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1. Natomy and Physiology of Farm Animals

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1. Natomy and Physiology of Farm Animals I AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE 1. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF FARM ANIMALS - The gross anatomy 1 - Systemic anatomy 10 2. ANIMAL NUTRITION 39 Nuthtional requirement of livestock 39 3. CATLEREAR1NG 61 Breedsandtypesofcatt]e 61 Managing dairy cattle 69 4. SHEEP AND GOAT 95 Types and breeds 96 Management of sheep and goats 99 5. PREPARATION AND MARKETING 110 Preparation of meat 110 Preparation of milk 119 Preparation of eggs 122 6. AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTIONS 125 Local agricultural institutions in Guyana 125 Regional institutions 134 iv CHAPTER PAGE 7. CROPPROTECTION 138 Insect and other pests of crops 138 8. CROPS 157 Paddy 157 Sugarcane 181 9. SOIL CONSERVATION 201 Soil destruction 201 Soil conservation 204 10. FARMING AS A HUSINESS 206 Iarm inputs 206 V 1. NATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF FARM ANIMALS Livestock farmers are constantly striving to improve their actual level of production. In so doing, it becomes very important for them to know the basic body structure of the animals they rear. Since body structure is closely related to body function, a knowledge of structure and function of an animal's body will help farmers to understand clearly how each structure works to produce a particular livestock product e.g. meat, milk, eggs. This sort of understanding is essential when the farmer's goal is to improve his management practices which would later result in efficient production. Hence, the farmer's work would be concentrated only on those practices which promote good health and comfort for animals so that they can produce at their maximum levels with minimum cost to their owners. The term "anatomy" refers to the science concerned with the form, structure and spatial relationships of living organisms. In this chapter two aspects of the anatomy of farm animals will be presented the gross anatomy and the systemic anatomy. The gross anatomy The gross anatomy deals with the relative positions of various body parts with emphasis on the external features of an animal's body. In addition to the popular classes of livestock, reference will also be made to fish and bees. Morphology relates to the form and structure of an organism A knowledge of morphology will help farmers to: select breeding stock, give to the veterinary surgeon or livestock officer oral descriptions on the exact position of injury or abnormality of the body, identify correct positions on the animal's body for administering injections, give precise reports to the Artificial Inseminator, comment accurately on body conformation at Animal Shows or Livestock Sales, classify animals according to breeds and types, for example, for an animal to be registered as member of a particular breed, it must show the external features 1 required by the Breed Association. For convenience the external body structure of farm animals will be listed under headings of the following areas: Head and neck • Body Fore quarter • Hind quarter ThE EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF CAULE Fig. 1.1 (a) The external features of a bull 2 < face hind quarters hook bone muzzle barrel flank shoulder point tail dewlap stiffle brisket udder elbow teat hock knee navel flap (sheath in male) shank pastern Fig.1.1(b) The external features of a cow 3 HEAD AND NECK FORE QUARTER • poll • brisket • forehead • shoulder • horn • fore arm • face • knee • eyes • shank • ears • fore flank • nostrils • withers • muzzle • jaw • throat • dewlap • neck BODY HIND QUARTER • heart-girth • rump • vulva (in cows) • back • pin-bone • scrotum (in bulis) • loin • hook-bone • hoof • barrel • thigh • taiL • umbilical flap (navel in cows) hock • switch • sheath (in bulls) • dew claw • anus • mammary vein • pastern • ribs • stiffle • chest ‘teats hind flank These terms areused to identify similar external features of the sheepand goat. 4 THE EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF SWINE (a) A boar 19 20 (b) A sow Fig. 1.2 1 snout 13 back 2 face 14 loin 3 eye 15 side 4 ear 16 belly 5 cheek 17 fore flank 6 jowl 18 hind flank 7 neck 19 rump 8 shoulder 20 ham foreleg 9 21 hind leg 10 dew claw (split hoof) 22 tail 11 pastern (corresponding to 23 teaL wrist) 12 toes (form hoof) 5 HEAD AND NECK FORE QUARTER 1. Face 9. Fore Leg 2. Ear 10. Dew-claw 3. Eye 11. Pastern 4. Cheek 12. Toes (split hoot) 5. Snout 13. Fore flank 6. Jowl 14. Trotter 7. Poll 8. Neck BODY HIND QUARTER 15. Side 20. Rump 16. Belly 21. Ham 17. Back 22. Hind leg 18. Loin 23. Hind flank 19. Penal Sheath (male) 24. Tail 20. Teats 25. Anus THE EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF RABBITS Fig. 1.3 hind limb fore limb 6 HEAD AND NECK FORE QUARTER • Ears • Scruff • Eye • Foreleg • Nostrils • 5-dawed hand • Whiskers • Wrist • Scent gland • Fore-arm • Cleft lip • Upper-arm • Neck BODY HIND QUARTER • Back • Rump • Belly •Tail • Teats (hidden by fur coat) • Hind leg • Thigh • Shank • Ankle • Foot with 4 claws THE EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE FOWL eye sickles (tail feathers) tail taii coverts secondaries (cover primaries or flight feathers) thigh bock shank spur toes Fig. 1.4 The external features of a cock 7 HEAD AND NECK Comb • Ear-lobe • Wattles • Eye • Nostrils • Hackle Ear •Beak BODY LEG Back • Thigh Saddle • Shank Wing • Hock Breast . Spur Crop area • Toes Keel Abdomen Tail THE EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF FISH (lILAPIA) doni 1.n Fig. 1.5 The external features of the Tilapia 8 HEAD BODY Eye • Scales Lip • Lateralline Mouth • Dorsalfin Face • Pectoral fin Operculum (gill-cover) • Pelvic fin • Anus • Ventral fin •Tail • Caudal fin EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF BEES (a) Fig. 1.6 (a) The external features of the Queen bee (b) The external features of the Drone bee (c) The external features of the Worker bee 9 Bees are insects, so the body of a bee is divided into three parts namely the head, thorax (chest) and abdomen (belly). HEAD CHEST ABDOMEN • Compound eyes • 3 pairs of legs • Sting • Mouth • Pollen basket on • Wax gland hind pair of legs • Body hairs of worker bee • Scent gland Wings (queen) Blunt abdomen (drone) Systemic anatomy Systemic anatomy refers to the study of a group of related structures within a particular system and the relative positions each occupies inside an animal’s body. The position of internal structures can be seen when an animal is slaughtered and a cut is made lengthwise along the belly to expose the body contents. When such an exposure is made it is said that the body has been ventrally dissected. Positions of body structures can be described as dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, medial or lateral. Study Fig 1.7. Fig. 1.7 The basic bsy posilions A horizontal plane passing through the centre of an animal’s body divides it into two sections. Structures found in the upper section which includes the back, are said to have dorsal positions. Structures found in the lower section which includes the belly, are said to have ventral positions. A vertical plane passing through the centre of an animal’s body divides it into two sections again. Structures found in the section with the head and fore legs are said to have anterior positions. Structures found in the section with the tail and hind legs are said to have posterior positions. For clear identification of body positions, combinations of these terms are used. For example, the cow’s udder may be identified in the posterlo-ventral position. The withers may be found in an anterio dorsal position of the cow’s body. Medial positions are those relating to the middle or mid-line of the body. Lateral positions arethose which are further from the mid-line of the body or structure. They are positions towards the side of the body. The internal structures As was mentioned earlier, when an animal is ventrally dissected, the internal structures become visible. These structures can be found in either of the two large body cavities. These cavities are separated by abroad sheet of muscular tissue called the diaphragm. The anterior cavity is called the chest. The posterior cavity iscalled the abdomen (belly). THE INTERNAL STRL.JCTIJRES IN THE CHEST CAVITY The following structures are found in the chest cavity of the body: the heart • the trachea a pair of lungs • the oesophagus large veins and arteries The heart is a muscular organ which maintains the circulation of blood in an animal’s body. It occupies a medial position in the chest. Large veins and arteries attached to the heart can also be found in the chest. They transport blood continu ously to and from the heart. I’ Fig.1.8 The internal organs of a foetus The lungs are a pair of pinkish coloured organs which contain air sacs. They are the organs of breathing. The lungs are positioned lateral to the heart, one being on each side of it. Lungs are spongy to the touch. The trachea (windpipe) and the oesophagus (gullet) are positioned side by side from the mouth to the chest. The trachea connects the nostrils to the bronchia which are attached to the lungs. This tube is kept open by rings of cartilage so that a continuous flow of air is maintained. The oesophagus passes from the mouth through the diaphragm to the stomach. Its main function is to transport ingested food and water to the stomach. INTERNAL STRUCTURES IN THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY The following structures are found in the abdominal cavity of animals. the digestive organs the excretory organs 12 Fig. 1.9 The internal organs of a rabbit the reproductive organs The digestive organs consist mainly of the stomach and the intestines. The liver and pancreas are also associated with the digestive organs since they function to aid the digestive process.
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