Index

A Andaman Giant, 132, 134, 141, 160, 161, 181, Abnormalities of , 67, 91 182 Acapulco, 171 Andaman Giant Tall (AGT), 85–87, 140 Accelerated phenol metabolism, 534 Andaman Ordinary (ADOT), 61, 82, 85, 134, Accessions, 54, 81, 82, 84, 86, 87, 89, 90, 160, 161, 176, 179, 182, 506 114–117, 119, 129, 132, 146, 147, 172, Ankylopteryx octopunctata candida, 579 177, 179, 180, 193, 203–208, 211, 212, Annual average price, 41 462, 477 Annual Productivity Index (API), 459 Accredited nurseries, 126 Annual removal of nutrients, 348 Aceria guerreronis, 140, 178–181, 207, Antagonistic microorganisms, 605 582–588 Anthurium spp., 604 Activated carbon (AC), 22, 30, 31, 37–39, 41, Anti-buckling device, 636, 637 48, 669, 685, 710, 712, 744–746, Anti-feedant assay, 172 803–805, 813 Aonidiella orientalis, 601 Adaptation strategy, 754, 796 Apanteles taragamae, 579 Additive genes, 131 APCC countries, 22–26, 31–36, 40, 819 Agricultural systems, 290, 780 Aphelenchus cocophilus, 606 Agroforestry, 274–277, 784, 791, 794 Aphelinid parasitoids, 597, 601 Ahasverus advena, 614 Aphids, 601 Aleurocanthus arecae, 596 Apocarpic ovary, 98 Aleurodicus dispersus, 596, 597 Araecerus fasciculatus, 614 Alien Invasive (AIS), 608 Architectural diversity, 166 Alleles, 172, 173, 201, 204–206, 208, 212 Area under coconut cultivation, 22, 23, 26, Allele variability, 172 730, 809 Allogamous plants, 135 Areca catechu, 499, 559 Allometric equations, 791 Arecaceae, 1, 7, 57, 58, 192, 207, 607 Alternate bearing, 120, 134 Arecanut whitefly, 596 Amblyseius largoensis, 586 Arsikere Tall, 180 Amino acid sequences, 166 Artificial screening technique, 163 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Artocarpus fraxinifolius, 499 (AFLP), 165, 201, 203, 204, 208 Asecodes hisparum, 610 Amplified sequences, 166 Ash weevil, 182, 602 Ananta Ganga, 125 Asian grey weevil, 602 Anatomical examination, 58 Aspergillus flavus, 580, 587, 670, 698 Andaman Dwarf, 98, 160, 179, 180 Aspergillus niger, 503, 587, 670, 698

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 821 K. U. K. Nampoothiri et al. (eds.), The Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera L.) - Research and Development Perspectives, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2754-4 822 Index

Aspergillus oryzae, 698 Blast disease of coconut, 530 Aspidiotus destructor, 601, 612 Borassus flabellifer, 559, 575, 583, 684 Aspidiotus rigidus, 608, 609, 612 Bordeaux mixture, 419, 495, 499, 503, 505, Atmospheric evaporative demand, 461 507 Attractants, 565, 571, 580 Bordeaux paste, 494 Autotrophic phase, 446 Boron, 378–382, 384, 387, 389, 413, Auxin transport proteins, 214 414, 422, 716 Awka wilt, 147, 171, 521, 523, 524 Boron deficiency, 92, 244, 343, 379–382, 387, Ayiramkachi, 65, 179, 182 412–414 , 562 Botryodiplodia theobromae, 176, 670, 698 Bottled , 680 B Bougainville Tall, 169 Bacillus laterosporus, 570 Brachymeria nosatoi, 578, 581 Bacillus sp., 275, 570, 587, 697 Bracon brevicornis, 578–581 Bacillus sphaericus, 570 Brazilian Green Dwarf (BGD), 136, 148 Bacillus thuringiensis, 570, 580 Brazil-Praia do Forte Tall, 177 Baculo virus, 564 Breeding for resistance, 162, 178, 495, 536, Balanced nutrition, 397, 403, 419 544 Bali Tall, 65, 145, 175, 197, 495 Breeding strategy, 127, 128, 149 Bandicota bengalensis, 592 Briquetting, 709 Bandicota indica, 592 Brontispa longissima, 608–611 Basal stem rot (BSR), 175, 183, 474, 491, Brontispa wallacea, 611 497–500 Bronze wilt, 412, 521, 523 Base exchange capacity, 370 Buchananiella sodalis, 579 B-deficiency symptoms, 414 Bud rot, 174, 175, 183, 379, 412, 413, Bearing habit, 135 490–496, 512, 530, 567, 728 Beauveria bassiana, 571 Burrowing nematodes, 140, 182, 602–604 Benawali Yellow Round, 134 Bergineus maindroni, 600 Bessa remota, 579 C Biennial bearing, 135 Cadang-cadang disease, 511 Biennial rhythm, 171 Calathea spp., 604 Big verrucosis, 177 Calcium deficiency in coconut, 366 Biochemical response to drought stress, 464 Calleida splendidula, 579 Biodiversity, 89, 103, 267, 268, 285, 291, 296, Calapagonium muconoides, 245, 246, 608, 796 287, 732 Bio-fuel, 49, 53 Cambodia Tall (CBT), 168, 169 Bioinformatics, 166 Cameroon Red Dwarf (CRD), 66, 146, 147, Biological agents, 608 168, 177, 195, 208, 495, 588 Biological control, 178, 290, 496, 503, 562, Campsomeriella collaris collaris, 591 577–579, 581, 586 Cape St. Paul Wilt, 173–174, 525 Bio-lubricants, 49, 53 Carbon farming, 796 Biosecurity risks, 609, 611, 612 Carbonic anhydrase activity, 471 Biotechnology, 86, 142, 144, 191–217 Carbon sequestration, 49, 272, 780–797 Biotic agents, 159, 417 CARI-C2 (Surya), 118 Biotic stresses, 214, 466, 469–474 Carpophilus dimidiatus, 615 Biodiversity International, 86, 89, 115, 193 Caryota urens, 571, 684 incurvata, 176, 492 Cassia javanica, 499 Black palm weevil, 606 Cassia siamea, 499 Black pepper, 270, 272, 274–276, 278–281, Cassytha filiformis, 473, 535 286–288, 295, 496, 603, 604, 607, 608, Cl deficiency symptoms, 374, 375 728, 732 Central hypothesis, 787 Index 823

