan (1906).

Lord Hardinge II 1910-1916 • Transfer of capital from Calcutta to Delhi (1911). • Coronation durbar of King George V held in Delhi (1911).

Lord Chelmsford 1916-1921 • Formation of Home Rule Leagues by Annie Besant and Tilak (1916). • Lucknow session of the Congress (1916). • Foundation of (1916) after Gandhi’s return;launch of (1916), Kheda Satyagraha (1918), and Satyagraha at Ahmedabad (1918). • Montagu’s August Declaration (1917). • Government of India Act (1919) • The (1919),Jallianwallawww.classmateacademy.com Bagh massacre (1919) 309 • Launch of Non-Cooperation and Khilafat movements.Appointment of S.P. Sinha as governor of Bihar (the first Indian to become a governor)

Lord Reading 1921-1926 incident (February 5, 1922) and the subsequent withdrawal of Non- Cooperation Movement. Moplah rebellion in (1921). Kakori train robbery( 1925)

Lord Irwin 1926-1931 Visit of to India (1928) and the boycott of the commission by the Indians. An All-Parties Conference held at Lucknow (1928) for suggestions for the (future) , the report of which was called the Nehru Report or the Nehru Constitution. Appointment of the Harcourt Butler Indian States Commission (1927) Lahore session of the Congress (1929); Resolution. Dandi March (march 12, 1930) by Gandhi to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Lord Willingdon 1931-1936 Announcement of Communal Award (1932) under which separate communal electorates were set up. The Government of India Act of 1935 Establishment of All India by Acharya Narendra Dev and Jayaprakash Narayan (1934)

www.classmateacademy.com 310 Lord Linlithgow 1936-1944 • Subhash Chandra Bose elected as the president of Congress at the fifty-first session of the Congress (1938). • Resignation of Bose in 1939 and formation of the Forward Bloc (1939). • Lahore Resolution (March 1940) by the Muslim League, demand for separate state for Muslims. • ‘August Offer’ (1940) by the viceroy; its criticism by the Congress and endorsement by the Muslim League. • Escape of Subhash Chandra Bose from India (1941) and organization of the • Passing of the ‘Quit India Resolution’ by the Congress (1942); outbreak of ‘August Revolution’ or Revolt of 1942 after the arrest of national leaders.

Lord Wavell 1944-1947 • C. Rajagopalachari’s CR Formula (1944), failure of Gandhi-Jinnah talks (1944). • Wavell Plan and the Shimla Conference (1942).

Lord Mountbatten 1947-1948 • June Third Plan (June 3, 1947) announced. • Introduction of Indian Independence Bill in the House of Commons. • Appointment of two boundary commissions under Sir Cyril Radcliff for the partition of Bengal and Punjab.

www.classmateacademy.com 311 Lord Mountbatten: Last Viceroy of India sets India’s freedom date for 15th August 1947 and decides to partition the country into two - India & Pakistan.

www.classmateacademy.com 312 Political Integration of India.

www.classmateacademy.com 313