Entry of Colonial Powers in India (17th - 19th centuries) www.classmateacademy.com 218 After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, European sailors start looking for alternative routes to Asia. ‘Daccai Muslin: Sometimes, foreign travellers also used to refer to it as malmal shahi or malmal khas implying that it was worn by, or fit for, the royalty Vasco da Gama reaches India in 1498. www.classmateacademy.com 219 Europe starts building strong trade routes to India. Goa is colonized. www.classmateacademy.com 220 www.classmateacademy.com 221 Portugal, Netherlands, France, Denmark and England all setup trading posts. www.classmateacademy.com 222 Advent of Europeans Portugese English 1498-Vosco-da-gama lands in 1599-English East India Company Calicut 1609-John Hawkins in court of Jahangir Fransis –de –almeida(1505- 1613-First factory 1509) 1615-sir Thomas Roe ,Jehangir grants First governor permission to erect factories Alfonso-de-Albuquerque Factories –Mauslipatnam(1611),Surat Second governor and capture Acquisition of bombay-1688 of Goa Sultanuti,Kalikakata and GovindPur Fort William-1700 Dutch St.george Dutch East India Company-1602 French Factories- French East india company-1664 Masulipatnam(1605),Pulicat(1610), 1 factory-Surat,Masulipatnam Surat(1616) Dupleix-1742 Nagapatnam(1658) Anglo-French Conflict ,carnatic Nagapatnam main base wars Battle of Bedara(1759) final defeat Danish Danish East India Company-1616 Serampur(Bengal),Tranquebar(Tamil Nadu www.classmateacademy.com Left in 1845,sold to british 223 East India Company is one the first modern Corporation. It entered India as a trading company in 1612 after Jahangir allowed them. www.classmateacademy.com 224 The Company gets a lot of natural harbors that are unutilized by the native rulers who ignore navy. In 1668 England got Bombay as a dowry from Portugal (after the royal wedding of Charles II). The company gets permission to setup factory in Madras after Vijayanagara kings give permission. www.classmateacademy.com 225 www.classmateacademy.com 226 Later Mughals Bhadur Shah-1(1707-1712) • Peace with Guru Gobind Singh Shah Alam-2(1759-06) • Released Shahu,Granted Sardeshmukhi to • 1761-Battle of Panipat -3 Marthas • 1764 –battle of buxar • Defeated Banda Bahadur Jahandar Shah(1712-13) Bahadur Shah(1837-62) • Ascended with the help of Zulfikar Khan • Confined only to red fort • Abolished Jiziya • Proclaimed Emperor in 1857 Farrukh Siyar (1713-1719) • Sayyid Brothers(King makers) Muhammad Shah(1719-1748) • Rangeela Khan • Nadir Shah Raided India ,Peacock Throne • Independent Kingdoms • Hyderabad(Nizam-ul-Mulk) • Bengal(Murshid Quli Khan) • Awadh(Saddat Khan) www.classmateacademy.com 227 www.classmateacademy.com 228 www.classmateacademy.com 229 www.classmateacademy.com 230 www.classmateacademy.com 231 Carnatic Wars: European rivalries enter India. France nationalizes French India Company. www.classmateacademy.com 232 Robert Clive - an officer at the East India Company has grand plans. www.classmateacademy.com 233 In 1756, the new Nawab of Bengal captures Calcutta from the Company. The Black Hole of Calcutta - where the Nawab held English prisoners creates huge flutter in England. www.classmateacademy.com 234 1757: Battle of Plassey Clive buys out Bengali aristocrats: Jagat Seth & Mir Jafar www.classmateacademy.com 235 The Consolidation of English Rule Battle of Plassey-1757 English (Robert Clive) Vs Nawab of Bengal (Siraj-ud-Daula) Marathas • Mir Jafar • First Anglo-Maratha war-1775-82 • Mir Qasim • Treaty of Bassein Battle of Buxar-1764 Peshwa Baji Rao-2 and English English(Munro) Vs Mir Qasim,Shuja-ud-Daula • Second Anglo-maratha war-1803-05 ,Shah Alam • Last Anglo Mysore war 1817-19 • Treaty of Allahabad -1765 • Grant of Diwani-Dual Government Mysore(1761-1799) Sikhs • Hyder Ali Founder 13 Misls (Sukcheria ) • First Mysore War-1767 • 1801 comes to power Treaty of Madras Treaty of Amritsar-1809 • Second Mysore war-1780 First Anglo Sikh war-1845 Treaty of Mangalore • Treaty of Lahore • Third Mysore war-1790-92 Second Anglo Sikh war -1848-49 Tipu vs English,Marathas,Nizam Treaty of Seringapatnam • Fourth Mysore war -1799 www.classmateacademy.com 236 By 1800, the only impediment to the Company was a loose confederation of Marathas. www.classmateacademy.com 237 Tippu Sultan of Mysore uses Rocket Warfare for the first time in human history. The defeat of his ally Napoleon in Waterloo messes up with his plan. www.classmateacademy.com 238 Most Indian kingdoms slowly fall, unable to tackle the industrial prowess of the Company Ahom kingdom Sikh Empire 1226-1820 1799-1849 www.classmateacademy.com 239 1772: Capital shifted to Calcutta by Warren Hastings www.classmateacademy.com 240 Company Rule Begins(1757-1857) Stages of Colonialism Land Revenue Settlements First stage of Mercantilism(1757-1813) Zamindari