Cerataphis brasiliensis, 601 Coconut cheese, 29, 658 Ceratocystis paradoxa, 175, 501 Coconut chips dryer, 648 Ceroplastes floridensis, 601 Coconut cream, 36, 37, 636, 653–658, 660, Chalcididae, 578 661, 674, 729, 745, 748 Chalcocelis albiguttatus, 595 Coconut dehusking machine, 641–643 Chandra Laksha, 125, 728 Coconut diagnostic leaf, 388, 389, 410 Chandra Sankara, 125, 728 Coconut disease, 509 Cheiracanthium melanostoma, 579 Coconut eriophyid mite, 180, 582–588, 728 Chelisoches morio, 563, 571 Coconut fibre, 30, 247, 585, 677, 699, 704, Chemo-taxonomical markers, 172 746, 767 Chionaspis sp., 601 Coconut foliar decay (CFD), 148, 491, Chlorine nutrition in coconut, 345 509, 510 Chlorophyll fluorescence parameter, Coconut foliar decay virus (CFDV), 491, 509, 141, 462 510 Chowghat Green Dwarf (CGD), 65, 81, 82, Coconut genetic resources, 54, 86–88, 90, 168, 84, 88, 95, 124, 139, 159, 162–166, 173, 192, 193, 201 176, 181, 183, 211, 213, 472, 588, 613 Coconut Genetic Resources Database Chowghat Orange Dwarf (COD), 61, 66, 81, (CGRD), 54, 86, 89 82, 118, 124, 125, 127, 136, 140, 141, Coconut Genetic Resources Network 159, 161–165, 175, 176, 179–182, 197, (COGENT), 53, 54, 86–89, 103, 115, 203, 210, 244, 255, 295, 353, 392, 403, 117, 119, 124, 725 420, 447, 449, 459, 461, 462, 464, 465, Coconut grating machines, 648, 728 468, 500, 502, 588, 727 Coconut harvester, 638–640 Chromolaena odorata, 562 Coconut haustorium, 768 Chrysochalcisea indica, 594 Coconut honey, 29, 658, 659, 672, 674, 681, Chrysomphalus aonidium, 601 818 Classification of varieties, 172 Coconut hybrids, 123–125, 128–130, 144, Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), 49 162, 175–177, 179, 180, 195, 206, 217, Clerodendron infortunatum, 562, 565 249, 276, 346, 362, 468, 495, 731 Climate-change adaptation, 784, 788–796 Coconut industry, 22, 26, 28, 51–53, 55, 137, Climate-change mitigation, 780, 784, 788–796 509, 524, 530, 536, 679, 717, 725, 740, Climate-resilient genotypes, 795 744, 747, 770, 805–807, 819 Climate-smart agriculture (CSA), 780, 790, Coconut inflorescence, 95, 199, 452, 769, 770, 794, 795 805, 818 Climatic events, 780 , 27, 657, 659, 660 Clonal exploitation, 146 Coconut kernel, 35, 46, 454, 455, 644–648, Clonal propagation, 172 652, 653, 656, 670, 679, 690, 693, 697, Clones, 166, 208, 210, 211, 273, 477 698, 739, 758, 760, 766–768 Cluster analysis, 131 Coconut kernel protein (CKP), 767 C-mitosis, 83 Coconut leaf beetle (CLB), 608, 609 Coccidohstrix insolita, 599 Coconut leaf pruning (CLP), 260, 261 Coccus hesperidum, 601 Coconut leaf wilt, 139, 142, 143, 523, Cochin China, 82, 134, 160, 161, 175, 541–545 179–181 , 654 Cochliobolus lunatus, 698 Coconut milk expeller, 649 Coconut-based ecosystems, 780 Coconut milk extractors, 648, 649 Coconut-based farming system (CBFS), , 2, 26, 455, 594, 636, 726, 758, 53, 264–287, 289, 733, 735, 738, 796, 803 817, 819 Coconut oil and heart disease, 760, 761 Coconut biodiesel initiatives, 796 Coconut oil price, 39, 40, 817 Coconut black headed caterpillar, 574, Coconut-producing countries, 5, 24, 26, 37, 576–579, 581, 582 39, 40, 53, 139, 262, 506, 664, 689, Coconut cake, 26, 29, 670, 671, 745, 768 691, 725, 743, 809 824 Index

Coconut products, 22, 30, 31, 39–41, 44, Complex hybrid, 129, 146 51–53, 282, 647, 715 Composite variety, 144 Coconut pulveriser, 648 Composition of canned coconut milk Coconut sap, 47, 686, 687, 769 products, 655 Coconut shell, 29, 31, 37, 49, 59, 644, 646, Composition of coconut flour, 662, 663 650, 692, 695, 710–715, 745, 807 Composition of coconut oil, 667, Coconut shell charcoal, 37, 38, 48, 711–713, 758, 759 812 Composition of tender coconut water, 674, Coconut shell removing machine, 646 678, 764 Coconut skim milk and its products, 658 Composition of toddy, 685, 686 Coconut slicing machine, 647, 648 Conservation agriculture, 297, 784, 795 Coconut splitting device, 644, 728 Conthyla rotunda, 595 Coconut sugar, vii, 47, 137, 636, 728, 746, Conventional breeding, 142 758, 770 Copper, 343, 379, 383, 389, 405, 495, 496, Coconut syrup, 657 505, 507, 716, 766 Coconut tapping, 683, 685 Copper fungicides, 495, 505, 507 Coconut testa removing machine, 647 Copper sulphate, 384, 500, 716 Coconut toddy, vii, 27, 29, 47, 559, 571, moisture meter, 645, 646, 733 683–685, 687, 769 Coreid bug, 184, 594, 728 Coconut triangle region, 29 Coronary artery disease (CAD), 760 Coconut varieties, 62–64, 89, 90, 96, Coronary heart disease (CHD), 760 114, 116, 118, 123, 127, C3 plants, 460, 791 130, 139, 149, 166, 171, C4 plants, 449, 791 173, 174, 177, 179–181, Crinitococcus palmae, 599 184, 588, 605 Critical nutrient levels, 388, 390 Coconut vinegar, 27, 29, 41, 52, 636, 681, Crop combinations, 278, 605, 751, 685, 687 793, 796 Coconut water concentrate, 29, 675, 680 Crop diversification, 284, 744, 810 Coconut white grub, 589–592 Crop growth rate, 465 Coconut wood, 699, 716, 748 Crop loss, 167, 504, 513, 520, 523, 524, 531, Coconut yellow decline (CYD), 214, 522, 539, 537, 539, 540, 558, 566, 575, 585, 594, 540 595, 606, 802 Cocos nucifera, 1, 7, 21, 57–60, 81, 103, 117, Crop substitutions, 796 474, 499, 784 Crossing programme, 165, 171, 205 Cocosoid palm, 583 Cross pollination, 77, 84, 174 Cocos sucre, 99 Crown choke disease, 343, 412–414 and coir products, 30, 31, 39, 40, 705, Cryopreservation, 54, 90, 119, 142, 192, 812 194–198, 217 Coir cement composite panel, 705 Cryptic structural changes, 82 Coir fibre, 29, 39, 43, 50, 52, 291, 641, Cuban Dwarf, 168 700–706, 743 Cumulative pan evaporation (CPE), Coir geo-textiles, 22, 29, 30, 705 249, 251, 253 Coir pith, 22, 30, 50, 52, 53, 252, 257, 269, Cumulative yield, 115, 134, 252, 338, 290, 293, 331, 475, 700, 706–710, 795 364, 447 Coir products, 30, 31, 39, 40, 43, 700, 705, Curvularia leaf spot, 505 804, 806, 809, 810, 812 Curvularia senegalensis, 698 Cold tolerance, 141 Cyclodes omma, 573 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, 491, 492, Cylindrocladium scoparium, 505 505, 506 Cyperia angolica, 599 Combining ability, 122–124, 127, 130, 134, Cytological studies, 82, 96 175, 476 Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus Complex Coconut Varieties (CCV), 130 (CPV), 570 Index 825

D Drought intensity, 468, 476 Dalbergia sisso, 499 Drought management, 475 Darna catenatus, 595 Drought stress, 147, 463–466, 468, 477 Darna (Macroplectra) nararia, 595 Drought tolerance, 72, 140, 142, 463, 465, Darna trima, 595 467, 468, 476–478 Decline of coconut, 4 Drought tolerance mechanism, 467 Deficiency symptoms, 347, 356, 357, 359, Dry kernel, 455, 688 360, 363–369, 371, 372, 379, 380, 383, Dry matter production, 234, 237, 244, 385, 413–416 257, 265, 396, 444, 450, 459, 475, Defoliators, 558, 574, 576–579, 581, 582 478, 792 Dehydrated coconut milk, 657, 661 D x T hybrid production, 126, 128, 129, 391 Dehydrogenase activity, 284, 464 D x T hybrid production strategy, 128 Demand for coconut, 22, 29, 35, 37, 42, 47, Dwarf mutant, 102, 137 55, 136, 172, 339, 340, 347, 371, 710, Dysmicoccus brevipes, 599, 600 711, 770, 804, 814 Dysmicoccus cocotis, 599 Demonstration of IPM, 581 Dysmicoccus finitimus, 599, 600 Dendrocitta vagabunda parvula, 571 Dysmicoccus hambletoni, 599 Densification, 708 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 86, 103, 173, 192, 201–207, 212, 215, 358, 526–528, E 535, 536, 543, 544, 564 Ecological engineering, 561, 562 Dermestes ater, 615 Economic yield, 419, 459, 462 Desiccated coconut (DC), 29–31, 35, 36, 41, Ecotypes, 83–85, 87, 134, 146, 170, 172, 173, 42, 44, 46, 635, 647, 662, 675, 679, 201, 202, 204, 205, 450, 464, 495, 525, 711, 743–746, 803–808, 812, 813, 818 539 Development perspectives, 2 Ecto larval parasitoid, 591 Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated Edible coconut flour, 661–663 System (DRIS), 385, 405, 406 EDTA, 377, 474 Diagnosis of OrNV, 564 Effect of K fertilization, 364, 395 Diagnostic techniques for evaluating nutrient Effect of NaCI, 373 requirement, 384–395 Effect of tapping, 686 Diallel analysis, 123, 134 Egg parasitoid, 594 Dicrodiplosis sp., 600 Elasmus nephantidis, 578–581 Dietary features of coconut oil, 758, 759 Electrical conductivity, 257, 293, 331, 332, Differential Fertilizer Requirement (DFR), 385, 502, 646, 697 385, 405 Electron microscopic examination, 534, 538 Diocalandra xyleborus, 502 Elite genotype, 133 Discriminant function, 131 Elite palms, 122, 142, 159, 161 Disease index, 160, 175, 176, 287, 419, 533 Emasculation, 124, 127 Disease management, 183, 494–496, 499, 500, Embryo culture, 54, 100, 101, 119, 138, 142, 503, 505–507, 510, 512, 529–531, 536, 144, 192–194, 217, 234, 461, 747 537, 539, 728, 729, 732, 734, 736, 738, Embryogenic callus, 200, 209, 210 739, 751, 753, 802 Emerging new applications, 44 Disease resistance, 116, 117, 139, 140, 158, Emerging pests, 558, 594, 595, 597, 159, 164, 167, 171, 183, 344, 513, 529 599–602 Diverse origin, 134 Endochus inornatus, 594 DNA pools, 172 Enterobacter cloacae, 337 DNA sequences, 131, 207 Entomopathogenic bacterium, 591 Domesticated population, 117–118 Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN), Domestic consumption coconut products, 30, 571, 591 40 Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay Dormancy, 193, 230, 444 (ELISA), 535 826 Index

Ephestia cautella, 614 Functional drinks, 22, 46 Epidemiology, 492, 494, 502, 503, 505, 512, Fungal diseases, 62, 158, 174–177, 344, 513, 525, 760 490–492, 494–497, 499, 500, 502–507, Epidermization, 68, 73, 74, 449 509, 531, 543 Eriophyid mite, 140, 178–181, 184, 458, 508, Fusarium moniliforme, 491, 587 582–588, 594, 728 Fusarium solani, 491, 505 Erwinia sp., 490 Essential Fatty Acids (EFAs), 759 Estimated actual evapotranspiration (ETc), G 250 Galas Green Dwarf (GALD), 136, 144 Etiology, 158, 416, 490, 492, 498, 499, 501, Galleria mellonella, 571 502, 505, 507, 509–511, 520, 525–527, Gangabondam (GB), 127, 160–162, 175, 530, 533, 535, 538, 540, 541, 543, 762 179–181, 231, 539, 593, 605 Euborellia annulipes, 571 Gangabondam Green Dwarf (GBGD), 61, 65, Evapo-transpiration (ET), 248–250, 257 123, 125, 206, 449, 464, 468 Exotic accessions, 147, 194, 203 Ganoderma applanatum, 289, 474, 491, 498 Exotic introductions, 114, 148 Ganoderma boninense, 474, 491, 498 Exotic parasitoids, 579 Ganoderma lucidum, 175, 474, 491, 498 Explants, 142, 192, 198–200, 209, 210, 215, Gelatinous mutant, 138, 215 216 Gene banks, 54, 86–90, 102, 103, 115, 116, Export of coconut products, 30, 53, 807 144, 148, 149, 194, 198, 203–205, 544 Export of coir, 30, 39, 806, 809, 812 Gene combination, 121 Export of copra meal, 34, 803, 804, 808, 812 General combining ability, 122 Exserohilum rostratum, 491, 505, 506 Genetically modified organisms, 291, 608 Extraction of brown fibre, 700, 702 Genetic divergence, 132 Extraction of coconut oil, 635, 761 Genetic gain, 120, 123 Extraction of fibre, 701, 702 Genetic identity, 125, 204 Extraction of white fibre, 700, 702 Genetic mapping, 142, 166, 172, 205 Genetic progress, 125 Genetic resource network, 54, 88, 115 F Genome sequence, 213, 216, 217 Farmer field schools (FFS), 565, 616, 737, 739 Genotypes, 87, 119, 131, 134, 166, 172–174, Fermented beverage concentrate, 659 177, 179–181, 192, 198, 200, 203–208, Fertigation, 51, 243, 258, 259, 329, 394, 398, 289, 290, 352, 362, 369, 381, 391, 451, 408, 422, 728, 795 462–464, 467, 478, 495, 608, 795 Fertilizer recommendation, 370, 384, 386, Genotypic coefficients, 131 392, 393, 395, 396, 398, 400, 401, 404, Germplasm banks, 115, 116 405 Gestation period, 114, 135, 183 Fertilizer recommendation for coconut, 392, Gliocladium spp., 496 398, 400, 401, 404 Gliocladium vermoeseni, 505 Fertilizer response function, 403 Global coconut oil production, 31, 39

F1 hybrids, 129, 130, 144, 167, 168 Global export of coconut products, 30 Fiji-Malayan, 168 Global scenario of coconut breeding, 142 Fiji Rotuma, 163 Global warming, 274, 297, 780, 781, 783, 788 Fiji Tall, 61, 65, 169, 182 Glycemic index (GI), 770 Fluorescent antibody technique, 499 Godavari Ganga, 180 Foliar necrosis, 504, 532 Goniozus nephantidis, 578, 580, 581 Foliar nutrient levels, 362 Grades of copra, 699 Forage grasses, 282 Green Dwarf, 61, 65, 84, 88, 95, 98, 99, 101, Free fatty acids (FFAs), 46, 455, 645, 661, 124, 136, 139, 140, 143–145, 147, 148, 669, 677, 699, 765 159, 161, 162, 164–166, 171, 174, 176, Frequency of fertilizer application, 407 177, 179–182, 204, 211–213, 215, 252, Frozen coconut water, 680 395, 457, 502, 530, 588, 593, 601, 613 Funambulus tristriatus, 592 Greenhouse gases (GHGs), 781–784, 790 Index 827

Green muscardine , 563, 591 Indian Tall, 61, 195 Green Tall, 118, 140, 141, 180 growth regulatory effect, 565 Grey blight disease, 176, 728 Institut de Recherches Pour les Huiles et Grey leaf spot disease, 176, 728 Oleagineux (IRHO), 123, 201, 326, 359, 366, 369, 388, 389, 413, 643 H Integrated disease management, 512, 536 Harvest index (HI), 444, 458, 459 Integrated nutrient management (INM), 279, Harvesting gadgets, 638–640, 728 282, 399, 405, 738, 739 Haustorium, 79, 80, 233, 395, 445, 446, 688, Integrated management (IPM), 758, 768 561, 562, 564, 565, 569–571, 573, Health effects of coconut oil, 759 577–581, 585, 587, 588, 590–592, 616, Health effects of mature coconut water, 766 728, 739 Helichotylenchus elegans, 602 Integrated water management, 51 Helminthosporium halodes, 177, 505 Intercropping, 125, 241, 244, 247, 259, Helminthosporium incurvatum, 177, 358 261, 264, 266–269, 271, 272, Hemiberlesia lataniae, 601 276, 278, 282–284, 287, 288, Heritability, 121, 131, 460 295, 410, 562, 728, 738, 739, Heteropoda leprosa, 579 746–749, 786, 787 Heterorhabditis indica, 571, 591 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Heterosis, 131 (IPCC), 780, 781 Heterozygosity, 87, 114, 130, 191, International Bureau of Plant Genetic 201, 205 Resources, 115 High density multispecies cropping system Inter se mating, 122, 126, 127, 165, 184 (HDMCS), 253, 277–281, 287, 288, Introgressive hybridization, 64, 117 336, 340, 341, 405 Inverse sequence tagged repeat (ISTR), 201, High density planting, 102, 137 203, 208 High Resolution Melt (HRM), 174, 589 Iron, 93, 325, 326, 343, 377, 378, 389, 405, High resolution melt analysis, 174, 589 660, 663, 664, 690, 693–695, 702, 711, Hirsutella nodulosa, 587 766, 769 Hirsutella thompsonii, 587, 588 Irregular bearing, 134 History of Cocos classification, 7 ISTR analysis, 203, 208 History of the of coconut, 7 ISTR markers, 203 Homalotylus oculatus, 600 Homozygous, 61, 86, 101, 117, 123, 127, 138 Horizontal orientation, 141 J Host plants, 158, 172, 559, 566, 575, 598, 605 Jamaica × Gangabondam, 162 Host range, 499, 523, 526, 590, 598, 604 Jamaica Tall (JAT), 64, 118, 137, 167–170, Husk particle boards, 706 182, 240, 523, 529 Hybridity testing, 126, 192, 206 Jauravia sp., 579 Hybridization, 61, 64, 117, 129, 211 Java, 134, 140, 144, 160, 162, 182, 203, 274, Hydnocarpus wightiana, 562 281, 373, 491, 605 Hydraulic conductivity, 283 Java Giant, 141, 161, 162, 175, 179–181, 500, 605

I Ideotypes, 141, 149, 179 K Immuno-sorbent assay, 564 Kalimantan wilt (KW), 522, 540, 541 Impending biosecurity risks, 609, 611, 612 Kalparaksha, 87, 118, 139, 164, 727 Import of coconut oil, 42, 811 Kalparasa, vii, 452, 685, 728, 818 Import of coconut products, 40, 811 Kalpa Sankara, 87, 125, 139, 164, 472, 728 Indian Dwarf, 168, 169 Kalpa Sreshta, 125, 728 828 Index

Kalpasree, 87, 139, 164, 472, 727 Leaf to air vapour pressure deficit, 461 Kalyani Coconut, 118 Leaf water potential, 461, 465, 468, 470, 472, Kamarupa, 118 473, 475–477 Kappadam, 62, 134, 162, 163 Leaf rot, 504–506 Karkar Tall, 169 Lethal yellowing disease (LYD), 129, 134, K budget of coconut, 340 139, 146, 148, 158, 159, Kera Keralam, 118, 728 166–173, 204, 205, 207, Kera Sankara, 125, 728 211, 276, 472–474 K deficiency, 338, 342, 360, 362, 363, 365, Leucopholis burmeisteri, 589 370, 375, 396, 400 Leucopholis coneophora, 589–592 KGD, 162 Leucopholis lepidophora, 589 King Coconut, 63, 66, 84, 88, 136, 162, 163, Lipase activity, 141 168, 169, 529 Liquid albumen weight (LAW), 133 Komadan, 125 Lixas disease, 139 Kopyor Brown Dwarf, 144 Long chain fatty acids (LCFAs), 455, 759 Kopyor Green Dwarf, 144 Long term impact of fertilization, 352–354 Kopyor Tall, 144 Long-term fertilizer application, 353 Kopyor Yellow Dwarf, 144 Loop mediated isothermal amplification Krause-Maffei CFTRI process, 672, 674, 675 (LAMP), 527, 536, 544 K removal, 350, 402 Low fat coconut jam, 660 K status of the coconut growing soils, 339 Kulasekharam Green Dwarf, 161 Kulasekharam Orange Dwarf, 161, 204 M Kulashekaram Yellow Dwarf (KYD), Magnesium, 47, 244, 326, 328, 331, 341, 342, 162, 203 350, 352, 367–370, 384, 387, 389, 405, Kyoto protocol, 49 406, 410, 416, 419, 420, 422, 470, 537, 543, 660, 661, 674, 732, 764, 766 Major coconut growing soils, 324–328 L Major coconut growing/using countries, 5, 40, Laccadive Dwarf, 160, 180 88, 142, 239, 675, 713, 725, 741, 743, Laccadive micro, 65, 140, 161, 176, 180, 182, 801, 813 205, 457, 588, 613 Makapuno, 85, 100, 101, 129, 138, 144, 194, Laccadive ordinary (LO), 61, 65, 82, 123, 127, 235, 457, 745 134, 141, 160–162, 176, 179–181, 205, Malayan Dwarf (MAD), 123, 136, 137, 139, 231, 273, 282, 500, 613 143, 148, 159, 166–171, 174, 176, 177, Lace bug, 159, 473, 534 204, 404, 529, 530, 539 Laguna Tall, 65, 100, 138, 208, 235, 346 Malayan Green Dwarf (MGD), 61, 65, 140, Laksha Ganga, 179 145, 147, 161, 164, 165, 171, 176, 181, Lasioderma serricorne, 614 182, 252, 502, 588, 601 Lasiodiplodia theobromae, 491, 509 Malayan Orange Dwarf (MOD), 61, 84, 161, Leaf analysis in coconut nutrition, 393 164, 171, 176, 182, 502 Leaf area index (LAI), 238, 249, 250, 346, Malayan Red Dwarf (MRD), 66, 88, 102, 144, 446, 475 146, 148, 177, 214, 252, 495, 509, 540, Leaf blight, 139, 176, 177, 491, 506–509, 595, 588 728 Malayan Tall (MT), 61, 64, 65, 84, 169, 540 Leaf-blight of Coconut, 507 Malayan Yellow Dwarf (MYD), 61, 66, 84, 86, Leaf dry matter, 234, 411 88, 125, 126, 134, 137, 140, 141, 143, Leaf mealy bug, 728 146–148, 161, 164, 171–174, 176, 178, Leaf rot, 159, 160, 412, 472, 491, 504, 505, 182, 196, 203, 205, 207, 208, 233, 252, 531, 532, 537, 543, 567, 728 272, 276, 366, 449, 457, 468, 495, 530, Leaf spot, 176, 177, 234, 235, 376, 507, 509, 540, 588, 605 511, 728 Mallada astur, 579 Leaf to air temperature difference, 461 Mammalian pests, 558, 592–594 Index 829

Manganese, 47, 325, 326, 343, 378, Monomorium pharaonis, 580 379, 384, 389, 405, 660, Morus alba, 499 766 Mother palm selection, 119–121, 731 Manually operated machines, 649 Motif predictions, 166, 211 Manually operated milk expellers, 649 Mozambique Tall (MZT), 65, 168 cocophilus, 492 Multiple breeding, 561 Markham Valley Tall, 97, 127, 169 Multiple cropping, 294, 334, 422 Marpissa calcuttaensis, 579 Multiple mating, 560 Mature coconut water (MCW), 47, 674, Multiple regression analysis, 181, 207, 374 678–680, 764, 766 Multipurpose trees, 276, 285, 286, 787 MAWA hybrids, 123, 145, 409, 495, 744 Multi strata system, 787, 788 Mealy bug, 599, 728 Mus booduga, 592 Meiotic behaviour, 81 Mutation, 61, 82, 85, 92, 100, 117, Meiotic studies, 81 130, 530 Meloidogyne spp., 602 Mycoplasma like organisms, 520 Metarhizium pingshaense, 571 Myllocerus curvicornis, 182, 602 Meteroidea hutsoni, 579 Myllocerus undatus, 602 Methods of harvesting, 638 Myndus crudus, 166, 527 Methods of refining coconut oil, 669 Methods of retting, 701 Mg budget, 341 N Microbial agents, 563 , 41, 681, 729, 743 Micro-irrigation, 51, 254, 258 Natural cross dwarf (NCD), 125 Micronutrients, 45, 244, 279, 327, 343, 344, Natural enemies, 570, 578, 579, 582, 584–587, 351, 377, 379, 380, 384, 385, 391, 397, 591, 594–596, 599–601, 608, 612 402, 405, 410, 415, 418, 419, 421, 733, Natural selection, 63, 114 766 Necrobia rufipes, 613 Micro propagation, 142, 149 Necrosis, 178, 199, 214, 332, 363, 367, 377, Microsatellite markers, 166, 172, 204 379, 413, 415, 470, 472, 473, 504, 508, Micro-sporogenesis, 82 524, 525, 532, 540, 542, 598 Milling copra, 635, 645, 664, 688–694, Neera, 22, 27, 30, 47, 136, 452, 685, 758, 769, 696–699 770 Mimosa invisa, 246, 287 Nematode management, 605, 607, 608 Mineral nutrients on growth, 332–346 Neoseiulus baraki, 587 Mineral nutrition of coconut palms, 402 Neoseiulus paspalivorus, 586 Mineralization, 246, 333, 343, 356, 372, 409 Neosimmondsia hirsuta, 599 Mite, 140, 178–181, 207, 458, 558, 580, Nephantis serinopa, 574 582–588, 594, 728 Nias Yellow Dwarf (NYD), 95, 145, 175, 197, Mitigation strategy, 784, 790, 791, 796 495 Mixed cropping, 149, 253, 255, 268, 272–276, Nipaecoccus nipae, 599, 600 283, 288, 294, 296, 334, 336, 405, 537, Nitrate reductase activity, 447, 464 592, 728, 735, 737, 738, 751, 753, 806 Nitrogen fertilization, 370 Moisture stress, 124, 143, 246, 248, 253, 296, Nitrogen metabolism, 451, 471, 534 360, 378, 463, 467, 475, 499, 502, 507 Niu Leka Dwarf, 64, 84, 102, 146, 169 Molecular markers, 54, 66, 123, 142, Nucleus seed garden, 183 165, 166, 172–174, 180, 183, Nursery selection, 122 192, 200, 206, 217, 477 Nut analysis, 115 Molecular polymorphism, 202 Nut borers, 573 Molecular screening, 173 Nutrient interaction studies, 362 Molecular studies, 94, 140, 196, 200–209, 507 Nutrient management, 279, 282, 294, Molecular typology, 173 395–411, 732, 738, 739 Molecular variance, 172 Nutritional disorders, 159 Molybdenum, 384, 419 Nutritional factors, 4, 411, 417 830 Index

Nutritional security, 276, 284–286, 738 Paradasynus rostratus, 594 Nut water, 29, 62, 67, 78, 85, 100, 101, 116, Parasa balitkae, 595 117, 135, 136, 193, 230, 232, 233, 351, Parasa lepida, 596 393–395, 416, 444–446, 453–455, 457, Parasitic nematodes, 602 538, 592, 593, 644, 651, 678, 764 Parasitoids, 571, 577–582, 586, 591, 594, 595, Nut weight (NW), 78, 121, 131–133, 209, 360, 597–599, 601, 609 397, 543 Parena nigrolineata, 579 Partition of nutrients, 338, 350 Path analysis, 133 O Pati Dwarf Kopyor coconut, 144, 207 Oecophylla smaragdina, 594, 601 PB 121, 146, 174–177, 195, 345, 349, 350, Oil recovery, 671–675 374, 495 Oligonychus velascoi, 181 P budget and balance, 336 Olios lamarcki, 579 PCR amplification, 526, 544 Open pollination, 96, 121, 130 PCR technique, 536, 564 arenosella, 178, 261, 574–582 P deficiency, 359, 405, 451 Organic manuring in coconut, 408–411 Pedal operated coconut dehusker, 642, 643 Organic matter, 229, 244, 245, 247, 274, 277, Penicillium citrinum, 698 283, 284, 288, 291, 293–296, 324–327, Penicillium frequentans, 698 331–333, 342, 356, 370, 371, 385, Penicillum glaucum, 698 408–410, 422, 496, 537, 560, 588, 590, Period of fertilizer application, 406, 407 706, 783, 788, 790, 792 Peru Tall, 169 Organic recycling, 51, 284, 287, 372, 422 Pestalotia palmarum, 176 Origin and distribution, 58–60 , 176, 491, 507, 595 Oryctes australis, 559 Pest defenders, 562 Oryctes boas, 559 Pest outbreak, 579, 585, 586, 596, 609, 612 Oryctes chevrolati, 559 Pest regression, 562 Oryctes gigas, 559 Pest resistance, 140, 178–182 Oryctes latecavatus, 559 Pests of stored copra, 612–616 Oryctes monoceros, 559, 564, 565 PGPR, 289, 290, 296 Oryctes owariensis, 559 Phenacoccus sakai, 599 Oryctes pyrrhus, 559 Phenology, 243, 789 Oryctes ranavalo, 559 trap, 572, 573 Oryctes rhinoceros, 140, 181, 292, 558, Pheropsophus lissoderus, 563 560–565 Pheropsophus occipitalis, 563 Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV), Philippine Ordinary, 134, 182 563–565 Philippines Lono, 65, 162, 163, 180 Oryctes simiar, 559 Phoenix dactylifera, 216, 559 Oryctes tarandus, 559 , 559 Oryctes trituberculatus, 559 Phomopsis coconina, 501 Oryzaephilus surinamensis, 613, 614 Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms, 337 Phosphate-solubilizing potential, 337 Phosphorus, 47, 284, 289, 325, 326, 328, 330, P 334–336, 352–354, 358–360, 384, 389, Paddle type device, 639, 640 397, 404, 410, 422, 471, 671, 710, 766, Paecilomyces lilacinus, 605, 608 768, 769 Palm aphid, 601 Photosynthesis, 214, 374, 379, 396, 460, 462, Palm health management, 587, 588, 616 470, 783, 790 Palmicultor palmarum, 599, 600 Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), 460 Palm nematodes, 602–608 Photosynthetic efficiency, 243, 459, 462, 478, Palm taxonomy, 2 575 Panama Tall (PNT), 61, 65, 139, 167–169, Photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency 205, 529, 530 (PNUE), 460 Index 831

Photosynthetic rate (Pn), 460, 465, 468, 471, Production of coconut, 3, 23–25, 43, 237, 290, 473, 475 339, 360, 478, 740, 792, 810 Phycita dentilinella, 596 Production of copra, 145, 637, 710 Phyllachora torrendiella, 177 Production of vegetable oils, 3 Phylogenetic analysis, 166, 173, 201, 211 Productivity of , 23, 50, 51, 88, 248, Physiological disorder, 534 262, 273, 289, 295, 444, 465, 475, 539, Physiological efficiency, 141, 475 726, 730, 792, 801, 809 Physiological sinks, 63 Products from mature coconut water, Phytophthora arecae, 491 679, 680 Phytophthora heveae, 491, 495 Products from tender coconut, 679 Phytophthora katsurae, 175, 491, Products from toddy, 686, 687 495, 512 Products from wet kernel, 651, 653–658 Phytophthora nicotiana, 491 Progeny studies, 122 , 175, 490, 491, 493, Properties of coconut shell charcoal, 712 495, 496, 512 Properties of toddy, 685 Phytoplasma, 139, 214, 416, 472, 504, 520 Prophylactic method, 562 Phytoplasmal diseases, 158–174, 183, 490, Protocols, 54, 90, 119, 142, 149, 183, 520–523 192–198, 200, 204, 217, 535, 544, 649 Phytoplasmal etiology, 525, 527, 530, 534, Protozoan diseases, 177, 492 535, 541, 543 Proutista moesta, 159, 473, 522, 534, 544 Pithecellobium dulce, 595 Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli, 601 Planococcoides anaboranae, 599 Pseudococcus cryptus, 599, 600 Planococcus lilacinus, 599, 600 Pseudococcus longispinus, 599 Plant analysis, 384, 388 Pseudococcus microadonidam, 599, 600 Plant approach, 387–391 Pseudococcus portiludovici, 599 Plant genetic resources, 90, 268 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 570 Plant hopper, 159, 166, 473, 509, 510, 527, 534 Pseudomonas fluorescens, 698 Plesispa reichei, 610 Pueraria phaseoloides, 245, 246, 283 Pole harvesting, 638 Pyemotes ventricosus, 580 Polymorphic DNA, 201, 202 Pygidium, 560 Polymorphism, 174, 201–206, 210, 217, 526, Pymotidae, 580 589 Pongamia pinnata, 562 Population dynamics, 505, 584 Q Potassium in coconut, 362 qRT-PCR analysis, 166, 209–211, 214 Potential invasive pests, 558, 608, 609, 611, 612 Quality of copra, 62, 645, 650, 651, 692, Power operated dehusking machine, 641 696–699, 739 Pratap, 118, 132, 134, 206 Quality planting material, 55, 126, 148, 165, Pratylenchus coffeae, 602 183, 192, 229–239, 729, 747 Precocity, 96, 124, 126, 144, 145, 171, 252, Quality standards, 46, 52, 54, 669, 726, 730, 354, 363 803 Predators, 296, 562, 570, 571, 578, 579, 582, Quarantine measures, 513, 545, 608 586, 592–595, 601 Quarantine regulations, 115, 193, 512 Predatory caterpillar, 596 Predatory mites, 178, 179, 580, 586–588 Prepotency, 121 R Preservation of , 716 Radopholus citrophilus, 604 Price of coconut products, 39 Radopholus similis, 182, 602–605 Processing machineries, 641–650 Rancidity, 668, 669, 671, 698 Processing of desiccated coconut, 676, 677, Random Space Amplified Polymorphic 743 (RAPD) DNA, 172, 201–203 Procyon E suspension, 572 Rangiroa Dwarf, 169 Product diversification, viii, 26, 27, 52, 54, 55, Rangiroa tall, 65, 169 287, 636, 727, 729, 739, 741, 802, 803, Rattus rattus rufescens, 592 809, 810 Rattus rattus wroughtoni, 182, 592, 593 832 Index

Reciprocal recurrent selection (RRS), 127, 129 S Red palm weevil (RPW), 140, 178, 181, 184, Sachet-type method, 586 560, 562, 566–573, 616, 728, 733, 737 Samoa Tall, 169 Red ring disease, 606, 607 San Ramon, 61, 65, 84, 99, 117, 130, 131, Red mite, 181 134, 143, 144, 160, 162, 175, 500, 605 Reduviid predator, 594 Santalus parallelus, 563 Rehabilitation programme, 170 Sap feeders, 558, 582, 584–588 Relative growth rate (RGR), 446 Sarawak Tall, 169 Relative water content (RWC), 464, 474 Sarcina lutea, 698 Released varieties, 117, 118, 472 Scale , 600, 609, 612, 728 Removal K, 351 Scolia erratica, 571 Removal of nutrients, 346–352 Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, 587 Rennel Island Tall (RIT), 146, 148 Scuttellonem brachyurum, 602 Rennel Tall (RLT), 61, 65, 146, 148, 167–169, S deficiency, 341, 371, 372, 416 177, 495 Secondary nutrients, 341, 342, 385, 419, 421 Reproductive dry matter (RDM), 458, 459, Seed garden, 95, 126, 129, 144, 146–148, 163, 475 165, 183, 229, 236, 727 Resistance, 46, 61, 116, 157, 198, 234, 293, Seed nut selection, 122, 731 344, 461, 495, 529, 588, 705 Segregants, 119 Resistance breeding, 139, 158, 171, 172, 512, Selection criteria, 120, 121, 123, 132, 236, 545 467, 468 Resistance gene analog (RGA), 166, 211 Self-propelled hydraulic multipurpose Resistant varieties, 157, 158, 165, 167, 175, system, 641 183, 184, 496, 529, 537, 539 Semi partial association, 131 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Serratia entomophila, 591 (RFLP), 201, 202, 477, 526 Serratia marcescens, 580 RFLP markers, 201, 202, 477 Setora nitens, 595 Rhadinaphelenchus cocophilus, 602, 606 Seychelles Tall, 65, 169 Rhinoceros beetle, 140, 178, 181, 558–565, Share in world coconut area, 27 567, 573, 728, 729, 737, 739 Share in world coconut production, 28 Rhizoctonia solani, 505 Short and medium chain fatty acids, 758, 761, Rhizoecus sp., 599, 600 762, 770 Rhizopus oryzae, 698 Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR), 94, 117, 165, Rhynchophorus bilineatus, 566 173, 180, 201, 203–210, 536 Rhynchophorus distinctus, 566 Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs), 174, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, 181, 560, 201, 206, 207, 210, 589 566–569, 571–573 Slug caterpillars, 595, 596, 728 Rhynchophorus lobatus, 566 Snow ball tender coconut, 646, 679, 739 Rhynchophorus palmarum, 566, 606 Snowball tender nut machine, 646, 728 Rhynchophorus quadrangulus, 566 Sodium, 195, 231, 324, 331, 343, 344, 350, Rhynchophorus ritcheri, 566 372, 373, 379, 381, 382, 389, 413, 445, Rhynchophorus schach, 566 476, 652, 654, 655, 657, 658, 661, 669, Rhynchophorus vulneratus, 566 673, 682, 691, 701, 717, 769 Rhynchopolipus rhynchophori, 571 Soft scales, 600, 601 Rodents, 182, 562, 592, 593 Soil acidity, 330, 331, 342, 365 Role of mineral nutrients, 355–384 Soil approach, 386, 387 Root-knot nematode, 602, 605, 607, 608 Soil fertility management, 291, 328–332 Root wilt disease of Coconut, 471, 522 Soil nitrogen, 324, 333 Rotuma Tall (RTT), 65, 139, 148, 169, 177 Soil pH and management, 330, 331 Rotylenchulus reniformis, 602 Soil phosphorus, 334 Rubbery copra, 371, 415, 416, 651, 697 Soil potassium, 337–340 Rugose spiralling whitefly (RSW), 597–599 Soil salinity, 331, 375, 502 Index 833

Soil site suitability criteria for coconut, 329 T Soil-plant integrated approach, 391–393 Tahiti Tall (TAT), 64, 65, 146, 168, 169 Solid albumen weight (SAW), 133 Tangnanan Tall (TAG), 144 Solomon Tall (SNT), 65, 168, 169 Tapping methods, 684 Somatic embryogenesis, 200, 209, 210, 216, Tatipaka disease, 522, 537–539, 729 217 Telescopic sprayer, 636 Somatic embryogenesis induction medium, Tender coconut punch and cutter, 646 192, 210 Tender coconut water (TCW), vii, 136, 394, Sooty mold fungus, 598 395, 532, 646, 674, 678–683, 729, 758, Sophonia greeni, 534 763–766 Source sink relationship, 476 Tenga Tall, 65, 145 Spalgis epius, 600 Tetraponera rufonigra, 580 Species diversity, 562, 600 Tetrastichus brontispae, 609 Specific combining ability, 123, 134, 476 Texas A & M University Process, 658, 673 Sphaerodothis acrocomiae, 177 Thailand Tall, 65, 169 Spicata, 62, 63, 82, 85, 95, 96, 160, 179, 180, Thanjavur wilt, 474, 497, 728, 729 204, 588 Therapeutic properties of tender coconut Spinning of coir yarn, 703, 704 water, 765 Spiralling whitefly, 596, 597, 599 Therapeutic properties of virgin coconut oil, Sri Lanka Dwarf, 169 761, 762 Sri Lanka Green Dwarf (SGD), 146, 174, 530, Thielaviopsis leaf spot, 505 544 Thielaviopsis paradoxa, 289, 491, 502, 503, Sri Lanka Tall, 143, 169, 199, 235 505 SS Apricot, 161, 163 Thosea lutea, 595 SS Green, 161, 162, 182 Time of KCI application, 338 SSR allel frequency, 117 Tissue culture, 142, 144, 192, 198–200, 510, SSR markers, 165, 203, 205–208, 210, 536 765 Staphylococcus aureus, 697 Toddy, vii, 27, 29, 47, 62, 136, 559, 571, Steinernema carpocapsae, 571, 591, 592 683–687, 758, 769, 805 Steinernema glaseri, 571 Tolerance to pest, 178 Stem bleeding disease, 175, 501, 502 Tolerant accessions, 172–173 Stem dry matter, 450 Tolerant varieties, 140, 146, 148, 159, 162, Stem tapering disease, 415 163, 183, 472, 544 Stephanitis typica, 159, 473, 522, 534, 544 Tonga Tall, 139, 169, 177, 206 Sterile male release technique, 570 Total dry matter of palm, 458, 459 Stomatal frequency, 141, 462, 463, 467 TPI process, 673–675 Stomatal index, 141 Tractor operated multi-purpose hoist, 640 Stomatal regulation, 332, 345, 374, 461, 463, Transpirational rate, 461, 463, 465, 468, 473, 470, 473, 476, 533 474, 476, 499, 534, 535 Stomatal resistance, 461, 467, 471, 473, 474, Tribolium castaneum, 615 499, 535 Trichlorphon, 572 Storage of coconuts, 142, 197, 650, 651 Trichospilus pupivora, 579 Storage pests of coconut, 558 Trypsin Inhibitor, 572 Structural analysis, 131, 212 Tutupaen Tall (TTPT), 144 Subterranean pests, 558, 589–592 Tylococcus malaccensis, 599 Supply–value chain, vii, 26, 28 Typica, 62, 63, 83, 84, 117, 203, 204 Sweet coconut chips, 653 Sweetened condensed milk, 653, 659–661 Syagrus romanzoffiana, 583 U Symptoms of Ca deficiency, 366 Ulcer causing bacteria, 768 Synergetic interaction, 347, 370 Ultra lightweight coconut harvester, 638, 639 834 Index

Use of coconut oil, 667 177, 182, 204, 206, 207, 233, 240, 364, Uses of coir pith, 706 459, 495, 524, 527, 588 West Coast Tall (WCT), 61, 65, 81, 83, 84, 86, 88, 93, 94, 99, 100, 102, 118, 121, V 123–125, 127, 132, 134, 139–141, VA mycorrhizal association, 354 159–165, 175, 176, 179–181, 183, 195, Vandeleuria oleracea, 592 197, 200, 205, 210, 215, 230, 240, 244, Vanuatu Red Dwarf (VRD), 148, 250, 510 249, 251, 252, 255–258, 260, 273, 276, Vanuatu Tall (VTT), 121, 139, 146, 148, 169, 282, 295, 349, 350, 352, 364, 373, 392, 173, 174, 177, 204, 206, 250, 272, 276, 394, 403, 405, 420, 447, 449–451, 457, 509, 510, 530 459, 461, 462, 464, 465, 468, 472, 500, Vanuatu wilt, 491, 509, 510 588, 613, 731 Varietal improvement, 103, 114, 183, 229 Wet kernel, 651, 653–658, 662, 664, 667, 671, Varietal susceptibility, 523, 588 690, 697, 758 Vasista Ganga, 125 Wet processing methods, 674, 761, 762 VCO cooker, 649, 650 Whiteflies, 596, 597, 599 Vegetative characters, 127, 133 World coconut oil export, 31, 32 Vegetative propagation, 92, 114, 115, 129, 193 World export of desiccated coconut, 36, 744, Ventrosubmedian papillae, 606 803, 804, 812 Verrucosis, 177 World export of fresh Vinsonia stellifera, 601 coconut, 35, 812 Virgin coconut oil (VCO), viii, 29, 30, 33, World import of coir fibre, 43 43, 45, 46, 52, 636, 647, 663, 664, World import of coir yarn, 44 671, 728, 758, 759, 761, 762, 770, Wright’s Index of differentiation, 172 813, 818 Virgin coconut oil cookers, 649, 650 Viroid diseases, 491, 509–512 Y Visual deficiency symptoms, 347, 379 Yap Tall, 169 Yield gap, 50, 51, 466, 478, 730 Yield gap in coconut, 50, 730 W Yield of toddy, 684, 685 Wallacea sp., 611 Yield potential, 114, 115, 121, 347, Water Use Efficiency (WCE), 250, 251, 297, 349, 354, 398, 459–465, 460, 463, 475, 478 472, 581 Weligama Coconut Leaf Wilt Disease Yield stability, 135 (WCLWD), 139, 142, 143, 523, 541–545 West African Tall (WAT), 61, 64, 65, 84, 86, Z 87, 123, 126, 129, 145–147, 170–174, Zanzibar, 65, 162, 163