system • Monopoly of Trade • Lord Cornwallis-1793,Bengal • Direct Seizure of Power Bihar,N.Circars. Second stage of Laizze Fairism (1813- Royatwari system 1860) • Sir Thomas Munro-1820, • Colony made sub-ordinate trading • Elphinstone-Madras partner which would export raw Mahalwari Syatem materials and import manufactured • Zamindari +Mahalwari goods • William Bentick-Regulation • Transformation of all aspects under the • R.M Bird-Father of Land guise of development and Settlement in Northern India. modernization Third Stage OF Finance Imperialism(1860- 1947) • Export of capital by imperial countries to colonies • Intense struggle among industrialized countries for new markets . www.classmateacademy.com 241 GOVERNORS-GENERAL AND VICEROYS OF INDIA:SIGNIFICANT EVENTS IN THEIR RULE Warren Hastings 1773-1785 • Regulating Act of 1773. • Pitt’s India Act of 1784 • The First Maratha War in 1775-85 and the Treaty of Salbai in 1782. • Second Mysore War in 1780-84. • Foundation of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (1784) Lord Cornwallis 1786-1793 • Third Mysore War (1790-92) and Treaty of Seringapatam (1792). • Cornwallis Code (1793) incorporating several judicial reforms, and separation of revenue administration and civil jurisdiction. • Permanent Settlement of Bengal, • Europeanisation of administrative machinery and introduction of civil services. Lord Wellesley 1798-1805 • Introduction of the Subsidiary Alliance System (1798); first alliance with Nizam of Hyderabad. • Fourth Mysore War (1799). • Second Maratha War (1803-05). • Treaty of Bassein (1802). www.classmateacademy.com 242 Consequences of Company Rule Millions perish in dozens of famines. www.classmateacademy.com 243 Lord Minto I 1807-1813 • Treaty of Amritsar with Ranjit Singh (1809). Lord Hastings 1813-1823 • Anglo-Nepal War (1814-16) and the Treaty of Sagauli, 1816. • Third Maratha War (1817-19) and dissolution of Maratha Confederacy; creation of Bombay Presidency (1818). • Establishment of Ryotwari System by Thomas Munro, governor of Madras (1820). Lord Amherst 1823-1828 • First Burmese War (1824-1826). Lord William Bentinck 1828-1835 • Abolition of sati and other cruel rites (1829). • Suppression of thugi (1830). • Charter Act of 1833 • Resolution of 1835, and educational reforms and introduction of English as the official language. Lord Metcalfe 1835-1836 • New press law removing restrictions on the press in India. www.classmateacademy.com 244 Lord Dalhousie 1848-1856 • Introduction of the Doctrine of Lapse and annexation of Satara (1848), Jaitpur and Sambhalpur (1849), Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1853), Nagpur (1854) and Awadh (1856). • “Wood’s (Charles Wood, President of the Board of Control)Educational Despatch” of 1854 and opening of Anglo-vernacular schools and government colleges.(1857 universities) • Railway Minute of 1853; and laying down of first railway line connecting Bombay and Thane in 1853. • Telegraph (4000 miles of telegraph lines to connect Calcutta with Bombay, Madras and Peshawar) and postal (Post Office Act, 1854) reforms • Ganges canal declared open (1854); establishment of separate Public works department in every province. • Widow Remarriage Act (1856) www.classmateacademy.com 245 Some positives: Social Reforms takes off too. Raja Ram Mohan Roy (father of modern India) and others lead social reforms in India to abolish Sati (Widow burning) and allow widow remarriage. www.classmateacademy.com 246 Religious and Social Reform Movements Betterment of Position of Women Degraded position due to Legislative Measures for Women • Purdah system • Bengal Regulation (1829) banning sati • Early marriage • Bengal Regulations (1795, 1804)- • Lack of education declaring infanticide illegal. • Unequal rights in marriage, divorce, • Hindu Widow’s Remarriage Act, 1856. inheritance • Age of Consent Act, 1891 • Polygamy • Sarda Act, 1930 • Female infanticide • Restrictions on widow remarriage • Sati • STRUGGLE AGAINST CASTE- BASED EXPLOITATION • Factors Undermining Caste Rigidities Forces unleashed by colonial administration • Social reform movements National movement Gandhi’s campaign against untouchability Stirrings among lower castes due to better education and employment www.classmateacademy.comFree India’s Constitution 247 By 1857 most of India is under the company or company’s dependents. www.classmateacademy.com 248 Important Personalities Bengal Raja Rammohan Roy and Brahmo Samaj • Sabad Kaumudi,Mirat-ul-Akbar,Percepts of Jesus(1820) • Hindu college (1817),Vedanta college(1825) RadhaKanth Deb • Dharma Sabha Debendranath Tagore • Tattvabodhini Sabha,Tatva bhodini Patrika • Adi Brahmo samaj Keshub Chandra Sen • Brahmo Samaj of India , Sadharna Brahmo samaj Derozio • Young Bengal Movement Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar •